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Mycoses are common in HIV/AIDS patients, vary from superficial mycoses to deep mycoses. Although most of the superficial mycoses are mild, deep mycoses are fatal. Specific mucocutaneous manifestations of fungal infection may provide important diagnostic clues for HIV infection and evaluate individual immune status. In this chapter, authors present a variety of fungal infection cases in HIV/AIDS patients, such as candidiasis, cryptococcosis, talaromycosis, histoplasmosis, tinea corporis, tinea cruris, tinea manuum, tinea pedis, and onychomycosis. The purpose is to review the manifestations of mycoses in HIV/AIDS patients with typical or atypical mucocutaneous lesions and with misdiagnosed cases, providing references for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of relevant diseases.

Wei-Jia Zhao,1,* Gui-Qi Zhu,2,* Yi-Ming Wu,3,* Wen-Wen Wang,4 Bing-Long Bai1 1Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People’s Republic of China; 2Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Bing-Long BaiDepartment of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-577-64056912Fax +86-577-64043181Email baibinglong@gmail.comWen-Wen WangDepartment of Oncology, The Affiliated Wuxi No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi 214000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86-577-54021976Fax +86-510-14047581Email www0228@126.comPurpose: Controversies exist for which treatment is optimal for early hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): radiofrequency ablation (RFA), surgical resection (SR), or transplantation (LT). We compared outcomes between treatments as first-line therapy for HCC patients measuring up to 5 cm or different cancer risk groups.Patients and methods: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was retrieved for HCC patients treated with RFA, SR, or LT between 2004 and 2015. The effects of three treatments were compared using propensity score, inverse probability of treatment weights adjustment, and instrumental variable analysis for overall survival (OS) and competing risks regression models for disease-specific survival (DSS). We also evaluated whether the effect of treatments varied according to baseline clinical characteristics by locally weighted regression method.Results: Of 7664 patients, RFA and SR yielded worse OS (HR 1.67, CI 1.43–1.70, P1) for different tumor sizes measuring up to 5 cm and may be an appropriate first-line treatment. Additionally, RFA has more survival benefits compared with SR (HR 0.83, CI 0.53–1.25) for those patients with low tumor risk and good general health condition (without any prognostic risk factors). However, those patients with a predicted 5-year overall mortality risk >30% seem to benefit more for SR than RFA.Conclusion: Due to a shortage of donors, RFA and SR can be applied as either primary management of HCC or as a bridging therapy for LT. Furthermore, SR is an effective option for patients with different HCC tumor size. However, RFA could achieve comparable survival benefits with SR for patients without any risk factors.Keywords: hepatocellular carcinoma, outcomes, radiofrequency ablation, surgical resection, transplantation, propensity score, PS

In the last few years, in order to solve the problems of traditional delivery mode in construction industry, such as over budget, project delay and so on, Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) as an effective solution has become a hot spot in China and abroad. IPD with special implementation of process has many advantages compared with the traditional delivery mode. In this paper, the modeling strategy of BIM in IPD project is proposed, and the application of BIM in all stages of IPD on basis of engineering project is analyzed. The study provides foundation for the further collaboration application of IPD with BIM.

The MRI technique has been used in diagnosis of manganism in humans and non-human primates. This cross-sectional study was designed to explore whether the pallidal signal intensity in T1-weighted MRI correlated with Mn levels in the blood compartment among Mn-exposed workers and to understand to what extent the MRI signal could reflect Mn exposure. A group of 18 randomly selected male Mn-exposed workers of which 13 were smelting workers with high exposure (mean of airborne Mn in work place: 1.26 mg/m3; range: 0.31–2.93 mg/m3), and 5 power distribution control workers with low exposure (0.66 mg/m3 and 0.23–0.77 mg/m3) from a ferroalloy factory, and another group of 9 male subjects as controls from a non-smelting factory who were office or cafeteria workers (0.01 mg/m3 and 0–0.03 mg/m3) were recruited for neurological tests, MRI examination, and analysis of Mn in whole blood (MnB), plasma (MnP) or red blood cells (MnRBC). No clinical symptoms and signs of manganism were observed among these workers. MRI data showed average increases of 7.4% (p < 0.05) and 16.1% (p < 0.01) in pallidal index (PI) among low- and high-exposed workers, respectively, as compared to controls. Fourteen out of 18 Mn-exposed workers (78%) had intensified PI values, while this proportion was even higher (85%) among the high Mn-exposed workers. Among exposed workers, the PI values were significantly associated with MnRBC (r = 0.55, p = 0.02). Our data suggest that the workers exposed to airborne Mn, but without clinical symptoms, display an exposure-related, intensified MRI signal. The MRI, as well as MnRBC, may be useful in early diagnosis of Mn exposure.