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Central neuropathic pain (CNP) was long held to be a psychiatric condition. People with CNP as a result of spinal cord injury (SCI) were marginalized partly due to a shortened life expectancy up until the early 1950s and later because the condition was thought to be psychosomatic. In fact, evidence-based research demonstrates many peripheral and central mechanisms contribute to CNP after SCI, which is clearly not psychosomatic but spinally and supraspinally mediated by permanent somatosensory circuit changes. This chapter begins with a brief history, reviews pain terminology, describes types of neuropathic pain after SCI, considers the challenges of developing mammalian models of CNP after SCI, and then presents the pathophysiology of SCI. For the purposes of the presentation of the progression of the pathophysiology after SCI, the time line post-SCI is the following: (1) immediate, primary injury response; (2) early acute mechanisms that occur minutes to hours; (3) subacute mechanisms that occur over days and weeks; (4) chronic mechanisms that persist when the “wound healing” has subsided. Several mechanisms of CNP are discussed in the temporal progression of the pathophysiology of SCI. Incorporated into the discussions are interventions that may prove successful in treating not only CNP after SCI but also CNP from other causes. Future directions are suggested in the closing paragraphs. In conclusion, CNP after SCI is clearly not psychogenic but a product of very real pathophysiological mechanisms that offer opportunities for treatment and a life free of pain.

The paper attempts to provide an overview of the ongoing trade war between the United States and China. The major focus is to discuss the recent developments and discuss a time line of the events. It also looks at some of the other aspects that are linked with the ongoing trade war such as the Foreign Investment Law, the White Paper issues by the Chinese government discussing the trade war, and the Huawei issue.

Este artigo tem como objetivo discutir o fenômeno da desconexão em Cuba (RECIO, 2013) a partir da apresentação do cenário de desenvolvimento das tecnologias na Ilha desde o início da Revolução de 1959 (ALFONSO, 1993) até o início de 2019. Abordamos a concepção de tecnologias propriamente cubanas (PRESS, 2011; URRA, 2011), a absorção das “novas tecnologias” pela sociedade, além de apresentar uma série de táticas cubanas que foram desenvolvidas na tentativa de superar a precariedade da infraestrutura de rede no território, driblando as limitações materiais geradas pelo embargo imposto contra a Ilha pelos Estados Unidos desde o início dos anos 1960 (BRITO, 2019). Apresentamos assim, a evolução dos setores formal e informal de telecomunicações em Cuba durante a chamada Atualização do Socialismo Cubano (HABEL, 2009) e do processo de restabelecimento das relações bilaterais entre Cuba e Estados Unidos, com especial foco na polêmica aproximação do Google, considerado neste artigo um ator geopolítico dos Estados Unidos, devido as suas relações com o Departamento de Estado dos EUA durante a gestão de Barack Obama (ASSANGE, 2014). Encerramos com uma linha do tempo das ações da empresa em Cuba e uma análise de sua atuação durante os primeiros anos dos governos de Miguel Díaz-Canel e Donald Trump.

