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3D printing is a process of creating a three-dimensional solid object of virtually any shape from a digital CAD model which is fast growing from research to production technology. The present study is aimed to develop the fuel injector component using 3D printing technology for missile applications. The primary objective is to demonstrate the potential advantages of 3D printing like reduction in part assembly, elimination expensive EBW for joining, CNC machining and also EDM processes without any compromise in functional performance of the component. The re-design of fuel injector was carried out by adopting a novel design concept by modifying the features of internal chamber, thereby completely avoiding the necessity for support structures in 3D printing. Different design configurations were developed with flow optimisation and topology optimisation for weight reduction, for 3D printing of the component. Initially, a proof of concept model was successfully built in IN718 alloy powder material using PBF-based 3D printing facility at AERDC, HAL. The 3D-printed fuel injector in as-deposited condition was evaluated using X-ray 3D tomography which has revealed well-formed internal features and uniform material density without any macro pores or cracks. XRF confirmed the chemical homogeneity at different locations on 3D-printed component. Microstructural characterisation was carried out using optical microscopy (OM), SEM and EBSD analysis. The OM evaluation indicated presence of micro-porosity (

BACKGROUND Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. According to sepsis - 3 criteria, sepsis is diagnosed by Sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score of more than two. Surviving sepsis campaign introduced a newer scoring system, quick SOFA (QSOFA) score which uses only clinical parameters to prognosticate sepsis bed side and at the earliest. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the QSOFA score and then compare it to SOFA score in prognostication of sepsis. METHODS This study was a prospective observational study conducted in R. L. Jalappa Hospital among 150 individuals. Assessment of SOFA and QSOFA score was done and its significance in predicting mortality and morbidity was compared. RESULTS There were 87 males and 63 females. Mortality rate was 38.7 %. The initial QSOFA score of 1, 2 and 3 had mortality rate of 5.2 %, 24.1 % and 70.7 % respectively. Initial SOFA score of < 4, 4 - 8 and > 8 had mortality rate of 5.2 %, 37.9 % and 56.9 % respectively. Interpretation - The SOFA score had statistically significant correlation in assessing need for ventilator support, QSOFA score had a significant relation assessing need for ventilator support, vasopressor support. CONCLUSIONS Both scores demonstrated good accuracy for predicting in-hospital mortality. The QSOFA scoring system can aid where the resources are limited. KEY WORDS Sepsis, SOFA Score, QSOFA Score, Septic Shock

Background: Current treatment with statins has become an integral part of vascular diseases but monotherapy has a significant residual event rate. Due to particularly one of the factor associated with atherogenic lipid phenotype that is characterized by a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and increase in non-HDL cholesterol like Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL). Omega-3 Fatty acids have demonstrated a preventiverole in primary and, particularly secondary cardiovascular diseases. Hence this study was planned to compare the efficacy of Atorvastatin alone with Atorvastatin and Omega-3 fatty acids in treatment in hyperlipidaemia patients. Methods: The study was comparative, randomized, and prospective and open labeled conducted in MI patients. A total of 100 patients were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided randomly into two Groups (Group–A and Group-B). Group-A was given Atorvastatin 10mg/day and Group-B was given Atorvastatin 10mg/day and Omega-3 fatty acids 600mg/day for 6 months. Follow up was done every month and efficacy was measured by assessing the lipoprotein levels in serum. Results: The results were compared before treatment and after 6 months treatment.The levels were significantly decreased Total Cholesterol (TC), LDL, Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL), Triglycerides (TG) and HDL levels were increased in Group–A and Group-B. When these results compared between two Groups the HDL levels were increased also it shown high significance (

Zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) fractures are relatively common. Zygomatic complex fractures with functional or aesthetic impairments often require surgical intervention. Treatment of ZMC fractures consists of reduction and fixation of the dislocated bone fragments to their original location. The zygomaticomaxillary complex functions as a major buttress for the face and because of its prominent convex shape, is frequently involved in facial trauma.1 ZMC fractures are also called tripod, tetrapod, quadripod, malar or trimalar fractures. They account for approximately 15 % - 23.5 % of maxillofacial fractures.2,3 The aetiology of zygomatic complex fractures primarily includes road traffic accidents (RTA), violent assaults, falls and sports injuries. They are the second most common facial fracture after nasal bone fractures.3-6 ZMC fractures are more common in men than women, and most commonly occur in the third decade of life.7-10 The main clinical features of zygomatic complex fractures include diplopia, enophthalmos, subconjunctival ecchymosis, extraocular muscle entrapment, cosmetic deformity, malocclusion and neurosensory disturbances of the infra-orbital nerve.10 The gold standard radiological investigation for evaluation of ZMC fractures is computed tomography (CT) scan. Surgical intervention is effective in cases of displaced and comminuted fractures involving functional and aesthetic defects, whereas a nonsurgical approach is often used for non-displaced fractures.11 Various surgical approaches and treatment strategies have been proposed to obtain a successful treatment outcome. Based on review of literature, it has been observed that the open reduction with internal fixation using mini plates and screws is the most commonly preferred treatment for displaced and comminuted fractures.10-12 Here, we report a clinical case of right zygomaticomaxillary complex fracture and its management.

Real-time video anomaly detection and localization still prevail as a challenging task. Autoencoders are expected to give high reconstruction error for abnormal events than normal events while trained on video segments of normal events. Nevertheless, this assumption is not always true in practice. Sometimes the autoencoder offers better generalization. Therefore, it also reconstructs abnormal events well, leading to slightly degraded performance for anomaly detection. To alleviate this issue, we propose a Skip connected and Memory Guided Network (SMGNet) for video anomaly detection. The memory guided network with skip connection help in avoiding loss of meaningful information such as foreground patterns, in addition to memorizing significant normality patterns. The effect of augmenting memory guided network with skip connection in the residual spatiotemporal autoencoder (R-STAE) architecture is evaluated. The proposed technique achieved improved results over three benchmark datasets.

