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Filar cysts (FCs) can be detected using ultrasound before or after delivery. They usually present as anechoic structures with a clear boundary just caudal to the lower end of the conus medullaris. They are generally considered a physiological variation and do not affect health. Some studies have pointed out that FCs in children can disappear spontaneously, as identified by ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging. Three cases of FCs diagnosed by prenatal transabdominal ultrasound were reported in this study, and it was observed that FCs could disappear spontaneously in utero. The shortest time of disappearance was 4 weeks.

A B S T R A C T Introduction: IPSS is the gold standard in measuring clinical symptoms of BPH. 1 Prostate volume has been said to have a close relationship with the development of BPH. 9 The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between prostate volume as measured by transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS) and transrectal (TRUS) to the degree of IPSS. Methods: An analytic observational study with a cross sectional design was carried out on 303 BPH patients at the General Hospital of Kariadi Hospital, Semarang. The data obtained from the TAUS, TRUS and IPSS prostate volume were obtained from medical records for the period 2015 - 2020. The data were then analyzed by using the chi square test. Results: Patients with BPH have a TAUS prostate volume in classification I of 0 people 0%, classification II of 16 people (5.3%), classification III of 96 people (31.7%), classification IV of 102 people (33.7%) and classification V of 89 people (29.4%). While TRUS in classification I was 0% (0 people), classification II was 11 people (3.6%), classification III was 92 people (30.4%), classification IV was 110 people (36.3%) and classification V of 90 people (29.7%). IPSS obtained severe IPSS degrees, namely 192 people (63.4%), moderate degrees of 111 people (36.6%), and mild degrees 0% (0 people). The results of the Chi Square test obtained a p-value of 0.000 (p

The effect of prostaglandin and gonadotrophins (GnRH and hCG) combined with the ram effect on the progesterone (P4) concentrations and reproductive performance of Karakul ewes was investigated during non‐breeding season. Ewes (n = 93) received a male effect and were divided into two treatment groups including GnRH ‐ hCG (hCG, n = 32), GnRH ‐ GnRH (GnRH, n = 30) and a control (n = 31) group. This study was carried out from April (hormonal injection) to October (lambing). The first doses of GnRH (4.2 μg, Buserelin) were injected at the beginning of the study in treatment groups. These ewes were treated with hCG (250 IU) or the second GnRH dose five days later. All animals received two injections (ten days apart) of 150 μg PGF2α five days after the hCG or the second GnRH injection. Mating was initiated two days after the second prostaglandin injection and lasted for 34 days. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture on days −10, −5, 0 (first PGF2α injection), 17 and 30 during the study. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed through transabdominal ultrasonography on day 40 after the removing of ram. Conception rate was 93.8, 90 and 87.1% in the hCG, GnRH and control groups, respectively. Lambing rate tended to increase in the hCG group compared with the control group (87.1 versus 58.1%; p .05). In conclusion, the administration of prostaglandin and hCG in combination with the ram effect tended to decrease lambing period. In other words this protocol tended to increase lambing rate at the first cycle. Treatment with hCG or GnRH did not increase serum P4 concentrations of treated Karakul ewes during the non‐breeding season., The administration of prostaglandin and hCG in combination with the ram effect may reduce lambing period and tended to increase lambing rate at the first cycle during the non‐breeding season. Administrations of double injection of GnRH not only had no effect on the progesterone concentrations but also couldn’t improve the reproductive performance of treated ewes. Treatment with hCG or GnRH on Day 5 after the GnRH administration did not increase serum P4 concentrations of treated Karakul ewes during the non‐breeding season

Aims and Objectives: To compare the ultrasonographic findings of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with that of cytopathology to asses the diagnostic validity of transabdominal ultrasonography (USG). Settings and Design: Cross-sectional study in Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of radiology and imaging of Sir Salimullah Medical College and Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, during July, Dhaka, during July 2009–March 2011 to evaluate the transabdominal USG in the detection of HCC and its validity by determining sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values. For this purpose, a total of fifty patients were enrolled in the study. Cytopathology was done in all these patients. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analyses of the results were obtained using window-based computer software devised with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-13) (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The analysis of the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy was done using online OpenEpi, Version 3, an open-source calculator. Results: The current study found that the mean age of patients was 49.14 ± 13.79 years, ranging from 20 to 79 years. The USG detected HCC in 31 (62%) cases, of which 27 (87.1%) were cytopathologically proven. USG diagnosed 19 (38%) cases as lesions other than HCC, of which 4 (21.1%) cases were diagnosed as HCC cytopathologically (false negative). The rest of the 15 (78.9%) cases were diagnosed as other lesions including metastasis, by both USG and cytopathologically (true negative). The validity of USG was studied by calculating sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV, which were 87.1%, 78.95%, 87.1%, 78.95%, and 84%, respectively. Conclusions: In this study, the USG findings and the validity tests were found almost identical as observed by other investigators compared with cytopathological findings. Hence, it can be concluded that the USG is a useful diagnostic modality in the diagnosis of HCC.

Objective The aim: To study the possibilities of ultrasound in adhesive ileus obstruction diagnosis and indications for surgical treatment determination. Patients and methods Materials and methods: The results of diagnosis and treatment of 60 patients with acute adhesive intestinal obstruction with comparative use of X-ray and ultrasound methods were analyzed. Results Results: The use of a standard X-ray examination of the abdominal organs upon admission to the hospital allowed the diagnosis of acute adhesions of small bowel obstruction in only 32 (53.3%) patients. Transabdominal ultrasonography allowed the establishment of adhesive ileus during hospitalization in 53 (88.3%) patients and also in 7 (11.7%) during a dynamic examination 2-3 hours after admission. Due to the lack of positive effect from the conducted conservative therapy relying on the data of ultrasound studies, 33 (55%) patients were operated on. During X-ray examination, only 10 (30.3%) of these patients demonstrated negative X-ray dynamics, and with an ultrasound study, deterioration of echo pictures was observed in all 33 (100%) patients. Conclusion Conclusions: Compared with the X-ray method, transabdominal ultrasonography is established to be safe, affordable, simpler, non-invasive and highly informative method for the study of acute adhesions of the small intestinal obstruction. The method allows the assessment of the ongoing conservative therapy dynamics and determination for surgical treatment indications.