Objective: To establish a procedural sedation (PS) time line for patients in the pediatric emergency department (PED) with orthopedic injuries. Methods: Retrospective review of patients requiring PS for orthopedic injuries. Process times were collected. Ten percent of encounters were co-reviewed. Interrater reliability and descriptive statistics were calculated. Results: A total of 189 patients were included. Co-abstracted data demonstrated excellent agreement. The median time to PS and length of stay (LOS) were 214 (interquartile range [IQR]: 160-282) and 320 (IQR: 257-402) minutes, respectively. Conclusion: Patients with orthopedic injuries requiring PS experience prolonged PED visits. Interventions should target safely reducing the time to PS and LOS.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) show spatiotemporal propagation and assess the relevance of the earliest oscillations in relation to the seizure onset zone (SOZ) and postsurgical outcome. METHODS We retrospectively investigated the intracerebral electroencephalography (EEG) of patients who became seizure free after subsequent surgery. We marked HFOs during 1 hour of recordings. We calculated the time delay between pairs of channels as the median delay between their HFOs and constructed a time line of the delay of each channel with respect to the earliest channel (first source channel). A network was defined when a temporal order could be established among the channels based on the existence of statistically significant delays. RESULTS Fifteen patients with good surgical outcome were included. We found ripple networks in all patients, and fast ripple networks in 9. For ripples, first source channels were found in a higher proportion in the SOZ than the rest of the network channels (15 of 27 [56%] versus 93 of 262 [35%]; p = 0.04). For both ripples and fast ripples, first source channels were resected more often that the rest of the network channels (ripples: 13 of 27 [48%] versus 65 of 262 [25%]; p = 0.01; fast ripples: 8 of 9 [89%] versus 17 of 40 [43%]; p = 0.002); channels with the highest rates of ripples and fast ripples were resected in a similar proportion. INTERPRETATION These results demonstrate that interictal HFOs are organized in networks and indicate a possible need for the resection of first source channels. However, resecting them is not superior to resecting channels with highest rates of HFOs. Ann Neurol 2019;85:485-494.

Guselkumab is an IL-23 inhibitor that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23 that is highly efficacious and well tolerated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. We report a 20-year-old male who developed sensorimotor axonal polyneuropathy starting treatment with guselkumab, confirmed by neurological examination and serial neurophysiologic studies. His symptoms improved within 5 months of stopping the treatment. The neurophysiologic studies also showed improvement but with continued neuropathy and re-innervation changes on electromyography after about 10 months of stopping treatment. The time line of symptoms and a positive de-challenge are strong but not definitive evidence of guselkumab as a cause.

Since 2011, considerable amounts of Sargassum algae regularly end up on beaches in the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean, and in the French overseas departments. We report observations of two bilateral keratoconjunctivitis associated with important functional symptomatology. There was a conjunctival hyperemia and superficial punctate keratitis. The ocular impairment would repeat at every algae ashore landing. Clinical examination, history, and time line of symptomatology onset allowed us to eliminate the classic etiologies of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis and to suggest an irritant toxic origin tied to hydrogen sulfide. This is the first description of ocular impairment tied to Sargassum algae decomposition. Their decomposition, through H2S emission, can be at the origin of bilateral keratoconjunctivitis. Ocular impairment is often at the forefront of complaints made by individuals exposed to H2S.

Background - Trials of acupuncture in the West began before textbooks about acupuncture were generally available. This placed trials at risk of possible faulty assumptions about the practice of acupuncture and adoption of problematic research assumptions and methods. Further, this lack of information has had an influence on the theories of developing a valid and reliable sham control treatment in clinical trials of acupuncture. This commentary explores these issues. Methods - Literature review focussing on the time line of developments in the field, developments of sham interventions and use thereof and knowledge of physiological effects of needling. Results - Early trials demonstrated a lack of knowledge about acupuncture. As the methodology of trials improved, new sham treatment methods were developed and adopted; however, the sham treatment methods were implemented without physiological studies exploring their potential physiological effects and without examining the broader practice of acupuncture internationally. Conclusions - Mistaken assumptions about the practice of acupuncture reinforced by paucity of physiological investigations are factors that led to use of inappropriate sham interventions for acupuncture trials. These not only lead to confusing or misleading trial results, they, as far as we can see underestimate the effects of acupuncture leading to bias against acupuncture. There are significant problems with sham interventions and how they are applied in trials of acupuncture. Further research is needed to explore the effects of this both for future trials and for interpreting existing evidence.