Concrete composite slab system with pre-cast bottom segment and cast-in-situ top segment is gaining importance due to wide-ranging applications in buildings, bridges and industrial flooring, etc. These slabs may also be subjected to repeated loading during its service life and hence, it is essential to evaluate their static and fatigue behaviour under flexural loading. In present study, at first, experimental investigations are conducted to evaluate the performance of composite slabs with truss type shear connectors with two orientation angles, namely, 45° and 60°. The composite slab specimens are subjected to four-point bending. The load-versus-displacement responses obtained for the composite slabs are compared with that of control full slab. It is observed that the composite slab with 45° shear connector showed better performance when compared to composite slab with 60° shear connector in terms of load-displacement response, rotation, ductility and energy absorption and also found to be efficient in terms of area of steel crossing the interface. Further, numerical investigations are also carried out to assess load transfer mechanism of truss type shear connectors at different significant events. The force flow mechanism of truss type shear connectors is brought out clearly. From the numerical investigations on composite slabs with different orientation angles, it is observed that composite slab with 45° shear connector exhibited superior performance over other orientation angles in terms of better force flow mechanism and lesser area of steel crossing the interface. Further, fatigue performance of composite slab with 45° shear connector is evaluated and compared with the fatigue performance of control slab. It could be observed that the composite slab with 45° truss type shear connector showed better fatigue performance when compared to the control slab.

BACKGROUND: The item analysis of multiple choice questions (MCQs) is an essential tool that can provide input on validity and reliability of items. It helps to identify items which can be revised or discarded, thus building a quality MCQ bank. METHODS: The study focussed on item analysis of 90 MCQs of three tests conducted for 150 first year Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) physiology students. The item analysis explored the difficulty index (DIF I) and discrimination index (DI) with distractor effectiveness (DE). Statistical analysis was performed by using MS Excel 2010 and SPSS, version 20.0. RESULTS: Of total 90 MCQs, the majority, that is, 74 (82%) MCQs had a good/acceptable level of difficulty with a mean DIF I of 55.32 ± 7.4 (mean ± SD), whereas seven (8%) were too difficult and nine (10%) were too easy. A total of 72 (80%) items had an excellent to acceptable DI and 18 (20%) had a poor DI with an overall mean DI of 0.31 ± 0.12. There was significant weak correlation between DIF I and DI (r = 0.140, p

In diesel engine applications, enormous importance was given to biodiesel in recent years due to its economical and ecological benefits. Even if, there is huge scope with biodiesel fuel for improving the performance and reducing the emission of a compression ignition (CI) engine. Though there are many techniques, for instance, engine modification and exhaust gas recirculation, fuel adulteration can play a key function to boost the performance of the engine and exhaust emission reduction. The nanoparticle (metallic and none metallic) additive is an obvious choice in the enhancement of physicochemical properties of biodiesel fuel. The nanoparticle has the properties concerning greater heat and mass transfer because of enhanced thermal conductivity, advanced heating value, high flash, and cloud points, the extra surface to volume ratio, higher combustion reactive medium, etc. Thus, the fuel properties can be altered based on the nanoparticle dosage. The objective of the present review is to know the influence of various nanoparticles in biodiesel–diesel blends on the improvement in performance and emission lessening of the compression ignition engine.

Confidentiality and encryption of data are critical features of modern computing. Elliptical curve cryptography (ECC) is the ultimate cryptographic method due to its high limited size and thus its reliability equal to that of other traditional public-key algorithms. Furthermore, hardware acceleration of cryptographic algorithms is required to meet the increasing speed demand for contemporary implementations. The forward converters, modulo decimal units, and reverse converters are the core components of the residue number method. In the current network of residue numbers, the reverse converter is based on standard and compact adders. It has a high power consumption and a low speed. By analysing the input/output conversion to/from residue representation, it proposed a residue Montgomery method for multiplying data pathways among converters and between the two residue representations. The dual field modulator is used for GF(p) and GF(2)n Montgomery multiplication, input/output conversions, mixed-radius conversions (MRC) for inputs and polynomials, and exponentiation and inversion in the same hardware.

This paper discusses the modeling of HPGe detector used in waste assay system using Monte Carlo code FLUKA to determine its detection limits. The modeled detector is validated using experimental point sources efficiencies in the energy range 60 keV–2000 keV. The numerical estimation of efficiency values for 239Pu present inside a 230 L cotton filled waste drum at various locations along the axis of the detector is discussed. Estimation of the minimum detectable activity (MDA) for 239Pu at these locations in the presence of 1 MBq of 137Cs/60Co again along the axis of the detector is examined. The efficiency of 239Pu decreases from 6.1 × 10-10 to 7.5 × 10-11 cps/Bq as the location of 239Pu moves away from the detector. MDA of 239Pu increases as the position of 239Pu and 137Cs/60Co in the waste drum shifts away from the detector while it decreases as the location of 137Cs/60CO moves away from 239Pu along measurement axis. It is observed that for all locations of 137Cs/60Co with 239Pu located up to 200 mm from the edge of the drum, the detection limit is within 140.3 mg (allowed limit).

