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1. Generative Design Procedure for Embedding Specified Planar Behavior in Modular Soft Pneumatic Actuators

Author: Gerhard Venter, Martin P. Venter, and David Rostin Ellis
Subjects: Series (mathematics), Pneumatic actuator, business.industry, Computer science, Biophysics, Equipment Design, Robotics, Bending, Modular design, Topology, Computer Science::Other, Computer Science::Robotics, Computer Science::Systems and Control, Artificial Intelligence, Control and Systems Engineering, Genetic algorithm, Embedding, Generative Design, business, Actuator
Abstract: A modular actuator construction consisting of smaller articulating units in series was designed to construct soft pneumatic actuators. These units are constructed to have a preferential bending direction using Mold Star 15 and Smooth-Sil 950 silicone. By changing the orientation of each unit, a different deformed actuator shape can be achieved. A design tool was developed where a genetic algorithm was coupled with a nonlinear finite element solver. This design tool optimizes the design using the genetic information available in the initial population over multiple generations and presents a candidate design that best resembles a desired profile specified as the objective function. A two-dimensional reduced order model was developed that reduces the time for each function evaluation from ≈20 min for a three-dimensional (3D) numerical analysis to ≈45 s. The design tool was tasked to solve design targets ranging from sine and cosine functions of various amplitudes to final actuator tip positions. In each case, the inflated actuator resembled the desired profile. Selected physical actuators were cast and tested. 3D scanning was used to capture the inflated shape and compared it to the numerical solution. A quantitative comparison showed a maximum average deviation of2.5% of the uninflated actuator length between the physical and numerical models. The proposed design tool proved successful in designing shape matching actuators with close agreement to physical models.
Published: 2022

2. Soft Pneumatic Actuator with Bimodal Bending Response Using a Single Pressure Source

Author: David Rostin Ellis, Gerhard Venter, and Martin P. Venter
Subjects: 0209 industrial biotechnology, Materials science, Pneumatic actuator, business.industry, Biophysics, Equipment Design, Robotics, 02 engineering and technology, Bending, Structural engineering, Deformation (meteorology), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 020901 industrial engineering & automation, Artificial Intelligence, Control and Systems Engineering, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Deformation behavior of soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) can mechanically be preprogrammed into their architecture during design. To date, the majority of SPAs rely on a unimodal bending design. This paper develops a method of including a bimodal design into the deformed state by means of a bilinear material that replaces the conventional strain limiter. With a simple increase in pneumatic pressure, it is possible to have distinctly different deformation directions in one actuator. While inflating at low pressures, the actuator has a preferential deformation direction. As the pressure continues to increase, this preferential deformation direction changes due to a change in the stiffness of the strain limiter. An example of this behavior is demonstrated by an actuator that initially bends in one direction, but then gradually changes direction in plane as the pressure continues to increase. Three different physical actuators were manufactured, tested, and correlated with preliminary numerical models. The physical and numerical models exhibited the desired bimodal behavior, although at different pressures. Furthermore, it was possible to alter the pressure at which this transition occurs by changing the crimp ratio of the embedded bilinear material.
Published: 2021

3. Predictors of impaired pulmonary function in people living with HIV in an urban African setting

Author: Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch, Roos E. Barth, Alinda G. Vos, Diederick E. Grobbee, Sarah Stacey, Sarah E van Riel, Erica J Shaddock, Charles Feldman, and Willem D F Venter
Subjects: Spirometry, medicine.medical_specialty, Vital capacity, obstructive lung disease, COPD, asthma, HIV, sub-Saharan Africa, predictors, hiv, Pulmonary function testing, FEV1/FVC ratio, Internal medicine, medicine, Original Research, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, copd, Environmental exposure, respiratory system, medicine.disease, Obstructive lung disease, respiratory tract diseases, Pneumonia, Infectious Diseases, sub-saharan africa, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business
Abstract: Background:Studies have associated HIV with an increased risk of obstructive lung disease (OLD). Objectives:We aimed to identify the predictive factors for impaired lung function in an urban, African, HIV-positive population. Method:A cross-sectional study was performed in Johannesburg, South Africa, from July 2016 to November 2017. A questionnaire was administered and pre- and post-bronchodilator spirometry conducted. The predictors investigated included age, sex, antiretroviral treatment (ART) duration, body mass index, history of tuberculosis (TB) or pneumonia, occupational exposure, environmental exposure, smoking and symptoms of OLD (cough, wheeze, mucus and dyspnoea). Impaired lung function was defined as a forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) ratio of < 0.70, or below the 20th percentile of normal. Results:The 98 ART-naïve participants (mean age = 34.0, standard deviation [s.d.] = 8.2), 85 participants on first-line ART (mean age = 36.9, s.d. = 6.6) and 189 participants on second-line ART (mean age = 43.5, s.d. = 7.9) were predominantly female (65.6%). Of the participants, 64 (17.2%) had impaired lung function and 308 had normal lung function. Linear regression identified age (β = –0.003,P< 0.01), male sex (β = –0.016,P= 0.03) and history of TB or pneumonia (β = –0.024,P< 0.01) as independent predictors of a lower FEV1/FVC ratio. Following logistic regression, only a history of TB or pneumonia (odds ratio = 2.58, 95% confidence interval = 1.47–4.52) was significantly related to impaired lung function (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.64). Conclusion:Our data show that a history of TB or pneumonia predicts impaired lung function. In order to improve timely access to spirometry, clinicians should be alert to the possibility of impaired lung function in people with a history of TB or pneumonia.
Published: 2023

4. Mixing the formal with the informal in shared right-of-way systems: A simulation-based case study in Tshwane, South Africa

Author: Simeon johannes du preez and Christoffel Venter
Subjects: Service (business), business.industry, Geography, Planning and Development, Right of way, Microsimulation, Taxis, Transportation, Urban Studies, Transport engineering, Public transport, Capacity utilization, Business, Paratransit, Bus rapid transit
Abstract: The study uses a microsimulation-based approach to examine the implications of mixing informal and formal operations in shared public transport lanes, based on a real-world Bus Rapid Transit service. The question is relevant to cities in the global south trying to transition towards upgrading informal paratransit services by investing in dedicated infrastructure, yet do not have sufficient demand to warrant exclusive Bus Rapid Transit systems. The key research question is whether excess capacity in bus lanes can be used to accommodate informal vehicles in a hybrid system, without substantially degrading the service offered to either bus or minibus passengers. The results indicate that under uncongested conditions, there is little benefit gained from hybrid operations. However, if congestion sets in during peak hours a clear case can be made for allowing taxis to share bus lanes under specific conditions. Both car users and public transport passengers benefit from up to a 50% reduction in travel time, with minimal impact on buses. These results persist even when taxi and bus volumes are increased to take account of modest demand growth and latent demand, although the rules of sharing infrastructure become critical. Policy implications for cities are discussed.
Published: 2022

5. The Challenges of Managing Multiple Food Allergies and Consequent Food Aversions

Author: Audrey DunnGalvin, Isabel Skypala, Maureen Bauer, and Carina Venter
Subjects: Allergy, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Oral food challenge, business.industry, Dietary management, Eosinophilic Esophagitis, Atopic dermatitis, Allergens, medicine.disease, Rhinitis, Allergic, Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder, Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, Food allergy, Quality of Life, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Eosinophilic esophagitis, business, Intensive care medicine, Food Hypersensitivity
Abstract: The allergic march can often result in a child with one food allergy phenotype developing other allergic manifestations as they grow older. In this grand round, we describe the case of a child diagnosed with Eosinophilic Esophagitis at an early age, who subsequently developed IgE-mediated allergy to milk and egg. Due to the onset of allergic rhinitis, an additional complication of their teenage years was the development of Pollen Food Syndrome, which further impacted upon the already complex dietary management. These multiple allergies had a consequent effect on nutritional status and provoked considerable psycho-social issues which greatly affected the patient's relationship with food. This case illustrates that for complex patients, a cohesive approach and shared decision making is essential for their diagnosis and management. Working with not only the patient, but their whole family, and considering how best to support them, necessitates a flexible approach. Regular follow-up is important to address changing psycho-social and dietary needs as well as monitoring the resolution of allergies and response to pharmacotherapy. Complex patients need the input of a comprehensive multidisciplinary team, with good access to dietetic and psychological support in order to optimize the quality of life of these individuals and their families.
Published: 2022

6. Adherence, resistance, and viral suppression on dolutegravir in sub-Saharan Africa: implications for the TLD era

Author: Suzanne M. McCluskey, Ravindra K. Gupta, Andrew Hill, Mark J. Siedner, Toby Pepperrell, and Willem D F Venter
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Efavirenz, Sub saharan, Anti-HIV Agents, Pyridones, Immunology, HIV Infections, Article, Piperazines, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oxazines, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Viral suppression, Intensive care medicine, business.industry, Antiretroviral therapy, VIROLOGIC FAILURE, Clinical trial, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Dolutegravir, business, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring, HIV drug resistance
Abstract: Dolutegravir (DTG) is now a component of preferred first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) worldwide. ADVANCE and NAMSAL were two landmark clinical trials conducted exclusively in sub-Saharan Africa, which studied the effectiveness of DTG-based first-line regimens for ART-naive individuals. In this review, we examine the data from these studies to consider the contributions of adherence and HIV drug resistance to treatment failure on DTG-based ART, as compared with efavirenz (EFV)-based ART, which has a lower genetic barrier to resistance. We also discuss the implications of virologic failure on DTG and consolidate currently available data to conclude with recommendations for virologic monitoring on DTG-based ART.
Published: 2021

7. Cost and cost-effectiveness of dolutegravir-based antiretroviral regimens: an economic evaluation of a clinical trial

Author: Gesine Meyer-Rath, Lise Jamieson, Leigh F. Johnson, Celicia Serenata, Godspower Akpomiemie, Willem D F Venter, Simiso Sokhela, Lebogang Makhubele, and Nkuli Mashabane
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Efavirenz, Anti-HIV Agents, Pyridones, Cost effectiveness, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Immunology, HIV Infections, Emtricitabine, Tenofovir alafenamide, Piperazines, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, Oxazines, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Clinical Trials as Topic, business.industry, Clinical trial, Regimen, Infectious Diseases, chemistry, Dolutegravir, Economic evaluation, business, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring, medicine.drug
Abstract: BACKGROUND HIV programmes world-wide currently make decisions regarding new antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens with less side-effects and higher resistance barriers, which may improve adherence and viral suppression. Economic evaluation helps inform these decisions. METHODS We conducted an economic evaluation of three ART regimens included in the ADVANCE trial from the provider's perspective: tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/emtricitabine (FTC)+dolutegravir (DTG) and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/FTC+DTG, compared with TDF/FTC/efavirenz (EFV). We used top-down and bottom-up cost analysis with resource utilization based on trial data and adjusted to emulate routine care. We estimated the cost-effectiveness of each regimen as cost per person virally suppressed or retained and per life-year saved, at 48 and 96 weeks. RESULTS Though the DTG-based trial arms were 2% more costly than TDF/FTC/EFV, both had slightly lower cost-per-outcome ($9783 and $9929/patient virally suppressed for TDF/FTC+DTG and TAF/FTC+DTG, respectively) than TDF/FTC/EFV ($10 365). The trial cost per additional virally suppressed patient, compared with TDF/FTC/EFV, was lower in the TDF/FTC+DTG arm ($2967) compared with TAF/FTC+DTG ($3430). In routine care, cost per virally suppressed patient was estimated as similar between TDF/FTC+DTG ($426) and TDF/FTC/EFV ($424) but more costly under TAF/FTC+DTG. Similar results were seen in the cost per additional person retained across scenarios. When modelled over 20 years, TDF/FTC+DTG was more cost-effective than TAF/FTC+DTG ($10 341 vs $41 958/life-year saved). CONCLUSION TDF/FTC+DTG had similar costs per outcome as TDF/FTC/EFV in the routine care scenario but TDF/FTC+DTG was more cost-effective when modelled over 20 years.
Published: 2021

8. Booster Bearing Failure Reduction Through a Novel Thermodynamic Analysis

Author: P.v.Z. Venter and Martin van Eldik
Subjects: Flammable liquid, Downtime, Booster (rocketry), Bearing (mechanical), Solid particle, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Bearing vibration, Automotive engineering, law.invention, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Mechanics of Materials, Natural gas, law, Environmental science, General Materials Science, Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality, business, Root cause analysis
Abstract: The gas booster station of a steel works has experienced excessive bearing failures since commissioning over two decades ago. This station was designed with redundancy, allowing for automatic switch-over between two gas booster fans. Bearing failures were observed, on average once every 15.7 days, with instances where both fans experienced simultaneous downtime. Booster failures resulted in regular station downtime, preventing Coke Oven Gas (COG) transport to an end user. This flammable by-product is used as a heat source and all unutilized volumes are flared, resulting in energy wastages. Furthermore, the absence of COG increases Natural Gas (NG) usage, procured at a cost. Traditional root cause analysis techniques failed to identify the cause of these excessive bearing failures. However, multiple in-depth data analysis studies resulted in a thermodynamic investigation, exposing liquid and solid particles within the COG to be responsible for the failures. This allowed for the design of an in-line particle collector, eliminating excessive failures. Following the particle collector installation, only two strategic bearing changes took place over the next 41 weeks, with reduced bearing vibration levels compared to before. The station experienced no failure downtime during this period, resulting in reduced COG flaring and thus improved energy utilization.
Published: 2021

9. Nutritional variability in 42 cultivars of spineless cactus pear cladodes for crop improvement

Author: Stephen O. Amoo, Tukayi Kudanga, C.P. Du Plooy, Abe Shegro Gerrano, M. B. Mabotja, and S. L. Venter
Subjects: education.field_of_study, PEAR, business.industry, Population, Plant Science, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Crop, Horticulture, Nutrient, Agriculture, Cactus, Cladodes, Cultivar, education, business
Abstract: In addition to their use in traditional medicine, cactus pear (Opuntia species) are a source of vegetal nutrients in many countries. The aims of this study were to determine variability in the nutritional value of 42 spineless cactus pear cultivars, identify correlations between nutritional traits, and determine superior cultivars based on cladode nutritional value. Cladodes of 42 spineless cactus pear cultivars grown under the same glasshouse conditions were collected from the Roodeplaat research farm of the Agricultural Research Council, South Africa. The sliced, dried and powdered cladodes were subjected to quantitative analysis of their vitamin C, β-carotene and mineral element contents. Significant variations in nutritional values were observed among the different cultivars. Vitamin C content ranged from 8.95 mg/100 g in cultivar Ofer to 124 mg/100 g in cultivar Malta, whilst β-carotene content ranged from 3.9 mg/100 g in cultivar Murado to 31.4 mg/100 g in cultivar Cross X. Potassium and calcium were the most abundant mineral elements present, whilst iron was found to be the least present among the mineral elements quantified. A significant positive association was established between calcium (Ca), potassium (K) and zinc (Zn) contents. A direct selection for increased concentration of Ca could be a selection criterion for the development of population with an indirect improvement of K and Zn concentrations. The observed variations highlight the need for a careful cultivar selection for population and product development using spineless cactus pear cladodes.
Published: 2021

10. Phase 3, Randomized, 20-Month Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Bimatoprost Implant in Patients with Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension (ARTEMIS 2)

Author: Bacharach, J., Tatham, A., Ferguson, G., Belalcazar, S., Thieme, H., Goodkin, M. L., Chen, M. Y., Guo, Q., Liu, J., Robinson, M. R., Bejanian, M., Wirta, D. L., Alezzandrini, A., Bercovich, G., Deromedis, P., Furno Sola, F., Gentile, C., Lerner, S., Lupinacci, A., Zeolite, C., Birt, C., Crichton, A., Gagne, S., Giunta, M., Harasymowycz, P., Jinapriya, D., Nicolela, M., Nixon, D., Saurel, P., Yan, D., Yuen, D., Arango, S., Martinez, A., Parra Restrepo, J. C., Korda, V., Kadlecova, J., Svacinova, J., Khairy, H., El Ibiary, H., El Sanabary, Z., Bell, K., Greslechner, R., Koch, J., Lorenz, K., Oberacher-Velten, I., Schmickler, S., Schuart, C., Bandello, F., Cagini, C., Figus, M., Mastropasqua, L., Rossetti, L., Uva, M. G., Thayanithi, S., Wells, A., Husain, R., Koh, V., Lim, D., Tin, A., Gous, P., Venter, L., Kee, C., Kook, M., Park, K. -H., Eraslan, M., Kayikcioglu, O., Yildirim, N., Bourne, R., Choudhary, A., Cordeiro, F., Dubois, V., Kirwan, J., Lim, S., Martin, K., Nithy, A., Prabhu, A., Amir, A., Barnebey, H., Beck, A., Bergstrom, L., Borisuth, N., Branch, J. D., Briggs, J., Bylsma, S., Chang, P., Christie, W., Cotter, F., Depenbusch, M., Goldberg, D. F., Greiner, J., Gupta, S., Gutmark, R., Han, Y., Heersink, S., Kahook, M., Khouri, A., Kim, J., Kushnick, H., Lin, C., Luchs, J., Maharaj, A., Mansberger, S. L., Mares, F., Miller-Ellis, E., Modi, S., Paul, M., Pitha, I., Saltzmann, R., Sato, M., Savestsky, M., Segal, B., Segal, Z., Serle, J., Sherwood, M., Singh, I., Smith, S. E., Song, J., Sorenson, R., Tenkman, L., Tekwani, N., Tubbs, C., Tyson, F., Vizzeri, G., Vold, S., Vu, Q., Warren, K. S., and Wirta, D.
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Intraocular pressure, genetic structures, Corneal Touch, Ocular hypertension, Glaucoma, Timolol, Young Adult, Double-Blind Method, Ophthalmology, Clinical endpoint, Humans, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Original Research Article, Antihypertensive Agents, Intraocular Pressure, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Drug Implants, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Bimatoprost, business.industry, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, eye diseases, Female, Ocular Hypertension, sense organs, Implant, Ophthalmic Solutions, business, Glaucoma, Open-Angle, medicine.drug
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering efficacy and safety of 10 and 15 µg bimatoprost implant in patients with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT). Methods This randomized, 20-month, multicenter, masked, parallel-group, phase 3 trial enrolled 528 patients with OAG or OHT and an open iridocorneal angle inferiorly in the study eye. Study eyes were administered 10 or 15 µg bimatoprost implant on day 1, week 16, and week 32, or twice-daily topical timolol maleate 0.5%. Primary endpoints were IOP and IOP change from baseline through week 12. Safety measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and corneal endothelial cell density (CECD). Results Both 10 and 15 µg bimatoprost implant met the primary endpoint of noninferiority to timolol in IOP lowering through 12 weeks. Mean IOP reductions from baseline ranged from 6.2–7.4, 6.5–7.8, and 6.1–6.7 mmHg through week 12 in the 10 µg implant, 15 µg implant, and timolol groups, respectively. IOP lowering was similar after the second and third implant administrations. Probabilities of requiring no IOP-lowering treatment for 1 year after the third administration were 77.5% (10 µg implant) and 79.0% (15 µg implant). The most common TEAE was conjunctival hyperemia, typically temporally associated with the administration procedure. Corneal TEAEs of interest (primarily corneal endothelial cell loss, corneal edema, and corneal touch) were more frequent with the 15 than the 10 µg implant and generally were reported after repeated administrations. Loss in mean CECD from baseline to month 20 was ~ 5% in 10 µg implant-treated eyes and ~ 1% in topical timolol-treated eyes. Visual field progression (change in the mean deviation from baseline) was reduced in the 10 µg implant group compared with the timolol group. Conclusions The results corroborated the previous phase 3 study of the bimatoprost implant. The bimatoprost implant met the primary endpoint and effectively lowered IOP. The majority of patients required no additional treatment for 12 months after the third administration. The benefit-risk assessment favored the 10 over the 15 µg implant. Studies evaluating other administration regimens with reduced risk of corneal events are ongoing. The bimatoprost implant has the potential to improve adherence and reduce treatment burden in glaucoma. Clinicaltrials.gov Identifier NCT02250651. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40265-021-01624-9.
Published: 2021

11. Understanding the performance of a pan-African intervention to reduce postoperative mortality: a mixed-methods process evaluation of the ASOS-2 trial