La contabilidad financiera se encuentra soportada en el concepto básico de la estructuración financiera, el cual sugiere que durante una línea de tiempo y un rendimiento esperado se recupera una inversión inicial y los rendimientos, cuyos resultados se enmarcan en una lógica de maximización. Este libro es producto del esfuerzo para establecer elementos y herramientas de apoyo académico que le permitan al estudiante no solo concretar conceptos, sino contextualizarlos, basados en la lógica que establece la actual base de contabilidad financiera. Esperamos contribuya no solo con el quehacer académico contable, sino que trascienda como guía aplicada en las compañías donde nuestros egresados cumplen la misión institucional de ser integrales y generadores de conocimiento y cultura, en una perspectiva crítica e innovadora.

Context In 2017, Veterans Health Administration (VHA) National Center for Ethics in Health Care began system-wide implementation of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Initiative (LSTDI). The LSTDI is a national VHA policy and practice to promote conducting goals of care conversations and documenting veterans' preferences for life-sustaining treatments (LSTs). Objectives The aim of this article is to describe facilitators and barriers to early implementation of the LSTDI within one VHA Veterans Integrated Service Network. Methods From September 2016 to December 2018, we conducted site visits and semistructured phone interviews with implementation coordinators who championed the LSTDI rollout at seven VHA medical centers. We applied the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to assess facilitators and barriers to implementing the LSTDI and assigning interview data to specific CFIR constructs and CFIR valence ratings. We simultaneously benchmarked VHA medical centers' implementation progress as outlined by the National Center for Ethics in Health Care implementation guidebook. Results We divided sites into three descriptive groups based on implementation progress: successfully implemented (n = 2); moving forward, but delayed (n = 3); and implementation stalled (n = 2). Five CFIR constructs emerged as facilitators or barriers to implementation of the LSTDI: 1) self-efficacy of implementation coordinators; 2) leadership engagement; 3) compatibility with pre-existing workflows; 4) available resources; and 5) overall implementation climate. Conclusion Although self-efficacy proved key to overcoming obstacles, degree of perceived workflow compatibility of the LSTDI policy, available resources, and leadership engagement must be adequate for successful implementation within the implementation time line. Without these components, successful implementation was hindered or delayed.

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Studies indicate that tobacco use among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) community members is consistently higher than the general population. The Last Drag is a tobacco cessation program developed and implemented in 1991 in San Francisco, California, that has shown promise in assisting LGBTQ members with tobacco cessation. This article describes the practical challenges of adapting The Last Drag to be implemented in a southcentral Texas community. Primary challenges included short time line to expected implementation, issues with culturally insensitive language, and barriers to participant recruitment. Acknowledging and overcoming these challenges can assist public health educators who are addressing tobacco cessation in LGBTQ populations.

The use of performance enhancing drugs (PED?s) is prevalent amongst professional cyclists. Over the past 100 years, the use there-off went through different evolutionary periods. The products (PED?s) evolved since the 1900?s. During the early 1900?s products like tobacco and alcohol were used. Fifty years later, after WWII, amphetamines (developed during the WWII period) was the product of choice. Since the late 1980?s another product evolution took place. Erythropoietin (EPO) a product designed for cancer patients started surfacing amongst cyclists. Ironically this product have one primary negative side effect ? sudden death. However, this did not curtail or stop the use. Positive effects were and are massive in terms of athlete performance. This paper look at the historical time line of the use of PED?s. The use there-off as well as the various effects it had and have on cyclists. Marketing (push strategy) did and do not drive this phenomena. Based on its ?submerged or underground? nature of products and its use, a ?pull strategy? seem to be the chosen marketing channel application. Intermediaries does not fir the accepted marketing profile. Rather medical qualified individuals seem to become links in these distribution channels. A qualitative literature empirical approach was used. Literature was scrutinised based on a convenient and purposive nature. Because of the sensitive and ethical nature of this paper, a pure qualitative interview approach was disregarded. The aim of this paper was to structure the historical time line as well as the evolution of these products.The findings, although sensitive, is two-fold in nature. These recommended suggestions are highly speculative and should be treated as alternative suggestions to the current situation.