Detection rates of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) have increased, resulting in greater requirements for regular monitoring using imaging modalities. We aimed to evaluate the capability of ultrasonography (US) for morphological characterization of PCLs as a reference standard using endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS). A retrospective analysis was conducted of 102 PCLs from 92 patients who underwent US immediately prior to EUS between January 2014 and May 2017. The intermodality reliability and agreement of the PCL morphologic findings of the two techniques were analyzed and compared using the intraclass correlation coefficient and κ values. The success rates of US for delineating PCLs in the head, body, and tail of the pancreas were 77.8%, 91.8%, and 70.6%, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient for US and the corresponding EUS lesion size showed very good reliability (0.978, p &lt, 0.001). The κ value between modalities was 0.882 for pancreatic duct dilation, indicating good agreement. The κ values for solid components and cystic wall and septal thickening were 0.481 and 0.395, respectively, indicating moderate agreement. US may be useful for monitoring PCL growth and changes in pancreatic duct dilation, but it has limited use in the diagnosis and surveillance of mural nodules or cystic wall thickness changes.

Purpose Although computed tomography (CT) has been the standard modality for diagnosing lymph node metastasis (LNM), transabdominal ultrasonography (US) can be useful due to its high spatial resolution and use of Doppler signals to precisely analyze lymph nodes. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of US for lymph node assessment, establish US-based diagnostic criteria for LNM, and compare the capability of US with CT for the diagnosis of LNM. Methods This retrospective, single-institution, cohort study included patients who underwent radical surgery for clinical stage 0–III colon cancer, between March 2012 and February 2019. Results Overall, 34.9% (66/189) of patients had pathological LNM. The optimal US diagnostic criteria were (1) short axis ≥ 7 mm and short/long ratio ≥ 0.75 and (2) at least two of the following: the absence of hilar echoes, expansive appearance, or peripheral/mixed vascularity vascularity by the color Doppler and/or contrast-enhanced method. US showed a higher diagnostic sensitivity (54.5% vs. 43.9%; P = 0.296), higher concordance with the number of pathological LNM (correlation coefficient: US, 0.42; CT, 0.27) and pathological N diagnosis (weighted κ: US, 0.35; CT, 0.18), and higher sensitivity for advanced LNM, including multiple LNMs (47.4% vs 18.4%; P = 0.014) and N2 stage (27.8% vs 5.6%; P = 0.177), than CT. Conclusions US has higher sensitivity than CT for diagnosing LNM in colon cancer, along with a more accurate preoperative diagnosis of the N stage. Thus, US may be more helpful than CT for preoperatively deciding the appropriateness of neoadjuvant treatment in patients with colon cancer with advanced LNM.

Bu araştırmada Karayaka Koyunlarında (n=126 baş) gebeliğin 50. gününde B-Mod Real Time 3,5 MHz lineer transabdominal problu ultrasonografi cihazı ile gebelik ve yavru sayısının tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Ayrıca koyun yaşı ve gebeliğin 50. günü vücut kondisyon puanı ile yavru doğum ağırlığı arasında ilişki belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Ultrasonografi cihazı ile elde edilen bulgular kuzulama kayıtlarıyla karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu araştırmada ultrasonografi cihazı ile muayenenin doğruluk oranı %84, duyarlılık oranı %93 bulunmuştur. Koyunların gebeliğin 50. gününde ortalama vücut kondisyon puanları ile yavruların doğum ağırlığı arasındaki korelasyon katsayısı 0,234 olarak hesaplanmış ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Koyun yaşı ile gebeliğin 50. gününde vücut kondisyon puanı arasında önemli ilişki olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) are incidental findings that are being increasingly identified because of recent advancements in abdominal imaging technologies. PCLs include different entities, with each of them having a peculiar biological behavior, and they range from benign to premalignant or malignant neoplasms. Therefore, accurate diagnosis is important to determine the best treatment strategy. As transabdominal ultrasonography (US) is noninvasive, inexpensive, and widely available, it is considered to be the most appropriate imaging modality for the initial evaluation of abdominal diseases, including PCLs, and for follow-up assessment. We present a review of the possibilities and limits of US in the diagnosis of PCLs, the technical development of US, and the ultrasonographic characteristics of PCLs.

Background and aim Transabdominal ultrasonography (US) examination for the intestine is often difficult, and its precedence for intestinal examination depends on accessibility to experienced ultrasonographers. Real-time virtual sonography (RVS) assists examination of US as a fusion method by synchronizing US images with pre-captured computed tomography or magnetic resonance images. We aimed to evaluate the feasibility to use RVS for the examination of the intestine. Methods The time to scan three parts of the intestine was compared between conventional US and RVS in seven participants without intestinal diseases. Whether RVS accurately synchronized US images with reference images of intestinal target lesions was judged in 20 patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Results Examination time to scan the ascending colon and the ileocecum using intestinal RVS was significantly shorter than that using conventional US alone (36.7 vs 50.0 s [P = 0.0313] and 35.4 vs 66.4 s [P = 0.0156], respectively) in participants without intestinal diseases. Well-synchronized US images of the intestinal lesions, such as stenosis, with reference computed tomography/magnetic resonance images were obtained by RVS in all the lesions in the fixed parts of the colon (ascending and descending colon), and images of nine lesions in 12 lesions (75%) were well synchronized in the unfixed part of the intestine in Crohn's disease patients. Conclusion Real-time virtual sonography significantly reduced the examination time of intestinal US. Intestinal RVS can help the ultrasonographer to guide the US probe to detect and monitor intestinal lesions by synchronizing reference images, especially in inflammatory bowel disease patients (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry number: UMIN000011571).