Author: Nicola Vickery, Timothy Stephens, Leon du Toit, Dawid van Straaten, Rupert Pearse, Alexandra Torborg, Lucy Rolt, Mariechen Puchert, Graham Martin, Bruce Biccard, Bruce M. Biccard, Maia Lesosky, Tim Stephens, Landon Myer, Agya BA. Prempeh, Hyla-Louise Kluyts, Akinyinka Omigbodun, Adesoji Ademuyiwa, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elfagieh, Bernard Mbwele, Mpoki Ulisubisya, Lazaro Mboma, Daniel Z. Ashebir, Mahlet Tesfaye Bahta, Mohammed Hassen, Mikiyas Teferi, Yakob Seman, Eugene Zoumenou, Adam Hewitt-Smith, Janat Tumukunde, Dolly Munlemvo, Atilio Morais, Apollo Basenero, Pisirai Ndarukwa, Nazinigouba Ouerdraogo, Maman Sani Chaibou, Mohyeddine Zarouf, Ahmed Rhassane El Adib, Veekash Gobin, Zimogo Sanogo, Youssouf Coulibaly, Zipporah Ngumi, Tarig Fadalla, Cynthia Iradukunda, Vénérand Barendegere, Isaac O. Smalle, Mustapha Bittaye, Ahmadou Lamin Samateh, Mahmoud Elfiky, Maher Fawzy, Wakisa Mulwafu, Vanessa Msosa, Lygia Lopes, Akwasi Antwi-Kusi, Hamza D. Sama, Patrice Forget, Rupert M. Pearse, Marichen Puchert, Kris Schwebler, Freddy Kabambi, Tebogo Mabotja, Leandys Cobas, Albino Freitas, Maria Antunes, Bartolomeu Cabo, Domingos Paulo, Carlos Camongua, Yvette Avognon, Osseni Marcos, Raymond Kintomonho, Onesime Demahou, Gisèle Hounsa, Hugues Chobli, Elie Fassinou, Aurore Zoglobossou, Blaise Tchaou, Charles Tchegnonsi, Fifame Amadji, Francine Bossa, Ernest Ahounou, Djima Alao, Roushdane Odérémi, Afissatou Montairou, Oswald Gbehade, Romaric Tobome, Adam Boukari, Patrick Bakantieba, Arouna Sambo, Fanou Lionelle, Nounagnon Gilbert, Julien Attinon, Roger Klikpezo, Aumar Dadjo, Dénis Fanou, Gilberte Hounkpe, Bachabi Fafana, Néné Nguilu, Bodourin Dossou-Yovo, Chantal Segla, Mohamed Toko, Evelyne Gnele-Dedewanou, Michel Noukounwoui, Ethienne Yado, Timothé Gouroubéra, Valéry Adjignon, Serge Mewanou, Aïcha Tchomgang, Urielle Agossou, Fernand Soton, Charbel Azanlin, Lidwine Zomahoun, Rawéléguinbasba Armel Flavien Kabore, Salam Savadogo, Fatou Fleur Rosine Sanou, Farid Belém, Victoria Hien, Cheik Tidiane Hafid W. Bougouma, Sie Ahmed Ouattara, Mariam Bambara Kabore, Ouedraogo Nazinigouba, Papougnezambo Bonkoungou, Martin Lankoandé, Mireille Traoré, Patrick Sawadogo, Inès Wenmenga, Boureima Kinda, André Simporé, Christian Sapo, Salah Idriss Traore, Haoua Dipama, Lydie WR. Kaboré, Salifou Napon, Télesphore G. Kaboré, Arouna Louré, Pélagie PP. Tondé, Christian Zoundi, Martin Lankoande, Harouna Sanou, Remy Ndikumana, Carlos Nsengiyumva, Gregory Sund, Alliance Niyukuri, Axel Kwizera, Jean-Claude Niyondiko, Adolphe Manzanza Kilembe, Jean Pierre Mwema Ilunga, Nehema Hailemariam Sarah, Gabriel Mubobo Makeya, Idesbald Mwebe Mwepu, Ted Botawaosenge Likongo, Richard Kapela Mvwala, Raphael Nzau Kapend Mubunda, Noellie Kanka Mukuna, Julie Djondo Pembe, Nicolas Lumuanga Ndaye, Eric Bibonge Amisi, Mike Ilunga Madika, Joe Kembo Lungela, Didier Ndonda Mayemba, Philomene Mamba Diyoyo, Alex Mbo Ngalala, Martin Mamba Mukenga, Patricia Tito Kabuni, Dany Bolimo Mpoto, Herve Inesnku Mole, Louise Keby, Oria Andavo Buti, Anselme Phaka, Belinda Mayenge, Jean Jeacques Kabuley Kalongo, Timothe Kemfuni Mawisa, Rodrigue Tondo Ngwizani, Kuyala Leya, Dieudonne Kisile Sanduku, Timothe Nkemfuni Mawisa, Coco Nseke Mfumu, Mbuta Bolenge, Desire Kinzenzengu Kabuce, Patrick Kintieti, Amelia Mbuluku, Vicky Mahuwa, Tharcice Khonde Mabiala, Guilain Ngoy, Patrick Boloko, Nono Mazangama Mvwama, Jose Kengbanda, Pitchou Mushimbonga, Blaise Kuhapala, Nzosani Marcel, Kienze Guylain, Gerard Mboma, Sandra Zalambo Sagboze, Michel Muteya Manika, Jean Pierre Mumbere Kigayi, Roger Mukanire Cishugi, Placide Buhendwa Mugisho, Roger Baguma, Moïse Kongolo, Michel Mandungu Mbayabu, Crispin Mukendi Muamba, Edmond Banema Kapinga, Vasco Ngolela Kapinga, Guylain Tshimanga Nsumpi, Patrick Kanda Odia, Salomon Bingidimi, Gilbert Kpengbemale, Desire Hubert Bofunga Bosonga Imposo, Patricia Matondo, Servet Lelo, Jeremie Kalambayi, Mohamed Abdel-Ghaffar, Abdelrahman Soliman, Mostafa Abdelrahman, Sameh Shehata, Alia Rabee, Mohamed Abou Heba, Mohamed Rabei Abdelfattah, Tamer Ahmed Maher Ghoniem, Sherif M.K. Shehata, Mohamed Lotfy, Ahmed ElHaddad, Bereket Gebremeskel, Girmay Fisseha, Mebrahtu Abay, Degena Bahrey, Assefa Hika, Abdurezak Ali, Kindie Moges, Jemal Ahmed, Desalegn Abdisa, Abebe Megersa, Wendwosen Abayne, Haftom Berhane, Reiye Esayas, Fitsum Kifle, Kokeb Desita, Abebe Addise, Dagim Shimelash, Shitalem Tadesse, Bezaye Zemedkun, Peniel Kenna, Ayenew Yirdie, Abinet Sisay, Tebikew Gashu, Fassil Mihretu, Yesuf Ahmed, Bekele Debebe, Abdureuf Misgea, Amare Agmas, Rahel Assefa, Abdurahman Gelmo, Seifu Alemu, Brook Damtachew, Merid Mersha, Yaekob Chemere, Samuel Fekadu, Sintayehu Regasa, Bonsa Sileshi, Desalegn Wosen, Rebira Adamu, Gersam Mulugeta, Teshome Bacha, Zewude Gudisa, Kebebe Bekele, Alelign Tasew, Habtamu Gezahegn, Daniel Atlaw, Damtew Solomon, Habtemariam Gebresillasie, Girmaye Tesfaye, Negussie Sarbecha, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Kenbon Seyoum, Gemechu Ganfure, Yohannes Tekalegn, Gosa Tesfaye, Temesgen Ayichew, Shibiru Sendaba, Musefa Redwan, Eyasu Muse, Girma Nina, Bizuneh Sime, Addisalem Tadege, Anbesse Jima, Nugusu Ayalew, Dagmawi Workneh, Daniel Teferi, Momodou T. Nyassi, Landing N. Sanyang, Omar Jallow, Abdoulie Keita, Kitabu Jammeh, Charles Roberts, Patrick Idoko, Kebba Marenah, Masirending Njie, Musa Marena, Karamba Suwareh, Simon Boissey, Fatoumatta Jarjusey, Awa Jah, Awa Sanyang, Dado Jabbi, Kajali Camara, Armando Correa, John Jabang, Lamin Jaiteh, Lamin Dampha, Aminata Manneh, Baboucarr Sowe, Abdoulie Bah, Edrisa Jawo, Victoria Okoje, Momodou Baro, Yaya Bah, Mustapha Njie, Sainabou Mbowe, Ebrima Kanteh, Sarjo Ceesay, Alagie Manneh, Evans Atito-Narh, Adwoa Wilson, Romeo Hussey, Emmanuel Okine, Jemima Kwarteng, Ridge Ntiamoah, Samuel Dadzie, Mark Aseti, Naa Sowah, Akosua Appiah, Charles Bankah, Patrick Mburugu, Thomas Chokwe, Patrick Olang, Vernon Gacii, Susane Nabulindo, Antony Gatheru, Timothy Mwiti, Caroline Mwangi, Julius Muriithi, Daniel Ojuka, Omondi Ogutu, Evans Masitara, Mohamed Chaudhry, Reuben Kamundi, Annmarie Kangangi, Thomas Massaquoi, Stephen Takow, Felister Moraa, Aziz Munubi, Moses Kimani, Adili Wobenjo, Linda Nguu, Vincent Omeddo, Rose Malaba, Ambrose Nabwana, Anita Mwancha, Alexandria Mugaa, John Wamwaki, Joyce Chege, Seymour Sinari, Andrew Ndonga, Rose Shitsinzi, Walter Akello, Winfred Kimani, Elisha Kirwa, Seno Saruni, Andrew Wainaina, Ernest Nshom, Aidah Kenseko, Kizito Shisanya, Purity Wanjiru, Julliah Cherotich, Judy Kimutai, Benson Wahome, Grace Wangui, Dennis Wamalwa, Stephen Mwangi, John Chege, Tabitha Wanjiku, Carolyne Njoki, Wachira Waititu, Conrad Ambani, Samuel Murimi, Sharon Waithira, Nilson Mouti, Collins Kibet, John Kibet, Virginia Sokobe, Beatrice Jeymah, Antony Kamadi, Faith Gichuri, Steve Moses, David Wasike, Favours Adeya, Caesar Bitta, Stephen Ogendo, Killian Kariuki, Hdaya BenAbdalla, Taha Suliaman, Fatima Ali Abokhzam, Mohaned Isa, Mohammed Huwaysh, Asma Bourawi, Kais Alzubaidy, Mohammed Albaraesi, Sumayyah Bahroun, Abdulmueti Alhadi, Ahmed Msherghi, Amira Mohamed, Ala Khaled, Nouran Aljadi, Elham Bareig, Khaled Elgazwi, Adel Elgazwi, Ibrahim El-busife, Safa Owhida, Almahdi Eltwati, Samah Elakeili, Taha Abubaker, Fatima Elkhfeefi, Soha Younis Hasan, Amal Alttaira, Imbarkah Elmraied, Rim Wishah, Omar Abugassa, Hazem Ahmed, Amera Ellafi, Shoukrie Shoukrie, Nawal Aldokali, Aws ElGammudi, Akram Alkaseek, Hoda Elhaddad, Ayyah Alqaarh, Ahlam Brish, Malek Abudsnnuga, Salsabil Albuaishi, Mohammed Albashri, Marwa Morgom, Mohammed Alawami, Eman Shawesh, Abdullah Almabrouk, Moaz Alwarfalli, Nagia Abeid, Anis Buzreg, Ans Malek, Ameerah Abayu, Butaina Abdulhafith, Wedad Abouruwes, Marim Albakuri, Sabria Almuammari, Esam Alsaghair, Fatheia Alreshi, Hassan Badi, Rabiee Alfetoey, Naji Zubia, Bushray Almiqlash, Abdulsalam Alshuhoumi, Rayet Al-islam Ben Jouira, Amaal Dier, Essra Gebril, Mohammed Abdelkabir, Sana Moussa, Marwa Alfitori, Mabroukah Azbeda, Hajar Alamin, Ejmeya Barka, Omlsaad Mosbah, Rema Abdasalam, Miftah Hiyoum, Maryam Abd allateef, Ibrahim Altomi, Mahdi Alsakloul, Ekhlas Karami, Munyah Alriqeeq, Mabruka Omar, Ashraf Samer, Aml Aemeesh, Ahmad Bouhuwaish, Ahmed Elusta, Sultan Ahmeed, Wesal AlFighi Hassan, Mouadah Ali Altayr, Mohamed Addalla, Abrar Geddeda, Kheria Khoja, Doaa Alhaj, Muaad Etturki, Ahmed Elhadi, Ibrahim Ellojli, Anshirah Shuwayyah, Ahmed Elfaghih, Malak Alduwayb, Mohamed Aleiyan, Wedad Aboubreeq, Soliman Alkassem, Sami Ashour, Hayat Ben Hasan, Najat Ben Hasan, Ali Yahya, Palesa Chisala, Edward Kommwa, Lusayo Simwinga, Agness Chalira, Precious Kachitsa, Onias Mtalimanja, Drissa Traoré, Moussa Sissoko, Moussa Camara, Adama Koita, Sekou Koumaré, Omar Sacko, Mahamadou Coulibaly, Lamine Soumaré, Soumaïla Keita, Sidiki Keita, Hamadoun Dicko, Boubacar Diallo, Boureima Bengaly, Mohamed Keita, Siaka Diallo, Drissa Ouattara, Nouhoun Ongoiba, Seydina Beye, Honoré Berthe, Mamadou Diakite, Mamadou Sima, Adégné Togo, Bakary Dembele, Djibo Diango, Moussa Samake, Youssouf Traoré, Louis Traoré, Ongoïba Oumar, Sogoba Gaoussou, Issaga Traoré, Sidy Sangaré, Doua Kanté, Lassana Cissé, Thiam Souleymane, Keita Koniba, Sundaresan Maiyalagan, Julien Chong, Adil Mohit, Khushyant Mungar, Shankaran Vinayagam, Kevin Ramlochun, Jamie Sim, Desai Sneha, Vishaal Kissoon, Yan Tseung, Mohamed Aboobakar, Nitish Fokeerah, Ravi Ramsewak, Jayprakash Gopall, Meetheelesh Abeeluck, Varun Seewoo, Divyanand Jankee, Ashveen Puryag, Senthil Beemadoo, Yashraj Deenoo, Abhisek Goureah, Munawwara Makoon, Hemanshu Rambojan, Beeharry Shanjugsingh, Kevin Viraswami, Shehzaad Joomye, Ashwant Bhugwandass, Bibi Deelawar, Vakil Leelodharry, Luckshmanraj Mungur, Sajid Aungraheeta, Sirsingh Bhajoo, Manpreet Rajcoomar, Rishi Seetaram, Subha Gaya, Gini Batra, Yoshvin Sunnassee, Shailendra Petkar, Sbai Hicham, Labib Smail, Ait Laalim Said, Motaai Youssef, Mouhssine Doumiri, Mustapha Alilou, Nora Farnaoui, Mustapha Bensghir, Abdelghafour Elkoundi, Abdelhamid Jaafari, Abderhmann Elwali, Mohammed Meziane, Walid Atmani, Houssam Rebahi, Hajar Chichou, Safae Zarouf, Abderraouf Soummani, Abou Elhassan Taoufik, Meryem Essafti, Aminata Oumou Traoré, Hamzaoui Hamza, Adnane Berdai, El allani Linda, Salhi Oussama, Nelson Mucopo, Machado Banze, Mouzinho Saide, Tomas Sitoi, Artur Machava, Antonio Carlos, Amilton Guidione, Antonio Saide de Carvalho, Natacha Gemo, Samiro Sema Camal, Arsénio Cuna, Ornelos Madeira, Ladino Assuade, Dercio Amde Fernandes, Dulce Alexandre Machavae Fernandes, Mandua Sebastião, Bernard Sikombe, Matti Kandjimi, Ayoub Shekimweri, Diana Shilomboleni, Mbaundju Kandjii, Leonard Kabongo, Cholastic Hangero, Ike Ndjoze, Ruben Nailonga, Immanuel Uukonga, Uutoni Nakanyala, Lavinia Johannes, Adrian Haruzuvi, Chris Terblanche, Natangwe Shimenda, Delwina Katjipu, Hilma Shalimba, Juliah Kaweendwa, Ali Mbuyi, John Oyedele, Mapumba Mulolo, Peter Njuki, Mutombo Ndaie, Akutu Munyika, Hilma Katangolo, David Tjiyokola, Tawanda Mhene, Archbald Masiambiri, Paidamoyo Mandudzo, Sandra Kapepiso, Haziel Mavesere, Cedia Tjihoto, Daylight Manyere, Charlotte Kauraisa, Learnmore Garanowako, Michael Tune, William DeKlerk, Benvenue Ndolo, Maria Angula, Ndapewoshali Hishekwa, Elizabeth Nandjendja, Elsabe Tsauses, Eunice Mouton, Kudzai Katandawa, Sophia Bruwer, Jaydee Van Staden, Beata Siteketa, Beata Kaholongo, Martha Ntinda, Pueya Nashidengo, Johanna Kandjumbwa, Lahia Lipumbu, Moussa Sirfi, Fouma Djibo, Moutari Mahaman, Abdoulaye Mahaman Bachir, Maikassoua Mamane, Adakal Ousseini, Maman Noury Hamissou Souley, Rabo Oumarou, Rekia Idrissa, Moussa Ichaou, Amina Saley, Abdoulay Seyni, Sahabi Amadou, Mahamane Sani Mahamane Laminou, Issoufou Moustapha Camara, Moussa Gagara, Hadjara Rabiou Daddy, Harissou Adamou, Ibrahim Amadou Magagi, Oumarou Habou, Sabo Ramatou, Saidu Kadas, Rabiu Mohammed, Abubakar Ballah, Tella Olalekan, Kefas Bwala, Mohammed Adamu, Adamu Isa, Ademola Adeyeye, Samuel Fayose, Akinola Akinmade, Taiwo Ajayi, Elizabeth Nwasor, Saidu Yakubu, Euphemia Ugwu, George Mukoro, Muhammed Ahmed, Gideon Akafa, Ahmad Lawal, Daniel Nwoye, Michael Odigbo, Zulaihatu Sarkin-Pawa, Tunde Sholadoye, Benjamin Fomete, Hamisu Yakubu, Abdulkadir Kabiru, Samaila Timothy, Ali Yusuf, Tasiu Saadu, Babangida Mohammed, Abdulghaffar Yunus, Ganiyat Olagunju, Muhammad Aminu, Mohammad Idris, Musliu Tolani, Nasiru Dalhat, Samuel Gana, Talent Adike, Lofty-John Anyanwu, Abdurrahman Sheshe, Sani Aji, Mamuda Atiku, Raphael Attah, Abubakar Muhammed, Rasaki Oseni, Halima Salisu-Kabara, Benjamin Nkemjika, Omotayo Salami, Adekunle Akadri, Bukola Olayinka, Clement Onuoha, Umar Usman Jamaare, Auwalu Saminu Jibrin, Sani Giade Abdullahi, Ibrahim Ishaku, Adenike Odewabi, John Bamigboye, Oladapo Kuforiji, Chidiebere Ogo, Stella Ogunmuyiwa, Abdussemee Abdurrazzaaq, Adebayo Tanimola, Michael Adeyanju, Oluwatimilehin Andero, Temitope Ojo, Olusi Adedotun, Gbadamosi Kehinde, Jimoh Buraimoh, Kabiru Muhammad, Sophia Baidoo, Patrick Okoli, Azeez Adigun, Ekene Ezeonye, Kabir Isa, Yetunde Aremu-Kasumu, Kamil Shoretire, Peter Enesi, Amechi Ezike, Olatunde Olawoye, Emmanuel Ugwu, Christopher Ukah, Abolade Olugbenga, Nwachukwu Chidiebere, Nasiru Abdulraman, Adebiyi Olusegun, Alisa Halisa, Semiat Yusuf, Jamila Salisu, Chidiebube Okoro, Abdul Suleiman, Fabian Onowighose, Aliyu Farinyaro, Suleiman Baba, Umar Abdulmajid, Aisha Abdurrahman, Ogochukwu Obi, Olatunde Alabi, William Adeyemi, Jelili Salau, Jones Taiwo, Nnaemeka Nwafulume, Taiye Ibiyeye, Edith Agu, Ayodeji Danboy, James Abdulazeez, Christopher Ekwunife, Chimaobi Nnaji, Chigozirim Onyekpere, Amara Arunsi, Jude Egwim, Obianuju Nwana, Nnabuike Ojiegbe, Charles Mbamba, Paul Ngwu, Frank Imahigbe, Emmanuel Okoroji, Iloh Ikenna, Abdulrahman Mohammed, Adebayo Adeniyi, Toluwalope Ariyo, Olajide Gabriel, Tesleem Orewole, Salawu Idris, Idowu Adebara, Abiodun Okunlola, Akinwale Akinbade, Oluwasesan Afolabi, Adewumi Bakare, Olabisi Adeyemo, Benjamin Ugwu, Samuel Nuhu, Henry Embu, Erdoo Isamade, Chinedu Obikili, Amaka Ocheke, Solomon Peter, Donald Orshio, Peter Onuminya, Jack Okopi, Olufemi Bankole, Bosede Afolabi, Dapo Osinowo, Ayodeji Oluwole, Muyiwa Rotimi, Ibironke Desalu, Rufus Ojewola, Bolaji Mofikoya, Kola Owonikoko, Adeolu Adeoye, Temidayo Bobo, Taiwo Akinloye, David Ama, Ebere Okoronkwo, Muhammad Mahmud, Jamiu Adebiyi, Temitope Babalola, Mansur Muhammad, Afeez Aruna, Maryrose Osazuwa, Ayodeji Yusuf, Isiaka Lawal, Bitrus Fidelis, Rephath Pius, Cyril Jomosu, Adebayo Adedayo, Abubakar Aliyu, Adaora Agholor, Abdullateef Abdulazeez, Chabiya Bala, Eziamaka Eze, Elizabeth Ani, Uchenna Okeke, Dominica Adebayo, Okechukwu Ekwunife, Victor Modekwe, Chuka Ugwunne, Chukwuemeka Okoro, Chisom Uche, Simeon Olateju, Fred Ige-Orhionkpaibima, Adedapo Adetoye, Olurotimi Aaron, Jeremiah Abimbola, Folayemi Faponle, Olumuyiwa Ajayeoba, Olusoji Jagun, Oluwabunmi Fatungase, Adeniyi Akiseku, Chigbundu Nwokoro, Ramotalai Shoyemi, Ibukunolu Ogundele, Nankat Joseph, Salihu Bura, Chukwuka Nwezoku, Manu Bwala, Meshach Philips, Abubakar Usman, Emmanuel Filibus, Zara Umate, Nwabuoke Chukwuka, Ahmed Nuhu, Watakiri Ibrahim, James Nggada, Ali Izge, Musa Ismail, Olayinka Eyelade, Tinuola Adigun, Babatunde Osinaike, Olayinka Ogunbode, Olusola Idowu, Taiwo Lawal, Temidayo Ogundiran, Olayiwola Shittu, Omobolaji Ayandipo, Stephen Edino, Zumnan Songden, Olumide Akitoye, Bissallah Ekele, Godwin Akaba, Terkaa Atim, Akitoye Adeleke, Owoicho Okochi, Sunday Akeju, Ernest Ukpoju, Osayomwanbo Osaheni, Ifunanya Obaseki, Lateef Kehinde, Osawemwenze Monday, Stanley Nte, Adesuwa Agboifo, Omajuwa Dawodu, Precious Orhiere, David Atiti, Queeneth Kalu, Felix Effiom, Israel Kolawole, Olawale Ojo, Afusat Olabinjo, Olufemi Ige, Beatrice Ogunyemi, Olusola Oladosu, Kikelomo Adesina, Sulaiman Agodirin, Asimiyu Shittu, Audu Idrisa, Sadiq Adamu, Nuhu Ali, Olayinka Adewunmi, Stephen Nwankwor, Akinwumi Olakanmi, Oluseye Ajayi, Ayotolu Ajayi, Victor Ogunmola, Oluwafunke Olakanmi, Adam Kuranga, Enoch Uche, Chukwuemeka Osuagwu, Chukwudi Ilo, Mesi Matthew, Uko Uko, Ngozi Mba, Olubusola Alagbe-Briggs, Amabra Dodiyi-Manuel, Bisola Onajin-Obembe, Bright Obasuyi, Richard Echem, Ihuoma Mike-Elechi, Job Otokwala, Mark Edubio, Catherine Eyo, Isaac Udo, Aliyu Abdulrahman, A.A. Abdullahi, Ibrahim Galadima Bello, Usman Adinoyin Mohammed, Abidemi Oyaromade, Mohammed Bello, Usman Muhammad, Emeri Mbah, Hyacinth Okereke, Almustapha Aminu, Anthony Ahmadu, Abu Rogers, Peter Samai, Sao Amara, Margaret Yankuba, Mary Josayah, Jayah Swarray Jnr, Alusine Dawo, Peter George, Mustapha Kabba, Mohamed Bah, Charles Mondeh, Ibrahim Kapuwa, Mohamed Sheku, Philip Mattia, Brima Sesay, Jones O.A. Omoshoro-Jones, Motselisi Mbeki, Estie Cloete, Philip Anderson, Busi Mrara, Annemarie Steyn, Tsakani Mhlari, Nic Proctor, Caroline Robertson, Gillian Lamacroft, Usha Singh, Sebenzile Sikhakhane, Kelly Gate, Shepherd Nzenza, John Tshimbalanga Kasonga, Sibongile Ndebele, Patrick Lufuta Kande, Jody Davids, Tino-vito Orlandi, Marischka de Jong, Hugo Stark, Francois Roodt, Jonathan Hall, Ian Nortje, Akanimo Akpakan, Vishendran Govindasamy, Ronisha Sathiram, Mohammad Kathrada, Zane Farina, Lucio Frittella, Charles Kohler, Sibuyiselwe Lubelwana, Sarwat Ikram-Hameed, Adriaan Smit, Muneerah Cassiem, Yvonne Freeman, Saaliha Goga, Larissa Cronje, Constantin Buzdugan, Subash Chirkut, Priyadeshni Singh, Sandhya Jithoo, Vivesh Rughubar, John Arnold, Rishan Bipath, Suman Mewa Kinoo, Ncumisa Khanyisa Msolo, Fleur Ackermans-Deijnen, Tshegofatso Mmasello Emma Boka, Martyn Biccard Greenwood, Shakthi Anand Jayrajh, Devarani Naidoo, Syndrini Reddy, Devandiran Harriraman Rungan, Kylene Subrayen, John Roos, Nina Tredoux, Pascal Plumacher, Anthony Reed, Harald Steinhaus, Mariesa Nock, Paul Ryan Herselman, Gareth Davies, Talitha Harvey, Franklin Muller, Willem Naude, Tania Pretorius, Johan Jochemus Swart, Merryn Walls, Prashant Gokal, Nicolette Rorke, Farzaana Dhoodhat, Precious Dzanibe, Mohammed Yusuf Hussain, Ashmita Junpath, Ameela Maharaj, Hylda Makanisi, Khalid Moosa, Ting Ting Wong, Sean Mould, Trisha Ramsamy, Roel Matos-Puig, Hayley Morgan, Nadeem Nabeebuccas, Ria Devi Naidoo, Viantha Pather, Vasheel Vasheel Bahadur, Renilda Pillay, Zahnne Fullerton, Nicole Bell, Bongisa Grey, Vincent Lorenzo Visentin, Hendrik Adriaan Van Zyl, Terri Anne Killingbeck, Emile Maneveldt, Gerhard Thiart, Magdelena May Venter, Oostewalt Swart, Mariette Grobelaar, Carel Cairns, David Bishop, Christien Steenkamp, Thandekile Khumalo, Noel Naidoo, Ross Murray, Martin Kopieniak, Melusi Sishange, Mxolisi Brian Ndimande, Megan Jaworska, Sarwat Ikram, Bence Rainier, Renier J. Liebenberg, Helena D. Zwiegers, Philip M. Nortje, Kamal Bhagwan, Margot Flint, Robert Dyer, Simone Adams, Yoshua Bwambale, Danny Ngomo, Patrice Kanku, Nivashen Pillay, Alexa de Castro, Atisha Maharaj, Janine Carim, Jenna Leigh Taylor, Karl M. Köhne, Leanne W. Drummond, Leanne Temlett, Lieze Geldenhuys, Yvonne Seilbea, Kathryn Naidoo, Nicola A. Kalafatis, Stefné Verwey, Thulile Biyase, Theroshnie Kisten, Belinda S. Kusel, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Richard Magagula, Christian Kampik, Kuzolunga Xulu, Sivuyisiwe Solala, Mia Sayed, Basil Enicker, Anil Madaree, Innocent Mukama, Gladmore Madombwe, Nonhlanhla Zulu, Nompumelelo Gasa, Nokuzula Kanjana, Sebenzile Buthelezi, Thembelihle Buthelezi, Andries Brink, Francois Potgieter, Busisiwe Mrara, Zaynab Alexander, Charles Choto, Paula Ima, Zintle Gxagxisa, Baphethuxolo Ningiza, Gillian Lamacraft, Jerome Mogorosi, Nadia du Plessis, Leonie de Man, Suné Thompson, Gerrit van Heerden, Edwin W. Turton, Pieter M. van der Linde, Josephine K. Teme-Pitse, Reitumetse Tladi, Gillian D. Saffy, Ene-Mari Roscher, Kristel Fortune, George Barnard, Tiisetso Makhasane, Evan Bowen, Akangcha Pal, Rachel Moore, Maria Fourtounas, Mary Augusta Adam, Renessa Arumugan, Gabriella Hyman, Jaclyn Jonosky, Maninginingi Makondo, Heveshan Moodley, Phillip Munda, Mzwandile Nyalungu, Victor Olusola, Sohan Zane Pinto, Tristan Pillay, Lucinda Singh, Paul Mwindekuma Wondoh, John Devar, Boitumelo Baloyi-Mnisi, Zach Koto, Matlou Ernest Mabitsela, Sibongile Ruth Ndlovu, Branny Mthelebofu, Colin Beck, Matthew Dold, Alice Fan, Shannon MacQueen, Thembani Matabata, Catherine Mpehle, Charné Kulenkampf, Tsakani McCreath Mhlari, Simangele Cecilia Nyoka-Mokgalong, Felix Thumba Masinge, Randhir Ramnath Gunpath, Maropeng Petrus Pat Mothwa, Jo-Anne Asenath Mothwa, Danai Mhlanga, Jamie-Lyn Colly, Aunel Mallier Peter, Khalid Ben Hameda, Pulane Mokae, Stella Josephine Moumakoe, Kelechi Ekeh, Nezingu Lengo, Marnus Booyens, Inge Louise Seale, Pieter Daniel Theron, Nicolaas Abraham Schuman, Amber Carlyn Sonn, Jacobus Lukas Stander, Nadia Cloete, Marius Cloete, Catherine Ann Makepeace, Ronel van der Westhuizen, Leanne Robyn Messiahs, Amy Ruth Visagie, Fatima Vawda, Frans Christiaan Voster, Deepika Dhilraj, Oliver Smith, Stefan Bolon, Daniel Montwedi, Motsilisi Mbeki, Jayde Wyngaard, Mthunzi Ngcelwane, Thomas Kleyenstuber, Phyllis Phukubye, Liesel Schärf, Grace Laker, Elizabeth Semenya, Reinhard Dembskey, Thomas Tarlton, Tapiwa Jiri, Ngoie Hubert Mushid, Nhlanhla Samuel Ngwenya, Hazel Morongoa Mogodi, Carmen Sinevici, Anthony Osarogie Usenbo, Naledi Fodo, Anesu Chimini, Ntetelelo Sikobi, Sinovuyo Nokwange, Mluleki Noqhamza, Qumba Thembisa, Kajake Anantha Padmanabha Bhat, Rabin Mathew, Katrin Middleton, Abdus-sami Adewunmi, Craig Dickson, Humairah Bulbulia, Bianka Bester, Michelle de Klerk, Christia Benade, Francois Viljoen, Monique Fischer, Khalid Alfaki, Abdalmalik Awad, Abdelsalam Algray, Mohammed Elsiddig, Suha Mohamed, Salih Mahmoud, Muhammed Osman, Asia Elgailany, Mazin Suliman, Hanaa Mohammed, Lina Aljeally, Mohammed Dirar, Mohammed Osman, Mazin Mohamed, Mohamed Elhasan, Abrar Widatalla, Abubakr Abubakr, Eman Mohamed, Alshareef Nour, Ntonto Doris Gama, Dolorosa Khetsiwe Shabangu, Cynthia Iradikunda, Samuel Mkoko, Paul Kisanga, Emmanuel Lema, Benson Lyimo, Mohamed Binde, Alphonce Chandika, Salim Salim, Sylvia Jumbe, Abel Makubi, Vihar Kotecha, Felician Kachinde, Museleta Nyakiroto, Emmanuel Jitambi, Venant Geofrey, Johaphes Josiah, Phinius Makubi, Frank Manumbu, Suzan Mlingwa, Ernest Ibenzi, Peter Mbelle, Kato Peleus, Enid Chiwanga, Nillah Richard, Shoo Leonard, Paulo Sanka, Subira Mushi, Bashir Nyangasa, Mohamed Janabi, Naizihijwa Majani, Pedro Palangyo, Evarist Nyawawa, William Ramadhan, Faraj Lydenge, Gileard Gabriel Masenga, Sakina Rashid, Mubashir Jusabani, Ansbert Ndebea, Jenitha Cheru, Margaret Henjewele, Greyson Kilimanjaro, Sarah Sikimata, Deocles Donatus, Hazina Maduhu, Tumaini Mariro, Given Massasi, Moshi Moshi Shabani, Braison Cholela, Marco Mgeleka, Yohatinus Mbilinyi, Faraja Chiwanga, Bilton Exavery, Caspar Haule, Samson Ndile, Sirili Harya, Julieth Magandi, Deogratius Manyama, Redempta Matindi, Adam Moshi, Daudi Kitwana, Merida Makia, Philip Muhochi, Miriam Herman, Clauda Miombo, Furaha Kahindo, Langtone Kishebuka, Elijah Ussiri, Gloria Kinasa, Patrick Adel, Eric Malaba, Vensesla Sakwari, Sadot Lugereka, Mohamed Mungia, George Mocha, Herman Wella, Cecilia Protas, Patrick Karua, Ahmada Kashagama, Faraja Mwasambugu, Suzana Kajeri, Jacquiline Mchilla, Elibariki Lucumay, Robert Maise, Amon Marti, Beatrice Mahundi, Frederika Jager, Charles Majani, Ludovick Rukeha, Tareeq Mohamed, Nabila Fuad, Winifrida Halinga, Elias Chrisant, Gilbert Msoma, Titus Kihwili, Gadiel Temu, Naima Yusuf, Rashid Saleh, Rashid Inoja, Eva Shang'a, Stella Ibrahim, Hussein Msuma, Edwin Edward, Paul Kilamile, Stephen Mwakyolile, Talkana Adja, Edem Gueouguede, Hafoudhoi Oussene Seddoh, Saliou Adam, Pilakimwe Egbohou, Mawunyo Ahomagnon, Olivier Kadjossou, Abdul-Bassiti Boukari, Mary T. Nabukenya, Ruth Muhindo, Peter Waswa, Peter Kaahwa Agaba, Daphne Kabatoro, Joseph Kayongo, Margaret Naggujja, Nabasiige Rehema, Phiona Nansubuga, Daniel Kavuma, Aggrey Lubikire, Hope Bisilikirwa, Godfrey Ssebaggala, Emmanuel Muwema, Humble Joan Agaba, John Kiconco, Nicholas Wataaka, Bonet Chan, Mary Juliet Nampawu, Fred Bulamba, Emmanuel Bua, Christine Mugala, Caroline Nyakato, John Paul Ochieng, Linda Kyomuhendo Jovia, George Kateregga, Rachel Alum, Lazia Najjuma, Gorret Nampiina, Andrew Kintu, Joshua Sempiira, Luzige Simon, Peter Kayima, Jacob Eyul, Erick Odwar, Rita Nkwine, Christine Namata, Elizabeth Nabakka, Denis Kakaire, Velda Mushangwe-Mtisi, Erisha Munhamo, Celestino Dhege, Juliet Hungwa, Hemish Jasi, Crispin Ntoto, Derek Matsika, Brightson Mutseyekwa, Joseph Zimbovoora, Beaulah Gudyanga, Dennis Mazingi, Chenesa Mbanje, Busisiwe Mlambo, Michael Chiwanga, Harunavamwe N. Chifamba, Sarudzai Zhou, Esta Hove, Shamiso Dende, Beauty Manjengwa, Penias Kapisa, null Mashava, Caritas Chiura, Locadia Katsukunya, Godfrey Muguti, Doreen Mashava, Elton Ndhlovu, Zanele Mangwangwa, and Nombulelo Dube
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Interprofessional Relations, media_common.quotation_subject, Psychological intervention, Fidelity, Postoperative Complications, Surveys and Questionnaires, Intervention (counseling), Humans, Medicine, Postoperative Period, Cooperative Behavior, Nursing management, media_common, Response rate (survey), business.industry, Standard of Care, Odds ratio, Hospitals, Confidence interval, Clinical trial, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Population Surveillance, Africa, Physical therapy, business
Abstract: Background The African Surgical OutcomeS-2 (ASOS-2) trial tested an enhanced postoperative surveillance intervention to reduce postoperative mortality in Africa. We undertook a concurrent evaluation to understand the process of intervention delivery. Methods Mixed-methods process evaluation, including field notes, interviews, and post-trial questionnaire responses. Qualitative analysis used the framework method with subsequent creation of comparative case studies, grouping hospitals by intervention fidelity. A post-trial questionnaire was developed using initial qualitative analyses. Categorical variables were summarised as count (%) and continuous variables as median (inter-quartile range [IQR]). Odds ratios (OR) were used to rank influences by impact on fidelity. Results The dataset included eight in-depth case studies, and 96 questionnaire responses (response rate 67%) plus intervention fidelity data for each trial site. Overall, 57% (n=55/96) of hospitals achieved intervention delivery using an inclusive definition of fidelity. Delivery of the ASOS-2 interventions and data collection presented a significant burden to the investigators, outstripping limited resources. The influences most associated with fidelity were: surgical staff enthusiasm for the trial (OR=3.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–7.0); nursing management support of the trial (OR=2.6; 95% CI, 1.1–6.5); performance of a dummy run (OR=2.6; 95% CI, 1.1–6.1); nursing colleagues seeing the value of the intervention(s) (OR=2.1; 95% CI, 0.9–5.7); and site investigators' belief in the effectiveness of the intervention (OR=3.2; 95% CI, 1.2–9.4). Conclusions ASOS-2 has proved that coordinated interventional research across Africa is possible, but delivering the ASOS-2 interventions was a major challenge for many investigators. Future improvement science efforts must include better planning for intervention delivery, additional support to investigators, and promotion of strong inter-professional teamwork. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials gov NCT03853824.
Published: 2021