This paper presents the condition assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) walls of induced draft cooling tower (IDCT) structure. The main focus is on the assessment of quality, integrity and long term durability of RC walls, with reference to rebar corrosion. Details of non-destructive testing (NDT) carried out to evaluate the prevailing condition of the IDCT structure are presented. Test results revealed that the RC wall, which is intended to be an enclosure/curtain wall to arrest the splashing of sea water fed to the IDCT, is found to be of poor quality and could not arrest the seepage/dampness from inner face to outer face of the wall. To arrive at an effective repair measure to arrest the seepage/dampness in RC walls, porous concrete panels are cast to simulate the poor quality of in-situ concrete of IDCT walls and also to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of different repair schemes. The best repair scheme for improving water tightness is established by conducting selected durability tests on the cores extracted from the repaired porous slab panels. As a pilot study, the identified repair methodology is implemented on the selected wall panels of IDCT structure and its efficacy for water tightness/impermeability is confirmed through visual observation and IRT image scanning.

Beamspace multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) with beam selection offers an attractive solution to reduce the number of radio-frequency chains in a high-dimensional millimeter-wave MIMO system. Considering a multi-user MIMO system in which an access point, having an $N$ element antenna array, communicates with $K$ users ( $K ), each having a single antenna, we address the problem of selecting $K$ beams with sum rate as the performance metric. We model beam selection as a two-sided matching between the two sets of players (users and beams) and consider two different ways of modeling players preferences. When the interdependences between the players’ preferences are considered, it becomes matching with externalities . The proposed algorithm, which finds a stable matching in such a case, outperforms the existing beam selection algorithms.

Recent developments related to production, distribution and viewing of movies point to the need for research projects that examine multiples sites and formats simultaneously. This article outlines an ongoing project whose primary objective is to track the migration of movies across geographical spaces as well as screens. Our starting point—the pretext rather—is the ‘regional blockbuster’ that is the name we have given to big budget productions made by Chennai- and Hyderabad-based film industries. The regional blockbuster, being an all-India form that circulates in multiple language versions, offers opportunities for comparisons across regions in India and also between theatrical and other spaces of movie consumption. In the current phase, the focus of our project is the transformation of single screen cinema halls on the one hand and dubbing on the other. These, we suggest are among the necessary conditions for the emergence of the blockbuster. We present here the initial findings of fieldwork carried out by us simultaneously in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and Delhi.

In this work, Prediction of heart attack is very uncontrolled problem faced by doctor abnormally in every hospitals they have to make a killing review feedbacks from their patients. The ability of the sentiment analysis is needful work for machine to get results in the form of feedback i.e. positive or Negative feedback. Machine learning techniques assess necessary job in this area and in this zone of research work to construct a product this can assists the machine learning computations to input the option choice with respect to the fore cast and assess the expectation. Heart disease commonly occurred disease and it is the critical speculation for unexpectedly death these days. Nearest Neighbour (KNN) featureless is the most well-known, viable and productive calculation utilized for acknowledgment. In this paper, evaluate heart disease occurrences prediction by using machine learning strategies. Which will gives comfortable heterogeneous forecast model and it aid to discover best symptomatic for medicinal services framework for early prediction of symptomatic heart disease.

Introduction: Pulmonary fibrosis after pneumonia due to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) is poorly understood. In patients who required transplantation, explant gene expression profiles are similar to those in patients with pulmonary fibrosis. Currently, two antifibrotic agents have been shown to reduce the rate of progression in other etiologies of lung fibrosis. Here, we describe our experience with antifibrotic therapy in COVID-19 patients. Case#1 A 45 year old male with metabolic syndrome presented with 4 days of worsening dyspnea. He failed initial therapy with high flow nasal cannula (HFNC) and noninvasive ventilation requiring intubation on hospital day 10. He received treatment with remdesivir, steroids and inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). He remained intubated for 21 days, complicated by pneumomediastinum. Total hospitalization was 75 days. Chest imaging throughout hospitalization had cystic changes and bronchiectasis. Pirfenidone was initiated at the time of discharge. On 6-month clinic follow up, he remained on oxygen. He denied any significant side effects to pirfenidone and had no lab abnormalities. Case#2 A 61 year old male with no past medical history (PMH) presented with week-long constitutional symptoms. HFNC for severe hypoxia was started but ultimately intubation was required. He was treated with remdesivir, steroids, iNO, an interleukin-6 inhibitor and convalescent plasma. Weaning from ventilatory support after tracheostomy tube placement was complicated by pneumomediastinum. He was discharged on nocturnal ventilation to long term acute care. He was started on pirfenidone during hospitalization and continued without incident. On subsequent clinic follow up, tracheostomy was decannulated and he could tolerate low flow nasal cannula. Case#3 A 64 year old male with no PMH was admitted with 10 days of worsening respiratory symptoms. The patient required HFNC. He received remdesivir, steroids, broad spectrum antibiotics and convalescent plasma. He was discharged after 13 days on supplemental oxygen. On one month follow up, chest imaging showed reticular and ground glass opacities and traction bronchiectasis. Nintedanib was initiated. One month later he was off supplemental oxygen. Follow up CT imaging showed resolution of ground glass and reticular opacities after 6 months. The patient denied any medication intolerance but abnormal liver function lead to dose reduction of nintedanib. Conclusion: COVID-19 pneumonia can lead to significant pulmonary fibrosis. Further analysis is needed to determine the long term incidence of persistent fibrosis and any risk factors predicting its development. Additionally, in those patients with established pulmonary fibrosis, the role of antifibrotic therapy should prospectively be investigated.