Introduction: The Post Void Residual Urine volume (PVRU) is frequently significant in patients with bladder outflow obstruction; especially in patients with enlarged prostate and prostatism. The PVRU forms an important part of radiological investigation. Accurate measurement of the residual urine volume changes observed serially over a period of time may indicate clinical progress. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-void bladder volume on PVRU measurements. Methods: A prospective study was conducted to determine the accuracy of PVRU measurement in patient presenting with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). 50 patients with LUTS were assessed ultrasonographically for pre void and post void bladder volumes during the study period of March 2017 till August 2017. PVRU measurements done in patients with bladder filling sensation at moderate to full capacity resulted in high estimations of PVRU which was quite significant in this study. Results: There was significant difference in the estimated PVRU between patients having high initial premicturitional volume (546±144 ml) than those with lower or moderate filling volume (261±58 ml) with mean of 173 ml and 35 ml respectively. The difference in estimated PVRU was highly significant with p value of < 0.0001. Conclusions: Measurement of pre void urinary bladder volume with an uncomfortably full bladder results in high post micturitional (PMRU) values even in most patients without lower urinary tract symptoms which may be false-positive. We advise that initial or pre-void urine volume be measured when the patient has initial or moderate feeling of bladder fullness.

Introduction: Ultrasound study of locally advanced gastric cancer that has spread to adjoining tissue and lymph nodes. This tumor can be associated with T2 to T4 stages of cancer. A “Locally advanced gastric cancer” is a tumor, which may be categorized as ‘resectable’ cancer when compared with M1 advanced cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the Capabilities of transabdominal ultrasonography in assessment of structures and functional disorders of the locally advanced gastric cancer of diverse localization Materials and Methods: A total of61 patients with locally advanced gastric cancer were analyzed of which 36 (59,0%) were males (mean age 62.7 years) and 25 (41,0%) were females (mean age 59.3 years). All patients were managed surgically and underwent preoperative X-ray, virtual gastroscopy techniques, multidetector computed tomography and transabdominal ultrasonography (USG). Histopathology results found, in 58 (95,1%) cases adenocarcinoma, in 3 (4,9%) – ring-cell carcinoma (cricoidal) gastric cancer was established. Stage T2 was diagnosed in 16 (26.2%) cases, T3 - in 41 (67.2%) cases, T4 - in 4 (6.6%) cases. The stomach tumor in 29 (47.5%) cases was localized mainly in the antrum, 27 (44.3%) – in the body, 5 (8.2%) in the cardia and fundus (Table 1). In 24 (39,3%) cases, pyloric stenos was diagnosed - of which in 6 (9,8%) it was compensated, in 18 (29,5%) - sub compensated. All patients underwent preoperative X-ray, virtual gastroscopy techniques, multidetector computed tomography and transabdominal ultrasonography (USG). Normal ultrasound features were observed in 35 patients without gastric pathology. Ultrasonography was carried out with the convex and micro convex transducers in the frequency range of 2-5 MHz and 4-7 MHz respectively in B and color Doppler modes. Results: The polypoid type of gastric cancer was detected in 3 (4,9±2,8%) cases, the ulcerative type – in 18 (29,5±5,8%), the infiltrative ulcerative type – in 27 (44,3±6,4%) and the diffuse infiltrative type – in 13 (21,3%±5,2%) cases respectively. In 24 (39,3%) cases, pyloric stenos was diagnosed - of which in 6 (9,8%) it was compensated, in 18 (29,5%) – sub compensated. The layers of the gastric wall were not differentiated in all patients with sub compensated pyloric stenos. The gastric wall thickness of the affected area was 10,2±2,9mm in the case compensated pyloric stenosis, the length was 27,1±6,2mm, the diameter of the pylorus was 8,3±0,8mm. Among patients with sub compensated pyloric stenos, the thickness of the gastric wall was 19,8±4,1mm, the length was 43,6±4,5mm, the pyloric diameter was 4,3±1,1mm. Among the 61 patients studied, pathological vascularization was detected in 42 (68.8%) cases. It was observed that, all 4 (6.5%) patients with gastric cancer were stage T4 and 38 (62.3%) were stage T3. Vascularization was weak in 13 cases, in 24 cases - moderate, and in 5 cases - enhanced. Metastases to the regional lymph nodes were diagnosed in 52 cases. Ultrasonographically, they were detected only in 37 (71.2%) cases. Conclusions: In the diagnosis of locally advanced gastric cancer, ultrasonography demonstrates good capabilities for determining the extent and depth of the affected area. Color doppler mode allows the study of vascularisation of a locally thickened area, as well as nearby enlarged lymph nodes, which is very important to ascertain the degree of malignancy of the hyperplastic process. ltrasonography can independently determine the degree of pyloric stenosis in patients with distal gastric cancer.

Objectives Transabdominal ultrasonography (US) has been reported as a useful tool for evaluating Crohn's disease (CD) activity. Endoscopic findings and Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) are currently considered the gold standard for assessing CD activity. We assessed the correlation between US and double-balloon endoscopy (DBE), and CDAI for evaluating CD activity. Methods We analyzed patients with CD undergoing US and DBE within 10 days between the procedures. The intestine was divided into four segments and analyzed by the US scoring system (US-CD) and the simple endoscopic score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD). CDAI was compared with US-CD and SES-CD. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Results Twenty-five patients with CD (11 women, 14 men; mean age 35.4 +/- 14.9 years, range 16-65 years) were enrolled. Twenty-four patients received antitumor necrosis factor inhibitor therapy. CDAI was 128.1 (range 36-227). A significant moderate correlation was found between the US-CD and SES-CD in all segments (rho = .64, P < .01). The US-CD showed a strong correlation with CDAI (rho = .78, P < .01), whereas the SES-CD showed a moderate correlation (rho = .55, P < .05). Conclusions US-CD and SES-CD showed a moderate correlation for assessing CD activity. US-CD showed a stronger correlation with CDAI than SES-CD, suggesting that US could more accurately evaluate the disease activity.