12. A proposed definition of Critical Care Retrieval in the South African context

Author: Willem Stassen, Monique Venter, Cornelius Venter, Nathan Conradie, Maryna Venter, Louis Jordaan, and David Stanton
Subjects: Quality management, business.industry, Case selection, Political science, Specialty, Emergency medical services, Context (language use), Certification, Public relations, business, Core curriculum
Abstract: Background: Critical care retrieval is a nascent field in South Africa. An increasing number of private and provincial emergency medical services are starting to invest in developing and setting up dedicated critical care retrieval services (CCRS). To date, there are no minimum standards or definitions on what constitutes a CCRS in the South African context. The aim of this paper is to describe the development of and propose a consensus definition of CCRS within the South African context. Methods: A literature search was performed to determine the key aspects of CCRS definitions elsewhere. An initial draft definition was circulated to the CCRS working group of the Emergency Care Society of South Africa (ECSSA) for commentary. Comments were collated, and a second round of commentary was undertaken. Finally, a consensus meeting was held through video-conferencing to finalise the definition presented herein. Thereafter, the definition was circulated to key role-players in emergency and critical care, both locally and internationally, for endorsement. The definition, as it is presented, has been endorsed by the ECSSA, the Southern African Society of Critical Care (SASCC), and the International Board for Specialty Certification (IBSC). Results: The proposed definition outlines five equally important aspects that should be demonstrable and interlinked to be denoted a CCRS. These five aspects are: specific patient populations, case selection, dedicated crew with additional training, dedicated equipment, and continuous quality management and training. Conclusion: Numerous questions remain unanswered regarding the best approach for CCRS development in South Africa and internationally. Defining what CCRS is in a South African context is a necessary departure point for further research endeavours to develop a core curriculum and practice standards.
Published: 2021

13. Modern evolutions in interventional radiology

Author: Mircea Venter, Departamentul X Chirurgie Generală, Umf 'Carol Davila', Bucureşti, România, C. Oprescu, Clinica Chirurgie Iii, Spitalul Clinic de Urgenţă, Bucureşti, România, Mircea Beuran, D.P. Venter, and Alexandru Chiotoroiu
Subjects: Medicine (General), medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Interventional radiology, General Medicine, hybrid room, R5-920, interventional radiology, medicine, Medicine, spleen, Medical physics, polytrauma, business
Abstract: The spleen is one of the most vulnerable organs in abdominal injuries by contusive mechanism. The treatment of post-traumatic splenic lesions has constantly evolved from surgery to nonoperative treatment in order to preserve the functions of this organ and especially the immunological one. The development of modern technology has supported the nonoperative approach to spleen trauma with main reference to interventional radiology and its role in the patient with transient hemodynamic instability. The article presents the modern, innovative concepts in traumatology, concepts that allow the ideal treatment of the polytraumatized.
Published: 2020

14. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS): a multicentre retrospective review of adults and adolescents in South Africa

Author: Denasha Lavanya Reddy, Jonathan Hooijer, Jeremy Nel, Sa'ad Lahri, Elizabeth H. Louw, Preesha Govender, Jacob M. Tsitsi, Arifa Parker, Claudia Ickinger, Helena Rabie, Michelle Venter, Pramodhini Moodley, and Jennifer K. van Heerden
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Adolescent, Mucocutaneous zone, Multisystem inflammatory syndrome, MIS-C, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216, Ventricular Function, Left, MIS-A, South Africa, Interquartile range, Epidemiology, parasitic diseases, medicine, Humans, Retrospective Studies, Ejection fraction, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Cardiorespiratory fitness, Retrospective cohort study, Stroke Volume, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, Infectious Diseases, Presentation (obstetrics), business
Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to add to the descriptive data pertaining to the epidemiology, presentation, and clinical course of multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) temporally associated with coronavirus disease 2019 in adults and adolescents from low- and middle-income countries. Methods: Patients presenting to the adult wards (14 years and older) of three academic hospitals in South Africa, who were diagnosed with MIS between August 1, 2020 and May 31, 2021, were reviewed retrospectively. The presentation, laboratory and radiographic findings, and clinical course are described. Results: Eleven cases of MIS were reported, four in adolescents (14–19 years) and seven in adults (≥19 years). Fever was universal. Gastrointestinal symptoms (90.9%), cardiorespiratory abnormalities (90.9%), and mucocutaneous findings (72.7%) were prominent. Echocardiography in 10/11 patients (90.9%) showed a median left ventricular ejection fraction of 26.3% (interquartile range 21.9–33.6%). All patients required high care admission and 72.7% required inotropic support. Glucocorticoids were initiated in all cases and 72.7% received intravenous immunoglobulin. Conclusions: This constitutes the largest multicentre review of adults and adolescents with MIS in Africa. MIS may be overlooked in resource-limited settings, and heightened suspicion is needed in patients with multi-organ dysfunction, especially where repeated investigations for other aetiologies are negative.
Published: 2021

15. The Effect of the OMT in Electromagnetic Simulations of MeerKAT Primary Beams

Author: Mattieu S. de Villiers, Adriaan Peens-Hough, and Mariet Venter
Subjects: Orthomode transducer, Coupling, Physics, Transducer, Optics, business.industry, Reflector (antenna), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Feed horn, business, Waveguide (optics), Beam (structure), Collimated light
Abstract: Until recently, full-wave electromagnetic (EM) primary beam simulation results for MeerKAT’s offset-Gregorian reflector antennas in $L$ -band (856–1711 MHz) differed systematically and inexplicably from high-precision field measurements. The measured beam patterns exhibit unexpected frequency- and polarization-dependent pointing offsets (squint) in both horizontal (H) and vertical (V) directions for the copolarization patterns, as well as distinctive asymmetries in the horizontal direction for the cross-polarization patterns in the upper half of the band. These effects were not predicted by design stage simulations that are based on the excitation of the fundamental waveguide mode only. Conventional large reflector simulation strategies used in the literature idealize the orthomode transducer (OMT) and waveguide and exclude this module from primary beam simulations entirely. This research shows that the inclusion of MeerKAT’s wide-bandwidth OMT and waveguide in the simulation is critical to the excitation of the TE21 mode, which results in the asymmetric features observed in the measurements. It is found that the characteristic frequency-dependent asymmetries of the primary beams are a consequence of the design of the OMT and cannot be attributed to manufacturing tolerances, reflector collimation errors, nor the coupling to conductive structures near the feed horn.
Published: 2021

16. Cardiovascular toxicity of contemporary antiretroviral therapy

Author: Alinda G. Vos and Wdf Venter
Subjects: Cardiovascular toxicity, medicine.medical_specialty, Efavirenz, Oncology (nursing), business.industry, Immunology, Stavudine, Integrase inhibitor, Hematology, Disease, Contemporary art, Discontinuation, Zidovudine, chemistry.chemical_compound, Infectious Diseases, Oncology, chemistry, Virology, medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV treatment has evolved since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the 1990s. Earlier treatment strategies, and the introduction of integrase inhibitors in preferred first-line ART have fundamentally changed cardiovascular side effects due to HIV infection and ART. This review provides an update on cardiovascular toxicity of contemporary ART. RECENT FINDINGS Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, including heart failure, is still increased in people living with HIV (PLWH). Exposure to older antiretrovirals, including stavudine and zidovudine, still impact on CVD risk through persistent changes in body fat distribution years after discontinuation. Protease inhibitors (PI) and efavirenz have associated metabolic disturbances and increased risk of CVD, although use is decreasing worldwide. Integrase inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists seem to have negligible immediate CVD toxicity. Weight gain on newer antiretrovirals including integrase inhibitors is a reason for concern. SUMMARY CVD risk should be monitored carefully in PLWH who were exposed to first generation ART, efavirenz or to PIs. Registries should capture ART use and CVD events to stay informed on actual clinical risk in the current era of rapid initiation on integrase inhibitor-based ART.
Published: 2021

17. Human respiratory syncytial virus diversity and epidemiology among patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness in South Africa, 2012–2015

Author: Florette K. Treurnicht, Cheryl Cohen, Senzo Mtshali, Ernest Mamorobela, Meredith McMorrow, Marthi Pretorius, Kathleen Kahn, Sibongile Walaza, Nicole Wolter, Ebrahim Variava, Orienka Hellferscee, Stefano Tempia, Anne von Gottberg, Halima Dawood, Ziyaad Valley-Omar, and Marietjie Venter
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Genotype, Epidemiology, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Logistic regression, medicine.disease_cause, Virus, South Africa, Internal medicine, Streptococcus pneumoniae, medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, Respiratory system, Child, Phylogeny, Dominance (genetics), business.industry, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Infant, Odds ratio, Infectious Diseases, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND We aimed to describe the prevalence of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and evaluate associations between HRSV subgroups and/or genotypes and epidemiologic characteristics and clinical outcomes in patients hospitalized with severe respiratory illness (SRI). METHODS Between January 2012 and December 2015, we enrolled patients of all ages admitted to two South African hospitals with SRI in prospective hospital-based syndromic surveillance. We collected respiratory specimens and clinical and epidemiological data. Unconditional random effect multivariable logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with HRSV infection. RESULTS HRSV was detected in 11.2% (772/6908) of enrolled patients of which 47.0% (363/772) were under the age of 6 months. There were no differences in clinical outcomes of HRSV subgroup A-infected patients compared with HRSV subgroup B-infected patients but among patients aged
Published: 2021

18. Maternal characteristics and pregnancy outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in South Africa: An International Network of Obstetric Survey Systems‐based cohort study

Author: Chantal Stewart, Eduard Langenegger, Nnabuike Chibuoke Ngene, Priya Soma-Pillay, Gregory Petro, Serantha Foolchand, Hennie Lombaard, Ahminah Fakier, Mala Panday, Amy Wise, Liesl de Waard, Shastra Bhoora, Priya Israel, Logie Govender, Charlene Maistry, Felicia Molokoane, Lawrence Chauke, Nondumiso Ngxola, Salome Maswime, Mzuvele Hlabisa, Nomandla V Tsibiyane, Keshree Naidoo, Samantha Budhram, Emma Wynne, Unati Mbewu, Catherine Cluver, Mama-Asu Koranteng-Peprah, Mushi Matjila, Mfundo Mabenge, Elizabeth J. van Rensburg, Chrysanthi Georgiou, Gaynor M Balie, Ayesha Osman, Adrie Bekker, Matthew S Mojela, John P Habineza, Sylvia N. Cebekhulu, Tshililo Mashamba, Tanita Botha, Sue Fawcus, Mareli Venter, Sumaiya Adam, Natalie Odell, Santhi Venkatachalam, Sean Mould, Valerie Vannevel, Laura M Yates, Sudhir Prithipal, Gareth Goldman, Kay Tunkyi, Siva Moodley, Terence Moodley, Sibusiso Phinzi, Emmanuel M C Ati, Nontsikelelo Gubu-Ntaba, and Ongombe Lunda
Subjects: education.field_of_study, medicine.medical_specialty, International network, Tuberculosis, business.industry, Obstetrics, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Population, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Case fatality rate, Health care, Medicine, business, education, Pregnancy outcomes, Cohort study
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe risk factors and outcomes of pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to South African healthcare facilities. METHODS: A population-based cohort study was conducted utilizing an amended International Obstetric Surveillance System protocol. Data on pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalized between April 14, 2020, and November 24, 2020, were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 36 hospitals submitted data on 673 infected hospitalized pregnant women; 217 (32.2%) were admitted for COVID-19 illness and 456 for other indications. There were 39 deaths with a case fatality rate of 6.3%: 32 (14.7%) deaths occurred in women admitted for COVID-19 illness compared to 7 (1.8%) in women admitted for other indications. Of the women, 106 (15.9%) required critical care. Maternal tuberculosis, but not HIV co-infection or other co-morbidities, was associated with admission for COVID-19 illness. Rates of cesarean delivery did not differ significantly between women admitted for COVID-19 and those admitted for other indications. There were 179 (35.4%) preterm births, 25 (4.7%) stillbirths, 12 (2.3%) neonatal deaths, and 162 (30.8%) neonatal admissions. Neonatal outcomes did not differ significantly from those of infected women admitted for other indications. CONCLUSION: The maternal mortality rate was high among women admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection and higher in women admitted primarily for COVID-19 illness with tuberculosis being the only co-morbidity associated with admission.
Published: 2021

19. Early intervention and prevention of allergic diseases

Author: Alexandra F. Santos, Carina Venter, Susan M. Chan, Kari C. Nadeau, Bruce J. Lanser, Joyce M.C. Teng, Cathryn R. Nagler, Sayantani B. Sindher, Henry T. Bahnson, Donald Y.M. Leung, Emma Guttman-Yassky, Ruchi Gupta, Gideon Lack, Vanitha Sampath, Christina E. Ciaccio, and Helen A. Brough
Subjects: Mucous Membrane, business.industry, Immunology, Antigen presentation, Infant, Atopic dermatitis, medicine.disease, Dermatitis, Atopic, Immune tolerance, Pathogenesis, Immune system, Antigen, Food allergy, Intervention (counseling), Etiology, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, business, Food Hypersensitivity
Abstract: Food Allergy (FA) is now one of the most common chronic diseases of childhood often lasting throughout life and leading to significant worldwide healthcare burden. The precise mechanisms responsible for the development of this inflammatory condition are largely unknown; however, a multifactorial aetiology involving both environmental and genetic contributions is well accepted. A precise understanding of the pathogenesis of FA is an essential first step to developing comprehensive prevention strategies that could mitigate this epidemic. As it is frequently preceded by atopic dermatitis and can be prevented by early antigen introduction, the development of FA is likely facilitated by the improper initial presentation of antigen to the developing immune system. Primary oral exposure of antigens allowing for presentation via a well-developed mucosal immune system, rather than through a disrupted skin epidermal barrier, is essential to prevent FA. In this review, we present the data supporting the necessity of 1) an intact epidermal barrier to prevent epicutaneous antigen presentation, 2) the presence of specific commensal bacteria to maintain an intact mucosal immune system and 3) maternal/infant diet diversity, including vitamins and minerals, and appropriately timed allergenic food introduction to prevent FA.
Published: 2021

20. Development and internal validation of the HIV In‐hospital Mortality Prediction (HIV‐IMP) risk score

Author: Fathima Paruk, Abdullah E. Laher, Willem D F Venter, Muhammed Moolla, Feroza Motara, Oluwatosin Ayeni, and Guy A. Richards
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Framingham Risk Score, Receiver operating characteristic, business.industry, Health Policy, Mortality rate, Glasgow Coma Scale, HIV Infections, Emergency department, Logistic regression, Confidence interval, South Africa, Infectious Diseases, ROC Curve, Inosine Monophosphate, Risk Factors, Emergency medicine, Humans, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Hospital Mortality, Internal validation, business
Abstract: BACKGROUND Despite advances in availability and access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV still ranks as a major cause of global mortality. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop and internally validate a risk score capable of accurately predicting in-hospital mortality in HIV-positive patients requiring hospital admission. METHODS Consecutive HIV-positive patients presenting to the Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital adult emergency department between 7 July 2017 and 18 October 2018 were prospectively enrolled. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine parameters for inclusion in the final risk score. Discrimination and calibration were assessed by means of the area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test, respectively. Internal validation was conducted using the regular bootstrap technique. RESULTS The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 13.6% (n = 166). Eight predictors were included in the final risk score: ART non-adherence or not yet on ART, Glasgow Coma Scale 20 breaths/min, oxygen saturation 120 μmol/L, lactate > 2 mmol/L and albumin
Published: 2021

21. Historical Development of the Puccinia triticina Population in South Africa

Author: Zacharias A. Pretorius, T. Terefe, Rinette Labuschagne, B. Visser, W. H. P. Boshoff, and Eduard Venter
Subjects: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Genetic diversity, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Population, Virulence, Zoology, Plant Science, Demise, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Sexual reproduction, 03 medical and health sciences, Race (biology), 030104 developmental biology, Herbarium, Agriculture, business, education, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract: In contrast to many other countries, the virulence and genetic diversity of the South African Puccinia triticina population before 1980 is unknown, because of the absence of regular and systematic race analysis data and viable rust cultures. Herbarium specimens housed at the National Collection of Fungi, Biosystematics Unit, Plant Health and Protection, Agricultural Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa (SA), provided the opportunity to investigate the genetic development of the population using isolates collected between 1906 and 2010. Five subpopulations that survived between 21 and 82 years in the field were found. While three of these could represent the original races that entered SA during European settlement, two appear to be recent exotic introductions into SA, most probably from other African countries. The demise of the three oldest subpopulations might be from the release of resistant wheat cultivars. The population is clonal, where new virulence develops through single step mutations and selection for virulence. Although a possible case of somatic hybridization was found, sexual reproduction appears to be absent in SA. This study confirmed the importance of annual surveys in SA and its neighboring countries for the timely detection of new virulent races that could threaten wheat production in SA.
Published: 2021

22. A Summary of the Meetings of the Development of a Core Outcome Set for Therapeutic Studies in Eosinophilic Esophagitis (COREOS) International Multidisciplinary Consensus

Author: Christopher Ma, Alain M. Schoepfer, Ekaterina Safroneeva, Evan S. Dellon, Albert J. Bredenoord, Mirna Chehade, Margaret H. Collins, Brian G. Feagan, Glenn T. Furuta, Sandeep K. Gupta, Ikuo Hirano, Vipul Jairath, David A. Katzka, Rish K. Pai, Marc E. Rothenberg, Alex Straumann, Seema S. Aceves, Jeffrey A. Alexander, Nicoleta C. Arva, Dan Atkins, Luc Biedermann, Carine Blanchard, Antonella Cianferoni, Constanza Ciriza de los Rios, Frederic Clayton, Carla M. Davis, Nicola de Bortoli, Jorge A. Dias, Gary W. Falk, Robert M. Genta, Gisoo Ghaffari, Nirmala Gonsalves, Thomas Greuter, Russell Hopp, Karen S. Hsu Blatman, Elizabeth T. Jensen, Doug Johnston, Amir F. Kagalwalla, Helen M. Larsson, John Leung, Hubert Louis, Joanne C. Masterson, Calies Menard-Katcher, Paul A. Menard-Katcher, Fouad J. Moawad, Amanda B. Muir, Vincent A. Mukkada, Roberto Penagini, Robert D. Pesek, Kathryn Peterson, Philip E. Putnam, Alberto Ravelli, Edoardo V. Savarino, Christoph Schlag, Philipp Schreiner, Dagmar Simon, Thomas C. Smyrk, Jonathan M. Spergel, Tiffany H. Taft, Ingrid Terreehorst, Tim Vanuytsel, Carina Venter, Mario C. Vieira, Michael Vieth, Berber Vlieg-Boerstra, Ulrike von Arnim, Marjorie M. Walker, Joshua B. Wechsler, Philip Woodland, John T. Woosley, Guang-Yu Yang, Noam Zevit, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Ear, Nose and Throat, and AII - Inflammatory diseases
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Consensus, Histology, Patient-Reported Outcomes, Histopathology, Outcomes, Outcome (game theory), Quality of life, Multidisciplinary approach, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, medicine, Humans, Clinical Trials, Eosinophilic esophagitis, Intensive care medicine, Hepatology, business.industry, Gastroenterology, Endoscopy, Eosinophilic Esophagitis, medicine.disease, End Points, Enteritis, Quality of Life, Symptoms, Clinical trial, Gastritis, business
Abstract: The Core Outcome Set for Therapeutic Studies in Eosinophilic Esophagitis (COREOS) collaborators are a group of more than 70 gastroenterologists, pathologists, allergists, researchers, dietitians, psychologists, and methodologists who convened in a series of in-person and virtual meetings between 2018 and 2020 with the aim of developing a core outcome set (COS) for use in therapeutic studies of pharmacologic and dietary therapies for the treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). Given heterogeneity in reported outcomes and uncertainties regarding the most appropriate end points for use in both randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies involving EoE patients, the EoE experts launched the COREOS exercise in 2018 to standardize outcome definitions using methods established by the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) initiative.1,2 The COS was developed using a multiphase approach, which is summarized in Figure 1. In the first phase, systematic reviews of the literature and patient engagement surveys were conducted to identify candidate outcomes that have been previously measured and are important to patients with EoE. Next, this information was used to build a framework of different outcome domains, and working groups for each domain were assembled to review the literature for relevant end points.3–6 The relative importance of these domains was categorized in a Delphi survey as core, important, and research agenda domains, and discussed in a moderated in-person meeting on May 17, 2019 at Digestive Disease Week (San Diego, CA). In phase 3, a comprehensive list of outcome measures within each of the core domains was evaluated by the COREOS collaborators in a 2-round Delphi survey and, finally, outcomes were ratified in a virtual meeting on December 8, 2020. In this meeting summary, we highlight the major points of discussion that occurred during the development of the EoE COS.
Published: 2021

23. The Impact of Popular Culture Fandom on the Quality of Life of Visitors to Comic Con Africa 2019

Author: Tanya Erasmus and Dewald Venter
Subjects: HF5001-6182, business.industry, Geography, Planning and Development, structural equation model, Media studies, Popular culture, Comics, TX901-946.5, life domains, quality-of-life, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, travel motives, Business, Sociology, Fandom, business, Hospitality industry. Hotels, clubs, restaurants, etc. Food service
Abstract: This study aimed to establish the effects that travel motives and life domains have on visitors’ quality-of-life. Based on the setting, a convenience sampling technique was used in which fieldworkers administered the questionnaire to visitors at Comic Con Africa 2019. Data from 433 (N) completed questionnaires were captured regarding their travel motives, life domains, life domains overall, and quality-of-life affect, and analysed. A structural equation modelling analysis indicated a positive linear relationship between the visitors’ travel motives, life domains measured, life domains overall, and quality-of-life; all of which attained good composite reliabilities. The findings indicate that travel motives have an influence on visitors’ life domains, positive and negative, relevant to their perceived importance. Overall, a visit to this pop culture event had a positive effect on visitors’ quality-of-life. Based on the visitor demographics, social media marketing should be aimed at niche lifestyle aspects that are most enticing to visitor’s pop culture life. The approach would most likely appeal to the markets’ higher-order needs, which could increase visitor numbers and help improve their quality-of-life overall. This research opened the door to the new pop culture life domain, and contributes to the literature and methodology in tourism, life domains and quality-of-life.
Published: 2021

24. Risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality in a high HIV and tuberculosis prevalence setting in South Africa: a cohort study