The Onodi cell is defined as the posterior-most ethmoid cell. Haller cells are defined as infraorbital ethmoid cells. HRCT scanning provides excellent bone detail and accurate soft tissue mapping. The aim of this study is to know the prevalence of Haller cells and Onodi cells and to find variations in them on HRCT. Also to find co-relation between HRCT findings and Intra operative findings. A Hospital based prospective and cross-sectional study which included 30 patients above 15 years of age coming to ENT OPD with complaints related to sinonasal disease and polyposis;willing for HRCT followed by operative procedures. A total of 30 patients are included in the study. The mean age was found to be 38.70 ± 14.37. Prevalence of haller cells and onodi cells was 30% and 33.3% respectively. Statistical significance was found between association of haller cells with sinusitis. Intra-operative findings corresponded to 8 out of 9 HRCT findings (p-value = 0.001). We conclude that the actual prevalence of haller cell and onodi cell is best noted on HRCT-PNS and this holds a significant role in imparting thorough knowledge of the anatomical variations of PNS and hence preventing intraoperative complications due to presence of these variant cells.

In this research paper, a 1-φ multi-level inverter configuration with the decreased number of switching components is recommended for distributed energy resource applications. The planned inverter able to generate seven and nine output voltage levels with symmetrical and asymmetrical source configuration. Due to the decreased number of semiconductor switches the topology has low power loss compared to conventional 7-level inverter. The developed topology has reliable operation in case of switch failure. The developed topology is simulated with the assistance of Matlab/Simulink software.

In recent years, High-Electron-Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) have received great attention for its superior electron transport guaranteeing high speed and high- p o w e r applications. HEMT devices are competitors with and substitution previous field-effect transistors (FETs) with amazing performance at high frequency, improved power density and satisfactory potency. This work concentrates on designing and simulating the AlGaN/InGaN/GaN High electron mobility transistor by using the TCAD simulation software and evaluating the drain current and breakdown voltage performances. The obtained output will be brought in comparison with the existing AlGaN/GaN HEMT and the device performances will prove to be better for the proposed structure. Other parameters such as threshold voltage Vth, On/Off current and transconductance (g m ) could be evaluated in TCAD for this structure. The effect of proton irradiation on the DC performance of InGaN/GaN HEMT with dielectric layers will be studied later. The basic mechanism underlying the high radiation tolerance appears to be the strong internal piezoelectric field near the two- d i m e n s i o n a l electron gas (2DEG). The radiation damage occurring in the proposed HEMT structure will be compared with that of the effects in AlGaN/GaN hetero-structure and will be validated.

Salivary gland tumors are rare, comprising less than 3% of all neoplasia of head and neck region. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common salivary gland tumor, accounting for 60–80% of benign tumors of salivary glands, which predominantly affect the superficial lobe of the parotid gland. The “pleomorphic” nature of the tumor can be explained on the basis of its epithelial and connective tissue origin. Usually they are found as solitary unilateral, firm and mobile, painless, slow growing mass. The tumor has a female predilection between 30 and 50 years of age. Utmost care is to be taken to preserve the facial nerve while performing superficial or total parotidectomy. We present 10 cases of pleomorphic adenoma of parotid gland over period of 2 years, highlighting the prognosis following surgical management.

Context: BRAF mutation has been extensively studied and associated with various tumors. Targeted therapeutic intervention against BRAF mutation is established modality against many such tumors. Various studies have estimated that the prevalence of BRAF mutation in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is 5%–25%. Considering epidemiology differences from Western population and paucity of studies on BRAF mutation in CRC in Asian patients, the present study was done to study the BRAF mutation in CRC in Indian population. Aims: The aim is to study the distribution of BRAF mutation and its correlation with the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage, grade, and other clinicopathological parameters in CRC. Settings and Design: This was a cross-sectional study. Subjects and Methods: Immunohistochemistry study was done using BRAFV600E monoclonal antibody (Clone VE1) for 65 consecutive cases of CRC in a tertiary care center. The results were statistically analyzed using SPSS version 2.0. Results: This study found that BRAF mutation is not significantly present in CRC as only 4.6% of cases were positive for BRAFV600E mutation. However, there was statistically significant relation between increasing AJCC stage and BRAF mutation. Conclusions: This study concluded that BRAF mutation is not prevalent in Indian population with CRC. However, it is significantly related with advanced AJCC stages.

Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is a non-contact electro-thermal machining process finds wider applications in many industrial sectors including aerospace, automobile, medical etc. due to capability of machining any intricate geometries. Perhaps, the EDM process is considered as hazardous due to the more toxic gaseous emissions, debris mixed dielectric fluid, chocked and damaged filters, used electrode materials, etc. associated and causes serious issues related to recycling, reuse and non-degradability. Many researches have been attempted towards the stability, improvement of surface characteristics, process parameter study but very limited work carried out on the sustainability issues. The environmental sustainability and energy efficiency factors are key factors for the better utilization of the resources. The main objective of this paper is to review the literature and suggest the alternate green dielectrics and the environment for improved operational safety, less environmental impact towards the Eco-friendly electrical discharge machining (E-EDM).

Context: Lymphangiogenesis correlates with poor prognosis in Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) breast. D2-40 antibody, a specific marker for lymphatic endothelium, differentiates lymphatic from vascular endothelium. Therefore, the aims of this study were to estimate lymphangiogenesis using D2-40 antibody and correlate with lymphatic invasion (LI) and axillary lymph node (LN) status and compare lymphatic mean vessel density (LMVD) with Tumor (T) and Node (N) stages and grade of tumor. Methods and Material: The study was conducted on fifty consecutive cases of IDC breast who underwent modified radical mastectomy (MRM) from Jan 2009 to March 2011. Hematoxylin-eosin sections and Immunohistochemistry (IHC) slides were studied along with their LN status. LMVD was counted after D2-40 immunostaining (100x magnification) in three hot spots in peritumoral areas and averaged. LI as opposed to vascular invasion (BVI), and LN status for all cases were assessed. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (version 14.0 for Windows). Pearson's correlations, χ2 tests and Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results: Lymphangiogenesis varied from 0 to 58 with mean LMVD of 11. Of 50 cases, five showed no lymphatic vessels in peritumoral areas; of these five, three had positive LNs. 21/50 cases had LI. No statistical significant association was seen between lymphangiogenesis and LI. 34/50 cases had positive LNs. Mean LMVD was higher in patients with N2/N3 stage as compared to N0/N1 stage and was statistically significant (P = 0.013). Conclusions: D2-40 is specific marker for lymphatic endothelium. LI and lymphangiogenesis, as opposed to BVI, are better prognostic indicators in IDC breast.