Background: Transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) is a non-invasive method that can be performed repeatedly. Although the usefulness of TUS in ulcerative colitis (UC) has been reported, no well-established data exist yet. This study aimed to determine the usefulness of TUS, compared with colonoscopy (CS), in detecting the presence of mucosal inflammation in each segment of the colon among patients with UC. Methods: Eighty UC patients who underwent US within 14 days after CS were retrospectively registered. We divided the colon into five segments and measured the bowel wall thickness (BWT) using TUS. The results were then compared with the Mayo endoscopic subscore classification (MES) in order to determine their accuracy.Result: We evaluated a total of 268 lesions for each segment among 80 UC patients. The proportion of BWT decreased with an increase in the MES of each segment (p < 0.0001, Cochran-Armitage trend test). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of positive BMT (BWT >2 mm) for detecting mucosal inflammation (MES >0) of each segment were 0.85-1.00, 0.78-0.93, and 0.87-0.98, respectively. Conclusion: This study concluded that TUS was a useful method for detecting the presence or absence of inflammation sites among UC patients due to its high accuracy when BMT >2 mm was considered as a positive finding. This non-invasive method may help control the disease activity of UC.

Study Objective To assess the sensitivity and accuracy of combined transvaginal/ transabdominal ultrasonography (TV/TA US) for evaluation of deep infiltrating bowel endometriosis nodules measured after surgery. Design Prospective study (Canadian Task Force classification II.1). Setting A center for advanced endoscopic gynecologic surgery. Patients All women undergoing laparoscopic surgery and scheduled for segmental resection for clinically suspected bowel endometriosis between January 2014 and December 2016. Interventions In all women with clinically suspected bowel endometriosis, a US scan was performed before surgery to detect and measure the 3 diameters of bowel endometriotic lesions: longitudinal, anteroposterior, and transverse. These diameters were compared with those obtained by direct measurement on a fresh specimen. The sensitivity and specificity values of US evaluation were calculated, with 95% confidence intervals. Measurements and Main Results The sensitivity and specificity of TV/TA US in the 328 patients of this study were 100% when rectal endometriotic lesions were investigated. The specificity was 100%, whereas the sensitivity decreased to 91.4% when sigmoid lesions were investigated. Bowel muscularis infiltration was histologically confirmed in all cases in which endometriotic lesions were detected by US (284 of 284; 100%). All missed sigmoid lesions (12 of 296) were located >25 cm from the anal verge. The mean diameters of endometriotic nodules calculated by US evaluation and by direct measurement on the fresh specimen were 43.19 × 19.87 × 10.79 mm and 42.76 × 19.64 × 10.62 mm, respectively, with no statistically significant differences between the 2 methods. Conclusion We believe that US can be considered an accurate diagnostic technique for the evaluation of deep infiltrating bowel endometriosis when performed by a dedicated experienced sonographer in a specialized center.

Objective: To compare high-frequency transabdominal ultrasonography (USG) and spiral computed tomography (CT) with colonoscopy in diagnosis of colon cancer. Design: A prospective comparative study of accuracy of USG and CT scan with colonoscopy. Subjects: Sixty patients with a clinical suspicion of colon cancer after a detailed clinical history and a thorough clinical examination were included. Patients with a known diagnosis of colon cancer or in whom histopathological diagnosis could not be established were excluded. Methods: All 60 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria underwent transabdominal USG, CT scan-abdomen & pelvis, followed by colonoscopy. The CT and USG scans were reported by different radiologists without previous knowledge of any findingsof the other test or of the subsequent colonoscopy. The colonoscopy was performed by different clinicians, none of whom was aware of the USG or CT diagnosis. Result: Colonoscopy diagnosed 29 patients with colon cancer out of 60 enrolled patients. USG detected colon cancer in all the 29 patients with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87.1%. CT scan diagnosed colon cancer in all the 29 patients with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 74.2%. Conclusions: Colonoscopy is still necessary when a suspicious lesion is identified. However, CT and USG can screen out suspected patients who can be subsequently referred for colonoscopy. This would reduce the need for colonoscopy in a large proportion of clinically suspected patients andalso avoidan invasive procedure like colonoscopy as first line investigation in elderly patients suspected of having colonic cancer.

BACKGROUND The vagina and endometrium show varying thickness in response to sex steroids. The vaginal wall layers have oestrogen receptors. This study uses technique described by Balica A. et al. The aim is to compute the two parameters, VMT and VWT in different age groups using transabdominal ultrasonography. Oestrogen regulates growth and function of the vaginal layers, demonstrated in laboratory animal studies. Only few articles describe these parameters. The aim of the study is to compute the two parameters, VMT and VWT using transabdominal Ultrasonography in pubertal, reproductive age group and perimenopausal women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transabdominal Ultrasonography was done in 200 patients over four months study period. Total Vaginal Wall Thickness (VWT) and Vaginal Mucosal Thickness (VMT) were measured. RESULTS Of 200 subjects, 14% were in pubertal age group. 58% patients were of the reproductive middle age group (19-45 years) and 28% were of the perimenopausal group (>45 years). Average total VMT measured 0.1024cm for the pubertal group, 0.2991cm for the reproductive group and 0.1205 cm in perimenopausal group, while VWT measures 0.6555 cm, 1.2814 cm and 0.7098 cm for the above groups respectively. CONCLUSION Study showed maximum vaginal wall parameters in adult reproductive age group and minimum values in perimenopausal age group. The sexually active group showed highest parameters. Thus, it is imperative to establish standard values based on the sexual activity, and thus, help in medico-legal evaluation of sexually traumatised females.