Author: Waasila Jassat, Cheryl Cohen, Stefano Tempia, Maureen Masha, Susan Goldstein, Tendesayi Kufa, Pelagia Murangandi, Dana Savulescu, Sibongile Walaza, Jamy-Lee Bam, Mary-Ann Davies, Hans W Prozesky, Jonathan Naude, Ayanda T Mnguni, Charlene A Lawrence, Hlengani T Mathema, Jarrod Zamparini, John Black, Ruchika Mehta, Arifa Parker, Perpetual Chikobvu, Halima Dawood, Ntshengedzeni Muvhango, Riaan Strydom, Tsholofelo Adelekan, Bhekizizwe Mdlovu, Nirvasha Moodley, Eunice L Namavhandu, Paul Rheeder, Jacqueline Venturas, Nombulelo Magula, Lucille Blumberg, Shaina Abdullah, Fiona Abrahams, Vincentius Adams, Fhima Adnane, Sonia Adoni, Dieketso Melitta Adoons, Veronique Africa, D Aguinaga, Susan Akach, Prisha Alakram Khelawon, George Aldrich, Olatunde Alesinloye, Mathale Biniki Aletta, Mametja Alice, Tebogo Aphane, Moherndran Archary, Felicity Arends, Shireen Arends, Munonde Aser, T Asmal, Mohammed Asvat, Theunis Avenant, Muvhali Avhazwivhoni, Magnolia Azuike, Johanna Baartman, Dlava Babalwa, Johan Badenhorst, Miranda Badenhorst, Bianca Badripersad, Lalihla Badul, M Bagananeng, Mncedisi Bahle, Liezl Balfour, T C Baloyi, S Baloyi, Tinyiko Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho Baloyi, Thokozani Banda, Shimon Barit, Nicole Bartsch, Junaid Bayat, Siyabulela Bazana, Marlene Beetge, Nosindiso Bekapezulu, Rammala Belebele, Phala Bella, Zanenkululeko Belot, Lindi Gladys Bembe, Sonja Bensch, Gishma Beukes, Karla Bezuidenhout, Themba Bhembe, N A Bikisha, Ben Bilenge, Leesa Bishop, Baphamandla Biyela, Cyntheola Blaauw, Mark Blaylock, Nicola Bodley, Power Bogale, Sibongile Bokolo, Stefan Bolon, Mary Booysen, Eldereze Booysen, Lia Boretti, Paula Borges, Millicent Boshoga, Natasha Bosman, Lucinda Bosvark, Nicky Botes, Adele Botha, Chantall Botha, Jana Botha, Chantall botha, Mandlakayise Irvin Botha, Alet Botha, Janet Bradbury, Zandisile Breakfast, Maria Breed, Molele Brenda, Moshito Brice, Jolene Britz, Amanda Brown, T Buchanan, Thozama Bucwa, Crystelle Burger, Ziyanda Busakwe, Nosiviwe Bushula, Zinhle Buthelezi, Dumsile Buthelezi, Thubelihle Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina Buthelezi, Nadia Bux, Christoff Buys, Anneline Buys, Ernestina Caka, Armando Sanchez Canal, Sithole Caroline, Monrick Casper, Shannon Cawood, Oratile Cebisa, Nothando Cele, Sboniso Cele, Sthembile Goodness Cele, Mkhacani Chauke, Pinkie Chauke, Nevil Chelin, Xiaohui Chen, Venmalla Chetty, Kerisse Chetty, Christinah Cheu, Vindana Chibabhai, Takudzwa Chirima, Mantwa ChisaleMabotja, Charity Chivenge, Ngoasheng Choene, Mbali Nosisa Choko, Martin Choshi, Sabbir Chowdhury, Anastacia Christoforou, S L S Chuene, T S Chueu, Dale Cilliers, Vanessa Cilliers, Marcel Claassen, Jeané Cloete, Chantelle Coelho, Carol Coetzee, Hans Jurgens Coetzee, Christine Coetzee, Marelize Coetzee, Dane Coetzer, Sizwe Coka, M Colane, Herkulaas Combrink, Songezo Conjwa, Colleen Contrad, Faith Cornelissen, Leezelle Cronje, Christine Crouse, Tshidi Dabi, Ziyanda Dandala, Ziyaad Dangor, Gildenhuys Daniel, Ngwana Daniel, Alfred Daumas, Madelein Dauth, Mongalo David, Wayne Davids, Nozuko Daweti, Wandisa Dayile, B De Bruin, Karin De Klerk, Tanya De la Rosa, Marice de Nysschen, Marie De vos, Darien De Wet, Mohith Debising, Darshan Deenadayalu, Babalwa Dekeda, Mofokeng Desiree, Annelise Deysel, Abram Dhlamini, Makgethwa Dhlala Diala, Mathapelo Diale, Bella Diketane, Nosisa Dingani, Siyabonga Diniso, Lesego Diphatse, Anele Diya, Zihloniphile Dladla, Nompumelelo Dladla, Mlungisi Dladla, Patience Dladla, Baphilie Dlamini, Nonhlanhla Dlamini, Linda Dlamini, Nonzwakazi Dlamini, Wendy Dlamini, Ncomeka Dlamini, Siyabonga Dlamini, Nicodemus Dlamini, Lebohang Dlamini, Motshedise Dlamini, Babalwa Christine Dlava, Phikiwe Dlova, Lindiwe Dlozi, Maenetja Doreen, Vumile Doyi, Athini Doyi, Belinda Du Plessis, Johanna Aletta du Plessis, Eddie du Plessis, Nicolette du Plessis, Karin du Plessis, Briette du Toit, Narissa du Toit, Jabulile Dube, Athayanda Dubula, Msomi Duduzile, Sechaba Duiker, Unati Bongile Duma, Kholiwe Duma, Kella Dunne, Kholeka Dyantyi, Avile Dyantyi, Simphiwe Dyasi, Chauke Dyondzo, Phelisa Dyubhele, B J Dywili, Letitia Edwards, Madie Eksteen, Tersia Ellis, Tia Ellis, Glenda Emmerson, Theusia Enslin, Odimula Epule, Lana Erasmus, Mathonsi Erick, Lerato Etsane, Shimange Eunice, Zanele Fani, Mariette Ferreira, K L Finger-Motsepe, Fabion Floris, Tseko Fobo, Keresemetse Fokotsane, Duduzile Emmelda Fokwana, Genevieve Marion Fords, Juanita Fortein, Christine Fouche, Rulandi Fourie, Andrew Frean, Ludwig Fredericks, Wandile Funda, kabelo funjwa, Martha Futhane, Amanda Futuse, Dora Gabaediwe, Nonhlanhla Gabuza, Janycke Galant, Zanele Gama, Thobile Gano, Emma Cora Gardiner, Henri Gastrow, Kelly Gate, Ben Gaunt, Rikhotso Gavaza, Thapelo Gayi, Nkosinathi Gcakasi, Nomusa Gcobo, Leon Geffen, S Geldenhuys, Jenny George, Martha Gerber, Zolisa Getyengana, Nkululo Gigi, Radha Gihwala, Mitchell Gilliland, Zandile Gloria, Elitia Glover, Ellen Gokailemang, Suseth Goosen, Maria Gopane, Thandazile Gosa-Lufuta, Bernadett Gosnell, Sharleen Gouws, Christina Govender, Raksha Govender, Pearl Govender, Sally Govender, Roxanne Govender, K Govender, Savie Govender, Rashika Govinden, Luphumlo Gqabuza, Nomthandazo Gqaji, Maneo Gqetywa, Caroline Green, Nathan Green, Neera Green, Hendrik Grobler, Pamela Groenwald, Daniel Grootboom, Beatrice Gumede, Nomonde Gumede, Simphiwe Gumede, Slindile Gumede, Ntombikayise Gumede, Zenande Gumede, Thandiswa Gxotiwe, Makhubela H L, Nonhlanhla Hadebe, Skhumbuzo Hadebe, Christos Halkas, Ansie Hamer, Ebrahim Hamida, Juan Hammond, Sumayia Haniff, Annelise Hare, lorinda Hattingh, Thenjiwe Hendricks, Philip-George Henecke, Brends Henly-Smith, Glynis Herselman, Ansie Heymans, Chantel Heyns, Golekane Hlabahlaba, Lucky Hlabangwane, Simango Hlamarisa, Ntokozo Hlanzi, Hlengiwe Hlela, Katlego Hlokwe, Thembinkosi Hlongwa, Anele Hlongwana, Themba Hlubi, Tozama Hobo, Nare Nathaniel Hopane, Mariska House, Catharina Hudson, Marinda Huysamen, Jezreen Indheren, Samantha Ingle, Gavin Isaacs, T S Thekiso Isaacs, Maringa Itumeleng, Karien J van Rensburg, Saloshni Jackson, Neziswa Jacob, Burton Jacobs, Tshireletso Jacobs, Gugulethu Jacobs, Mesadi Jaftha, Zimkhitha Jaji, Sibusiso Jali, Gcobisa James, Gillian January, Andiswa Jeke, Laurent Jeremiah, L S Jeremiah, Mubeen Jhetam, Maureen John, Chuene John, Thandiwe Jola, Yolande Jonas, Anovick Jonas, Amilcar Juggernath, Eileen Kaba, Venetia Kabo, Disebo Kadi, Karabo Kaizer, Moshaya Peter Kambule, Lorraine Kapp, Tshepo Kau, Nchabeleng Keneth, O Kgabi, Tebogo Audrey Kgafela, Vincent Kgakgadi, Isabella Kgaswe, Tsholofelo Kgathlane, Vuyelwa Julia Kgetha, Mmaselloane Kgomojoo, B Kgoro, Christinah Kgosiemang, Gloria Kgosiencho, Stephen Khambula, Ariffa Khan, Refemetswe Khanare, Ncamsile Khanyase, Nokwethemba Khanyile, Fillip Kharatsi, Simangele Khawula, Themba Khohlakala, Letitia Khomo, Isabel Khoza, Sinethemba Khoza, Nombulelo Khukule, Busisiwe Khumalo, Tracy Khumalo, Zinhle khumalo, Vuyelwa Khumalo, Delisile Khumalo, Lebohang Khumalo, Boitumelo Khumalo, Thuli Khumalo, Gugu Khumalo, Bongiwe Khuzwayo, Thembhelihle Khuzwayo, Hennie Kidson, Jesne Kistan, Gugu Klaas, Marilyn Klassen, Josehine Koeberg, Marizel Koen, Simphiwe Koena, Ina Kok, Imraan Kola, Karabo Kolokoto, Ramachandra Konar, Dr Kotsedi, Jaline Kotze, Martins Koupis, Helen Kritzinger, Marlize Kruger, Henk Kruger, Tlangelani Kubayi, Thabisile Kubeka, Nonjabulo Kubheka, Melusi Kubheka, Sibusiso Clifford Kubheka, Erol Kubheka, Monica Kumalo, Thulani Kunene, Siphilile Candy Kunene, Yvette Kunneke, R P Kupa, Rachel Kutama, Nompumelelo Kwakwazi, Lwanele Kweyama, Maureen Labuschagne, Marina Labuschagne, Prabha Lakshman, Lungelo Lamani, Thembela Lamani, Naomi Langa, Khangelani Langeni, Aphelele Langeni, Nwabisa Hazel Langeni, Gena Langeveldt, Anchen Laubscher, Laetitia Le Roux, Magagane Leah, Collen Lebea, Sello Lebea, Viyella Phumla Cynthia Lebenya, Lorraine Lebogang, P K Leboho, Chantel Lee, Kelebogile Rejoice Lefakane, Zandile Legoabe, Patrick Lekala, Motsitsi Lekhoaba, Tanki Shadrack Lekunutu, Galaletsang Lerefolo, N Letebele, Tsepo Patric Lethoba, Emission Letlalo, Ofentse Letlhage, D S V Letshufi, Dineo Fiona Letsoalo, Seleka Jones Letsoalo, Pennelope Letsoalo, Getrude Letwaba, Sobekwa Linda, Katleho Lipholo, Sabata Litabe, Harsha Lochan, Linda Lomax, Francina Lombaard, Elmarie Loots, Ariana Lourens, Celeste Louw, Rianna Louw, Zikhona Lubambo, Msebenzi Moises Lubambo, Gregory Ludada, Michael Lukas, Thembela Lungu, Nomvume Lupindo, Emmah Lusenga, Happiness Luthuli, Zoleka Sylvia Luvuno, Gwangwa M H, Mustafa Maarman, Buyisiwe Mabaso, Cynthia Mabaso, Morena Mabitle, Grace Mabogoane, Kgakgamatso Mabone, Rueben Mabuza, Velaphi Mabuza, Mogantla Madiseng, Thobile Madlala, Mashooase Madolo, Thabiso Madonsela, Lesetsa Madubanya, Amukelani Maepa, Namhla Mafumana, Caroline Mafumo, Pumeza Magadla, Viscah Magale, Nompumelelo Magaqa, Oberholzer Magda, Rakgoale Magdeline, Tswai Maggie, Bongeka Maginxa, Cathrine Maite Magoba, Caroline Magongwa, Agretia Magubane, Agretia Ntombizodwa Magubane, R Magwai, D I Mahabane, Padmini Mahabeer, Elsie Mahadulula, Lungiswa Mahanjana, Amy Maharaj, Qedusiza Mahlambi, Yvonne Mahlangu, Lerato Mahlangu, Ntombifikile Mahlangu, Makhosazana Mahlangu, Mahlatsi Mahlangu, Penelope Mahlasela, Thosago Mahlatse, Regina Mahlobo, Dikhing Mahole, Adam Mahomed, Mapeu Debora Mahubane, Peter Mahume, Lehlogonolo Maifo, Vincent Maimane, Petunia Maimele, Phakoe Maine, Patricia Senyanyathi Mainongwane, Nomalungisa Majamani, Amahle Majozini, Noluthando Makalima, Nomfundo Makam, Khanyisa Makamba, R Makan, Mashiane Makarapa, Malesela Makgahlela, Mogoiwa David Makgisa, Makgoba Makgomo, M A Makgopa, Mabone Makhalema, Lindokuhle Lizo Makhanya, Philile Valentia Makhanya, Tolerance Makharaedzha, Nathi Makhathini, Elizabeth Makhesi, Cinile Makhubela, Nkululeko Freedom Makhunga, Nomalinge Makhupula, R R Makhura, Rangwato Makola, Zingisa Makuba, Asanda Makubalo, Lonwabo Makumsha, George Makuya, Levy Mmachuene Malaka, Themba Malangeni, M L Malatji, Pelonomi Malebana-Metsing, Malek Malek, Luthando Malevu, Juanita Malgas, Dimakatso Malgas, Paul Makgasane Malope, Monyeki Malose, Katekani Maluleke, Kato Mambane, Nthabiseng Mamorobela, Kukami Manamela, Tshepo Manana, Sathiel Maneto, Aron Kabelo Manganye, Pheto Mangena, Anna Mangoale, Tinotenda Florence Mangozho, Pariva Manickchund, Zandisile Mankayi, Arthur Manning, Kelebogile Manyaapelo Manyaapelo, Tabea Manyane, Zoliswa Manzana, Milton Manzini, Busisiwe Mapasa-Dube, Siboniso Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi Maphumulo, Sindy Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy Maponya, Napjadi Maponya, Lami Maqubela, Lizeka Maqubela, Vuyo Maqungo, Marisa Marais, Chantal Marais, Nondumiso Maramba, Annelize Mare, Madumetsa Maredi, Afikile Martins, Johanna Marule, Refilwe Marumo, N N Masakona, Kedibone Vincentia Masehla, Eric Maseko, Tshilidzi Maselesele, Mojalefa Maselo, M Maseloa, M E Masemola, Thembi Masemola, Bella Mashaba, James Mashangwane, Mantebele Mashao, Shalom Mashego, Lerato Mashele, Ester Mashiane, Joyce Mashibini, J Mashilo, Tumi Mashiloane, Charity Mashishi, Ngazibini Mashiyi, Khomola Mashudu, Aluwani Masindi, Caroline Maslo, Nduduzo Masondo, Dumisile Masuku, Cry Matamela, Mirriam Matandela, Nontokozo Mathabela, T Mathabi, Keitumetse Mathe, Mathabo Mathebula, Catherine Mathebula, Mdungazi Andres Mathebula, Nqobizwe Mathenjwa, Jane Mathibe, Lebohang Mathibela, Makwela Mathilda, Khakhu Mathiva, Mokgadi Alinah Mathobela, Fikile Pearl Mathonsi, K P Mathonsi, Katlego Mathosa, Noluvo Matiwane, Emma Matjeke, Bella Matjiane, Thabang Matjila, Chidi Matlala, Petlo Matome, Nolusindiso Matoti, C Matseliso, Dineo Matsemela, Phumeza Matsha, Gaalebale Prudence Matshediso, Motsumi Matshediso, Esther Matshela, Bongeka Mavuma, Pearl Mavundla, Nomthandazo Mavuso, Lovender Mawasha, Rebecca Mawelela, Nelisiwe Mazibuko, Phumlani Mazibuko, Lindiwe Mazubane, Bavumile Mbanjwa, Ayanda Mbasa, Nosimilo Mbatha, Zanele Mbatha, Rudolph Zenzele Mbatha, Gift Mbedzi, Tatenda Trevor Mbizi, Khumbulani Mbonambi, Nondumiso Mboniswa, Nomfanelo Mbonisweni, Jody Mbuilu, Siyabonga Mbulawa, Zama Mbutho, Natasha Mbuzi, Nonkululeko Mchunu, Cyprian Mchunu, Nokuzola Mchunu, Masesi Thandeka Mchunu, Vuyokazi Mciteka, Solly Mdaka, Neho Mdakane, Siyabonga Mdediswa, Melusi Mdima, Nozipho Mdima Masondo, Siviwe Mdindana, Ntombizikhona Mdleleni, Sibusiso Mdletshe, Gcobisa Precious Mdoda, Ntombi Mdolo, Anele Mdontsane, Ruchikas Mehta, Philile Rittah Memela, Masande Methuse, Keatlaretse Metshile, Pheliswa Metuse, Anton Meyer, Gavin Meyer, Cameron Meyer, Sisonke Mfazwe, Andiswa Mfecane, Bongeka Mfecane, Nelisiwe Mfeka, Busisiwe Mgaga, Thandiwe Portia Mgauli, Thembekile Mgedezi, Vuyokazi Mgedezi, Kalipile Mgevane, Bongni Mgiba, Babalwa Mgoduka, Patrick Mhlaba, Zeldah Mhlaba, Ntombizodwa Mhlanga, Vangile Mhlinza, Nokuthula Mhlongo, sibongiseni Mhlongo, Unamandla Mhlotshana, Mabaso Mikateko, Helena Minnie, Karen Mintoor, Bongi Miyeni, Mabelane M J, Rosy Mjethu, Gloria Mkhize, Mvuselelo Mkhize, Ntokozo Siyabonga Mkhize, Victoria Mkhize, Nomkhosi Mkhize, Nokuthula Mkhize, Mathini Mkhwanazi, Nolwandle Mkile, Kholofelo Mkise, Nokwandiso Mkiya, Pearl Mkongi, Mnonopheli Mkungeka, Hlomile Mlahleki, Nolukholo Mlibali, Sakhumzi Mlungwana, Jonas Mmachele, Mashatole Mmateka, Molebatsi Mmokwa, Thembisa Mmutlane, Zanele Olive Mndebele, Nonhlanhla Mngomezulu, Noluthando Millicent Mnguni, Pumza Mngunyana, Nomxolisi Mngunyana, Ntombebongo Mngxekeza, Zenzele Mnisi, Hlengiwe Precious Mnqayi, Phumzile Mnqayi, Thabiso Mntungwa, Siya Mnyaka, Ntombikayise Mnyakeni, Vuyani Mnyamana, Nomzingisi Mnyipika, Koena Moabelo, Mmakgoshi Alseria Moatshe, Jennifer Mochaki-Senoge, Sharon Moche, Tebello Mocwagae, Koeikantse Modibane, Tebogo godfrey Modimoeng, Obakeng Modisa, Itumeleng Modisane, Olebogeng Modise, Makaepeaa Flovia Modjadji, Sharon Modupe, Maja Moeketsi, Ntswaki Moeketsi, Kereditse Kingsley Moeng, Naledi Nthabiseng Mofamere, Samuel Mofokeng, Thabo Mofokeng, Jonas 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Sharita Rameshwarnath, Yeishna Ramkillawan, null Ramotlou, Faith Rampedi, Vijayluxmi Rampersad, Avhashoni Ramuima, Noluthando Ranone, Mabohlale Portia Rapasa, Mpharoane rapelang, Nika Raphaely, Lesiba Rashokeng, Caroline Rashopola, Tebogo Ratau, M Ratau, Mpfariseni David Ratshili, Elmari Rautenbach, Rofhiwa Ravele, Johannes Reachable, Peta Mmalahla Rebecca, Kessendri Reddy, Andrew Redfern, Robertha Reed, Mumsy Rees, Dr Reji, Gary Reubenson, Veena Rewthinarain, Nkonayani Rhulani, Mufamadi Richard, J S Rikhotso, Shatimone Beverley Rikhotso, Lavhelani Ndivhaleni Robert, Noncedo Roto, Gideon Ruder, Kapil Rugnath, Lizette Ruiters, Mina Ruiters, Sue Russell, Lynn Ruwiza, Molokoane R Y, Mandy Saaiman, Emmanuel Sabela, Lerato Sadiq, Litha Saki, Hyppolite Salambwa, Menitha Samjowan, Nazlee Samodien, Rakgolele Samuel, Fakudze Sandile, Cekuse Sanelisiwe, Mandlankosi Sani, Simangele Sawuka, Lelani Schoeman, Magriet Scholts, Ronel Schroder, Mamotetekoane Sebalabala, Selwalenkwe Collet Sebati, Jacoline Seboko, Wilheminah Sebuthoma, Annah Segami, Ruth Segokotlo, MR Sehloho, Khutjo Seisa, Antony Sekgobela, Monica Sekhosana, John Sekonyela, Mpho Sekoto, Naledi Sekulisa, Mokgadi Vanessa Sekwadi, Lebogo Selaelo, Johannes Selatlha, Kgomotso Selekolo, William Selfridge, Lucy Semenya, Ivy Sengakane, Masabata Sengata, Petronella Sentle, Malebo Seoketsa, Pratheesha Seonandan, Thomas Mambushi Serumula, Nkululeko Setheni, Refiloe Setlale, Tumediso Setlhodi, Barbara Setlhodi, Robert Setloghele, Aarthi Sewpersad, Ryan Sewpersadh, Phumlile Shabalala, Owen Shabangu, Kungesihe Shabangu, Harriet Sbonangaye Shabangu, Thokozani Shabangu, Clifford Shadi, Hasifa Shaik, Tseliso Shale, Qedani Shandu, Nomvelo Shandu, Ntswaki Marcia Shange, Abongile Shenxane, A Sherriff, Sebenzile Shezi, Thenjiwe Shezi, Scally Shihangule, Cheyeza Shikwambana, Lungisani Shoba, Kamogelo shokane, Nora Sibande, Lydia Sibeko, Xolani Sibeko, Zanele Sibiya, Mncedisi Sibiya, Sphamandla Sibuta, Thembakazi Sifumba, Sipho Sigcau, Lutho Sigila, Kayakazi Sihentshe, Bongani Sihlangu, Daisy Sikhakhane, Shaun Nhlanhla Sikhakhane, Mbali Siko, Sipho Sikonje, Khumbulekile Simanga, Nomsa Simango, Thulisile Simela, Ntombikayise Simelane, Sashah Singh, Marjorie Singh, Ragani Singh, Shash Singh, Anita Singh, Hitekani Sithole, Senzekile Sithole, Ntokozo Danielle Sithole, Koketso Maxwell Sithole, Jonnie Situma, Annie Sivraman, Katekani Siwela, Nonqubela Siyewuyewu, Maweya Sizeka, Nonceba Siziba, Andrew Skhosana, Khanyisile Skhosana, Rorisang Skhosana, Tandiwe Skoko, Sunet Slabbert, Ntombela Smangaliso, Christine Smedley, Lydia Smit, Natassia Smit, Lizelle Smit, Michelle Smit, Fasie Smith, Lizzie Smith, Sunell Smith, Cassius Smith, Stefan Smuts, Ayanda Sofe, Khobane Solomon, L J Solomon, chauke Sombani, Richard Songca, Anga Sontamo, Supriya Soorju, Zubenathi Sopazi, Brian Soqasha, Bongiwe Sosibo, Ntsika Sotsaka, Mandy Soula, Simon Spoor, Sarah Stacey, Asanda Stali, Mutele Mmboniseni Stephina, Myra Steup, Sinoxolo Steven, AW Stevens, Vincent Stevens, Dewald Steyn, Bianca Steyn, Pat Stocks, Henk Stolk, Alida Stoltz, Renate Strehlau, Anneke Stroebel, Loraine Strydom, Jean-Marie Strydom, Anton Strydom, Ursula Strydom, Midhu Sunnyraj, Nwabisa Swana, Winnie Swanepoel, Suzan Swanepoel, Elsie Swartbooi, Estley Swartz Swartz, Casandra Syce, Shihambi T E, Joyce Tabane, N E Tabane, Mrs Tawana, Ntene Tebello, Siphosetu Wiseman Tembe, Samantha Terblanche, Ntombifuthi Thabede, Nkhumeleni Thabelo, Sibusiso Thabethe, Lekhanya Thabo George, Keorapetse Thare, Makofane Thebogo, Lerato Thekiso, Lloyd Theko, Celimphilo Zandi Themba, Danie Theron, Henda Theron, Ilze Theron, Thandiwe Thingathinga, M M Thlabadira, Dikeledi Thoka, Zanele Thokwana, Gustav Thom, Mamphot Joel Thubakgale, Theodora Thwala, P Thys, Monethi Tieho, Matodzi Timothy, Ndlovu Tintswalo, Babalwa Tivana, Molefi Tladi, Bongiwe Tokota, Simthandile Toni, Ariel Torres, Mande Toubkin, Marinda Tsatsi, Khanyisile Tshabalala, Nozibele Tshamase, Gontse Tshefu, Makgoga Tshegofatjo, Given Tshikomba, Thapelo Tshilo, Lerato Tshira, S T Tshirado, Maipfi Tshisikule, G Tsoke, N TSOKE, Alatha Tsoko, Mosele Tsotetsi, Sandeva Tsubella, Noxolo Tuswa, Maipato Tutse, Nomayenzeke Tutu, Sphephelo Twala, Nhlanhla Twala, Simphiwe Twala, John Ubisi, Tefo Unathi, A Van Aswegen, Marietjie van der Merwe, Trudie van der Merwe, Patience van der Plank, Elmarie van der Spuy, Linda Van Der Westhuizen, Adele Van Der Westhuizen, Talana van der Westhuizen, Mene van der Westhuyzen, Thea Van Dyk, Ingrid van Heerden, Ryno van Jaarsveld, M Van Lill, Heidi van Niekerk, Ben van Niekerk, Amanda van Rensburg, Judy van Schallwyk, Zeitschke Yarnrich Van Sensie, Magda van Vuuren, Cloete van Vuuren, Olga Funiswa Vandu, Mandisa Vane, Lucia VanZyl, Ebrahim Variava, Mariam Veerus, Nokhwezi Velapi, Sebina Veleko, Z Velezantsi, Retha Venter, Corlia Vergottini, Inga Vermeulen, Liabara Lufuluvhi Vidah, Bongani Vilakazi, Treasure N Vilakazi, Mbalenhle Precious Vilakazi, Karen Viljoen, Werner Viljoen, Zuretha Volschenk, Angelo Vos, Matlala V V, Jacques Walters, Kate Webb, John Welsh, D Wessels, Judy Wheller, Fundile White, Priscilla White, Carmen Whyte, Ansie Willemse, Sape William, Daniel Williams, Kamielah Williams, Mercia Williams, Anne Williamson, Cherade Wilson, Boipelo Wolff, Michelle Wray, Ntombizonke B Xaba, Thabang Jabulani Xaba, Thanks Xiniwe, Mtshali Xoliswa, Funokwakhe Xulu, Gibson Xulu, Sandlakazi Yam, NM Zakhura, Mashela Zareloa, Sive Zinto, Dyibeni Zinziswa, Lulamile Ziselo, Zakhele Zitha, Emmanuel Zitha, Anele Zokufa, Innocent Zondi, Sikhumbuzo Bernard Zondi, Sbuyi Zondi, Thulani Zondi, Wandiswa Zongola, Liesl Zühlke, Zandile Zulu, Lungelo Zulu, Thandeka Zulu, Slindili Zulu, Nkosinathi Zulu, Angel Zuma, Precious Zungu, Pamela Zungu, Melusi Zungu, Priscilla Zungu, Bongo Lihle Zwakala, Antonia Zwane, Promise Zwane, Muziwendoda Zwane, Hlengiwe Priscila Zwane, and Nomgcobo Zwane
Subjects: Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Tuberculosis, Epidemiology, Immunology, HIV Infections, Comorbidity, Disease, Cohort Studies, South Africa, Risk Factors, Virology, Diabetes mellitus, Prevalence, Humans, Medicine, Hospital Mortality, Asthma, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public health, COVID-19, Articles, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Infectious Diseases, Anti-Retroviral Agents, Female, business, Cohort study
Abstract: Summary Background The interaction between COVID-19, non-communicable diseases, and chronic infectious diseases such as HIV and tuberculosis is unclear, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries in Africa. South Africa has a national HIV prevalence of 19% among people aged 15–49 years and a tuberculosis prevalence of 0·7% in people of all ages. Using a nationally representative hospital surveillance system in South Africa, we aimed to investigate the factors associated with in-hospital mortality among patients with COVID-19. Methods In this cohort study, we used data submitted to DATCOV, a national active hospital surveillance system for COVID-19 hospital admissions, for patients admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 5, 2020, and March 27, 2021. Age, sex, race or ethnicity, and comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes, chronic cardiac disease, chronic pulmonary disease and asthma, chronic renal disease, malignancy in the past 5 years, HIV, and past and current tuberculosis) were considered as risk factors for COVID-19-related in-hospital mortality. COVID-19 in-hospital mortality, the main outcome, was defined as a death related to COVID-19 that occurred during the hospital stay and excluded deaths that occurred because of other causes or after discharge from hospital; therefore, only patients with a known in-hospital outcome (died or discharged alive) were included. Chained equation multiple imputation was used to account for missing data and random-effects multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the role of HIV status and underlying comorbidities on COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Findings Among the 219 265 individuals admitted to hospital with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and known in-hospital outcome data, 51 037 (23·3%) died. Most commonly observed comorbidities among individuals with available data were hypertension in 61 098 (37·4%) of 163 350, diabetes in 43 885 (27·4%) of 159 932, and HIV in 13 793 (9·1%) of 151 779. Tuberculosis was reported in 5282 (3·6%) of 146 381 individuals. Increasing age was the strongest predictor of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality. Other factors associated were HIV infection (adjusted odds ratio 1·34, 95% CI 1·27–1·43), past tuberculosis (1·26, 1·15–1·38), current tuberculosis (1·42, 1·22–1·64), and both past and current tuberculosis (1·48, 1·32–1·67) compared with never tuberculosis, as well as other described risk factors for COVID-19, such as male sex; non-White race; underlying hypertension, diabetes, chronic cardiac disease, chronic renal disease, and malignancy in the past 5 years; and treatment in the public health sector. After adjusting for other factors, people with HIV not on antiretroviral therapy (ART; adjusted odds ratio 1·45, 95% CI 1·22–1·72) were more likely to die in hospital than were people with HIV on ART. Among people with HIV, the prevalence of other comorbidities was 29·2% compared with 30·8% among HIV-uninfected individuals. Increasing number of comorbidities was associated with increased COVID-19 in-hospital mortality risk in both people with HIV and HIV-uninfected individuals. Interpretation Individuals identified as being at high risk of COVID-19 in-hospital mortality (older individuals and those with chronic comorbidities and people with HIV, particularly those not on ART) would benefit from COVID-19 prevention programmes such as vaccine prioritisation as well as early referral and treatment. Funding South African National Government.
Published: 2021

25. Factors influencing the adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) in the South African Construction and Built Environment (CBE) from a quantity surveying perspective

Author: Sams Pfukani Ngobeni, Hendri du Plessis, and Berco Venter
Subjects: Engineering, Architectural engineering, TS155-194, business.industry, Strategy and Management, Perspective (graphical), design silos, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, Management Information Systems, building information modelling (bim), Building information modeling, Management of Technology and Innovation, south african construction and built environment (cbe), Production management. Operations management, business, Built environment
Abstract: The construction industry has often been described as stagnant and out-of-date due to the lack of innovation and innovative work methods to improve the industry (WEF, 2016; Ostravik, 2015). The adoption of Building Information Modelling (BIM) within the construction industry has been relatively slow (Cao et al., 2017), particularly in the South African Construction and Built Environment (CBE) (Allen, Smallwood & Emuze, 2012). The purpose of this study was to determine the critical factors influencing the adoption of BIM in the South African CBE, specifically from a quantity surveyor’s perspective, including the practical implications. The study used a qualitative research approach grounded in a theoretical framework. A survey questionnaire was applied to correlate the interpretation of the theory with the data collected (Naoum, 2007). The study was limited to professionals within the South African CBE. The study highlighted that the slow adoption of BIM within the South African CBE was mainly due to a lack of incentives and subsequent lack of investment towards the BIM adoption. The study concluded that the South African CBE operated mainly in silos without centralised coordination. The BIM adoption was only organic. Project teams were mostly project orientated, seeking immediate solutions, and adopted the most appropriate technologies for the team’s composition. The study implies that the South African CBE, particularly the Quantity Surveying profession, still depends heavily on other role-players in producing information-rich 3D models. Without a centralised effort, the South African Quantity Surveying professionals will continue to adopt BIM technology linearly to the demand-risk ratio as BIM maturity is realised in the South African CBE.
Published: 2021

26. Difference in mortality among individuals admitted to hospital with COVID-19 during the first and second waves in South Africa: a cohort study