The objective of this article is to define a cockpit interface for the guidance of several unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) in Manned-Unmanned Teaming (MUM-T) missions. Besides his flying tasks, the pilot is responsible for the management of the UAVs in such scenarios. Based on a work system analysis the system participants and two modes of automation, delegation and assistance, were derived. For the delegation we define which types of tasks exist, how they can be selected, parameterized and delegated on a time line. Subsequently, we present the cooperation of the system in case of missing tasks, conflicts and suboptimal plans, as well as their visualization on the time line. The presented concepts are fully implemented on the IFS Jet Simulator and will be validated experimentally with pilots of the German Air Force at the end of the year.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Aufgrund des demografischen Wandels ist mit einer steigenden Zahl an Koxarthrosefällen zu rechnen mit entsprechenden Auswirkungen auf das Gesundheitssystem. Ziel der Studie war es, konkretisierte Aussagen zur Versorgungsrealität von Koxarthrosepatienten, inklusive ihrer ambulanten Versorgung und Endoprothesenversorgung zu erhalten. Patienten und Methodik Ausgewertet wurden die Versorgungsdaten von 2,4 Mio. Versicherten der AOK Baden-Württemberg für die Jahre 2007 bis 2016. Altersuntergrenze war 40 Jahre. Die Daten beinhalten den ambulanten und stationären Versorgungssektor. Ergebnisse Altersstandardisiert ergibt sich eine Koxarthroseprävalenz für Frauen ab dem 40. Lebensjahr von 6,18% (95%-KI: ± 0,09%) und für Männer von 6,02% (95%-KI: ± 0,09%). Ab dem 75. Lebensjahr werden die Geschlechtsunterschiede signifikant. Das Maximum für Koxarthrose-Erstdiagnosen findet sich bei den 80- bis 84-Jährigen (Frauen: 1,31%, Männer: 1,16%). Ab dem 85. Lebensjahr weisen 17,4% der Frauen und 16,5% der Männer eine Koxarthrose auf. Das Maximum für Hüft-TEPs unter Koxarthrosepatienten (Frauen: 5,2%, Männer: 4,3%) findet sich bei den 75- bis 79-Jährigen. Nach Erstdiagnose einer Koxarthrose erhält jeder 8. AOK-Versicherte (13,0%) innerhalb des 1. Jahres und jeder 4. (24,8%) innerhalb von 8 Jahren eine Hüft-TEP. Zwischen 2009 und 2016 ist, unabhängig von der Hauptdiagnose, die Häufigkeit von Hüft-TEPs nicht gestiegen. Im Mittel wurden pro 100 000 Versichertenjahre bei Frauen 300,9 und bei Männern 275,8 Hüft-TEP OPs durchgeführt. Ab dem 80. Lebensjahr fällt die Koxarthrose als Hauptdiagnose zurück. Ab 85 weisen mehr als 70% aller Hüft-TEP-Patienten eine Femurfraktur als Hauptdiagnose auf. Nur rund ¾ der Koxarthrosepatienten waren im Jahr vor OP in ambulanter fachärztlicher Betreuung und deutlich weniger als die Hälfte erhielten eine Heilmittelverordnung. Schlussfolgerungen Koxarthrose kommt bis zum 75. Lebensjahr bei Frauen und Männern in etwa gleich häufig vor. Dennoch werden Frauen häufiger operiert. Insgesamt kam es in den letzten 8 Jahren aber nicht zu einem Anstieg der Hüft-TEP-Erstimplantationen. Innerhalb der ersten 8 Jahre nach Erstdiagnose erhalten 24,8% aller Koxarthrosepatienten eine TEP. Die Mehrzahl wird in den ersten 8 Jahren also konservativ behandelt. Im direkten Vergleich zwischen inzidenten und prävalenten Koxarthrosepatienten zeigt sich, dass nach langjähriger therapeutischer Begleitung in den letzten 1 – 2 Jahren vor OP sowohl die fachärztliche Betreuung als auch die Heilmittelverordnung reduziert werden. Eine Neubewertung konservativer Therapiemöglichkeiten im zeitlichen Verlauf erscheint notwendig.