OBJECTIVE To describe clinical features and outcome of horses with severe large intestinal thickening diagnosed with transabdominal ultrasonography. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS 25 horses. PROCEDURES Medical records of horses that underwent transabdominal ultrasonography between 2003 and 2010 were reviewed. Horses were included if the wall of the large intestine was ≥ 9 mm thick in any of 6 abdominal zones. RESULTS Median age was 13 years (range, 3 to 28 years). Horses were initially examined because of colic, diarrhea, inappetence, weight loss, lethargy, fever, or hematuria. Severe large intestinal thickening (range, 9 to 46.6 mm; mean ± SD, 18.8 ± 6.8 mm) was the primary ultrasonographic finding in all horses. Thickened large intestine was more likely to be detected in ventral versus upper (ie, combined paralumbar and intercostal) abdominal zones and in right versus left zones. Eleven horses survived and had resolution of clinical signs, including the l horse treated surgically for colon torsion. An additional horse survived but continued to have intermittent colic. Ten horses were euthanized or died, including 3 horses with neoplasia and 3 with colitis. Three horses were lost to follow-up, including 1 horse with a cecal mass and 1 with hepatosplenic lymphoma. Severity of thickening and number of zones affected were not significantly different between survivors and nonsurvivors. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that in horses undergoing transabdominal ultrasonography, large intestinal wall thickness ≥ 9 mm may be detected in patients with a variety of conditions. Ultrasonographic examination of all abdominal zones was helpful to determine the extent of thickening and identify additional findings that helped prioritize differential diagnoses.

Objective To investigate the correlation between bladder wall thickness (BWT) measured by ultrasonography and lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Methods Forty-eight women with LUTS who underwent urodynamic study and BWT by ultrasonography as outpatients were studied. We assessed LUTS during a medical examination by interview. The thinnest part of the bladder wall was measured by a transabdominal ultrasonography. We excluded patients who had visited another hospital previously because we did not know what treatment they had received, including medications, behavioral therapy, or other treatments. We constructed receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for diagnosis of LUTD and also determined reliable BWT criteria by calculating the area under the curve. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov method and Student's t-test. Results The mean age, body mass index, and duration of symptoms were 59.9±9.7 years, 26.06±3.4 kg/m2, and 53.4±38.2 months, respectively. Urodynamic study parameters (Valsalva leak point pressure, maximal urethral closure pressure, functional length, and postvoid residual volume) were lower in patients with BWT

Purpose: Advanced radiotherapy techniques have emphasized on the importance of accurate target volume localization and delineation. The aim of this study was to determine time taken to achieve moderate bladder volume under physiological conditions, using transabdominal ultrasound. Materials and Methods: Patients with cervical cancer undergoing radical radiation with or without concomitant chemotherapy underwent serial ultrasound to estimate bladder filling. With a strict bladder protocol of consuming 1000 mL of water orally over 30 minutes after emptying the bladder, ultrasound was done after 45 minutes from bladder emptying time and repeated at 15-minute interval till 300 (25) mL filling was achieved and repeated every week. Results: Forty-six patients with weekly ultrasound for bladder-filling documentation were evaluated. The mean (standard deviation) bladder volume measured at 45 minutes was 220 (93), 210 (95), 195 (91), 195 (96), and 190 (85) mL (average: 200; median: 195 mL) for the first to fifth week, respectively, and the mean (standard deviation) volume at 75 minutes was 300 (95), 310 (80), 290 (80), 295 (80), and 285 (70) mL (average: 295; median: 300 mL). The mean (standard deviation) time for bladder filling to 300 mL in the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth week was 57 ( 13.5), 67 (16.6), 66 (16.7), 66 (15.5), and 69 (17.1) minutes, respectively. Conclusion: Bladder filling to a definitive moderate volume at a reasonably fixed time period in each week of radiation is well tolerated, feasible, and measurable by weekly transabdominal ultrasound measurements.

Background Although endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography are generally used to diagnose the depth of gastric tumor invasion, endoscopy is invasive and frequently results in patient discomfort. Transabdominal ultrasonography (TUS) is noninvasive and may be useful in determining this depth. We investigated the usefulness of TUS in determining the depth of tumor invasion in patients with gastric cancer. Methods This retrospective study included 190 patients with gastric cancer and 200 lesions who underwent curative resection at the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Tottori University Hospital from July 2007 to July 2015. The results of conventional diagnostic imaging and TUS were compared with those of pathological analysis obtained after surgery. Furthermore, the ruptured form of the third layer on TUS imaging was reviewed and investigated to differentiate between the SM2 and MP lesions. Results The accuracy of TUS was similar to that of conventional diagnostic imaging for all depths of tumor invasion. Eight lesions could not be assessed by TUS, including four that could not be identified and four in which TUS was unable to diagnose the depth. In cases where the ruptured form of the third layer could be determined in MP lesions, the forms were observed toward the inside of the gastric lumen. Conclusion The results of this study suggested that the accuracy of TUS was equivalent to that of conventional diagnostic imaging in determining the depth of tumor invasion. TUS assessment criteria may be useful to classify this depth. Furthermore, the ruptured form of the third layer is believed to be important in distinguishing between early and advanced gastric cancer.

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate and compare the accuracy of transabdominal ultrasonography and pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) assay in the diagnosis of twin pregnancies in ewes and to evaluate the utility of the PAG assay for predicting fetal gender in singleton pregnancies. The animals in the study consisted of 179 pregnant ewes. The number of fetuses in the ewe was determined using transabdominal ultrasonography between days 40 and 60 (on days 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60). Blood samples were collected from all the ewes on the same day to determine the PAG concentrations. The results found were highly sensitive for the detection of twin pregnancies by transabdominal ultrasonography. The accuracy of transabdominal ultrasonography in detecting twin pregnancies was found to be higher on day 60 than on other days (P < 0.05). The sensitivities of PAG assay in detecting twin pregnancies on days 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 were 91.67%, 66.67%, 81.82%, 88.89%, and 33.33%, respectively. The accuracies of the PAG assay in detecting twin pregnancies on days 40, 45, and 50 were found to be statistically significant higher than other days (P < 0.05). The PAG assay had low sensitivity and specificity for predicting fetal gender. It was concluded that twin pregnancies in ewes can be diagnosed with high accuracy using transabdominal ultrasonography on day 60 of pregnancy and as well as using the PAG assay during the early days of pregnancy (on days 40, 45, and 50). The PAG assay is not useful for predicting fetal gender.