Author: Waasila Jassat, Caroline Mudara, Lovelyn Ozougwu, Stefano Tempia, Lucille Blumberg, Mary-Ann Davies, Yogan Pillay, Terence Carter, Ramphelane Morewane, Milani Wolmarans, Anne von Gottberg, Jinal N Bhiman, Sibongile Walaza, Cheryl Cohen, Shaina Abdullah, Fiona Abrahams, Vincentius Adams, FHIMA ADNANE, Sonia Adoni, Dieketso Melitta Adoons, Veronique Africa, Dr Aguinaga, Susan Akach, Prisha Alakram Khelawon, George Aldrich, Olatunde Alesinloye, Mathale Biniki Aletta, Mametja Alice, Tebogo Aphane, Moherndran Archary, Felicity Arends, Shireen Arends, Munonde Aser, T Asmal, Mohammed Asvat, Theunis Avenant, Muvhali Avhazwivhoni, Magnolia Azuike, Johanna Baartman, Dlava Babalwa, Johan Badenhorst, Miranda Badenhorst, Badenhorst, Bianca Badripersad (CEO), Lalihla Badul, M Bagananeng, Mncedisi Bahle, Liezl Balfour, TC Baloyi, S Baloyi, Tinyiko Baloyi, Tshepo Mpho Baloyi, Thokozani Banda, Shimon Barit, Nicole Bartsch, Junaid Bayat, Siyabulela Bazana, Marlene Beetge, Nosindiso Bekapezulu, Rammala Belebele, Phala Bella, Zanenkululeko Belot, Lindi Gladys Bembe, Sonja Bensch, Gishma Beukes, Karla Bezuidenhout, Themba Bhembe, N.A BIKISHA, Ben Bilenge, Leesa Bishop, Baphamandla Biyela, Cyntheola Blaauw, Mark Blaylock, Nicola Bodley, Power Bogale, Sibongile Bokolo, Stefan Bolon, Mary Booysen, Eldereze Booysen, Lia Boretti, Paula Borges, Millicent Boshoga, Natasha Bosman, Lucinda Bosvark, Nicky Botes, Adele Botha, CHANTALL BOTHA, Jana Botha, MANDLAKAYISE IRVIN BOTHA, Alet Botha, Janet Bradbury, Zandisile Breakfast, Maria Breed, Molele Brenda, Moshito Brice, Jolene Britz, Amanda brown, Ms T Buchanan, Thozama Bucwa, Crystelle Burger, Ziyanda Busakwe, Nosiviwe Bushula, Zinhle Buthelezi, Dumsile Buthelezi, Thubelihle Buthelezi, Mpumelelo Basil Buthelezi, Fundiswa Lidwina Buthelezi, Nadia Bux, Christoff Buys, Anneline Buys, Ernestina Caka, Armando Sanchez Canal, Sithole Caroline, Monrick Casper, Shannon Cawood, Oratile Cebisa, Nothando Cele, Sboniso Cele, Sthembile Goodness Cele, Mkhacani Chauke, Pinkie Chauke, Nevil Chelin, Xiaohui Chen, Venmalla Chetty, Kerisse Chetty, Christinah Cheu, Vindana Chibabhai, Takudzwa Chirima, Mantwa ChisaleMabotja, CHARITY CHIVENGE, Ngoasheng Choene, Mbali Nosisa Choko, Martin Choshi, Sabbir Chowdhury, Anastacia Christoforou, S.L.S Chuene, T.S Chueu, Dale Cilliers, Vanessa Cilliers, Marcel Claassen, Jeané Cloete, Chantelle Coelho, Carol Coetzee, Hans Jurgens Coetzee, Christine Coetzee, Marelize Coetzee, Dane Coetzer, Sizwe Coka, Mr M Colane, Herkulaas Combrink, Songezo Conjwa, Colleen Contrad, Faith Cornelissen, Leezelle Cronje, Christine Crouse, Moshai D.A, Ms Mahabane D.I, Tshidi Dabi, Ziyanda Dandala, Ziyaad Dangor, Gildenhuys Daniel, Ngwana Daniel, Alfred Daumas, Madelein Dauth, Mongalo David, Wayne Davids, Nozuko Daweti, Halima Dawood, Wandisa Dayile, B DE BRUIN, Karin De Klerk, Tanya De la Rosa, Marice de Nysschen, Marie De vos, Darien De Wet, Mohith Debising, Darshan Deenadayalu, Babalwa Dekeda, Mofokeng Desiree, Annelise Deysel, Abram Dhlamini, Makgethwa Dhlala Diala, Mathapelo Diale, Bella Diketane, Nosisa Dingani, Siyabonga Diniso, Lesego Diphatse, Anele Diya, Zihloniphile Dladla, Nompumelelo Dladla, Mlungisi Dladla, Patience Dladla, Baphilie Dlamini, NONHLANHLA DLAMINI, Linda Dlamini, Nonzwakazi Dlamini, Wendy Dlamini, Ncomeka Dlamini, Siyabonga Dlamini, Nicodemus Dlamini, Lebohang Dlamini, Motshedise Dlamini, Babalwa Christine Dlava, Phikiwe Dlova, Lindiwe Dlozi, Maenetja Doreen, Vumile Doyi, Athini Doyi, Belinda Du Plessis, Johanna Aletta du Plessis, Mr. Eddie du Plessis, Nicolette du Plessis, Karin du Plessis, Briette du Toit, Narissa du Toit, Jabulile Dube, Athayanda Dubula, Msomi Duduzile, Sechaba Duiker, Unati Bongile Duma, Kholiwe Duma, Kella Dunne, Kholeka Dyantyi, Avile Dyantyi, Simphiwe Dyasi, CHAUKE DYONDZO, Phelisa Dyubhele, B.J Dywili, Letitia Edwards Edwards, Madie Eksteen, Tersia Ellis, Tia Ellis, Glenda Emmerson, Theusia Enslin, ODIMULA EPULE, Lana Erasmus, Mathonsi Erick, Lerato Etsane, Shimange Eunice, Zanele Fani, Mariette Ferreira, K.L Finger-Motsepe, Fabion Floris, Tseko Fobo, Keresemetse Fokotsane, Duduzile Emmelda Fokwana, Genevieve Marion Fords, Juanita Fortein, Christine Fouche, Rulandi Fourie, Andrew Frean, Ludwig Fredericks, Wandile Funda, Kabelo Funjwa, Martha Futhane, Amanda Futuse, Dora Gabaediwe, Nonhlanhla Gabuza, Janycke Galant, Zanele Gama, Thobile Gano, Emma Cora Gardiner, Henri Gastrow, Kelly Gate, Ben Gaunt, Rikhotso Gavaza, Thapelo Gayi, Nkosinathi Gcakasi, Nomusa Gcobo, Leon Geffen, S Geldenhuys, Jenny George, Martha Gerber, Zolisa Getyengana, Nkululo Gigi, Radha Gihwala, Mitchell Gilliland, Zandile Gloria, Elitia Glover, Ellen Gokailemang, Suseth Goosen, Maria Gopane, Thandazile Gosa - Lufuta, Bernadett Gosnell, Sharleen Gouws, Christina Govender, Raksha Govender, Pearl Govender, Sally Govender, Roxanne Govender, K Govender, Mrs Savie Govender, Rashika Govinden, Luphumlo Gqabuza, Nomthandazo Gqaji, Maneo Gqetywa, Caroline Green, Nathan Green, Neera Green, Hendrik Grobler, Pamela Groenwald, Daniel Grootboom, Beatrice Gumede, Nomonde Gumede, Simphiwe Gumede, Slindile Gumede, Ntombikayise Gumede, Zenande Gumede, Thandiswa Gxotiwe, Makhubela H.L, Nonhlanhla Hadebe, Skhumbuzo Hadebe, Christos Halkas, Ansie Hamer, Ebrahim Hamida, Juan Hammond, Sumayia Haniff, Annelise Hare, lorinda Hattingh, Thenjiwe Hendricks, Philip-George Henecke, Brends Henly-Smith, Glynis Herselman, Ansie Heymans, Chantel Heyns, Golekane Hlabahlaba, Lucky Hlabangwane, Simango Hlamarisa, Ntokozo Hlanzi, Hlengiwe Hlela, Katlego Hlokwe, Thembinkosi hlongwa, Anele Hlongwana, Themba Hlubi, Tozama Hobo, Nare Nathaniel Hopane, Mariska House, Catharina Hudson, Marinda Huysamen, Jezreen Indheren, Samantha Ingle, Gavin Isaacs, TS Thekiso Isaacs, Maringa Itumeleng, Karien J van Rensburg, Saloshni Jackson, Neziswa Jacob, Burton Jacobs, Tshireletso Jacobs, Gugulethu Jacobs, Mesadi Jaftha, Zimkhitha Jaji, Sibusiso Jali, Gcobisa James, Gillian January, Andiswa Jeke, Laurent Jeremiah, LS Jeremiah, Mubeen Jhetam, Maureen John, Chuene John, Thandiwe Jola, Yolande Jonas, Anovick Jonas, Amilcar Juggernath, eileen kaba, Venetia Kabo, Disebo Kadi, Karabo Kaizer, Moshaya Peter Kambule, Lorraine Kapp, Tshepo Kau, Nchabeleng Keneth, O Kgabi, Tebogo Audrey Kgafela, Vincent Kgakgadi, Isabella Kgaswe, Tsholofelo Kgathlane, Vuyelwa Julia Kgetha, Mmaselloane Kgomojoo, MR B Kgoro, Christinah Kgosiemang, Gloria Kgosiencho, Stephen Khambula, Ariffa Khan, Refemetswe Khanare, Ncamsile Khanyase, Nokwethemba Khanyile(Data Capturer), Fillip Kharatsi, Simangele Khawula, Themba Khohlakala, Letitia Khomo, Isabel khoza, Sinethemba Khoza, Nombulelo Khukule, Busisiwe Khumalo, Tracy Khumalo, Zinhle khumalo, Vuyelwa Khumalo, Delisile Khumalo, Lebohang Khumalo, Boitumelo Khumalo, Thuli Khumalo, Gugu Khumalo, Bongiwe Khuzwayo, Thembhelihle Khuzwayo, Hennie Kidson, Jesne Kistan, Gugu Klaas, Marilyn Klassen, Josehine Koeberg, Marizel Koen, Simphiwe Koena, Ina Kok, Imraan Kola, Karabo Kolokoto, Ramachandra Konar, Dr Kotsedi, Jaline Kotze, MARTINS KOUPIS CDS, Sr Helen Kritzinger, Marlize Kruger, Henk Kruger, Tlangelani Kubayi, Thabisile Kubeka, Nonjabulo Kubheka, Melusi Kubheka, Sibusiso Clifford Kubheka, Erol Kubheka, Monica Kumalo, Thulani Kunene, Siphilile Candy Kunene, Yvette Kunneke, R.P KUPA, Rachel Kutama, Nompumelelo Kwakwazi, Lwanele Kweyama, Maureen Labuschagne, Marina Labuschagne, Prabha Lakshman, Lungelo Lamani, Thembela Lamani, Naomi Langa, Khangelani Langeni, Aphelele Langeni, Nwabisa Hazel Langeni, Gena Langeveldt, Anchen Laubscher, Laetitia Le Roux, Magagane Leah, Collen Lebea, Sello Lebea, Viyella Phumla Cynthia Lebenya, Lorraine lebogang, PK LEBOHO, Chantel Lee, Kelebogile Rejoice Lefakane, Zandile Legoabe, Patrick Lekala, Motsitsi Lekhoaba, Tanki Shadrack Lekunutu, Galaletsang Lerefolo, Mrs N Letebele, Tsepo Patric Lethoba, Emission Letlalo, Ofentse Letlhage, D.S.V Letshufi, Dineo Fiona Letsoalo, Seleka Jones Letsoalo, Pennelope Letsoalo, Getrude Letwaba, Sobekwa Linda, Katleho Lipholo, Sabata Litabe, Harsha Lochan, Linda Lomax, Francina Lombaard, Elmarie Loots, Ariana Lourens, Celeste Louw, Rianna Louw, Zikhona Lubambo, Msebenzi Moises Lubambo, Gregory Ludada, Michael Lukas, Thembela Lungu, Nomvume Lupindo, Emmah Lusenga, Happiness Luthuli, Zoleka Sylvia Luvuno, Sr Gwangwa M.H, Mustafa Maarman, Buyisiwe Mabaso, Cynthia Mabaso, Morena Mabitle, Grace Mabogoane, Kgakgamatso Mabone, Rueben Mabuza, Velaphi Mabuza, Mogantla Madiseng, Thobile Madlala, Mashooase Madolo, Thabiso Madonsela, Lesetsa Madubanya, Amukelani Maepa, Namhla Mafumana, Caroline Mafumo, Pumeza Magadla, Viscah Magale, Nompumelelo Magaqa, Oberholzer Magda, Rakgoale Magdeline, Tswai Maggie, Bongeka Maginxa, Cathrine Maite Magoba, Caroline Magongwa, AGRETIA MAGUBANE, Agretia Ntombizodwa Magubane, R Magwai, Padmini Mahabeer, Elsie Mahadulula, Lungiswa Mahanjana, Amy Maharaj, Qedusiza Mahlambi, Yvonne Mahlangu, Lerato Mahlangu, Ntombifikile Mahlangu, Makhosazana Mahlangu, Mahlatsi Mahlangu, Penelope Mahlasela, Thosago Mahlatse, Regina Mahlobo, Dikhing Mahole, Adam Mahomed, Mapeu Debora Mahubane, Peter Mahume, Lehlogonolo Maifo, Vincent Maimane, Petunia Maimele, Phakoe Maine, Patricia Senyanyathi Mainongwane, Nomalungisa Majamani, Amahle Majozini, Noluthando Makalima, Nomfundo Makam, Khanyisa Makamba, R Makan, Mashiane Makarapa, Malesela Makgahlela, Mogoiwa David Makgisa, Makgoba Makgomo, MA Makgopa, Mabone Makhalema, Lindokuhle Lizo Makhanya, Philile Valentia Makhanya, Tolerance Makharaedzha, Nathi Makhathini, Elizabeth Makhesi, Cinile Makhubela, Nkululeko Freedom Makhunga, Nomalinge Makhupula, RR Makhura, Rangwato Makola, Zingisa Makuba, Asanda Makubalo, Lonwabo Makumsha, George Makuya, Levy Mmachuene Malaka, Themba Malangeni, ML MALATJI, Pelonomi Malebana-Metsing, Malek Malek, Luthando Malevu, Juanita Malgas, Dimakatso Malgas, Paul Makgasane Malope, Monyeki Malose, Katekani Maluleke, Kato Mambane, Nthabiseng Mamorobela, Kukami Manamela, Tshepo Manana, Sathiel Maneto, Aron Kabelo Manganye, Pheto Mangena, Anna Mangoale, TINOTENDA FLORENCE MANGOZHO, Pariva Manickchund, Zandisile Mankayi, Arthur Manning, Kelebogile Manyaapelo Manyaapelo, Tabea Manyane, Zoliswa Manzana, Milton Manzini, Busisiwe Mapasa-Dube, Siboniso Maphumulo, Ntombifuthi Maphumulo, Sindy Maponya, Khomotso Mumsy Maponya, Napjadi Maponya, Lami Maqubela, Lizeka Maqubela, Vuyo Maqungo, Marisa Marais, Chantal Marais, Nondumiso Maramba, Annelize Mare, Madumetsa Maredi, Afikile Martins, Johanna Marule, Refilwe Marumo, NN Masakona, KEDIBONE VINCENTIA MASEHLA, Eric Maseko, Tshilidzi Maselesele, Mojalefa Maselo, M Maseloa, M.E Masemola, Thembi Masemola, Bella Mashaba, James Mashangwane, Mantebele Mashao, Shalom Mashego, Lerato Mashele, Ester Mashiane, Joyce Mashibini, J Mashilo, Tumi Mashiloane, Charity Mashishi, Ngazibini Mashiyi, Khomola Mashudu, aluwani masindi, Caroline Maslo, Nduduzo Masondo, Dumisile Masuku, Cry Matamela, Mirriam Matandela, Nontokozo Mathabela, T Mathabi, Keitumetse Mathe, Mathabo Mathebula, Catherine Mathebula, Mdungazi Andres Mathebula, Nqobizwe Mathenjwa, Jane Mathibe, Lebohang Mathibela, MAKWELA MATHILDA, Khakhu Mathiva, Mokgadi Alinah Mathobela, Fikile Pearl Mathonsi, KP Mathonsi, Katlego Mathosa, Noluvo Matiwane, Emma Matjeke, Bella Matjiane, Thabang Matjila, Sr Chidi Matlala, Petlo Matome, Nolusindiso Matoti, C. Matseliso, Dineo Matsemela, Phumeza Matsha, Gaalebale Prudence Matshediso, Motsumi Matshediso, Esther Matshela, Bongeka Mavuma, Pearl Mavundla, Nomthandazo Mavuso, Lovender Mawasha, Rebecca Mawelela, Nelisiwe Mazibuko, Phumlani Mazibuko, Lindiwe Mazubane, Bavumile Mbanjwa, Ayanda Mbasa, Nosimilo Mbatha, ZANELE MBATHA, Rudolph Zenzele Mbatha, Gift Mbedzi, Tatenda Trevor Mbizi, Khumbulani Mbonambi, Nondumiso Mboniswa, Nomfanelo Mbonisweni, Jody Mbuilu, Siyabonga Mbulawa, Zama Mbutho, Natasha Mbuzi, Nonkululeko Mchunu, Cyprian Mchunu, Nokuzola Mchunu, Masesi Thandeka Mchunu, Vuyokazi Mciteka, Solly Mdaka, Neho Mdakane, Siyabonga Mdediswa, Melusi Mdima, Nozipho Mdima Masondo, Siviwe Mdindana, Ntombizikhona Mdleleni, Sibusiso Mdletshe, Gcobisa Precious Mdoda, Ntombi Mdolo, Anele Mdontsane, Ruchikas Mehta, Philile Rittah Memela, Masande Methuse, Keatlaretse Metshile, Pheliswa Metuse, Anton Meyer, Gavin Meyer, Cameron Meyer, Sisonke Mfazwe, Andiswa Mfecane, Bongeka Mfecane, Nelisiwe Mfeka, Busisiwe Mgaga, Thandiwe Portia Mgauli, Thembekile Mgedezi, Vuyokazi Mgedezi, Kalipile Mgevane, Bongni Mgiba, Babalwa Mgoduka, PATRICK MHLABA, Zeldah Mhlaba, Ntombizodwa Mhlanga, Vangile Mhlinza, Nokuthula Mhlongo, sibongiseni Mhlongo, Unamandla Mhlotshana, Mabaso Mikateko, Helena Minnie, Karen Mintoor, Bongi Miyeni, Mabelane MJ, Rosy Mjethu, Gloria Mkhize, Mvuselelo Mkhize, Ntokozo Siyabonga Mkhize, Victoria Mkhize, Nomkhosi Mkhize, Nokuthula Mkhize, Mathini Mkhwanazi, Nolwandle Mkile, Kholofelo Mkise, Nokwandiso Mkiya, Pearl Mkongi, Mnonopheli Mkungeka, Hlomile Mlahleki, Nolukholo Mlibali, Sakhumzi mlungwana, Jonas Mmachele, Mashatole Mmateka, Molebatsi Mmokwa, Thembisa Mmutlane, Zanele Olive Mndebele, nonhlanhla mngomezulu, Noluthando Millicent Mnguni, Pumza Mngunyana, Nomxolisi Mngunyana, Ntombebongo Mngxekeza, ZENZELE MNISI, Hlengiwe Precious Mnqayi, PHUMZILE MNQAYI, Thabiso Mntungwa, Siya Mnyaka, Ntombikayise Mnyakeni, Vuyani Mnyamana, Nomzingisi Mnyipika, Koena Moabelo, Mmakgoshi Alseria Moatshe, Jennifer Mochaki-Senoge Mochaki-Senoge, Sharon Moche, Tebello Mocwagae, Koeikantse Modibane, Tebogo godfrey Modimoeng, Obakeng Modisa, Itumeleng Modisane, Olebogeng Modise, Makaepeaa Flovia Modjadji, Sharon Modupe, Maja Moeketsi, Ntswaki Moeketsi, Kereditse Kingsley Moeng, Naledi Nthabiseng Mofamere, Samuel Mofokeng, Thabo Mofokeng, Jonas Mofomme, VICKY MOGAKANE, Lehlohonolo Mogale, Audrey Mogapi, Thomas Mogashoa, Mphaka James Mogatla, Kgaladi Mogoale, Dikeledi Maggie Mohajane, Nkuba Mohapi, Mthoamihla Mohatsela, Irene Mohlala, Daphney Mohlala, Mpho Mohlamonyane, Bonolo Millord Mohutsiwa, Selemela Moipone, Tshepang Moisi, Nelly Mojalefa, Vuyo Moji, Buhle Mokangwana, Matloa Mokgabo, Manaka Mokgaetji, Jane Mokgaotsi, Neo Theodore Mokgoro, Thalitha Mokhatla, Lerato Lovedalia Mokhele, Sheila Mokhema, Mamoya Mokoena, Mojalefa Mokoena, Lleka Mokome, Cynthia Mokone, Ipeleng Mokono, Thabiso Mokonyama, Josiah Mokori, Dolores Mokuena, Danny Mokumo, Oddy Mokwena, Kgaogelo Mokwena, Kgantshi Sam Mokwena, Lebogang Mokwene, Thato Elliott Molate, Ditoche Molebalwa, Boingotlo Molefe, KGOPA STANLEY MOLEHE, Kgomotso Moleme, Sarah Moliane, FANYANA MOLOI, Retshepile Joseph Molorane, Glenda Tsholanang Molotsi, Lerato Molukanele, Joy Monareng, Thapelo Moncho, Modiadie Monica, Refilwe Monnane, Andile Monqo, Neo Montewa, Kgalalelo Montsioa, Reitumetse monyaki, Masekhobe Jeanett Monyane, Lipson Monyela, Yudeshan Moodley, Kriesen Moodley, Kaira Moodley, Boitumelo Donald Mooka, Prea Moonsamy, Simmi Moopanar, David Moore, Lineo Mophethe, Tshegohatso Moremedi, Kealeboga Moremong, nthangeni morgan, Egma Moripa, Lulamile Morris, Me. 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Mosala, Thabo Mosana, Alice Mosase, Yolanda Mose, Maponya Mosehlo, Mothusi Moseki, Mojalefa David Moshabe, Mbulelo Moshani, Pelisa Moshani, Ledwaba Mosima, Ezrom Mosima, M.P Mosoma, Lebohang Motaung, Mokete Motaung, Thozama Charmain Motaung Xhama, Purine Khethiwe Motha, Lerato Motimele, Boitumelo Motimeng, Shirley Motladiile, otsile Motlhabane, Joshua Motlhamme, Mandla Motloba, Kagiso Motse, Sophia Motshegoa, Edward Moutlana, Irma Mouton, Zanele Moya, Nomonde Moyake, Maja MP, Jenny Mpete, Luamba Meltha Mpfuni, Seputule Mphahlele Mphahlele, Mashadi Mphake, Ephraim Letlhogonolo Mphanya, Mashudu Mphaphuli, Tebogo Chwene Mphela, MS Mpontshane, Thabile Mqotyana, Babalwa Mqungquthu, Noluthando Busane Msane, Malusi Mseleku, Sibusiso Msibi, Mancele Msibi, Thulisile Msibi, Siyabonga Linda Msibi, Clement Nhlanhla Msiza, Lungelo Msomi, Mandlenkosi Mtatambi, Thembisa Mthathambi, December Mthembu, Nhlahla Mthembu, Fezile Mbali Mthembu, Lungiswa Mthembu, Nompumelelo Petunia Mthethwa, Khulekani Mthimkhulu, Lungani Percival Mthuli, Ashley Mthunzi, Xolani Sydney Mtolo, Nomonde Precious Mtolo, Linda Mtshali, Neliswa Mtwa, Fezeka Mtyobile, Kanyisa Mtyobile, Mpfariseni Mudau, Magwabeni Muemeleli, Isaac Mulaudzi, Rebecca Mulaudzi, Mhlelekedzeni Mulaudzi, Dakalo Rejoyce Muligwe, Blessing Muponda, Mmbangiseni Stella Mushadi, M Mushid, Konanani Muthaphuli, J Muthavhine, Mpho Muthika, Samkelisiwe Mvelase, Vusi Mvelase, LAURENT KAYUMBA MWEHU, Thabile Myaka, Magriet myburgh, Zimkhitha Mzamo, Fezeka Mzawuziwa, Mfundo Lunga Mzini, Oscar Mzizana, Ntokozo Mzobe, Thokozile Mzobe, Zamaswazi Mzobe, Mtimkulu Mzwandile, Fathima Naby, KESHNEE NAICKER, Pregashnie Naicker, Saroja Naicker, Pershen Naicker, Saiyen Virgil Naicker, RIA NAIDOO, Sam Naidoo, Mergan Naidoo, KAMALAMBAL NAIDOO, Aroomugam Naidoo, Sivuyile Naku, Firdose Nakwa, Masoga Nancy, Rita Nathan, Maritsa Naude, Gcobisa Ncaza, Aviwe Ncaza, Relebohile Ncha, Yanelisa Ncoyini, Snothile Ncube, Mrs Ndaba, VUSUMUZI NDABA, Mmapula Ndaba, Siziwe Ndawonde, Ziphozihle Ndevu, NONHLANHLA FAITH NDHLOVU, Simphiwe Ndima, Sindisiwe Ndlela, Thobsile P Ndlela, Nobuhle Ndlovu, Nwabisa Ndlovu, Virginia Dipuo Ndlovu, Sombekhaya Ndlumbini, Khululiwe Nduli, Priscilla Nontokozo Nduli, Michael Ndwambi, Jeremy Nel, Rina Nel, Lizelle Nel, Ntsundeni florah Nemanashi, Usinkhangwe Nyaphophi Nemudivhiso, Joyce Nemutavhanani Nemutavhanani, Jabu Nene, Xolani Nene, David Netshilonga, Rendani Netsianda, Charmaine Newton, Vuyo Leroy Ngalo, Ncumisa Ngani, Thabisa Monica Ngcakaza, Thamela Ngcobo, Trulove Nonhlanhla Ngcobo, Richards Ngcobo, Gcinile Ngcobo, Guguletu Ngcobo, Thozama Ngetu, Pinkie Ngewu, Tshepo Ngobeni, Providence Ngobeni, Khanyisile Ngobeni, Prudence Ngobeni, Thembisile Ngobese, Tracy Ngomane, Nolusindiso Ngondo, Nokukhanya Ngubane, Sithembiso Ngubane, Ntombizodwa Praxedise Nguse, Tholakele Ngwane, Elizabeth Ngwasheng, Siphamandla Ngwenya, Gugu Ngwenya, Nomthandazo Ngwenya, Themba Ngwenya, Eva Ngwenya, Zintlanu Ngxola, Tshegofatso Nhabe, Jabulile Nhlabathi, Ishmael Nhlangwana, Sithembile Nhlapo, Matlala nick, Vicky Niemand, Carina Nienaber, Louise Nix, Chumisa Njikelana, Masiza Njomi, Lucia Nkabinde, M NKABINDE, Boitumelo Nkabiti, Gugu Nkabule, Mankopodi Nkadimeng, Nonkanyiso Nkanjeni, Palesa Portia Nkatlo, Bongani Nkewana, Audrey Nkhwashu, Ngokoana Nkoana, Mmathapelo Nkoane, M Nkogatse, Fezile Nkomo, Ntando Nkomo, Nontobeko Nkonyane, Sydney Nkosi, Ntombikayise Nkosi, Phumzile Nkosi, Ntombifuthi Nkosi, TINTSWALO NKOSI, ML Nkosi, Godfrey Nkosi, Amukelani Nkosi, Fikile Vinoliah Nkosi, Mbali Nkosi, Nomcebo Lucia Nkosi, Siphokazi Nkosi, Amanda Nkuhlu, Phumzile Nkumane, Malebo Nkuna, Wendy Nkwakwha, Sesi Noge, Elizabeth Nolte, Peko Nomawabo, Malibongwe Nombita, Nandipha Nophale, Jeanetta Nothnagel, Bongiwe Novokoza, Zanele Nqaphi, Thobekile Nqondo, Siphokazi Nqwelo, Nkoana NS, Sindiswa Ntabeni, Mr Ntabeni, mawethu Ntampula, Mthutuzeli Ntebe, MOKWABO NTELA, Hezekiah Ntimbane, Xolisa Ntintsilana, Patrick Ntleki, Zanele Ntobela, Bandile Ntombela, Zamaswazi Ntombela, Khonelihle Zandile Ntombela, Praisegod Samkelo Thobani Ntombela, Lindiwe Ntonintshi, Dipuo Ntseane, Thobeka Ntseane, Xolelwa Ntsham, Mbalenhle Ntshele, Amanda Ntshewula, Zinzi Ntsoko, Athini Ntsoto, Nomsa Ntuli, Nokwazi Ntuli, Nomvula Ntuli, Andrew Diffar Ntuli, Faith Ntuli, Margrit Nurnberger, Ntsikelelo Nxala, Sithandiwe Nxasane, Mr Thanda Nxumalo, Xolani Nyathi, Nontobeko Nyawula, Nhlakanipho Nzama, Maila Nkuneng Obed, Florence Ogwal, Maureen Olifant, Mr B Oliphant, Monota Olive, Kagisho Olyn, Raymond Omoighe, Phumeza One, Ratombo Oscar, Nkuna Owen, Mailula P, Nalini Padayachee, Vasaily Padayachy, Ntombizakhe Pakade, Mosiuoa Palime, Jane Palisa, Arifa Parker, Lesenyeho Parkies, Andy Parrish, Nilesh Patel, Anastasia Pather, Mkhombo Tsakani Patience, Marisa Patzke, Akhumzi Pawuli, Ntandokazi Pelako, Phaswana Sibasa Penrose, Litha Peppeta, Santosh Pershad, Makheda Pertunia, Nkuna Pertunia, Dane Perumal, Mongameli Peter, Justin Peters, Vatiswa Petlane, Harideen Petrus, Kgomotso Phahladira, Matebesi John Phakisa, R Phale, Livhuwani Phathela, Sekate Daniel Phillip, Beverly Phiri, Mapule Precious Phiri, Thapelo Phokane, Frank Phokoane, Moele Pholosho, Sekoro Phooko, Sekodi Geoffrey Phooko, Maponya Phutiane, Faiza Pillay, Melanie Pillay, Sayuri Pillay, CR Pillay, Zikhona Plaatjie, James Pootona, Samantha Potgieter, Marius Potgieter, Mulaudzi Mulatedzi Precious, Paul Janus Pretorius, Hans Prozesky, Mokhethi Pule, Jayshina Punwasi, Dot Putzier, Lutho Qankqiso, Siphokazi Qebedu, Phozisa Qhola, Ntombesithathu Qotoyi, Sipho Victor Qotso, Zanele Qwabe, Helena Rabie, Phoebe Rabothata, Christina Rachoene, Mteteleli Radana, Maria Radebe, Dr. Valentino Radebe, Nonkululeko Radebe, Ella Radinne, Sherly Raduvha, Shamintha Raghunath, Claudine Rajagopaul, Mary Rakgwale, Malumbete Michael Ralethe, Kenneth ralimo, Motlalepule Ramafoko, Maduvhahafani Ramagoma, Charlotte Raman, Dr Ramavhuya, Molly Rambally, Nivasha Ramdeen, Tanusha Ramdin, Sharita Rameshwarnath, Yeishna Ramkillawan, null Ramotlou, Faith Rampedi, Vijayluxmi Rampersad, Avhashoni Ramuima, Noluthando Ranone, Mabohlale Portia Rapasa, Mpharoane rapelang, Nika Raphaely, Lesiba Rashokeng, Caroline Rashopola, Tebogo Ratau, M RATAU, Mpfariseni David Ratshili, Elmari Rautenbach, Rofhiwa Ravele, Johannes Reachable, Peta Mmalahla Rebecca, Kessendri Reddy, Andrew Redfern, Robertha Reed, Mumsy Rees, Dr Reji, Gary Reubenson, Veena Rewthinarain, Paul Rheeder, Nkonayani Rhulani, Mufamadi Richard, J.S Rikhotso, Shatimone Beverley Rikhotso, Lavhelani Ndivhaleni Robert, Noncedo Roto, Gideon Ruder, Kapil Rugnath, Lizette Ruiters, Mina Ruiters, Sue Russell, Lynn Ruwiza, Molokoane RY, Mandy Saaiman, Emmanuel Sabela, Lerato Sadiq, Litha Saki, HYPPOLITE SALAMBWA, Menitha Samjowan, Nazlee Samodien, Rakgolele Samuel, Fakudze Sandile, Cekuse Sanelisiwe, Mandlankosi Sani, Simangele Sawuka, Lelani Schoeman, Magriet Scholts, Ronel Schroder, Mamotetekoane Sebalabala, Selwalenkwe Collet Sebati, Jacoline Seboko, Wilheminah Sebuthoma, Annah Segami, Ruth Segokotlo, MR Sehloho, Khutjo Seisa, Antony Sekgobela, Monica Sekhosana, John Sekonyela, Mpho Sekoto, Naledi Sekulisa, Mokgadi Vanessa Sekwadi, Lebogo Selaelo, Johannes Selatlha, Kgomotso Selekolo, William Selfridge, Lucy Semenya, Ivy Sengakane, Masabata Sengata, Petronella Sentle, Malebo Seoketsa, Pratheesha Seonandan, Thomas Mambushi Serumula, Nkululeko Setheni, Refiloe Setlale, Tumediso Setlhodi, Barbara Setlhodi, Robert Setloghele, Aarthi Sewpersad, Ryan Sewpersadh, Phumlile Shabalala, Owen Shabangu, Kungesihe Shabangu, Harriet Sbonangaye Shabangu, Doctor Thokozani Shabangu, Clifford Shadi, Hasifa Shaik, Tseliso Shale, Qedani Shandu, Nomvelo Shandu, Ntswaki Marcia Shange, Abongile Shenxane, A Sherriff, Sebenzile Shezi, Thenjiwe Shezi, Scally Shihangule, Cheyeza Shikwambana, Lungisani Shoba, Kamogelo shokane, Nora Sibande, Lydia Sibeko, Xolani Sibeko, Zanele Sibiya, Mncedisi Sibiya, Sphamandla Sibuta, Thembakazi Sifumba, Sipho Sigcau, Lutho Sigila, Kayakazi Sihentshe, Bongani Sihlangu, Daisy Sikhakhane, Shaun Nhlanhla Sikhakhane, Mbali Siko, Sipho Sikonje, Khumbulekile Simanga, Nomsa Simango, Thulisile Simela, Ntombikayise Simelane, Sashah Singh, Marjorie Singh, Mrs Ragani Singh, Shash Singh, Anita Singh, Hitekani Sithole, Senzekile Sithole, Ntokozo Danielle Sithole, Koketso Maxwell Sithole, Jonnie Situma, Annie Sivraman, Katekani Siwela, Nonqubela Siyewuyewu, Maweya Sizeka, Nonceba Siziba, Andrew Skhosana, Khanyisile Skhosana, RORISANG SKHOSANA, Tandiwe Skoko, Sunet Slabbert, Ntombela Smangaliso, Christine Smedley, Lydia Smit, Natassia Smit, Lizelle Smit, Michelle Smit, Fasie Smith, Lizzie Smith, Sunell Smith, Cassius Smith, Stefan Smuts, Ayanda Sofe, Khobane Solomon, LJ Solomon, chauke Sombani, RICHARD SONGCA, Anga Sontamo, Supriya Soorju, Zubenathi Sopazi, Brian Soqasha, Bongiwe Sosibo, Ntsika Sotsaka, Mandy Soula, Simon Spoor, Sarah Stacey, Asanda Stali, Mutele Mmboniseni Stephina, Myra Steup, Sinoxolo Steven, AW Stevens, Vincent Stevens, Dewald Steyn, Bianca Steyn, Pat Stocks, Henk Stolk, Alida Stoltz, Renate Strehlau, Anneke Stroebel, Loraine Strydom, Jean-Marie Strydom, Anton Strydom, Ursula Strydom, Midhu Sunnyraj, Nwabisa Swana, Winnie Swanepoel, Suzan Swanepoel, Elsie Swartbooi, Estley Swartz Swartz, Casandra Syce, Shihambi T.E, Joyce Tabane, NE Tabane, Mrs Tawana, Ntene Tebello, Siphosetu Wiseman Tembe, Samantha Terblanche, Ntombifuthi Thabede, Nkhumeleni Thabelo, Sibusiso Thabethe, Lekhanya Thabo George, Keorapetse Thare, Makofane Thebogo, Lerato Thekiso, Lloyd Theko, Celimphilo Zandi Themba, Danie Theron, Henda Theron, Ilze Theron, Thandiwe Thingathinga, M.M THLABADIRA, Dikeledi Thoka, Zanele Thokwana, Gustav Thom, Mamphot Joel Thubakgale, Theodora Thwala, P Thys, Monethi Tieho, Matodzi Timothy, Ndlovu Tintswalo, Babalwa Tivana, Molefi Tladi, Bongiwe Tokota, Simthandile Toni, Ariel Torres, Mande Toubkin, Marinda Tsatsi, Khanyisile Tshabalala, Nozibele Tshamase, Gontse Tshefu, Makgoga Tshegofatjo, Given Tshikomba, Thapelo Tshilo, Lerato Tshira, S.T Tshirado, Maipfi Tshisikule, G Tsoke, N TSOKE, Alatha Tsoko, Mosele Tsotetsi, SANDEVA TSUBELLA, Noxolo Tuswa, Maipato Tutse, Nomayenzeke Tutu, Sphephelo Twala, Nhlanhla Twala, Simphiwe Twala, John Ubisi, Tefo Unathi, A Van Aswegen, Marietjie van der Merwe, Trudie van der Merwe, Patience van der Plank, Elmarie van der Spuy, Linda Van Der Westhuizen, Adele Van Der Westhuizen, Talana van der Westhuizen, Mene van der Westhuyzen, Thea Van Dyk, Ingrid van Heerden, Ryno van Jaarsveld, M Van Lill, Heidi van Niekerk, Ben van Niekerk, Amanda van Rensburg, Judy van Schallwyk, Zeitschke Yarnrich Van Sensie, Magda van Vuuren, Cloete van Vuuren, Olga Funiswa Vandu, Mandisa Vane, Lucia VanZyl, Ebrahim Variava, Mariam Veerus, Nokhwezi Velapi, Sebina Veleko, Z. Velezantsi, Retha Venter, Corlia Vergottini, Inga Vermeulen, Liabara Lufuluvhi Vidah, Bongani Vilakazi, Treasure N Vilakazi, Mbalenhle Precious Vilakazi, Karen Viljoen, Werner Viljoen, Zuretha Volschenk, Angelo Vos, Matlala VV, Jacques Walters, Kate Webb, John Welsh, D WESSELS, Judy Wheller, Fundile White, Priscilla White, Carmen Whyte, Ansie Willemse, Sape William, Daniel Williams, Kamielah Williams, Mercia Williams, Anne Williamson, Cherade Wilson, Boipelo Wolff, Michelle Wray, Ntombizonke B Xaba, Thabang Jabulani Xaba, Thanks Xiniwe, Mtshali Xoliswa, Funokwakhe Xulu, Gibson Xulu, Sandlakazi Yam, NM Zakhura, Mashela Zareloa, Sive Zinto, Dyibeni Zinziswa, Lulamile Ziselo, Zakhele Zitha, Emmanuel Zitha, Anele Zokufa, Innocent Zondi, Sikhumbuzo Bernard Zondi, Sbuyi Zondi, Thulani Zondi, Wandiswa Zongola, Liesl Zühlke, Zandile Zulu, LUNGELO ZULU, Thandeka Zulu, Slindili Zulu, Nkosinathi Zulu, Angel Zuma, precious Zungu, Pamela Zungu, Melusi Zungu, Priscilla Zungu, Bongo Lihle Zwakala, Antonia Zwane, Promise Zwane, Muziwendoda Zwane, Hlengiwe Priscila Zwane, and Nomgcobo Zwane
Subjects: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Incidence (epidemiology), COVID-19, Articles, General Medicine, Odds ratio, Logistic regression, Wave period, South Africa, Humans, Medicine, Prospective cohort study, business, Demography, Cohort study
Abstract: Background The first wave of COVID-19 in South Africa peaked in July, 2020, and a larger second wave peaked in January, 2021, in which the SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (Beta) lineage predominated. We aimed to compare in-hospital mortality and other patient characteristics between the first and second waves. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we analysed data from the DATCOV national active surveillance system for COVID-19 admissions to hospital from March 5, 2020, to March 27, 2021. The system contained data from all hospitals in South Africa that have admitted a patient with COVID-19. We used incidence risk for admission to hospital and determined cutoff dates to define five wave periods: pre-wave 1, wave 1, post-wave 1, wave 2, and post-wave 2. We compared the characteristics of patients with COVID-19 who were admitted to hospital in wave 1 and wave 2, and risk factors for in-hospital mortality accounting for wave period using random-effect multivariable logistic regression. Findings Peak rates of COVID-19 cases, admissions, and in-hospital deaths in the second wave exceeded rates in the first wave: COVID-19 cases, 240·4 cases per 100 000 people vs 136·0 cases per 100 000 people; admissions, 27·9 admissions per 100 000 people vs 16·1 admissions per 100 000 people; deaths, 8·3 deaths per 100 000 people vs 3·6 deaths per 100 000 people. The weekly average growth rate in hospital admissions was 20% in wave 1 and 43% in wave 2 (ratio of growth rate in wave 2 compared with wave 1 was 1·19, 95% CI 1·18–1·20). Compared with the first wave, individuals admitted to hospital in the second wave were more likely to be age 40–64 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1·22, 95% CI 1·14–1·31), and older than 65 years (aOR 1·38, 1·25–1·52), compared with younger than 40 years; of Mixed race (aOR 1·21, 1·06–1·38) compared with White race; and admitted in the public sector (aOR 1·65, 1·41–1·92); and less likely to be Black (aOR 0·53, 0·47–0·60) and Indian (aOR 0·77, 0·66–0·91), compared with White; and have a comorbid condition (aOR 0·60, 0·55–0·67). For multivariable analysis, after adjusting for weekly COVID-19 hospital admissions, there was a 31% increased risk of in-hospital mortality in the second wave (aOR 1·31, 95% CI 1·28–1·35). In-hospital case-fatality risk increased from 17·7% in weeks of low admission (8000 admissions; aOR 1·24, 1·17–1·32). Interpretation In South Africa, the second wave was associated with higher incidence of COVID-19, more rapid increase in admissions to hospital, and increased in-hospital mortality. Although some of the increased mortality can be explained by admissions in the second wave being more likely in older individuals, in the public sector, and by the increased health system pressure, a residual increase in mortality of patients admitted to hospital could be related to the new Beta lineage. Funding DATCOV as a national surveillance system is funded by the National Institute for Communicable Diseases and the South African National Government.
Published: 2021