PRESENTATION OF CASE A 65 years old female patient presented with odynophagia, fever, since 5 days and absolute dysphagia since 2 days. She had bronchial asthma and type 2 diabetes mellitus on oral hypoglycaemic agents since 15 years. On examination, there was a significant bulge in the posterior pharyngeal wall in midline extending to the left side, pushing the tonsil medially; supraglottis was oedematous obscuring the vocal cords. The patient appeared toxic and there was no external neck swelling. Haematological investigations showed raised total counts, HbA1c was 12.2 and there was presence of ketone bodies in urine. CECT scan of neck showed an irregular peripherally enhancing abscess in retropharyngeal space 3.1 cm x 3.1cm x 6.2cm dimension and extending more in the left paramedian from C1 to C4 levels. There was a mass effect and median bulge indenting the oropharyngeal air column. The abscess cavity was extending inferiorly to the supraglottic level, anteriorly to left posterior tonsillar pillar, laterally up to the level of styloid process, posteriorly up to pre-vertebral muscles. There was no evidence of rupture. Cervical spine and vertebral arteries were normal and there was no evidence of osteomyelitis.

India Meteorological Department (IMD) acknowledged for providing online access of the synoptic and automatic weather station data, Doppler Weather Radar products and the multi satellite-rain gauge merged product of rainfall. Radiosonde data for Kochi is downloaded the university of Wyoming, USA. The authors acknowledge ECMWF and Copernicus Climate Change Service for providing the ERA5 reanalysis data. The authors also acknowledge GES DISC, NASA for providing the rainfall estimates of TRMM3B42V7. The 0.25ox 0.25o GFS data used for the WRF model initialization is downloaded from NOMADS, NOAA. Authors wish to thank the anonymous reviewers for their technical comments which greatly helped to improve the content of the paper.

Modifications of microvascular configuration are essential features encountered during the progression of breast tumors. Our objectives were to correlate morphometrically evaluated microvessel parameters (microvessel density [MVD], microvessel caliber [VC], microvessel cross-sectional area [VCSA], percentage of total VCSA [%TVCSA], and total microvessel boundary density [TVBD]) with histologic grades of invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) of the breast and benign breast lesions. Sixty cases of IDC presented with modified radical mastectomy, and 20 benign breast fibroadenomas were evaluated for various microvessel parameters, using CD34-immunostained histologic sections by computerized image morphometry. Samples were divided into 4 histologic groups: benign, grade 1, grade 2, and grade 3; mean with SD and range was evaluated for each group. Histologic grades showed a strong positive correlation with %TVCSA (ρ=0.773) and TVBD (ρ=0.811) and a moderate positive correlation with MVD (ρ=0.607), VC (ρ=0.609), and VCSA (ρ=0.616) when analyzed for all samples of the 4 groups. Except MVD, all parameters including age was the lowest (P.001) for the benign group. Among the IDCs, differences of mean VC and VCSA were not significant; MVD, %TVCSA, and TVBD were the lowest in grade 1 and the highest in grade 3. Upper cutoff value of benign lesions for MVD was 155mm

This paper reveals a seven-level inverter topology for photo-voltaic (PV) power generation system. The 7- level inverter created by cascading single phase full and half bridge inverter topology sustained with three separate PV strings. The output has 7-levels: +Vdc, +2/3Vdc, +Vdc/3, 0, −Vdc/3, −2Vdc/3, −Vdc. The 7-level inverter function is possible by using seven semi conductor switches. The designed inverter configuration has able to maintain consistent operation as inverter even though there is source and semiconductor switch breakdown. The developed inverter is differentiating with conventional multilevel inverters in terms of number of components, losses and reliability. The result of a 7-level inverter topology is confirmed by using MATLAB/SIMULINK software.

Communication networks formed by Autonomous Un- derwater Vehicles (AUVs) have recently been employed for a variety of applications in oceanographic exploration and environmental protection, and military uses. The promise of such networks is very high, but their performance is limited by the low reliability of communications over the underwater acoustic channel. In order to increase the end-to-end throughput in multi-hop network configurations, chains of relay nodes can be employed. Unfortunately, the usual techniques utilized to address channel errors and packet erasures in multi-hop terrestrial networks such as Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Forward Error Correction (FEC) coding are ineffective in the underwater channel due to adverse multipath propagation and long delays. Solutions based on network coding have, therefore, been investigated in the literature. We propose and evaluate utilization of Batched Sparse (BATS) coding, which is a combination of fountain coding and network coding, in order to improve the resilience of multi-hop underwater acoustic communication networks (UWACNets) consisting of multiple underwater transceiver nodes. BATS coding allows to overcome the limitations of channel coding in terms of robustness and those of network coding in terms of computational complexity, while noticeably improving throughput performance.