Objective: Ultrasonography remains the initial imaging modality in the management of biliary disease. This study is designed to evaluate the accuracy of transabdominal ultrasonography in diagnosing biliary pathology in patients with choledocholithiasis. Methods: This was a retrospective study of a continuous sample of patients over a period of 3 years ending in January 2016; these patients were referred for endoscopic management of choledocholithiasis to a tertiary care hospital in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Ultrasound reporting was carried out by different consultant radiologists at both the index and the referring hospitals. The findings of endoscopic retrograde cholangiograms were compared with the ultrasound scan (USS) results. Results: A total of 247 patients were included in the study. USS was 97.4% accurate in detecting intrahepatic duct dilatation (IHDD). Stone counts and the location of stone(s) in the USSs correlated strongly with the number of stones delivered during endoscopic removal and their location in cholangiograms (P < 0.001). The difference in mean diameter of the common bile duct (CBD) of patients with choledochal cysts (CCs) (18.57 mm) and of patients without them (12.39 mm) is statistically significant (P < 0.001). At 14.5 mm, the negative predictive value for a CC is 99.02%. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a reliable tool in predicting IHDD, stone count, and the location of stones in the biliary tree, particularly in a resource-poor setting. A CBD diameter of 14.5 mm in transabdominal ultrasound scan can be used as a cutoff for predicting extrahepatic CC.

Owing to the development and improvement of growing number of conservative surgeries like laparoscopic surgery, the ultimate diagnosis of an ovarian mass is considered to be an important mission in gynecologic practice. The degree of suspicion for malignancy in a given mass is based largely on imaging appearance. Suspicious ovarian masses should be evaluated preoperatively to know their nature and behavior, which in turn persuade the choice of type of surgery. Evaluation of the suspicious ovarian mass should include clinical evaluation and imaging techniques. The aim of this study is to compare the diagnostic value of transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS) and computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of suspicious ovarian masses The 50 female patients referred to the Department of Radiology in the Narayan Medical College and Hospital fromJan 2018 to July 2018 was enrolled in the present study. The enrolled females were identified with the ovarian cysts. The females underwent the trans abdominal ultrasonography (TAUS) and computed tomography (CT). Detailed history of allergy and renal function tests were taken before doing CT scan and if there was history of allergy then non-ionic contrast was used. Site, size, papillary projections, wall characteristics, capsular infiltrations, the presence of solid areas inside the mass and presence of as cites were recorded both by US and CT scan. The results of present study suggest that in diagnosing and determining the benign or malignant potential of an ovarian mass, both USG and CT have concordant roles. CT is more sensitive in determining the malignant lesions, USG is more specific and the difference between the two is statistically insignificant. Keywords: Suspicious Ovarian Cysts, trans abdominal ultrasonography (TAUS) and computed tomography (CT), etc.

Introduction: The uterine size is important during planning of assisted reproductive techniques and hysterectomy and there is no established normative data from the women of northern India, this study was undertaken with the objective to report the normal length, width and anteroposterior lengths of non-gravid uterus. Methodology: In a prospective observational study, conducted in Department of Anatomy in collaboration with Departments of Radiology, Obstetrics and Gynecology of King George's Medical University, Lucknow, the ultrasonographic measurements of non-gravid uterus were noted. The ultrasonography was performed on females in dorsal decubitus position having full urinary bladder. Uterine position was identified by placing the probe on suprapubic area Length and anteroposterior diameter of uterus were measured by placing the probe in longitudinal direction (sagittal plane). Length was measured from fundus to external os. The anteroposterior diameter is maximum measurement in mid sagittal plane of body of uterus. The transducer was rotated up to 90 degree to measure the transverse diameter. Transverse diameter is the maximum measurement in transverse plane across the fundus. The volume of uterus was calculated. Results: The study included transabdominal ultrasonographic measurements of 100 females of age range 19-49 years (mean age 34.06 ± 0.35 years). Mean length, transverse diameter, anteroposterior diameters and volume noted were 7.71 (±0.47) cm, 4.63 (±0.33) cm, 3.75 (±0.31) cm and 70.54 (± 9.68) cm3. Conclusion: Normative values of uterine length, width and anteroposterior diameters of one-hundred non-pregnant women of northern India reported. Accurate measurement of uterine parameters is useful in timely management of various pathologies associated with abnormal size of uterus, infertility related procedures; such as in-vitro fertilization (IVF), embryo transfer (ET) and intrauterine device insertion.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography for the cervical length assessment and to evaluate the predictive value of the transabdominal ultrasonography cervical length assessment for predicting preterm birth. A prospective cohort study was conducted. Transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography cervical length assessments were performed in 160 pregnant women between 16 and 23 + 6 weeks of gestation. Transabdominal ultrasonography cervical length assessment was positively correlated with the transvaginal ultrasonography cervical length assessment. Mean ± standard deviation of the cervical length was significantly different between transabdominal and transvaginal ultrasonography (36.4 ± 5.4 vs. 41.2 ± 5.4 mm, p

The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy of three bowel preparation regimens for transabdominal colon ultrasonography. A total of 192 consecutive patients were given one of three regimens (senna, magnesium sulfate or polyethylene glycol electrolyte powder) before ultrasonographic examinations. The cleaning grade (I = emptying; II = filled or filled + empty; III = I or II with some retention; and IV = retention [grades I and II were termed "qualified"]) and cleaning range (A = all seven colon sections were qualified; B = four to six sections were qualified; C = three or less sections were qualified) were evaluated retrospectively. Senna was found more effective than polyethylene glycol in terms of cleaning grade (p

Summary This case report is the first published description of a minimally invasive transurethral endoscopic-guided approach to repair multiple bladder tears in a standing mare. The mare was diagnosed with a ruptured bladder 48 h post-partum based on clinical signs, transabdominal ultrasonography, serum and peritoneal fluid analysis, and cystoscopy. Under sedation and epidural anaesthesia and with cystoscopic visualisation, two bladder tears were sutured using an articulating endoscopic suturing device. The device was placed transurethrally and a simple continuous pattern of 2-0 braided lactomer used to close two full-thickness tears. The surgery time was 50 min and no complications were encountered. Cystoscopy 60 days post-operatively confirmed complete healing of the tears and no evidence of urolithiasis.