27. Enhanced postoperative surveillance versus standard of care to reduce mortality among adult surgical patients in Africa (ASOS-2): a cluster-randomised controlled trial

Author: Bruce M Biccard, Leon du Toit, Maia Lesosky, Tim Stephens, Landon Myer, Agya BA Prempeh, Nicola Vickery, Hyla-Louise Kluyts, Alexandra Torborg, Akinyinka Omigbodun, Adesoji Ademuyiwa, Muhammed Elhadi, Mohamed Elfagieh, Bernard Mbwele, Mpoki Ulisubisya, Lazaro Mboma, Daniel Z Ashebir, Mahlet Tesfaye Bahta, Mohammed Hassen, Mikiyas Teferi, Yakob Seman, Eugene Zoumenou, Adam Hewitt-Smith, Janat Tumukunde, Dolly Munlemvo, Atilio Morais, Apollo Basenero, Pisirai Ndarukwa, Nazinigouba Ouerdraogo, Maman Sani Chaibou, Mohyeddine Zarouf, Ahmed Rhassane El Adib, Veekash Gobin, Zimogo Sanogo, Youssouf Coulibaly, Zipporah Ngumi, Tarig Fadalla, Cynthia Iradukunda, Vénérand Barendegere, Isaac O Smalle, Mustapha Bittaye, Ahmadou Lamin Samateh, Mahmoud Elfiky, Maher Fawzy, Wakisa Mulwafu, Vanessa Msosa, Lygia Lopes, Akwasi Antwi-Kusi, Hamza D Sama, Patrice Forget, Dawid van Straaten, Rupert M Pearse, Marichen Puchert, Lucy Rolt, Kris Schwebler, Freddy Kabambi, Tebogo Mabotja, Leandys Cobas, Albino Freitas, Maria Antunes, Bartolomeu Cabo, Domingos Paulo, Carlos Camongua, Yvette Avognon, Osseni Marcos, Raymond Kintomonho, Onesime Demahou, Gisèle Hounsa, Hugues Chobli, Elie Fassinou, Aurore Zoglobossou, Blaise Tchaou, Charles Tchegnonsi, Fifame Amadji, Francine Bossa, Ernest Ahounou, Djima Alao, Roushdane Odérémi, Afissatou Montairou, Oswald Gbehade, Romaric Tobome, Adam Boukari, Patrick Bakantieba, Arouna Sambo, Fanou Lionelle, Nounagnon Gilbert, Julien Attinon, Roger Klikpezo, Aumar Dadjo, Dénis Fanou, Gilberte Hounkpe, Bachabi Fafana, Néné Nguilu, Bodourin Dossou-Yovo, Chantal Segla, Mohamed Toko, Evelyne Gnele-Dedewanou, Michel Noukounwoui, Ethienne Yado, Timothé Gouroubéra, Valéry Adjignon, Serge Mewanou, Aïcha Tchomgang, Urielle Agossou, Fernand Soton, Charbel Azanlin, Lidwine Zomahoun, Rawéléguinbasba Armel Flavien Kabore, Salam Savadogo, Fatou Fleur Rosine Sanou, Farid Belém, Victoria Hien, Cheik Tidiane Hafid W Bougouma, Sie Ahmed Ouattara, Mariam Bambara Kabore, Ouedraogo Nazinigouba, Papougnezambo Bonkoungou, Martin Lankoandé, Mireille Traoré, Patrick Sawadogo, Inès Wenmenga, Boureima Kinda, André Simporé, Christian Sapo, Salah Idriss Traore, Haoua Dipama, Lydie WR Kaboré, Salifou Napon, Télesphore G Kaboré, Arouna Louré, Pélagie PP Tondé, Christian Zoundi, Harouna Sanou, Remy Ndikumana, Carlos Nsengiyumva, Gregory Sund, Alliance Niyukuri, Axel Kwizera, Jean-Claude Niyondiko, Adolphe Manzanza Kilembe, Jean Pierre Mwema Ilunga, Nehema Hailemariam Sarah, Gabriel Mubobo Makeya, Idesbald Mwebe Mwepu, Ted Botawaosenge Likongo, Richard Kapela Mvwala, Raphael Nzau Kapend Mubunda, Noellie Kanka Mukuna, Julie Djondo Pembe, Nicolas Lumuanga Ndaye, Eric Bibonge Amisi, Mike Ilunga Madika, Joe Kembo Lungela, Didier Ndonda Mayemba, Philomene Mamba Diyoyo, Alex Mbo Ngalala, Martin Mamba Mukenga, Patricia Tito Kabuni, Dany Bolimo Mpoto, Herve Inesnku Mole, Louise Keby, Oria Andavo Buti, Anselme Phaka, Belinda Mayenge, Jean Jeacques Kabuley Kalongo, Timothe Kemfuni Mawisa, Rodrigue Tondo Ngwizani, Kuyala Leya, Dieudonne Kisile Sanduku, Timothe Nkemfuni Mawisa, Coco Nseke Mfumu, Mbuta Bolenge, Desire Kinzenzengu Kabuce, Patrick Kintieti, Amelia Mbuluku, Vicky Mahuwa, Tharcice Khonde Mabiala, Guilain Ngoy, Patrick Boloko, Nono Mazangama Mvwama, Jose Kengbanda, Pitchou Mushimbonga, Blaise Kuhapala, Nzosani Marcel, Kienze Guylain, Gerard Mboma, Sandra Zalambo Sagboze, Michel Muteya Manika, Jean Pierre Mumbere Kigayi, Roger Mukanire Cishugi, Placide Buhendwa Mugisho, Roger Baguma, Moïse Kongolo, Michel Mandungu Mbayabu, Crispin Mukendi Muamba, Edmond Banema Kapinga, Vasco Ngolela Kapinga, Guylain Tshimanga Nsumpi, Patrick Kanda Odia, Salomon Bingidimi, Gilbert Kpengbemale, Desire Hubert Bofunga Bosonga Imposo, Patricia Matondo, Servet Lelo, Jeremie Kalambayi, Mohamed Abdel-Ghaffar, Abdelrahman Soliman, Mostafa Abdelrahman, Sameh Shehata, Alia Rabee, Mohamed Abou Heba, Mohamed Rabei Abdelfattah, Tamer Ahmed Maher Ghoniem, Sherif M.K. Shehata, Mohamed Lotfy, Ahmed ElHaddad, Bereket Gebremeskel, Girmay Fisseha, Mebrahtu Abay, Degena Bahrey, Assefa Hika, Abdurezak Ali, Kindie Moges, Jemal Ahmed, Desalegn Abdisa, Abebe Megersa, Wendwosen Abayne, Haftom Berhane, Reiye Esayas, Fitsum Kifle, Kokeb Desita, Abebe Addise, Dagim Shimelash, Shitalem Tadesse, Bezaye Zemedkun, Peniel Kenna, Ayenew Yirdie, Abinet Sisay, Tebikew Gashu, Fassil Mihretu, Yesuf Ahmed, Bekele Debebe, Abdureuf Misgea, Amare Agmas, Rahel Assefa, Abdurahman Gelmo, Seifu Alemu, Brook Damtachew, Merid Mersha, Yaekob Chemere, Samuel Fekadu, Sintayehu Regasa, Bonsa Sileshi, Desalegn Wosen, Rebira Adamu, Gersam Mulugeta, Teshome Bacha, Zewude Gudisa, Kebebe Bekele, Alelign Tasew, Habtamu Gezahegn, Daniel Atlaw, Damtew Solomon, Habtemariam Gebresillasie, Girmaye Tesfaye, Negussie Sarbecha, Biniyam Sahiledengle, Kenbon Seyoum, Gemechu Ganfure, Yohannes Tekalegn, Gosa Tesfaye, Temesgen Ayichew, Shibiru Sendaba, Musefa Redwan, Eyasu Muse, Girma Nina, Bizuneh Sime, Addisalem Tadege, Anbesse Jima, Nugusu Ayalew, Dagmawi Workneh, Daniel Teferi, Momodou T Nyassi, Landing N Sanyang, Omar Jallow, Abdoulie Keita, Kitabu Jammeh, Charles Roberts, Patrick Idoko, Kebba Marenah, Masirending Njie, Musa Marena, Karamba Suwareh, Simon Boissey, Fatoumatta Jarjusey, Awa Jah, Awa Sanyang, Dado Jabbi, Kajali Camara, Armando Correa, John Jabang, Lamin Jaiteh, Lamin Dampha, Aminata Manneh, Baboucarr Sowe, Abdoulie Bah, Edrisa Jawo, Victoria Okoje, Momodou Baro, Yaya Bah, Mustapha Njie, Sainabou Mbowe, Ebrima Kanteh, Sarjo Ceesay, Alagie Manneh, Evans Atito-Narh, Adwoa Wilson, Romeo Hussey, Emmanuel Okine, Jemima Kwarteng, Ridge Ntiamoah, Samuel Dadzie, Mark Aseti, Naa Sowah, Akosua Appiah, Charles Bankah, Patrick Mburugu, Thomas Chokwe, Patrick Olang, Vernon Gacii, Susane Nabulindo, Antony Gatheru, Timothy Mwiti, Caroline Mwangi, Julius Muriithi, Daniel Ojuka, Omondi Ogutu, Evans Masitara, Mohamed Chaudhry, Reuben Kamundi, Annmarie Kangangi, Thomas Massaquoi, Stephen Takow, Felister Moraa, Aziz Munubi, Moses Kimani, Adili Wobenjo, Linda Nguu, Vincent Omeddo, Rose Malaba, Ambrose Nabwana, Anita Mwancha, Alexandria Mugaa, John Wamwaki, Joyce Chege, Seymour Sinari, Andrew Ndonga, Rose Shitsinzi, Walter Akello, Winfred Kimani, Elisha Kirwa, Seno Saruni, Andrew Wainaina, Ernest Nshom, Aidah Kenseko, Kizito Shisanya, Purity Wanjiru, Julliah Cherotich, Judy Kimutai, Benson Wahome, Grace Wangui, Dennis Wamalwa, Stephen Mwangi, John Chege, Tabitha Wanjiku, Carolyne Njoki, Wachira Waititu, Conrad Ambani, Samuel Murimi, Sharon Waithira, Nilson Mouti, Collins Kibet, John Kibet, Virginia Sokobe, Beatrice Jeymah, Antony Kamadi, Faith Gichuri, Steve Moses, David Wasike, Favours Adeya, Caesar Bitta, Stephen Ogendo, Killian Kariuki, Hdaya BenAbdalla, Taha Suliaman, Fatima Ali Abokhzam, Mohaned Isa, Mohammed Huwaysh, Asma Bourawi, Kais Alzubaidy, Mohammed Albaraesi, Sumayyah Bahroun, Abdulmueti Alhadi, Ahmed Msherghi, Amira Mohamed, Ala Khaled, Nouran Aljadi, Elham Bareig, Khaled Elgazwi, Adel Elgazwi, Ibrahim El-busife, Safa Owhida, Almahdi Eltwati, Samah Elakeili, Taha Abubaker, Fatima Elkhfeefi, Soha Younis Hasan, Amal Alttaira, Imbarkah Elmraied, Rim Wishah, Omar Abugassa, Hazem Ahmed, Amera Ellafi, Shoukrie Shoukrie, Nawal Aldokali, Aws ElGammudi, Akram Alkaseek, Hoda Elhaddad, Ayyah Alqaarh, Ahlam Brish, Malek Abudsnnuga, Salsabil Albuaishi, Mohammed Albashri, Marwa Morgom, Mohammed Alawami, Eman Shawesh, Abdullah Almabrouk, Moaz Alwarfalli, Nagia Abeid, Anis Buzreg, Ans Malek, Ameerah Abayu, Butaina Abdulhafith, Wedad Abouruwes, Marim Albakuri, Sabria Almuammari, Esam Alsaghair, Fatheia Alreshi, Hassan Badi, Rabiee Alfetoey, Naji Zubia, Bushray Almiqlash, Abdulsalam Alshuhoumi, Rayet Al-islam Ben Jouira, Amaal Dier, Essra Gebril, Mohammed Abdelkabir, Sana Moussa, Marwa Alfitori, Mabroukah Azbeda, Hajar Alamin, Ejmeya Barka, Omlsaad Mosbah, Rema Abdasalam, Miftah Hiyoum, Maryam Abd allateef, Ibrahim Altomi, Mahdi Alsakloul, Ekhlas Karami, Munyah Alriqeeq, Mabruka Omar, Ashraf Samer, Aml Aemeesh, Ahmad Bouhuwaish, Ahmed Elusta, Sultan Ahmeed, Wesal AlFighi Hassan, Mouadah Ali Altayr, Mohamed Addalla, Abrar Geddeda, Kheria Khoja, Doaa Alhaj, Muaad Etturki, Ahmed Elhadi, Ibrahim Ellojli, Anshirah Shuwayyah, Ahmed Elfaghih, Malak Alduwayb, Mohamed Aleiyan, Wedad Aboubreeq, Soliman Alkassem, Sami Ashour, Hayat Ben Hasan, Najat Ben Hasan, Ali Yahya, Palesa Chisala, Edward Kommwa, Lusayo Simwinga, Agness Chalira, Precious Kachitsa, Onias Mtalimanja, Drissa Traoré, Moussa Sissoko, Moussa Camara, Adama Koita, Sekou Koumaré, Omar Sacko, Mahamadou Coulibaly, Lamine Soumaré, Soumaïla Keita, Sidiki Keita, Hamadoun Dicko, Boubacar Diallo, Boureima Bengaly, Mohamed Keita, Siaka Diallo, Drissa Ouattara, Nouhoun Ongoiba, Seydina Beye, Honoré Berthe, Mamadou Diakite, Mamadou Sima, Adégné Togo, Bakary Dembele, Djibo Diango, Moussa Samake, Youssouf Traoré, Louis Traoré, Ongoïba Oumar, Sogoba Gaoussou, Issaga Traoré, Sidy Sangaré, Doua Kanté, Lassana Cissé, Thiam Souleymane, Keita Koniba, Sundaresan Maiyalagan, Julien Chong, Adil Mohit, Khushyant Mungar, Shankaran Vinayagam, Kevin Ramlochun, Jamie Sim, Desai Sneha, Vishaal Kissoon, Yan Tseung, Mohamed Aboobakar, Nitish Fokeerah, Ravi Ramsewak, Jayprakash Gopall, Meetheelesh Abeeluck, Varun Seewoo, Divyanand Jankee, Ashveen Puryag, Senthil Beemadoo, Yashraj Deenoo, Abhisek Goureah, Munawwara Makoon, Hemanshu Rambojan, Beeharry Shanjugsingh, Kevin Viraswami, Shehzaad Joomye, Ashwant Bhugwandass, Bibi Deelawar, Vakil Leelodharry, Luckshmanraj Mungur, Sajid Aungraheeta, Sirsingh Bhajoo, Manpreet Rajcoomar, Rishi Seetaram, Subha Gaya, Gini Batra, Yoshvin Sunnassee, Shailendra Petkar, Sbai Hicham, Labib Smail, Ait Laalim Said, Motaai Youssef, Mouhssine Doumiri, Mustapha Alilou, Nora Farnaoui, Mustapha Bensghir, Abdelghafour Elkoundi, Abdelhamid Jaafari, Abderhmann Elwali, Mohammed Meziane, Walid Atmani, Houssam Rebahi, Hajar Chichou, Safae Zarouf, Abderraouf Soummani, Abou Elhassan Taoufik, Meryem Essafti, Aminata Oumou Traoré, Hamzaoui Hamza, Adnane Berdai, El allani Linda, Salhi Oussama, Nelson Mucopo, Machado Banze, Mouzinho Saide, Tomas Sitoi, Artur Machava, Antonio Carlos, Amilton Guidione, Antonio Saide de Carvalho, Natacha Gemo, Samiro Sema Camal, Arsénio Cuna, Ornelos Madeira, Ladino Assuade, Dercio Amde Fernandes, Dulce Alexandre Machavae Fernandes, Mandua Sebastião, Bernard Sikombe, Matti Kandjimi, Ayoub Shekimweri, Diana Shilomboleni, Mbaundju Kandjii, Leonard Kabongo, Cholastic Hangero, Ike Ndjoze, Ruben Nailonga, Immanuel Uukonga, Uutoni Nakanyala, Lavinia Johannes, Adrian Haruzuvi, Chris Terblanche, Natangwe Shimenda, Delwina Katjipu, Hilma Shalimba, Juliah Kaweendwa, Ali Mbuyi, John Oyedele, Mapumba Mulolo, Peter Njuki, Mutombo Ndaie, Akutu Munyika, Hilma Katangolo, David Tjiyokola, Tawanda Mhene, Archbald Masiambiri, Paidamoyo Mandudzo, Sandra Kapepiso, Haziel Mavesere, Cedia Tjihoto, Daylight Manyere, Charlotte Kauraisa, Learnmore Garanowako, Michael Tune, William DeKlerk, Benvenue Ndolo, Maria Angula, Ndapewoshali Hishekwa, Elizabeth Nandjendja, Elsabe Tsauses, Eunice Mouton, Kudzai Katandawa, Sophia Bruwer, Jaydee Van Staden, Beata Siteketa, Beata Kaholongo, Martha Ntinda, Pueya Nashidengo, Johanna Kandjumbwa, Lahia Lipumbu, Moussa Sirfi, Fouma Djibo, Moutari Mahaman, Abdoulaye Mahaman Bachir, Maikassoua Mamane, Adakal Ousseini, Maman Noury Hamissou Souley, Rabo Oumarou, Rekia Idrissa, Moussa Ichaou, Amina Saley, Abdoulay Seyni, Sahabi Amadou, Mahamane Sani Mahamane Laminou, Issoufou Moustapha Camara, Moussa Gagara, Hadjara Rabiou Daddy, Harissou Adamou, Ibrahim Amadou Magagi, Oumarou Habou, Sabo Ramatou, Saidu Kadas, Rabiu Mohammed, Abubakar Ballah, Tella Olalekan, Kefas Bwala, Mohammed Adamu, Adamu Isa, Ademola Adeyeye, Samuel Fayose, Akinola Akinmade, Taiwo Ajayi, Elizabeth Nwasor, Saidu Yakubu, Euphemia Ugwu, George Mukoro, Muhammed Ahmed, Gideon Akafa, Ahmad Lawal, Daniel Nwoye, Michael Odigbo, Zulaihatu Sarkin-Pawa, Tunde Sholadoye, Benjamin Fomete, Hamisu Yakubu, Abdulkadir Kabiru, Samaila Timothy, Ali Yusuf, Tasiu Saadu, Babangida Mohammed, Abdulghaffar Yunus, Ganiyat Olagunju, Muhammad Aminu, Mohammad Idris, Musliu Tolani, Nasiru Dalhat, Samuel Gana, Talent Adike, Lofty-John Anyanwu, Abdurrahman Sheshe, Sani Aji, Mamuda Atiku, Raphael Attah, Abubakar Muhammed, Rasaki Oseni, Halima Salisu-Kabara, Benjamin Nkemjika, Omotayo Salami, Adekunle Akadri, Bukola Olayinka, Clement Onuoha, Umar Usman Jamaare, Auwalu Saminu Jibrin, Sani Giade Abdullahi, Ibrahim Ishaku, Adenike Odewabi, John Bamigboye, Oladapo Kuforiji, Chidiebere Ogo, Stella Ogunmuyiwa, Abdussemee Abdurrazzaaq, Adebayo Tanimola, Michael Adeyanju, Oluwatimilehin Andero, Temitope Ojo, Olusi Adedotun, Gbadamosi Kehinde, Jimoh Buraimoh, Kabiru Muhammad, Sophia Baidoo, Patrick Okoli, Azeez Adigun, Ekene Ezeonye, Kabir Isa, Yetunde Aremu-Kasumu, Kamil Shoretire, Peter Enesi, Amechi Ezike, Olatunde Olawoye, Emmanuel Ugwu, Christopher Ukah, Abolade Olugbenga, Nwachukwu Chidiebere, Nasiru Abdulraman, Adebiyi Olusegun, Alisa Halisa, Semiat Yusuf, Jamila Salisu, Chidiebube Okoro, Abdul Suleiman, Fabian Onowighose, Aliyu Farinyaro, Suleiman Baba, Umar Abdulmajid, Aisha Abdurrahman, Ogochukwu Obi, Olatunde Alabi, William Adeyemi, Jelili Salau, Jones Taiwo, Nnaemeka Nwafulume, Taiye Ibiyeye, Edith Agu, Ayodeji Danboy, James Abdulazeez, Christopher Ekwunife, Chimaobi Nnaji, Chigozirim Onyekpere, Amara Arunsi, Jude Egwim, Obianuju Nwana, Nnabuike Ojiegbe, Charles Mbamba, Paul Ngwu, Frank Imahigbe, Emmanuel Okoroji, Iloh Ikenna, Abdulrahman Mohammed, Adebayo Adeniyi, Toluwalope Ariyo, Olajide Gabriel, Tesleem Orewole, Salawu Idris, Idowu Adebara, Abiodun Okunlola, Akinwale Akinbade, Oluwasesan Afolabi, Adewumi Bakare, Olabisi Adeyemo, Benjamin Ugwu, Samuel Nuhu, Henry Embu, Erdoo Isamade, Chinedu Obikili, Amaka Ocheke, Solomon Peter, Donald Orshio, Peter Onuminya, Jack Okopi, Olufemi Bankole, Bosede Afolabi, Dapo Osinowo, Ayodeji Oluwole, Muyiwa Rotimi, Ibironke Desalu, Rufus Ojewola, Bolaji Mofikoya, Kola Owonikoko, Adeolu Adeoye, Temidayo Bobo, Taiwo Akinloye, David Ama, Ebere Okoronkwo, Muhammad Mahmud, Jamiu Adebiyi, Temitope Babalola, Mansur Muhammad, Afeez Aruna, Maryrose Osazuwa, Ayodeji Yusuf, Isiaka Lawal, Bitrus Fidelis, Rephath Pius, Cyril Jomosu, Adebayo Adedayo, Abubakar Aliyu, Adaora Agholor, Abdullateef Abdulazeez, Chabiya Bala, Eziamaka Eze, Elizabeth Ani, Uchenna Okeke, Dominica Adebayo, Okechukwu Ekwunife, Victor Modekwe, Chuka Ugwunne, Chukwuemeka Okoro, Chisom Uche, Simeon Olateju, Fred Ige-Orhionkpaibima, Adedapo Adetoye, Olurotimi Aaron, Jeremiah Abimbola, Folayemi Faponle, Olumuyiwa Ajayeoba, Olusoji Jagun, Oluwabunmi Fatungase, Adeniyi Akiseku, Chigbundu Nwokoro, Ramotalai Shoyemi, Ibukunolu Ogundele, Nankat Joseph, Salihu Bura, Chukwuka Nwezoku, Manu Bwala, Meshach Philips, Abubakar Usman, Emmanuel Filibus, Zara Umate, Nwabuoke Chukwuka, Ahmed Nuhu, Watakiri Ibrahim, James Nggada, Ali Izge, Musa Ismail, Olayinka Eyelade, Tinuola Adigun, Babatunde Osinaike, Olayinka Ogunbode, Olusola Idowu, Taiwo Lawal, Temidayo Ogundiran, Olayiwola Shittu, Omobolaji Ayandipo, Stephen Edino, Zumnan Songden, Olumide Akitoye, Bissallah Ekele, Godwin Akaba, Terkaa Atim, Akitoye Adeleke, Owoicho Okochi, Sunday Akeju, Ernest Ukpoju, Osayomwanbo Osaheni, Ifunanya Obaseki, Lateef Kehinde, Osawemwenze Monday, Stanley Nte, Adesuwa Agboifo, Omajuwa Dawodu, Precious Orhiere, David Atiti, Queeneth Kalu, Felix Effiom, Israel Kolawole, Olawale Ojo, Afusat Olabinjo, Olufemi Ige, Beatrice Ogunyemi, Olusola Oladosu, Kikelomo Adesina, Sulaiman Agodirin, Asimiyu Shittu, Audu Idrisa, Sadiq Adamu, Nuhu Ali, Olayinka Adewunmi, Stephen Nwankwor, Akinwumi Olakanmi, Oluseye Ajayi, Ayotolu Ajayi, Victor Ogunmola, Oluwafunke Olakanmi, Adam Kuranga, Enoch Uche, Chukwuemeka Osuagwu, Chukwudi Ilo, Mesi Matthew, Uko Uko, Ngozi Mba, Olubusola Alagbe-Briggs, Amabra Dodiyi-Manuel, Bisola Onajin-Obembe, Bright Obasuyi, Richard Echem, Ihuoma Mike-Elechi, Job Otokwala, Mark Edubio, Catherine Eyo, Isaac Udo, Aliyu Abdulrahman, A.A. Abdullahi, Ibrahim Galadima Bello, Usman Adinoyin Mohammed, Abidemi Oyaromade, Mohammed Bello, Usman Muhammad, Emeri Mbah, Hyacinth Okereke, Almustapha Aminu, Anthony Ahmadu, Abu Rogers, Peter Samai, Sao Amara, Margaret Yankuba, Mary Josayah, Jayah Swarray Jnr, Alusine Dawo, Peter George, Mustapha Kabba, Mohamed Bah, Charles Mondeh, Ibrahim Kapuwa, Mohamed Sheku, Philip Mattia, Brima Sesay, Jones O.A. Omoshoro-Jones, Motselisi Mbeki, Estie Cloete, Philip Anderson, Busi Mrara, Annemarie Steyn, Tsakani Mhlari, Nic Proctor, Caroline Robertson, Gillian Lamacroft, Usha Singh, Sebenzile Sikhakhane, Kelly Gate, Shepherd Nzenza, John Tshimbalanga Kasonga, Sibongile Ndebele, Patrick Lufuta Kande, Jody Davids, Tino-vito Orlandi, Marischka de Jong, Hugo Stark, Francois Roodt, Jonathan Hall, Ian Nortje, Akanimo Akpakan, Vishendran Govindasamy, Ronisha Sathiram, Mohammad Kathrada, Zane Farina, Lucio Frittella, Charles Kohler, Sibuyiselwe Lubelwana, Sarwat Ikram-Hameed, Adriaan Smit, Muneerah Cassiem, Yvonne Freeman, Saaliha Goga, Larissa Cronje, Constantin Buzdugan, Subash Chirkut, Priyadeshni Singh, Sandhya Jithoo, Vivesh Rughubar, John Arnold, Rishan Bipath, Suman Mewa Kinoo, Ncumisa Khanyisa Msolo, Fleur Ackermans-Deijnen, Tshegofatso Mmasello Emma Boka, Martyn Biccard Greenwood, Shakthi Anand Jayrajh, Devarani Naidoo, Syndrini Reddy, Devandiran Harriraman Rungan, Kylene Subrayen, John Roos, Nina Tredoux, Pascal Plumacher, Anthony Reed, Harald Steinhaus, Mariesa Nock, Paul Ryan Herselman, Gareth Davies, Talitha Harvey, Franklin Muller, Willem Naude, Tania Pretorius, Johan Jochemus Swart, Merryn Walls, Prashant Gokal, Nicolette Rorke, Farzaana Dhoodhat, Precious Dzanibe, Mohammed Yusuf Hussain, Ashmita Junpath, Ameela Maharaj, Hylda Makanisi, Khalid Moosa, Ting Ting Wong, Sean Mould, Trisha Ramsamy, Roel Matos-Puig, Hayley Morgan, Nadeem Nabeebuccas, Ria Devi Naidoo, Viantha Pather, Vasheel Vasheel Bahadur, Renilda Pillay, Zahnne Fullerton, Nicole Bell, Bongisa Grey, Vincent Lorenzo Visentin, Hendrik Adriaan Van Zyl, Terri Anne Killingbeck, Emile Maneveldt, Gerhard Thiart, Magdelena May Venter, Oostewalt Swart, Mariette Grobelaar, Carel Cairns, David Bishop, Christien Steenkamp, Thandekile Khumalo, Noel Naidoo, Ross Murray, Martin Kopieniak, Melusi Sishange, Mxolisi Brian Ndimande, Megan Jaworska, Sarwat Ikram, Bence Rainier, Renier J Liebenberg, Helena D Zwiegers, Philip M Nortje, Kamal Bhagwan, Margot Flint, Robert Dyer, Simone Adams, Yoshua Bwambale, Danny Ngomo, Patrice Kanku, Nivashen Pillay, Alexa de Castro, Atisha Maharaj, Janine Carim, Jenna Leigh Taylor, Karl M Köhne, Leanne W Drummond, Leanne Temlett, Lieze Geldenhuys, Yvonne Seilbea, Kathryn Naidoo, Nicola A Kalafatis, Stefné Verwey, Thulile Biyase, Theroshnie Kisten, Belinda S Kusel, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Richard Magagula, Christian Kampik, Kuzolunga Xulu, Sivuyisiwe Solala, Mia Sayed, Basil Enicker, Anil Madaree, Innocent Mukama, Gladmore Madombwe, Nonhlanhla Zulu, Nompumelelo Gasa, Nokuzula Kanjana, Sebenzile Buthelezi, Thembelihle Buthelezi, Andries Brink, Francois Potgieter, Busisiwe Mrara, Zaynab Alexander, Charles Choto, Paula Ima, Zintle Gxagxisa, Baphethuxolo Ningiza, Gillian Lamacraft, Jerome Mogorosi, Nadia du Plessis, Leonie de Man, Suné Thompson, Gerrit van Heerden, Edwin W Turton, Pieter M van der Linde, Josephine K Teme-Pitse, Reitumetse Tladi, Gillian D Saffy, Ene-Mari Roscher, Kristel Fortune, George Barnard, Tiisetso Makhasane, Evan Bowen, Akangcha