The Oregon “Death With Dignity” Act (DWD Act) allows a terminally ill patient with 6 months to live to ask a physician for medication to end their life. To receive the medication, the DWD Act requires the patient to verbally request the prescription twice 2 weeks apart as well as in writing. Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have three main barriers to using DWD: (a) the ability to communicate their informed consent as the disease progresses further, (b) the possibility of dementia which may affect their decisional capacity, and (c) given the nature and speed of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, limited time is available for patients to self-administer the prescription and may rush the time line for the death. This article reviews the current knowledge and addresses the need for adjustments to existing law and recommendations for states considering a DWD law.

I wrote most of this article before October 2016. The news has brought to the fore points made in scholarship on sexual harassment, including that people do not complain, that sexual harassment is widespread and ordinary in some work settings, that legal settlement contributes to allowing problems to go unaddressed, and that sexual harassment is experienced well beyond the high-profile settings that made the news in the fall of 2016 or winter of 2017. Political science most recently finds itself in the professional press in contests over individual stories of sexual harassment as unwanted sexual attention and the use of professional power (Gluckman, 2018). The New York Times's 2017 reporting of sexual assault by Harvey Weinstein (Kantor and Twohey, 2017) sparked the spread of #MeToo, a term that an African-American woman had first deployed years earlier (Vagianos, 2017). The term relies on framing a wrong but often without the law. Before the fall of 2016 and the spread of #MeToo, law and decisions by administrators in higher education had generated reporting about the academy. Generated in part by law and decisions by administrators in higher education, sexual harassment reporting about the academy predated the fall of 2016. This article concerns that earlier reporting and the way that sexual harassment as unwanted sexual attention can crowd out other ways of seeing law in employment problems and other ways of interpreting employment problems without relying on law.

Various surveillance systems capture signs of human activities of daily living (ADLs) and store multimodal information as time line behavioral records. In this paper, we present a novel approach to the analysis of a behavioral record used in a surveillance system designed for use in elderly smart homes. The description of a subject's activity is first decomposed into elementary poses - easily detectable by dedicated intelligent sensors - and represented by the share coefficients. Then, the activity is represented in the form of an attributed graph, where nodes correspond to elementary poses. As share coefficients of poses are expressed as attributes assigned to graph nodes, their change corresponding to a subject's action is represented by flow in graph edges. The behavioral record is thus a time series of graphs, which tiny size facilitates storage and management of long-term monitoring results. At the system learning stage, the contribution of elementary poses is accumulated, discretized and probability-ordered leading to a finite list representing the possible transitions between states. Such a list is independently built for each room in the supervised residence, and employed for assessment of the current action in the context of subject's habits and a room purpose. The proposed format of a behavioral record, applied to an adaptive surveillance system, is particularly advantageous for representing new activities not known at the setup stage, for providing a quantitative measure of transitions between poses and for expressing the difference between a predicted and actual action in a numerical way.

The availability of historical textual corpora has led to the study of words’ frequency along the historical time line, as representing the public’s focus of attention over time. However, studying of the dynamics of words’ meaning is still in its infancy. In this paper, we propose a methodology for studying the historical trajectory of words’ meaning through Tsallis entropy. First, we present the idea that the meaning of a word may be studied through the entropy of its embedding. Using two historical case studies, we show that this entropy measure is correlated with the intensity in which a word is used. More importantly, we show that using Tsallis entropy with a superadditive entropy index may provide a better estimation of a word’s frequency of use than using Shannon entropy. We explain this finding as resulting from an increasing redundancy between the words that comprise the semantic field of the target word and develop a new measure of redundancy between words. Using this measure, which relies on the Tsallis version of the Kullback–Leibler divergence, we show that the evolving meaning of a word involves the dynamics of increasing redundancy between components of its semantic field. The proposed methodology may enrich the toolkit of researchers who study the dynamics of word senses.