The performance of tapered shaped octagonal patch antenna embedded with split ring resonators (SRRs) in its square slots along with defected ground has been analyzed in this paper for multiband frequency applications. The designed antenna operates over three distinct frequencies viz., 3.31 GHz, 6.50 GHz and 12.01GHz with the respective fractional bandwidths of 19.6%, 8.6% and 29.8%. The maximum return loss of -57 dB has been achieved over the band 10.36-13.95 GHz while the maximum realized gain of 22 dB has been obtained at 12.07 GHz. The antenna exhibits endfire radiation pattern in its far-field characteristics. The proposed antenna finds its applications in defense and military, satellite communication, several medical applications like cancerous cell detection, tumor and microimaging in medical analysis for determination of radio waves and also in many communication fields.

This work concentrates on the design and working analysis of a modified fractal-shaped slotted patch antenna with defected ground plane designed for X-band applications. A shorting via at the centre of the slotted fractal patch and a dipole shaped slots at the ground plane have been used in the proposed design to enhance the gain of the antenna. The maximum return loss of 22 dB has been achieved at 11.25 GHz over the frequency range of 10.58-11.37 GHz while the maximum realized gain of 16.98 dB has been obtained at 10.78 GHz. The designed antenna offers broadside radiation characteristics. The proposed antenna can be utilized for X-band applications like defense applications, satellite communication and microimaging in medical analysis for determination of radio waves.

Power harvesting Wi-Fi detectors Networks structure the dream of web of things frameworks. Vitality reaping hubs might be sent deliberately to screen at least one targets along with a valuable resource. Be that as it may, as these hubs depend on surrounding vitality assets along with sun oriented, they experience irregular power appearances. Subsequently, they may debilitate their collected force simultaneously as observing an objective. To this quit, network administrators require a tough arrangement that secure all goals are observed continually throughout whatever time length with a minded possibility. On this paper, we reckon three novel solid protection prerequisites; each essential safeguard with chance), where is the opportunity of fiascos. To start with, sensor hubs should now not go through more than their absolute collected vitality throughout T time allotments. Second, the power use of each detector hub need to no longer surpass the quality collected in each opening. Third the power consumption of sensor hubs should not surpass the power collected up to the current opening. We figure threat controlled stochastic applications that consolidate those necessities and cure them utilizing the example basic Approximation (SAA) technique. We affirm through tremendous reenactment examines that our applications are fit for figuring detector hubs actuation occasions that meet a given inclusion disappointment likelihood.

In this work, a knowledge based decision support system has been developed to efficiently handle the issues such as distress diagnosis, assessment of damages and condition rating of existing bridges towards developing an exclusive and robust Bridge Management System (BMS) for sustainable bridges. The Knowledge Based Expert System (KBES) diagnoses the distresses and finds the cause of distress in the bridge by processing the data which are heuristic and combined with site inspection results, laboratory test results etc. The coupling of symbolic and numeric type of data has been successfully implemented in the expert system to strengthen its decision making process. Finally, the condition rating of the bridge is carried out using the assessment results obtained from the KBES and the information received from the bridge inspector. A systematic procedure has been developed using fuzzy mathematics for condition rating of bridges by combining the fuzzy weighted average and resolution identity technique. The proposed methodologies and the decision support system will facilitate in developing a robust and exclusive BMS for a network of bridges across the country and allow the bridge engineers and decision makers to carry out maintenance of bridges in a rational and systematic way.

Allergic rhinitis is a common and debilitating disease that has a major effect on the health related quality of life. The usage of corticosteroids topically and newer generation antihistamines have been the hallmark of recent advances in treatment of allergic rhinitis. Hence this study was taken to clinically evaluate the efficacy of lipid-based ointment and traditional antihistamine Rupatidine in treatment of moderate persistent allergic rhinitis. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of lipid-based ointment and traditional antihistamine in the treatment of moderate persistent allergic rhinitis. 60 Patients aged between 15 and 70 years with moderate to severe symptoms of allergic rhinitis were chosen after history taking, clinical examination and relevant lab investigations—nasal smear examination and serum IgE levels in specific. They were randomized into two groups and started on either lipid based ointment (to apply ointment to nasal vestibule twice daily) with tablet Rupaditine 10 mg OD and only tablet Rupatidine 10 mg OD alone. Patients were asked to observe the efficacy of their treatment on daily basis. Mean age of patients in lipid based ointment group with tablet Rupatidine was 33.53 years and only tablet Rupatidine group was 28.9 years. Positive family history was present in 13.3 % patients in group I with 26.6 % patients in group II. Symptoms score decreased from baseline in group I as compared to group II. Lipid based ointment with tablet Rupatidine is superior in relieving moderate allergic rhinitis compared to tablet Rupatidine alone.

The present work brings out the studies on ultimate load behavior of brick masonry subjected to compression and shear-loading. The work composed of both the experimental and numerical investigations, aimed at contributing to the better understanding of the knowledge on the behavior of brick masonry structures under monotonic loading. Two brick masonry specimens have been tested up to ultimate load and the structural response in terms of the load, deflections and strains has been investigated. Due to the complexity, time and expense involved in the experimental investigations on brick masonry, limited number of experimental studies have been conducted and further, numerical studies have been carried out to simulate the experimental tests by suitably adopting the appropriate constitute models for the materials used. The responses and the failure load behaviour obtained from nonlinear numerical models developed are found to be in good agreement with the experimentally obtained results. The proposed numerical models can easily be adopted for further studies on the structural component made using brick masonry considering various geometric configurations, material disposition, loading conditions etc.