Pal, Rachel Moore, Maria Fourtounas, Mary Augusta Adam, Renessa Arumugan, Gabriella Hyman, Jaclyn Jonosky, Maninginingi Makondo, Heveshan Moodley, Phillip Munda, Mzwandile Nyalungu, Victor Olusola, Sohan Zane Pinto, Tristan Pillay, Lucinda Singh, Paul Mwindekuma Wondoh, John Devar, Boitumelo Baloyi-Mnisi, Zach Koto, Matlou Ernest Mabitsela, Sibongile Ruth Ndlovu, Branny Mthelebofu, Colin Beck, Matthew Dold, Alice Fan, Shannon MacQueen, Thembani Matabata, Catherine Mpehle, Charné Kulenkampf, Tsakani McCreath Mhlari, Simangele Cecilia Nyoka-Mokgalong, Felix Thumba Masinge, Randhir Ramnath Gunpath, Maropeng Petrus Pat Mothwa, Jo-Anne Asenath Mothwa, Danai Mhlanga, Jamie-Lyn Colly, Aunel Mallier Peter, Khalid Ben Hameda, Pulane Mokae, Stella Josephine Moumakoe, Kelechi Ekeh, Nezingu Lengo, Marnus Booyens, Inge Louise Seale, Pieter Daniel Theron, Nicolaas Abraham Schuman, Amber Carlyn Sonn, Jacobus Lukas Stander, Nadia Cloete, Marius Cloete, Catherine Ann Makepeace, Ronel van der Westhuizen, Leanne Robyn Messiahs, Amy Ruth Visagie, Fatima Vawda, Frans Christiaan Voster, Deepika Dhilraj, Oliver Smith, Stefan Bolon, Daniel Montwedi, Motsilisi Mbeki, Jayde Wyngaard, Mthunzi Ngcelwane, Thomas Kleyenstuber, Phyllis Phukubye, Liesel Schärf, Grace Laker, Elizabeth Semenya, Reinhard Dembskey, Thomas Tarlton, Tapiwa Jiri, Ngoie Hubert Mushid, Nhlanhla Samuel Ngwenya, Hazel Morongoa Mogodi, Carmen Sinevici, Anthony Osarogie Usenbo, Naledi Fodo, Anesu Chimini, Ntetelelo Sikobi, Sinovuyo Nokwange, Mluleki Noqhamza, Qumba Thembisa, Kajake Anantha Padmanabha Bhat, Rabin Mathew, Katrin Middleton, Abdus-sami Adewunmi, Craig Dickson, Humairah Bulbulia, Bianka Bester, Michelle de Klerk, Christia Benade, Francois Viljoen, Monique Fischer, Khalid Alfaki, Abdalmalik Awad, Abdelsalam Algray, Mohammed Elsiddig, Suha Mohamed, Salih Mahmoud, Muhammed Osman, Asia Elgailany, Mazin Suliman, Hanaa Mohammed, Lina Aljeally, Mohammed Dirar, Mohammed Osman, Mazin Mohamed, Mohamed Elhasan, Abrar Widatalla, Abubakr Abubakr, Eman Mohamed, Alshareef Nour, Ntonto Doris Gama, Dolorosa Khetsiwe Shabangu, Cynthia Iradikunda, Samuel Mkoko, Paul Kisanga, Emmanuel Lema, Benson Lyimo, Mohamed Binde, Alphonce Chandika, Salim Salim, Sylvia Jumbe, Abel Makubi, Vihar Kotecha, Felician Kachinde, Museleta Nyakiroto, Emmanuel Jitambi, Venant Geofrey, Johaphes Josiah, Phinius Makubi, Frank Manumbu, Suzan Mlingwa, Ernest Ibenzi, Peter Mbelle, Kato Peleus, Enid Chiwanga, Nillah Richard, Shoo Leonard, Paulo Sanka, Subira Mushi, Bashir Nyangasa, Mohamed Janabi, Naizihijwa Majani, Pedro Palangyo, Evarist Nyawawa, William Ramadhan, Faraj Lydenge, Gileard Gabriel Masenga, Sakina Rashid, Mubashir Jusabani, Ansbert Ndebea, Jenitha Cheru, Margaret Henjewele, Greyson Kilimanjaro, Sarah Sikimata, Deocles Donatus, Hazina Maduhu, Tumaini Mariro, Given Massasi, Moshi Moshi Shabani, Braison Cholela, Marco Mgeleka, Yohatinus Mbilinyi, Faraja Chiwanga, Bilton Exavery, Caspar Haule, Samson Ndile, Sirili Harya, Julieth Magandi, Deogratius Manyama, Redempta Matindi, Adam Moshi, Daudi Kitwana, Merida Makia, Philip Muhochi, Miriam Herman, Clauda Miombo, Furaha Kahindo, Langtone Kishebuka, Elijah Ussiri, Gloria Kinasa, Patrick Adel, Eric Malaba, Vensesla Sakwari, Sadot Lugereka, Mohamed Mungia, George Mocha, Herman Wella, Cecilia Protas, Patrick Karua, Ahmada Kashagama, Faraja Mwasambugu, Suzana Kajeri, Jacquiline Mchilla, Elibariki Lucumay, Robert Maise, Amon Marti, Beatrice Mahundi, Frederika Jager, Charles Majani, Ludovick Rukeha, Tareeq Mohamed, Nabila Fuad, Winifrida Halinga, Elias Chrisant, Gilbert Msoma, Titus Kihwili, Gadiel Temu, Naima Yusuf, Rashid Saleh, Rashid Inoja, Eva Shang'a, Stella Ibrahim, Hussein Msuma, Edwin Edward, Paul Kilamile, Stephen Mwakyolile, Talkana Adja, Edem Gueouguede, Hafoudhoi Oussene Seddoh, Saliou Adam, Pilakimwe Egbohou, Mawunyo Ahomagnon, Olivier Kadjossou, Abdul-Bassiti Boukari, Mary T Nabukenya, Ruth Muhindo, Peter Waswa, Peter Kaahwa Agaba, Daphne Kabatoro, Joseph Kayong, Margaret Naggujja, Nabasiige Rehema, Phiona Nansubuga, Daniel Kavuma, Aggrey Lubikire, Hope Bisilikirwa, Godfrey Ssebaggala, Emmanuel Muwema, Humble Joan Agaba, John Kiconco, Nicholas Wataaka, Bonet Chan, Mary Juliet Nampawu, Fred Bulamba, Emmanuel Bua, Christine Mugala, Caroline Nyakato, John Paul Ochieng, Linda Kyomuhendo Jovia, George Kateregga, Rachel Alum, Lazia Najjuma, Gorret Nampiina, Andrew Kintu, Joshua Sempiira, Luzige Simon, Peter Kayima, Jacob Eyul, Erick Odwar, Rita Nkwine, Christine Namata, Elizabeth Nabakka, Denis Kakaire, Velda Mushangwe-Mtisi, Erisha Munhamo, Celestino Dhege, Juliet Hungwa, Hemish Jasi, Crispin Ntoto, Derek Matsika, Brightson Mutseyekwa, Joseph Zimbovoora, Beaulah Gudyanga, Dennis Mazingi, Chenesa Mbanje, Busisiwe Mlambo, Michael Chiwanga, Harunavamwe N Chifamba, Sarudzai Zhou, Esta Hove, Shamiso Dende, Beauty Manjengwa, Penias Kapisa, null Mashava, Caritas Chiura, Locadia Katsukunya, Godfrey Muguti, Doreen Mashava, Elton Ndhlovu, Zanele Mangwangwa, and Nombulelo Dube
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Standard of care, business.industry, Psychological intervention, MEDLINE, Standard of Care, General Medicine, Articles, Hospitals, Hospitalization, Intervention (counseling), Relative risk, Emergency medicine, Africa, medicine, Humans, In patient, Female, Cluster randomised controlled trial, Postoperative Period, business, Surgical patients
Abstract: Summary Background Risk of mortality following surgery in patients across Africa is twice as high as the global average. Most of these deaths occur on hospital wards after the surgery itself. We aimed to assess whether enhanced postoperative surveillance of adult surgical patients at high risk of postoperative morbidity or mortality in Africa could reduce 30-day in-hospital mortality. Methods We did a two-arm, open-label, cluster-randomised trial of hospitals (clusters) across Africa. Hospitals were eligible if they provided surgery with an overnight postoperative admission. Hospitals were randomly assigned through minimisation in recruitment blocks (1:1) to provide patients with either a package of enhanced postoperative surveillance interventions (admitting the patient to higher care ward, increasing the frequency of postoperative nursing observations, assigning the patient to a bed in view of the nursing station, allowing family members to stay in the ward, and placing a postoperative surveillance guide at the bedside) for those at high risk (ie, with African Surgical Outcomes Study Surgical Risk Calculator scores ≥10) and usual care for those at low risk (intervention group), or for all patients to receive usual postoperative care (control group). Health-care providers and participants were not masked, but data assessors were. The primary outcome was 30-day in-hospital mortality of patients at low and high risk, measured at the participant level. All analyses were done as allocated (by cluster) in all patients with available data. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03853824 . Findings Between May 3, 2019, and July 27, 2020, 594 eligible hospitals indicated a desire to participate across 33 African countries; 332 (56%) were able to recruit participants and were included in analyses. We allocated 160 hospitals (13 275 patients) to provide enhanced postoperative surveillance and 172 hospitals (15 617 patients) to provide standard care. The mean age of participants was 37·1 years (SD 15·5) and 20 039 (69·4%) of 28 892 patients were women. 30-day in-hospital mortality occurred in 169 (1·3%) of 12 970 patients with mortality data in the intervention group and in 193 (1·3%) of 15 242 patients with mortality data in the control group (relative risk 0·96, 95% CI 0·69–1·33; p=0·79). 45 (0·2%) of 22 031 patients at low risk and 309 (5·6%) of 5500 patients at high risk died. No harms associated with either intervention were reported. Interpretation This intervention package did not decrease 30-day in-hospital mortality among surgical patients in Africa at high risk of postoperative morbidity or mortality. Further research is needed to develop interventions that prevent death from surgical complications in resource-limited hospitals across Africa. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists. Translations For the Arabic, French and Portuguese translations of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Published: 2021

28. The readability of informed consent forms for research studies conducted in South Africa

Author: S Collins, Samanta T. Lalla-Edward, Mary Carman, W D F Venter, and Alex Emilio Fischer
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Research Subjects, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, education, Consent Forms, South Africa, Interquartile range, Informed consent, Reading (process), Surveys and Questionnaires, Medicine, Humans, Prospective Studies, media_common, education.field_of_study, Informed Consent, business.industry, General Medicine, Readability, Test (assessment), Health Literacy, Family medicine, Research studies, business, Comprehension
Abstract: Background. Informed consent forms (ICFs) are used to obtain consent from participants. However the complexity and comprehensiveness of these forms may not be appropriate. Readability can be quantified by formulas in Microsoft (MS) Word, such as the Flesch Reading Ease test. The South African (SA) ethics guidelines suggest that the MS Word Flesch-Kincaid Reading Grade score should be used to assess the complexity of ICFs and should be the equivalent of grade 8 level, or lower. Objectives. To use readability formulas to determine whether current SA ICFs are appropriate for the general population. Methods. This was a descriptive study of a sample of English ICFs (solicited from our studies, as well as from local researchers) which received approval from local ethical review boards during the past 5 years, for prospective (≥6 months) drug studies that explored treatment and prevention of HIV, tuberculosis, diabetes or cardiovascular disease. ICFs were evaluated in MS Word for Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Reading Grade, with the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index calculated using www.readabilityformulas.com. Recommended targets for easy readability are above 60 for the Flesch Reading Ease score, and less than or equal to a grade 8 reading level for the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Grade and SMOG. Results. A total of 75 consent forms from 35 individual research studies conducted in SA over the last 5 years were included. The consent forms had been approved by six ethics committees across seven of the SA provinces. The median (interquartile range (IQR)) Flesch Reading Ease score was 55.8 (48.7 - 59.7) and 18 (25.0%) of the ICFs had easy or standard readability, while the median (IQR) Flesch-Kincaid Grade was 10.2 (8.8 - 11.4), with 23 (30.6%) at least a grade 8 level or lower. The median (IQR) SMOG index was 9.8 (9.0 - 11.1) and 4 (5.3%) scored below grade 8 level. Conclusions. Two-thirds of the ICFs from this study fail to meet the SA readability standard, a result matched by using alternative readability formulas. Readability can be improved with simple techniques and by actively monitoring readability metrics.
Published: 2022

29. AI and privacy concerns: a smart meter case study

Author: Samir Shringarpure, Gerhard Van de Venter, and Jillian Carmody
Subjects: Value (ethics), Sociology and Political Science, Computer Networks and Communications, Smart meter, business.industry, Computer science, Communication, 05 social sciences, Internet privacy, 06 humanities and the arts, 0603 philosophy, ethics and religion, Philosophy, 0502 economics and business, 0807 Library and Information Studies, 0899 Other Information and Computing Sciences, 1702 Cognitive Sciences, Household income, Data Protection Act 1998, 060301 applied ethics, Privacy law, Dialog box, business, Private information retrieval, Personally identifiable information, 050203 business & management
Abstract: Purpose The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate privacy concerns arising from the rapidly increasing advancements and use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology and the challenges of existing privacy regimes to ensure the on-going protection of an individual’s sensitive private information. The authors illustrate this through a case study of energy smart meters and suggest a novel combination of four solutions to strengthen privacy protection. Design/methodology/approach The authors illustrate how, through smart meter obtained energy data, home energy providers can use AI to reveal private consumer information such as households’ electrical appliances, their time and frequency of usage, including number and model of appliance. The authors show how this data can further be combined with other data to infer sensitive personal information such as lifestyle and household income due to advances in AI technologies. Findings The authors highlight data protection and privacy concerns which are not immediately obvious to consumers due to the capabilities of advanced AI technology and its ability to extract sensitive personal information when applied to large overlapping granular data sets. Social implications The authors question the adequacy of existing privacy legislation to protect sensitive inferred consumer data from AI-driven technology. To address this, the authors suggest alternative solutions. Originality/value The original value of this paper is that it illustrates new privacy issues brought about by advances in AI, failings in current privacy legislation and implementation and opens the dialog between stakeholders to protect vulnerable consumers.
Published: 2021

30. Contextual factors influencing the South African elite sporting system: an ‘open system’ approach

Author: Veerle De Bosscher, Jeroen Scheerder, Shaundre Dwaylynn Jacobs, Ranel Venter, Jacqueline Martins Patatas, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Movement and Sport Sciences, Sports Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success, and Sport and Society
Subjects: elite sport, business.industry, contextual factors, Public relations, Open system (systems theory), South Africa, Open system, Systems theory, Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management, Elite, Sociology, systems theory, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: Elite sporting systems are often descriptions of established practices with little regard for national contexts. This paper examined the influence of contextual factors on the elite sporting system of South-Africa. The contextual factors were evaluated through the lens of systems theory (Components: Economic, social, political, legal, and technology). A maximum variation strategy was used to select experts from SA and varied European countries and South African governmental stakeholders. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews. Deductive and inductive methods were utilised during the thematic analysis. The preceding Apartheid regime, the complexity of the ‘quota system’, and the prevailing social and economic environment were identified as the major contextual aspects penetrating the elite sporting system of SA. This study emphasised the importance of understanding the national contexts of elite sporting systems, as this information can provide pertinent input when revising policies differently in order to achieve international sporting success.
Published: 2021

31. The practical dietary management of food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome

Author: Antonella Muraro, Raquel Durban, Marion Groetch, Carina Venter, Mary Grace Baker, and Rosan Meyer
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, Immunology, Population, Weight Gain, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Food allergy, Food choice, Animals, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, education, Intensive care medicine, education.field_of_study, Enterocolitis, business.industry, Dietary management, Infant, Retrospective cohort study, Feeding Behavior, Syndrome, Allergens, medicine.disease, Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome, Malnutrition, Milk, Caregivers, 030228 respiratory system, Child, Preschool, Dietary Supplements, Cats, Dietary Proteins, business, Psychosocial, Food Hypersensitivity
Abstract: Objective Food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non–immunoglobulin E-mediated food allergy with potential risk of malnutrition related to the early onset of disease, frequent avoidance of cow's milk, and the possibility of multiple food triggers. This publication is aimed at providing an evidence-based, practical approach to the dietary management of FPIES. Data Sources This is a narrative review summarizing information from national and international guidelines, retrospective studies, population studies, review articles, case reports, and case series to evaluate for nutritional risk and develop guidance for risk reduction in children with FPIES. Study Selections We have included retrospective clinical cohort studies, population-based studies, case reports, and case studies. We did not exclude any studies identified owing to the small number of studies addressing the nutritional management of individuals with FPIES. Results Children with FPIES are at risk of malnutrition owing to suboptimal oral intake, limited food choices, and knowledge deficits related to feeding. In particular, children with 3 or more FPIES triggers seem to be at increased risk for poor weight gain and developing food aversion. Caregivers of children with FPIES also report a high degree of psychosocial burden. Conclusion Appropriate dietary management entails the following 3 essential components: supporting normal growth and development, avoidance of allergens, and advancement of complementary foods. Education to avoid the trigger food and assisting caregivers in creating an individualized, well-designed complementary feeding plan to meet the infant's nutritional needs for optimal growth and development are essential management strategies.
Published: 2021

32. Accidental ingestions to known allergens by food allergic children and adolescents

Author: Claire Palmer, Maureen Bauer, Allison Hicks, and Carina Venter
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Allergy, Adolescent, Immunology, Eating, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Age groups, Food allergy, Surveys and Questionnaires, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, In patient, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Anaphylaxis, business.industry, Significant difference, Allergens, medicine.disease, United States, Adolescent population, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030228 respiratory system, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Accidental ingestion, business, Food Hypersensitivity
Abstract: BACKGROUND Accidental ingestions (AI) of food allergens in children compared with adolescents with food allergies are poorly characterized. It is suggested that AIs are higher in adolescents than children and that their reactions may be more severe, presumptively due, at least in part, to increased risk-taking behavior. We compared reported AIs in children versus adolescents. METHODS An online cross-sectional survey was distributed to parents of children with food allergies via Twitter, food allergy advocacy groups in the UK, South Africa, and Australia, and locally at Children's Hospital Colorado. RESULTS Of 558 respondents, 105 were parents of adolescents, and 453 had children
Published: 2021