[EN] Profiling the technological strategy of different competitors is a key element for the companies in a given industry, as well to technology planners and R&D strategists. The analysis of the patent portfolio of a company as well as its evolution in the time line is of interest for technology analysts and decision makers. However, the need for the participation of experts in the field of a company as well as patent specialists, slows down the process. Bibliometrics and text mining techniques contribute to the interpretation of specialists. The present paper tries to offer a step by step procedure to analyze the technology strategy of several companies through the analysis of their portfolio claims, combined with the use of TechMining with the help of a text mining tool. The procedure, complemented with a semantic TRIZ analysis provides key insights in disclosing the technological analysis of some competitors in the field of probiotics for livestock health. The results show interesting shifts in the key probiotic and prebiotic ingredients for which companies claim protection and therefore offers clues about their technology intention in the life sciences industry in a more dynamic, convenient and simple way., The authors would like to thank the contribution of the research institute IRTA, to the TRIZ company triz XXI and to Fernando Palop and their wise insights and guidance. The authors thank the usage of Search Technology s VantagePoint and IHS-Markit s Goldfire.

This article informs the reader of the current information available on a novel therapeutic agent and new class of drug for the treatment of anemia. The data show promising results for alternative erythropoietin-stimulating agents and offers a time line of when Phase III data will be available. The information on this new drug and new drug class will change how nephrologists approach treating anemia within their patients.

The external quality assurance (EQA) of the Fehmarn Belt fixed link business case commissioned by the Danish Ministry of Transport is critically analyzed regarding the New Construction Budgeting requirements as well as common practical criteria. A time line of analyses, decisions and external quality assurance activities as well as external criticism is established as a basis for analyzing the completeness, timeliness and trustworthiness of the quality assurance. Information obtained per the Public Records Act is included. It is found that the external quality assurance was grossly incomplete with limited scopes and exclusion of major elements of the project. The overall financial performance and financial uncertainty analyses were not subject to external quality assurance at all. The bulk of external quality assurance was carried out only after the decision-to-build was made, preparatory construction activities initiated or major economic commitments made, thus jeopardizing the timeliness. The trustworthiness of the external quality assurance is limited for different reasons: bad timing of activities, lack of independence of consultancies, and controversial findings of opposing analyses. The external quality assurance is found to be too little, too late, and too unreliable. The status of the project as a high-risk business case is not improved by the external quality assurance.

This chapter reflects on practical experiments and artistic works that move beyond an approach to musical time that relies on a single overarching grid or time line. Through discussion of their idiosyncratic performance systems, the authors encapsulate their collaborative perspective on the generation of expressive rhythm and groove in live electronic music. They argue that commercial music software, and the meter-dominated music that this often leads to, limits our capacity to experience and appreciate the continuum of rhythmic possibilities. They explain how they have sought to overcome these limitations through the use of proprietary and open tools that embrace both human and machine-generated rhythms.

This chapter presents a survey of dietary supplement regulations in the United States and highlights key actions taken by the industry to improve itself from within. The first part of the chapter establishes a time line of key dietary supplement laws and describes the ways in which the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 has become the most important piece of legislation in the industry's history. The chapter then defines processes pertinent to the lawful functioning of the industry, including current good manufacturing practices, adverse event reporting, ingredient safety, and labeling requirements. The chapter closes with a presentation of several key self-regulatory initiatives designed and implemented by the industry to improve transparency and enhance accountability. In showcasing these initiatives, this chapter illustrates ways in which the dietary supplement industry proactively works to meet requirements and exceed expectations established by law to keep consumers safe.