Most of the civil infrastructure are made up of concrete. Concrete is a highly heterogeneous brittle material and under cyclic loading understanding the progress of crack occurring within the material and the structure leading to its degradation is a complicated issue. In view of this, in the present study, studies on the monotonic and fatigue behaviour of notched prism of plain and fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) are carried out. Six prisms are tested under single point monotonic loading to obtain the behaviour of the plain concrete and FRC prisms. The crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) of plain concrete and FRC are measured using calibrated clip gauge attached. From load versus CMOD response, fracture energy is calculated. It is found that the FRC gives better ductility than plain concrete. Nine specimens each of plain concrete and FRC are tested under fatigue loading. Three load ranges are chosen for carrying out the fatigue study. Minimum load is set as 20 % of the ultimate load and the maximum load are varied as 65, 75 and 85 % of the average ultimate load carrying capacity obtained from the monotonic testing of the prisms. Number of cycles to failure for plain concrete and FRC under each load range is obtained. It is observed that the inclusion of fibres improved the flexural fatigue performance of concrete.

The dermoid cyst is an uncommon clinicopathological lesion of developmental origin. The term dermoid cyst is used to describe 3 cysts that are closely related histologically: dermoid cyst, epidermoid cyst, and teratoma. Epidermoid and dermoid cysts are benign nature, which may occur anywhere in the body, but most predominantly in the ovary and scrotal regions. Only about 7% are found in the head and neck. The occurrence of such cysts in the oral cavity is extremely rare, with approximately 1.6% located in this area. The floor of the mouth is one of the most commonly affected area, however, these cysts can also be found in the tongue, lips, buccal mucosa and jaw bones. There is always a difficulty of making a correct diagnosis of these lesions with clinical examinations and conventional radiography. To achieve a diagnosis and to develop correct surgical strategy specialized imaging examinations such as ultrasonography (US), computed tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and histopathological examination should be carried out. Treatment comprises total surgical excision the approach remains dictated logically by the cyst's location. Ample understanding and vigilance about this slow growing painless mass is essential not only because of the symptoms it produces but also due to its malignant potential. When dermoid cysts occur on the floor of the mouth, they may enlarge to such an extent that they can interfere with deglutition and produce respiratory obstruction. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential for these cystic entities.

This paper addresses the experimental-based optimisation of near dry EDM process on duplex stainless steel 2,205 grade material under minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) for improving the sustainability. Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array experimental design has been executed for varying input parameters like pulse-on time, pulse-off time, current and voltage. The machining performance is analysed by measuring the material removal rate (MRR), electrode wear rate (EWR) and surface roughness (SR). The obtained results are analysed by the artificial neural network (ANN) and grey relational analysis (GRA) for the multi-response optimisation. In multi-response optimisation, the optimum combination of parameters derived using GRA lead to the improvement of material removal rate at 6.1287 mm3/min and reduced electrode wear rate 0.0698 mm3/min at optimal parameters levels (TON = 450 μs, TOFF = 50 μs, current = 16 A, and voltage = 5 V). From the results, optimisation of MQL-based near dry EDM method proved some benefits in terms of improved sustainability.

Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) is an attractive and recently proposed multicarrier modulation technique for the next generation wireless networks. However, GFDM suffers from self-interference problem due to the non-orthogonality of its subcarriers. In this paper, two novel schemes, each considering two-stage linear precoding, has been proposed that results in the improvement in the bit error rate (BER) performance of GFDM system with linear receivers. First schemes, considering linear MMSE receiver, results in achieving higher diversity gain in comparison to the GFDM system with one-stage precoding, while second scheme utilize two-stage precoding for the complete diagonalization of the modulation matrix. For second scheme, in addition to two-stage precoding, we consider signal space diversity (SSD) technique that results in achieving better performance. The validation of the improvement in the BER performance of GFDM system using proposed schemes has been shown through Monte Carlo simulations.

Aim: This study was conducted to clinically evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) as a method of reducing pain reported by patients after placement of their first orthodontic archwires. Materials and methods: A sample of 10 patients with an age group of 12 to 26 years with moderate-to-severe anterior crowding was selected. Each patient was assigned to an experimental group (left quadrant with laser therapy) and a control group (right quadrant with no laser therapy). Low-level laser therapy was given immediately after the placement of initial archwire. All patients were instructed to fill up a survey form at home over the next 7 days. Results: The results revealed that the average onset of pain in the experimental group (16.10 hours) was significantly reduced when compared with the control group (3.10 hours). The most painful day was similar for both the groups. The pain ceased much sooner in the experimental group than in the control group. The intensity of pain was lesser in the experimental group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Low-level laser therapy was an effective and noninvasive method for controlling pain in orthodontic patients after receiving their first archwires. The duration and intensity of pain reduced with the application of LLLT Clinical significance: Pain reduction during orthodontic procedures. Keywords: Low-level laser therapy, Nickel-titanium wires, Orthodontic pain.

The thought of coding has long been employed by militaries and government to facilities secret communication. Currently coding is often accustomed shield sensitive data sent over the net, email, e-banking, mobile banking, internet server mistreatment std coding technique. These days SSL de-facto code coding std accepted over the planet is enforced to supply net security. Numerous researches have enforced SSL on numerous code platforms and solutions that overload the net server's electronic equipment and impede the whole operation. This survey paper provides the thought of implementing SSL protocol on hardware platform in novel and innovative thanks to come through hardware fast and different technological edges and build it real time.