Objective: The study was designed to estimate the relationship between gestational age and transabdominal ultrasonographic measurements of fetus and uterus during the 2nd and 3rd trimester of gestation in cows. Methods: Seventeen cows with confirmed conception dates were used. The cows were examined transabdominally in standing position using the 3.5 MHz convex sector transducer of real-time ultrasonography. Measurements of length and height of placentomes, distance between uterine walls, width of trunk and heart, intercostal distance and width of umbilical cord were obtained from the ultrasonographic images by using the screen caliper software. Results: Measurements at 250 d of gestation were for placentomes length (17.87 ± 2.26) and (75.92 ± 7.76) mm, height of placentomes (13.37 ± 1.12) and (36.50 ± 3.92) mm, distance between uterine walls (71.45 ± 10.68) and (144.63 ± 7.29) mm, and width of umbilical cord (7.80 ± 0.42) and (16.41 ± 0.41) mm, width of trunk (35.67 ± 7.11) and (146.50 ± 5.34) mm, width of heart (15.10 ± 5.50) and (74.57 ± 4.20) mm, and intercostal distance (3.85 ± 0.49) and (21.79 ± 0.48) mm, respectively. All the measurements were highly significantly correlated with gestational age (P

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the effect of pelvic floor exercises on pelvic floor muscle strength could be detected via ultrasonography in patients with urinary incontinence. [Subjects and Methods] Of 282 incontinent patients, 116 participated in the study and were randomly divided into a pelvic floor muscle training (n=65) group or control group (n=51). The pelvic floor muscle training group was given pelvic floor exercise training for 12 weeks. Both groups were evaluated at the beginning of the study and after 12 weeks. Abdominal ultrasonography measurements in transverse and longitudinal planes, the PERFECT scheme, perineometric evaluation, the stop test, the stress test, and the pad test were used to assess pelvic floor muscle strength in all cases. [Results] After training, the PERFECT, perineometry and transabdominal ultrasonography measurements were found to be significantly improved, and the stop test and pad test results were significantly decreased in the pelvic floor muscle training group, whereas no difference was observed in the control group. There was a positive correlation between the PERFECT force measurement scale and ultrasonography force measurement scale before and after the intervention in the control and pelvic floor muscle training groups (r=0.632 and r=0.642, respectively). [Conclusion] Ultrasonography can be used as a noninvasive method to identify the change in pelvic floor muscle strength with exercise training.

Background: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) and transadominal ultrasonography (TUS) are two imaging investigations which can be used to assess pancreatobiliary status, although both of these imaging techniques are operator and machine dependent, but they have different sensitivity and specificity in detecting pancreatobiliary diseases. Objective: To compare the diagnostic value of EUS versus TUS in the assessment of pancreatobiliary diseases. Patients and Methods: This study was conducted in KCGH (Kurdistan Center for Gastroenterology and Hepatology) in Sulaimani city. Iraqi Kurdistan; the duration of study was 14 months and conducted after approval of Iraqi board ethical committee. One hundred cases were enrolled in the study: 52 of them were females and 48 were males; their ages ranged between 16 - 90 years; informed consent was taken from all patients; all patients underwent proper clinical evaluation; TUS, EUS and Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD), and in some of them (25 patients) Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), CT scan of abdomen and laboratory investigations were done. Results: EUS detected more cases with common bile duct (CBD) dilatation, CBD stones and pancreatic space occupying lesion (SOL) than TUS, but the differences in the results were not statistically significant. Also EUS detected more cases of intra-abdominal lymph nodes (LNs) and ampullary/peri-ampullary neoplasms than TUS and the differences in the results were statistically significant. Conclusions: Eus is more sensitive than TUS in diagnosing CBD dilatation; it has higher sensitivity than TUS in suspected pancreatobiliary neoplasms; furthermore, EUS can be used for staging and resectability assessment of pancreatobiliary neoplasia.

Background: The measurement of nasal bone length (NBL) according to gestational age and setting nomogram helps to ascertain NB hypoplasia. This can be used for early detection of trisomy 21 and other chromosomal abnormalities in low risk population. The objective of the study was to obtain nomogram of fetal nasal bone length at 11-14 weeks gestation with known prognosis pregnancies. Methods: A single centre, prospective crosses sectional study. Nasal bone length of 323 choromosomal and structural normal fetuses at 11-14 weeks gestation were measured by transabdominal ultrasonography, prospectively. The correlation between nasal bone and other biometric parameters was assessed by regression analysis and average±SD of nasal bone lengths were measured. Results: Fetal NB length (NBL) was visualized and measured in 281 patients (94.29%). Mean NB length was 3.07 mm, ranged between 1.60 mm to 4.6 mm and SD was 0.534. A linear growth pattern was observed between nasal bone and fetal biometric parameters. The significant correlation were found between the nasal bone and biparietal diameter (BPD) [NBL= 2.184+0.046 x BPD (r= 0.286, p value 0.000)], femoral length (FL) [NBL= 2.234+0.095xFL (r= 0.369, p value 0.000)] and crown-rump length (CRL) [NBL= 2.205+0.014 x CRL (r= 0.291, p value 0.000)]. Prenasal thickness (PT) increased linearly with CRL and POG. [PT= 1.081+0.006 x CRL (r= 0.16, p value= 0.02) and PT= 0.430+0.08 x POG (r= 0.15, p value= 0.028)]. Conclusions: Measurement of the nasal bone length at 11-14 weeks of gestation shows a linear growth pattern according to other biometric parameters of fetuses. Nomogram of nasal bone length was performed for early detection of trisomy 21 and other chromosomal abnormalities at low risk population.