33. Voices of biotech leaders

Author: Bill Gates, Jeantine Lunshof, Hakim Yadi, Luhan Yang, Tomas de Wouters, Sajith Wickramasekara, Xavier Duportet, Michelle Mc Murray Heath, Heather Dewey-Hagborg, Emily M LeProust, Jake Sherkow, Eddie Martucci, George M. Church, Arturo Elizondo, Teresa Tarragó, Neri Oxman, Leah V. Sibener, J. Craig Venter, Aviv Regev, Abasi Ene-Obong, Katrine Bosley, Francesco Gatto, Sebastian Giwa, Veronika Oudova, Sharon F. Terry, Silvia Gold, Spin Wang, Priscilla Chan, Jason Mellad, Christopher Thomas Scott, Charlotte Casebourn, Janice Chen, Sarah Richardson, Michael Chen, Bowen Zhao, Jeremy Farrar, Jernej Godec, and John Cumbers
Subjects: business.industry, Political science, Biomedical Engineering, MEDLINE, Molecular Medicine, Bioengineering, business, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Selection (genetic algorithm), Biotechnology
Abstract: Nature Biotechnology asks a selection of leaders from across biotech to look at the future of the sector and make some predictions for the coming years.
Published: 2021

34. What we have learned from antiretroviral treatment optimization efforts over the last 5 years?

Author: Celicia Serenata, Polly Clayden, Toby Pepperrell, Kenly Sikwese, Ambar Qavi, Meg Doherty, Martina Penazzato, Luckyboy Mkhondwane, W D Francois Venter, Andrew Hill, and Marco Vitoria
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Anti-HIV Agents, business.industry, Public health, Immunology, Hiv epidemic, MEDLINE, HIV Infections, Antiretroviral therapy, Regimen, Infectious Diseases, Anti-Retroviral Agents, medicine, Antiretroviral treatment, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Epidemics, business, Intensive care medicine, Selection (genetic algorithm)
Abstract: Progression in the development of antiretroviral therapy has been remarkable, with new agents continuing to appear as options for modern regimens, including in low-and-middle income countries where the HIV epidemic is concentrated. Here, we reflect on progress made in guiding regimen changes to public health programmes, and the challenges facing selection of newer agents.
Published: 2021

35. Global respiratory syncytial virus–related infant community deaths

Author: Mazur, Natalie I., Löwensteyn, Yvette N., Willemsen, Joukje E., Gill, Christopher J., Forman, Leah, Mwananyanda, Lawrence M., Blau, Dianna M., Breiman, Robert F., Madhi, Shabir A., Mahtab, Sana, Gurley, Emily S., El Arifeen, Shams, Assefa, Nega, Scott, J. Anthony G., Onyango, Dickens, Tippet Barr, Beth A., Kotloff, Karen L., Sow, Samba O., Mandomando, Inacio, Ogbuanu, Ikechukwu, Jambai, Amara, Bassat, Quique, Thamthitiwat, Somsak, Gentile, Angela, Lucion, Maria Florencia, Pires, Márcia Rosane, de-Paris, Fernanda, Gordon, Aubree, Sánchez, José Félix, Lucero, Marilla G., Lupisan, Socorro P., Gessner, Bradford D., Tall, Haoua, Halasa, Natasha, Khuri-Bulos, Najwa, Nokes, D. James, Munywoki, Patrick K., Otieno, Grieven P., O’Brien, Katherine L., Oshitani, Katherine L., da Costa Oliveira, Maria Tereza, de Freitas Lázaro Emediato, Carla Cecília, Ali, Asad, Aamir, Uzma Bashir, Noyola, Daniel E., Cohen, Cheryl, Moyes, Jocelyn, Giamberardino, Heloisa Ihle Garcia, Webler, Jane Melissa, de Matos Bezerra, Patricia Gomes, Bezerra Duarte, Maria do Carmo Menezes, Chu, Helen Y., Das, Rashmi Ranjan, Weber, Martin W., Homaira, Nusrat, Jaffe, Adam, Sturm-Ramirez, Katharine M., Su, Wei, Yuan, Chiang Chun, Chaves, Sandra, Emukule, Gideon O., de Andrade Nishioka, Sergio, de Carvalho, Felipe Cotrim, Gökçe, Şule, Raboni, Sonia M., Hawkes, Michael, Messaoudi, Melina, Bryant, Juliet, Dbaibo, Ghassan S., Hanna-Wakim, Rima, Sampath Jayaweera, J. A. A., Stolyarov, Kirill, Suntarattiwong, Piyarat, Mussá, Tufária, Bruno, Alfredo, de Mora, Domenica, Wanlapakorn, Nasamon, de Xie, Zheng, Ai, Junhong, Ojeda, Jenny, Zamora, Lida, Obodai, Evangeline, Odoom, John Kofi, Ismail, Maha Talaat, Buchwald, Andrea, O’Callaghan-Gordo, Cristina, Fernandez-Sarmiento, Jaime, Obando-Belalcazar, Evelyn, Dhole, Tapan, Verma, Sheetal, Eşki, Aykut, Ozturk Kartal, G., Al Amad, Mohammed, Al Serouri, Abdul Wahed, FunChan, Yoke, Sam, Jamal I-Ching, Jarovsky, Daniel, da Silva, Daniella Gregória Bomfim Prado, Perales, José Gareca, Toh, Teck-Hock, Yit, Jeffrey Lee Soon, Kendirli, Tanil, Gun, Emrah, Sagna, Tani, Diagbouga, Serge, Chowdhury, Fahmida, Islam, Md Ariful, Venter, Marietjie, Visser, Adele, Pham, Minh-Hong, Vásquez-Hoyos, Pablo, González-Dambrauskas, Sebastián, Rubio, Franco Díaz, Karsies, Todd, Zemanate, Eliana, Izquierdo, Ledys, Palomino, Rubén Lasso, Pardo-Carrero, Rosalba, Grigolli-Cesar, Reginna, Menta, Soledad, Monteverde, Nicolás, Duyu, Muhterem, Saha, Senjuti, Saha, Samir K., Kelly, Matthew, Echavarria, Marcela, Tran, Tuan, Borgi, Aida, Ayari, Ahmed, Caballero, Mauricio T., Polack, Fernando P., Omer, Saad, Kazi, Abdul Momin, Simões, Eric A. F., Satav, Ashish, Bont, Louis J., and HASH(0x5651c98a3e48)
Subjects: childhood mortality, Pediatrics, Younger age, respiratory syncytial virus, data analysis, Supplement Articles, Infant Death, child death, newborn, Respiratory system, Child, register, Pediatric Death, infant mortality, Hospitalization, Infectious Diseases, female, AcademicSubjects/MED00290, Microbiology (medical), medicine.medical_specialty, RJ, Developing country, respiratory syncytial virus vaccine, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections, Virus, Article, Age Distribution, male, Lower respiratory tract infection, medicine, Human respiratory syncytial virus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines, Humans, human, respiratory syncytial virus infection, nonhuman, business.industry, developing country, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, major clinical study, newborn death, Infant mortality, clinical feature, Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human, lower respiratory tract infection, community death, Neonatal death, business, community hospital, in-hospital mortality, RC
Abstract: Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of pediatric death, with >99% of mortality occurring in low- and lower middle-income countries. At least half of RSV-related deaths are estimated to occur in the community, but clinical characteristics of this group of children remain poorly characterized. Methods: The RSV Global Online Mortality Database (RSV GOLD), a global registry of under-5 children who have died with RSV-related illness, describes clinical characteristics of children dying of RSV through global data sharing. RSV GOLD acts as a collaborative platform for global deaths, including community mortality studies described in this supplement. We aimed to compare the age distribution of infant deaths, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, BMGF: OPP1148988.8; Johnson and Johnson, J&J; Merck; Roche; AbbVie, This publication is based on research funded in part by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number OPP1148988.8). ES reports grants from Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, during the conduct of the study; grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Astra Zeneca Inc, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Merck & Co., grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Regeneron Inc, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Pfizer Inc, personal fees, non-financial support and other from Abbvie Inc, personal fees from Alere Inc, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Roche Inc, other from GSK Inc, grants from Johnson and Johnson, grants and nonfinancial support from Novavax Inc, outside the submitted work; FP reports grants and personal fees from JANSSEN, grants and personal fees from NOVAVAX, INC, personal fees from BAVARIAN NORDIC A/S, personal fees from PFIZER, personal fees from SANOFI, personal fees from REGENERON, personal fees from MERCK, outside the submitted work.
Published: 2022

36. Nutrient supplementation for prevention of viral respiratory tract infections in healthy subjects: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Author: Carina Venter, Berber Vlieg-Boerstra, Kate Grimshaw, Milena Sokolowska, Hanneke Oude Elberink, Marloes van Splunter, Rosan Meyer, Liam O'Mahony, Carlo Agostoni, Nicolette W. de Jong, Isabella Pali-Schöll, Mari Sasaki, Caroline Roduit, Eva Untersmayr, Isabel Skypala, Valentina De Cosmi, Antonella Muraro, Gregorio P. Milani, Bright I Nwaru, University of Zurich, and Vlieg‐Boerstra, Berber
Subjects: Vitamin, Adult, PRESCHOOL-CHILDREN, COMMON COLD, Population, Immunology, Physiology, 610 Medicine & health, chemistry.chemical_compound, VITAMIN-A SUPPLEMENTATION, DOUBLE-BLIND, PLASMA RETINOL LEVEL, nutrients, 10183 Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, Vitamin D and neurology, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, education, Child, Respiratory Tract Infections, education.field_of_study, 2403 Immunology, Respiratory tract infections, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Incidence (epidemiology), COVID-19, Common cold, NURSING-HOME RESIDENTS, acute respiratory tract infection, RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED-TRIAL, Micronutrient, medicine.disease, Healthy Volunteers, ZINC SUPPLEMENTATION, Zinc, chemistry, Dietary Supplements, supplementation, SEASONAL INFLUENZA-A, 2723 Immunology and Allergy, business, BETA-CAROTENE SUPPLEMENTATION
Abstract: It remains uncertain as to whether nutrient supplementation for the general population considered healthy could be useful in the prevention of RTIs, such as COVID-19. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the evidence was evaluated for primary prevention of any viral respiratory tract infection (RTI) such as SARS-CoV-2, through supplementation of nutrients with a recognized role in immune function: multiple micronutrients, vitamin A, folic acid, vitamin B12, C, D, E, beta-carotene, zinc, iron and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. The search produced 15,163 records of which 93 papers (based on 115 studies) met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 199,055 subjects (191,636 children and 7,419 adults) from 37 countries. Sixty-three studies were included in the meta-analyses, which was performed for children and adults separately. By stratifying the meta-analysis by world regions, only studies performed in Asia showed a significant but heterogeneous protective effect of zinc supplementation on RTIs (RR 0.86, 95% CI 0.7-0.96, I2 = 79.1%, p = .000). Vitamin D supplementation in adults significantly decreased the incidence of RTI (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.79-0.99, p = .272), particularly in North America (RR 0.82 95% CI 0.68-0.97), but not in Europe or Oceania. Supplementation of nutrients in the general population has either no or at most a very limited effect on prevention of RTIs. Zinc supplementation appears protective for children in Asia, whilst vitamin D may protect adults in the USA and Canada. In 10/115 (8.7%) studies post-hoc analyses based on stratification for nutritional status was performed. In only one study zinc supplementation was found to be more effective in children with low zinc serum as compared to children with normal zinc serum levels.
Published: 2022

37. Municipal Bond Mutual Fund Performance and Active Share

Author: David M. Smith, Joshua A. Gurwitz, and Gerhard Van de Venter
Subjects: Finance, 050208 finance, business.industry, Strategy and Management, Bond, 05 social sciences, 030206 dentistry, Passive management, Hedge fund, Municipal bond, 03 medical and health sciences, Fixed income, 0302 clinical medicine, Management of Technology and Innovation, 0502 economics and business, Portfolio, Expense ratio, Asset (economics), business
Abstract: This article evaluates the performance of actively managed US open-end municipal bond mutual funds between 1999 and 2020. Fund classifications span national short, intermediate, and long-term, as well as high-yield and single-state portfolios. An initial investigation reveals that municipal securities manifest characteristics of a distinct asset class. Performance measures include benchmark-adjusted returns and single- and multifactor pricing models. During the sample period, only 8% of funds generated returns that beat their benchmark indexes, and 29% produced positive excess returns (alpha) based on a four-factor pricing model. Longer-maturity funds generally performed better than short-maturity funds. Based on portfolio performance, managers specializing in single-state issues do not manifest unique knowledge or insight. Active share for the aggregate sample was 25%, implying an active expense ratio exceeding 3% and annualized active alpha below −3%. The evidence overall suggests that active management of municipal bond portfolios is not a value-enhancing activity. TOPICS:Mutual funds/passive investing/indexing, fixed income and structured finance, factor-based models, performance measurement Key Findings ▪ Municipal bonds possess several characteristics that satisfy traditional criteria qualifying them as a distinct asset class. In this first evaluation of the performance of actively managed open-end municipal security mutual funds, the authors find that the vast majority of funds underperform their benchmark indexes. They also document significant underperformance when accounting for four fixed-income market systematic risk factors. ▪ The performance results vary by fund type, with short-term funds underperforming more acutely than intermediate- or long-term funds. Single-state funds are among the worst performers, suggesting that managers do not possess unique insight about the issuer domicile and its securities. ▪ Portfolio active share for muni bond funds is about 25% (similar to what extant work finds for equity funds), which implies an annualized active expense ratio of about 3% (similar to fees charged by some hedge funds).
Published: 2021

38. The history and distribution of nodulating Paraburkholderia, a potential inoculum for Fynbos forage species

Author: Stephanus N. Venter, Chrizelle W. Beukes, and Emma Theodora Steenkamp
Subjects: food.ingredient, biology, business.industry, Distribution (economics), Forage, Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law, Paraburkholderia, biology.organism_classification, Aspalathus, Burkholderia, food, Agronomy, business, Agronomy and Crop Science
Published: 2021

39. Intradiploic epidermoid cysts – a series of three cases and our experience with literature data

Author: Ilarie Brihan, Gabriela Muţiu, Mihaela Zdrinca, Carmen Anca Huniadi, Ovidiu Ţica, Monica Sabau, Larisa Renata Pantea-Roşan, Elena Roşca, Otilia Anca Ţica, Alina Venter, Aurel Mohan, and Camelia Liana Buhas
Subjects: Embryology, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidermal Cyst, Calvaria, Histopathological examination, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Diagnosis, Differential, malignant behavior, Female patient, Atypia, medicine, Humans, ectodermal embryonic remnants, Original Paper, business.industry, intradiploic epidermoid cysts, Skull, Cell Biology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cancellous Bone, Histopathology, bone reconstruction, Female, Radiology, business, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Developmental Biology
Abstract: Intracranial epidermoid cysts are rare, representing almost 1% of all primary tumors and when are located in the diploe result from entrapped ectodermal embryonic remnants. Because of frequent complications, imaging studies are mandatory for highlighting erosions of both outer and inner table of the calvaria and treatment preparation. We enlisted three female patients within our study, comparing imaging with histopathology aspects. Even though the bone destruction was evident, no atypia or malignant signs were highlighted in serial sections. The interesting fact that we present is that our patients are all females, opposed to what is written in literature. Although the positive diagnosis can be made by imaging, histopathological examination of these cysts is mandatory for identifying malignant behavior.
Published: 2021

40. Outcomes of patients with thoraco-abdominal gunshot wounds operatively managed at a district hospital in Cape Town, South Africa

Author: Joshua van Zyl, Husna Moola, Samukele Luzulane, Jeremy Venter, Juan Klopper, Tinashe Muchenje, Dylan Cheddie, and Jessica Chambers
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, lcsh:Medicine, 03 medical and health sciences, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Primary outcome, Geochemistry and Petrology, District hospital, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Significant risk, Retrospective review, lcsh:R5-920, business.industry, General surgery, Mortality rate, High mortality, Gunshot, lcsh:R, 030208 emergency & critical care medicine, Firearm, Emergency Medicine, Original Article, Surgery, Risk of death, Thoracoabdominal, business, lcsh:Medicine (General), Gerontology, District level
Abstract: Aim Trauma is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the first four decades of life. Thoracoabdominal gunshot wounds carry a significant risk of mortality. This risk of death is reduced if patients are managed in dedicated units. This study examines the outcome of these patients managed in a district level hospital. Method In this retrospective review, patients with thoracoabdominal gunshot wounds were identified from operating room registry for the period of January 2015 to December 2018. Data was collected retrospectively from folders and analysed for the primary outcome of mortality. Results Sixty-eight thoracoabdominal gunshot wounds were managed operatively over the period described. Only six patients were female. The median age was 29.5 years. Fourteen patients required postoperative transfer to a level 1 trauma unit. Thirteen patients died, nine at the district hospital and four at the level 1 unit. Significant differences in organ injuries were noted in the patients that died compared to the survivors. Discussion The in-hospital mortality rate of patients managed at the district hospital was 13.2% which is comparable to international rates of 12–18%. However, the subset of patients that required postoperative transfer to a level 1 trauma unit had a high mortality rate of 28.6%. The DH is committed to managing unstable and unresponsive patients once they present. Improved mortality rates will only occur with better prehospital transport policies and by equipping the DH to manage these patients postoperatively. Conclusion Management of these patients can be successful at a district hospital. However, significant obstacles exist to their optimal care, as demonstrated by the high mortality patients requiring postoperative transfer.
Published: 2021

41. The Value of Detecting Pathological Changes During Clot Formation in Early Disease Treatment-Naïve Breast Cancer Patients

Author: Felix Holst, Janette Bester, Chantelle Venter, Etheresia Pretorius, Julien Paul Nunes Goncalves, Greta M. de Waal, Timothy J. Roberts, and Martin J. Page
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Breast Neoplasms, Disease, Fibrinogen, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Blood Coagulation, Instrumentation, Pathological, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, business.industry, Cancer, Thrombosis, medicine.disease, Clinical research, Coagulation, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, Blood Coagulation Tests, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most prevalent forms of cancer in women worldwide. Clinical research indicates that BC patients are at an increased risk for thrombotic events, drastically decreasing their quality-of-life and treatment outcomes. There is ample evidence of this in the literature, but it is mainly focused on metastatic BC. Therefore, coagulopathies of nonmetastatic BC are understudied and require in-depth investigation. In this study, clot kinetics and ultrastructure were used to investigate treatment-naïve, nonmetastatic BC patients using scanning electron microscopy, Thromboelastography®, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. It was demonstrated that nonmetastatic BC patients exhibit minimal ultrastructural alterations of the clot components and no changes in the clot kinetics. However, BC patients presented changes to fibrinogen protein structure, compared to matched controls, using an amyloid-selective stain. Together, these findings suggest that coagulation dysfunction(s) in BC patients with early disease manifest at the microlevel, rather than the macrolevel. This study presents novel insights to a method that are more sensitive to coagulation changes in this specific patient group, emphasizing that the coagulation system may react in different forms to the disease, depending on the progression of the disease itself.
Published: 2021

42. Unexpected interactions between dolutegravir and folate: randomized trial evidence from South Africa

Author: Michelle Moorhouse, Godspower Akpomiemie, Celicia Serenata, Bryony Simmons, Matthew Chersich, Nomathemba Chandiwana, W D Francois Venter, Shahin Lockman, Lee Fairlie, and Andrew Hill
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, HIV Infections, Piperazines, law.invention, South Africa, chemistry.chemical_compound, serum folate concentrations, 0302 clinical medicine, Serum folate, Basic Science, Randomized controlled trial, Pregnancy, law, Emtricitabine, Immunology and Allergy, Drug Interactions, 030212 general & internal medicine, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, efavirenz, dolutegravir, 17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Dolutegravir, Female, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Efavirenz, Anti-HIV Agents, Pyridones, Immunology, 03 medical and health sciences, Folic Acid, Virology, Internal medicine, Oxazines, medicine, Humans, Neural tube defect risk, business.industry, HIV, Mean age, 06 Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, neural tube defects, chemistry, Low folate, HIV-1, business
Abstract: Objective: Dolutegravir exposure at conception was associated with a preliminary signal of increased infant neural tube defect risk. As low maternal folate levels are linked with neural tube defects, we aimed to assess serum folate concentrations in women starting dolutegravir. Design: We analysed serum folate concentrations from stored plasma among women enrolled in the South African ADVANCE trial. Methods: We compared changes in mean serum folate and occurrence of low serum folate (
Published: 2021

43. CBAC4C: conflict‐based VM isolation control for cloud computing

Author: Mariki M. Eloff, Jan H. P. Eloff, Hein S. Venter, and M. T. Dlamini
Subjects: Computer science, business.industry, Management of Technology and Innovation, Strategy and Management, Operating system, Cloud computing, Isolation (database systems), Management Science and Operations Research, Business and International Management, computer.software_genre, business, computer, Computer Science Applications
Published: 2021

44. Shuni Virus in Cases of Neurologic Disease in Humans, South Africa

Author: Thopisang P. Motlou and Marietjie Venter
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Orthobunyavirus, Epidemiology, 030231 tropical medicine, arthropod-borne viruses, RT-PCR, lcsh:Medicine, Bunyaviridae Infections, Arbovirus, lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Cerebrospinal fluid, Medicine, Humans, lcsh:RC109-216, Shuni virus, viruses, 030212 general & internal medicine, Neurologic disease, Shuni Virus in Cases of Neurologic Disease in Humans, South Africa, biology, business.industry, lcsh:R, Dispatch, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Virology, neurologic disease, Infectious Diseases, RNA, Viral, business
Abstract: We describe Shuni virus (SHUV) detection in human neurologic disease cases in South Africa. SHUV RNA was identified in 5% of cerebrospinal fluid specimens collected during the arbovirus season from public sector hospitals. This finding suggests that SHUV may be a previously unrecognized cause of human neurologic infections in Africa.
Published: 2021

45. Case study analysis of reflective essays by chemistry post-secondary students within a lab-based community service learning water project

Author: Karen Ho, Douglas B. Clark, Sahara R. Smith, and Catharina Venter
Subjects: 030504 nursing, Higher education, business.industry, 05 social sciences, 050301 education, Experiential learning, Focus group, Education, Personal development, 03 medical and health sciences, Chemistry (miscellaneous), Scientific writing, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, Technical report, Mathematics education, Civic engagement, 0305 other medical science, business, Psychology, Reflection (computer graphics), 0503 education
Abstract: Intentional reflection is a key component of Community Service Learning (CSL) as it guides students to integrate knowledge of theory with experience in practice. A semester-long chemistry curriculum with an integrated CSL intervention was implemented in a Canadian university to investigate how reflection in the laboratory setting enhances post-secondary students’ (n = 14) conscious awareness of their learning and their attitudes toward having reflection as part of a course. In typical chemistry laboratories, students follow cookbook recipes from the lab manual and are assessed through written lab reports. These lab reports are similar to a technical report with scientific writing where the design aims to communicate scientific information to other scientists. A case study was conducted with reflective essays, focus group interviews, and student observation to analyze qualitatively how students' attitudes changed in their learning over the course of the CSL activity and how they engaged in this type of reflection. The expected audience that may be interested in this study are those involved in teaching chemistry in higher education and those that are interested in Community Service Learning and experiential learning. The results demonstrate that science students are able to articulate their academic growth, civic engagement, and personal growth through reflective pieces. Furthermore, the reflective pieces support self-regulated learning with a positive engagement and attitude over time. The results support the integration of reflective pieces in laboratory settings.
Published: 2021

46. Research on extended external reporting assurance: Trends, themes, and opportunities

Author: Lanise van Eck and Elmar R. Venter
Subjects: business.industry, Accounting, Sustainability, Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous), Corporate social responsibility, Public relations, business, Finance
Published: 2020

47. Strategies for Inclusive Medical Imaging Environments for Sexual and Gender Minority Patients and Radiographers: An Integrative Literature Review

Author: Riaan van de Venter and Hayley Hodgson
Subjects: Diagnostic Imaging, Male, Medical education, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Gender diversity, business.industry, Perspective (graphical), Allied Health Personnel, Standard of living, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Body of knowledge, Sexual and Gender Minorities, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Health care, Integrative literature review, Medical imaging, Humans, Female, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Limited evidence, business, Psychology
Abstract: Background Sexual and gender minority patients, and radiographers, experience several challenges that hinder realisation of their rights to equality and to a standard of living which is adequate for their well-being and health, in clinical environments. To this extent, a person-centred care approach is advocated for the medical radiation science professions so that a more inclusive medical imaging environment for patients and radiographers is provided. There is no summation of the body of knowledge available to promote all-encompassing environments for sexual and gender minority groups in medical imaging. Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish the current evidence available on strategies that can be and are used to foster inclusive medical imaging environments for sexual and gender minority patient groups and radiographers. Key findings Four articles, predominantly written from a global north perspective and within the last three years, formed part of this review. The strategies that emerged from the analysed articles were categorised into three themes, namely, using inclusive language, educating radiographers, and creating affirming health care environments. Conclusion Limited evidence exists on the strategies used to promote more inclusive medical imaging environments for sexual and gender minority patients and radiographers. Hence, more work in this area is needed from a diagnostic radiography perspective. Recommendations for possible future research are provided.
Published: 2020

48. Nutritional management of food allergies

Author: Carina Venter and Marion Groetch
Subjects: 03 medical and health sciences, Allergy, 0302 clinical medicine, 030228 respiratory system, business.industry, Environmental health, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, medicine.disease
Abstract: Food allergy is a significant public health concern, with a rising prevalence. Elimination diets remain the cornerstone of food allergy management, and they are not without nutritional risk. Children who avoid nutritionally important foods, such as milk or multiple foods allergens, may be at greater risk. Even adults with food allergies may encounter challenges to meet current recommended dietary guidelines for health and reduced risk of chronic disease. The type of food allergy disorder will also impact nutritional risk. A food allergy affects food choices, nutritional intake, and health; therefore, guidance to provide nutritionally appropriate substitutes within the context of the elimination diet is invaluable.
Published: 2020

49. Effect of proline-enriched abalone feed on selected metabolite levels of slow-growing adultHaliotis midae

Author: Du Toit Loots, Lodewyk J. Mienie, Peet Jansen van Rensburg, Jeremie Zander Lindeque, Andre Vosloo, Leonie Venter, 21834350 - Venter, Leonie, 10061533 - Mienie, Lodewyk Jacobus, 10799508 - Loots, Du Toit, 12662275 - Lindeque, Jeremie Zander, and 10211705 - Jansen van Rensburg, Petrus Johannes
Subjects: chemistry.chemical_classification, Proline, Abalone, business.industry, Metabolite, Aquaculture, Aquatic Science, Biology, Haliotis midae, biology.organism_classification, Amino acid, chemistry.chemical_compound, Metabolism, chemistry, Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry, Food science, Asparagine, business, Slow Growing
Abstract: Abalone is currently considered South Africa's most successfully produced aquacul‐ ture export product, with a 76% share of the total value generated by the aquaculture sector. A major risk factor for this sector is slow growth rates experienced during farming. Abalone feeds are often supplemented with amino acids in an attempt to enhance abalone growth. This is a first investigation of the effect of added proline to standard abalone feed, on the metabolite profile of slow‐growing abalone. A targeted liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics research approach was followed to recognise the metabolic response of abalone showing slower growth performance. The addition of proline to the standard abalone diet was found to serve as a substrate for amino acid catabolism in slower growing abalone, by means of pro‐ line breakdown to assist with energy production via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Other amino acids and urea cycle intermediates, that is, arginine, asparagine, ornith‐ ine and creatine further support energy production via the action of protein catabo‐ lism in slow‐growing abalone. Additionally, the importance of understanding how abalone respond metabolically to modified feed highlights the use of metabolomics to answer abalone aquaculture farming questions
Published: 2019

50. Scaling Up Innovative Participatory Design for Public Transportation Planning: Lessons from Experiments in the Global South

Author: Cristian Navas, Christo Venter, Christopher Zegras, Juan Antonio Carrasco, Erik Vergel-Tovar, and Jonathan Leape
Subjects: 050210 logistics & transportation, Transportation planning, Engineering, Emerging technologies, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, 05 social sciences, 0211 other engineering and technologies, Global South, 021107 urban & regional planning, 02 engineering and technology, Engineering management, Software deployment, Public transport, Mapping system, Participatory design, 0502 economics and business, business, Civil and Structural Engineering
Abstract: New data, new technologies, and greater computational power are changing the possibilities for involving stakeholders in transportation planning. This article explores these possibilities by comparing deployments of an interactive web-based public transportation mapping system in four cities of the Global South. Structured workshops focused on different public transportation improvement projects and involved different types of stakeholders. Despite the differences across the workshops, they allow for some comparison of the effects. In relation to the technology itself, participants broadly agreed about its usefulness and usability. Pre-/post-workshop surveys suggest that participants learned about the transportation projects presented but reveal modest evidence in relation to other impacts, such as learning about the concept of accessibility, and gaining an appreciation for the potential broader urban system impacts of public transport projects. Knowledge among the participants tended to converge, and the tool helped promote dialog among participants and generated some empathy for others. The workshop experiences provide some hope for such tools in enhancing public transportation planning processes, globally, but “scaling up” the technology would need to overcome institutional, technical, and procedural challenges.
Published: 2020

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