Most of the cities in India are undergoing rapid development in recent decades, and many rural localities are undergoing transformation to urban hotspots. These developments have associated land use/land cover (LULC) change that effects runoff response from catchments, which is often evident in the form of increase in runoff peaks, volume and velocity in drain network. Often most of the existing storm water drains are in dilapidated stage owing to improper maintenance or inadequate design. The drains are conventionally designed using procedures that are based on some anticipated future conditions. Further, values of parameters/variables associated with design of the network are traditionally considered to be deterministic. However, in reality, the parameters/variables have uncertainty due to natural and/or inherent randomness. There is a need to consider the uncertainties for designing a storm water drain network that can effectively convey the discharge. The present study evaluates performance of an existing storm water drain network in Bangalore, India, through reliability analysis by Advance First Order Second Moment (AFOSM) method. In the reliability analysis, parameters that are considered to be random variables are roughness coefficient, slope and conduit dimensions. Performance of the existing network is evaluated considering three failure modes. The first failure mode occurs when runoff exceeds capacity of the storm water drain network, while the second failure mode occurs when the actual flow velocity in the storm water drain network exceeds the maximum allowable velocity for erosion control, whereas the third failure mode occurs when the minimum flow velocity is less than the minimum allowable velocity for deposition control. In the analysis, runoff generated from subcatchments of the study area and flow velocity in storm water drains are estimated using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Results from the study are presented and discussed. The reliability values are low under the three failure modes, indicating a need to redesign several of the conduits to improve their reliability. This study finds use in devising plans for expansion of the Bangalore storm water drain system. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Low temperature electrical transport properties of rare earth (RE) element doped Fe2VAl Heusler alloys have been investigated. Significant improvement of thermal power S (peak values −125 to −160 µV/K) is observed compared to the pure Fe2VAl (peak value 40 µV/K). It is observed that the thermal conductivity reduced by 50%in RE doped samples. As the carrier concentration of these samples is high compared conventional semiconductors, single parabolic band model (SPB) has been used to analyze the thermoelectric data. We have estimated the values of Lorentz number, β, and maximum possible figure of merit (zTmax) by using SPB model. The experimental data corroborate well with estimated values from the model.

The integration of multi-sensor earth observation data belonging to same area has become one of the most important input for resource mapping and management. Geometric error and fidelity between adjacent scenes affects large-area digital mosaic if the images/ scenes are processed independently. A block triangulation approach "Bundle Block Adjustment (BBA)" system has been developed at ADRIN for combined processing of multi-sensor, multi-resolution satellite imagery to achieve better geometric continuity. In this paper we present the evaluation results of BBA software along with performance assessment and operational use of products thus generated. The application evaluation deals with functional aspects of block-adjustment of satellite imagery consisting of data from multiple sources, i.e. AWiFs, LISS-3, LISS-4 and Cartosat-1 in various combinations as single block. It has provision for automatic generation of GCPs and tie-points using image metafile/ Rational Polynomial Coefficient's (RPC’s) and ortho/ merged/ mosaicked products generation. The study is carried out with datasets covering different terrain types (ranging from high mountainous area, moderately undulating terrain, coastal plain, agriculture fields, urban area and water-body) across Indian subcontinent with varying block sizes and spatial reference systems. Geometric accuracy assessment is carried out to figure out error propagation at scene based ortho/ merged products as well as block level. The experimental results confirm that pixel tagging, geometric fidelity and feature continuity across adjacent scenes as well as for multiple sensors reduced to a great extent, due to the high redundancy. The results demonstrate that it is one of the most affective geometric corrections for generating large area digital mosaic over High mountainous terrain using high resolution good swath satellite imagery, like Cartosat-1, with minimum human intervention.

The presence of multiple Keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs) of the jaws in a patient must alert a clinician as to the possibility of a syndromic condition. The Gorlin Goltz syndrome (GGS), otherwise known as the Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (NBCC) syndrome, and as the Jaw cyst-Basal cell Naevus-Bifid rib syndrome is one such possibility, which is typically characterized by a classical triad as established by Gorlin and Goltz in 1960, comprising of multiple basocellular epitheliomas, keratocysts in the jaws and bifid ribs. A spectrum of other neurological, ophthalmic, endocrine and genital manifestations is known to be variably associated with this triad. Two cases of multiple KCOTs of the jaws have been presented, one syndromic, while the other, non-syndromic. A comparison of the essential and distinguishing features of both, along with the importance of a thorough medical evaluation and correct diagnosis for appropriate treatment have been highlighted. These investigations prompt an early verification of the disease, which is very important to prevent recurrence and better survival rates from the co-existent diseases.

Fibrous dysplasia, a benign fibro-osseous lesion, is a skeletal developmental anomaly of the bone forming mesenchyme that manifests as bony expansion or enlargement due to an abnormal osteoblastic and fibrous connective tissue proliferation and defective osteoblastic differentiation and maturation. Craniofacial fibrous dysplasia is a form of fibrous dysplasia affecting the cranial base, vault and the maxillofacial region to varying extents. Either of the jaws may be involved by the monostotic variety of fibrous dysplasia too. Histopathological examination of a biopsy specimen alone is inadequate to make a definitive diagnosis, but rather, correlation with the clinical features, biological behavior, radiographic appearance and intra-operative findings of these lesions is imperative, so that they can be distinguished from other fibro-osseous lesions and an appropriate treatment modality can be instituted.

SummaryObjective Endocrine diagnosis relies on a thorough history, examination and confirmatory biochemical tests. Previously, in our unit, tests were performed after new patients attended clinic. We proposed that diagnosis and management would be improved if this system was inverted. Design Clinicians and chemical pathologists reviewed available guidance and local practice to determine the key tests to confirm or refute most common endocrine disorders. A system was developed for clinicians to categorize new referrals into diagnostic groups: for example, nodular thyroid disease or possible polycystic ovarian syndrome. Standard letters were developed and sent to patients explaining the requirement for tests to be performed prior to first hospital appointment. The letters and requests for investigation sets were standardized for each diagnostic group and generated via a one-click automated method. After one year, clinical outcomes were audited and patients and staff surveyed. Results The time from referral to confirming diagnosis and starting treatment was halved: mean 11·8–5·7 weeks (P