Background Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has the potential to continuously and noninvasively monitor intestinal function. This technology may be valuable because among neonates, intestinal maturity is highly variable and difficult to assess based solely on clinical signs. The aim of this study was to determine if there is an association between NIRS-based StO2 measurements and peristaltic activity assessed by transabdominal ultrasonography (US). Material/Methods Nineteen neonates of gestational age >32 weeks were categorized according to “no/low” versus “normal/hyperactive” motility levels, based on blinded US scan results. StO2 was recorded every 2 s for 24 h, following the ultrasound recording. Differences between the resulting estimates of average StO2 (bias of fits) and goodness-of-fit (residuals) were evaluated. Results Newborns with normal/hyperactive motility had higher mean StO2 than newborns with no/low motility (72.3±4.4 vs. 65.5±7.9, p

A 28-year-old woman, gravida 1 para 0, with twin gestation presents for routine anatomic survey at 20 weeks of gestation without any complaints. On transabdominal ultrasonography, the ultrasonographer notes concern for cervical funneling and proceeds to perform a transvaginal ultrasonogram, which reveals a short cervix of 18 mm.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is an important cause of vomiting in the first 6 weeks of life in a neonate. The condition is life-threatening if left untreated because vomiting can lead to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Transabdominal sonography is highly accurate in its diagnosis. We present the case of a 2-month-old male infant presented with a complaint of vomiting for 1 month which was milky (nonbilious) and used to occur after feeding. Classical sonographic findings are discussed.

Background Ileocolonoscopy is accepted as the gold standard method for the diagnosis of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, there are cases where it is inadequate due to being invasive, failure to allow endoscopic exploration of the small intestine, and failure to show the extraintestinal pathologies. In the present study, it is aimed to compare clinical, endoscopic scores and computerised tomography enterography (CTE) findings with transabdominal ultrasonography (TAUS) findings in order to evaluate the activity of CD. Methods The study included 79 patients diagnosed with CD. Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Harvey Bradshaw Index (HBI) were used for the evaluation of the clinical activities of the patients. The patients with CDAI equal to 150 and more and HBI equal to 5 points and more were assessed as clinically active. Colonoscopic disease activity was assessed by The Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn’ disease (SES-CD), SES-CD score of 3 and higher was defined as endoscopically active. In the evaluation of CTE and TAUS, the measurement of the thickness of the intestinal wall above 3 mm was accepted as pathological. Abscess, mass, fistula and ileus were evaluated as complications. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) flow velocity was assessed by Color Doppler US. Limberg score was graded from Grades 0 to 4 for Doppler TAUS. Results Of the patients, 57 (72.1%) were male and 22 (27.8%) were female. Age average of the patients was 37.5 years (17–64) and the mean duration of disease was 48.6 months (0–240 months). Increase in the wall thickness in CTE and TAUS, detection of inflammation and complication in mesenteric fatty planes were found to be highly significant (p ˂ 0.0001). Wall thickness increase sensitivity level of TAUS according to CTE was 82%, specificity level was 97%, sensitivity level of the inflammation finding in mesenteric fatty planes was measured as 80%, and specificity level as 95%. A significant correlation was found between the wall thickness increase in CTE and TAUS and inflammation in mesenteric fatty planes via CDAI, HBI and SES-CD scoring (p ˂ 0.05). In addition, there was a significant relationship between the presence of lymphadenopathy in CTE in active patients according to HBI (p ˂ 0.05). According to the CDAI and SES-CD scores, Doppler flow velocity of SMA was significantly higher in the active group than the inactive group (p ˂ 0.05). CDAI, HBI and SES-CD results were found highly significant via the Limberg Scoring results (p < 0.0001). Conclusion In the current study, it is shown that TAUS is a diagnostic tool as effective as CTE in the evaluation of CD activity. In addition, it is an important finding that the flow velocity of SMA increases as correlated with inflammation via the Doppler feature of TAUS.

This study was aimed at validating the inter-rater grading agreement for assessing disease activity in patients with established ulcerative colitis (UC) using transabdominal ultrasonography (US) versus colonoscopy (CS). Fifty-seven patients underwent US and CS at four facilities. UC disease activity was assessed using the original US grading system and CS Matts classification. Initially, the US and CS grades were assessed at each examining facility, and still images and movie clips were re-assessed at the central facility. Grading agreement between the examining and central facilities was evaluated. Grading agreement for US and CS were 0.75 and 0.72 in all segments and 0.82 and 0.70 in the maximum grade of each patient, respectively (all p < 0.001). US grading agreement was "almost perfect" for the maximum grade and "moderate" to "substantial" for other assessments. The inter-rater US grading agreement was good and not inferior to that of CS for evaluating UC disease activity. (C) 2019 World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology. All rights reserved.

BackgroundTransabdominal ultrasonography (US) has been reported to be a useful tool for evaluating ulcerative colitis (UC) although with less well-established data than for Crohn's disease. This prospective multicenter study aimed to establish the usefulness of US compared with colonoscopy (CS) for assessing disease extent and activity of UC.MethodsAltogether, 173 patients with UC were prospectively enrolled, among whom 156 were eligible for this study. All patients underwent US and CS within 2days at five facilities. We divided the colon into six segments and examined each segment and the rectum using US and CS. US severity was graded 1-4 regarding bowel wall thickness, stratification, and ulceration. CS severity was also graded 1-4 according to Matts' endoscopic classification. Concordance between US and CS grades for all colonic segments was analyzed using kappa statistics. US and CS findings were also compared with the clinical disease activity index (CAI) and histological grade using Spearman's correlation coefficient.ResultsThere was moderate concordance between US and CS grades in all colonic segments (weighted =0.55, p

The objective of this study was to predict the number of days to kidding in dairy goats by ultrasonographic measurement of three consecutive ribs and intercostal spaces or trunk diameter of fetuses. Two groups of primiparous and multiparous goats were examined by transabdominal ultrasonography. Actual kidding date was used to compute the true number of days to kidding relative to the ultrasound examination day. Linear regression models were built to predict days to kidding based on fetal measurements, parity, and number of kids. The model using the width of three consecutive ribs and intercostal spaces (n = 29 goats) showed a curvilinear relationship between days to kidding and rib distance (R2 = 0.60; P