This research was done based on students’ need to comprehend western art development and it’s impact to Nusantara’s achievement. Most of students has limitation in searching information about subject matter not only because the limitations of book resources but also limitation in Indonesian reference in internet. Meanwhile the students aware that western art history subject matter become the most important information to be link to another subject matter when creating works of art, official or not official setting. To accommodate this effort, lecturer convince student that the fishbone method can be used to analyze the development of art creation based on it’s time line history. Data were gathered by observation note made by lecturer, student’s exercise, and paper and semester score from two classes; experiment and control. Hypotheses tested by using SPSS.16 and find the Sig. (2-tailed) 0,00 smaller than 0,05. It means that null hypothesis was rejected and alternative hypotheses was confirm. Fishbone method were proved can enhance student ability in mastered western art history easier.

This chapter analyzes the work of Mi’gMaw filmmaker Jeff Barnaby. Barnaby uses speculative tropes to articulate the relationship of First Nations individuals and communities to the colonial nation-state, insisting on the global dimension of Indigenous literary and cultural movements that override colonial territorial boundaries. Rhymes for Young Ghouls (2013) depicts its heroine’s creation of an alternate historical time line in order to overthrow the Indian Agent regime. File Under Miscellaneous (2010) explores forced assimilation and resistance through sf. Both films are concerned with transforming popular images and familiar tropes from Gothic, fantasy, horror, and science fiction, which widens the scope of storytelling and subverts the idea of a homogeneous Indigenous culture.

The uneven temporal and partial distribution of water resources in Hellas, and especially southeastern regions, has resulted in the construction of various water systems for collection and storage of rainwater, since their very early habitation. Ever since, technologies for the construction and use of several types of cisterns and other relevant hydraulic strictures have been developed. The main diachronic achievements in rainwater harvesting and use in Hellas from the earliest times of humankind to the present is studied. Emphasis is given to the periods of great achievements such as the Hellenistic and the Roman. The major necessity of water justifies not only the innovations found throughout the historical time-line of these constructions but also the most advanced engineering of each era applied to these constructions. Also, the importance of this hydrotechnology and the concept of the value of water-saving to present and future times is considered. Aspects referring to hygienic precautions for the purity of the water collected and stored are another issue that is worth examining.

The establishment of technology bases required for the development of a fusion demonstration reactor (DEMO) has been discussed by a joint effort throughout the Japanese fusion community. The basic concept of DEMO premised for investigation has been identified and the structure of technological issues to ensure the feasibility of this DEMO concept has been examined. The Joint-Core Team, which was launched along with the request by the ministerial council, has compiled analyses in two reports to clarify technology which should be secured, maintained, and developed in Japan, to share the common targets among industry, government, and academia, and to activate actions under a framework for implementation throughout Japan. The reports have pointed out that DEMO should be aimed at steady power generation beyond several hundred thousand kilowatts, availability which must be extended to commercialization, and overall tritium breeding to fulfill self-sufficiency of fuels. The necessary technological activities, such as superconducting coils, blanket, divertor, and others, have been sorted out and arranged in the chart with the time line toward the decision on DEMO. Based upon these Joint-Core Team reports, related actions are emerging to deliberate the Japanese fusion roadmap.

Time is grounded in various ways, and previous studies point to a "mental time line" with past associated with the left, and future with the right side. In this study, we investigated whether spontaneous eye movements on a blank screen would follow a mental timeline during encoding, free recall, and recognition of past and future items. In all three stages of processing, gaze position was more rightward during future items compared to past items. Moreover, horizontal gaze position during encoding predicted horizontal gaze position during free recall and recognition. We conclude that mental time line and the stored gaze position during encoding assist memory retrieval of past versus future items. Our findings highlight the spatial nature of temporal representations.

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is increasingly employed in clinical settings, though few assessments of turnaround times (TAT) have been performed in real-time. In this study, WGS was used to investigate an unfolding outbreak of vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) among 3 patients in the ICU of a tertiary care hospital. Including overnight culturing, a TAT of just 48.5 h for a comprehensive report was achievable using an Illumina Miseq benchtop sequencer. WGS revealed that isolates from patient 2 and 3 differed from that of patient 1 by a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), indicating nosocomial transmission. However, the unparalleled resolution provided by WGS suggested that nosocomial transmission involved two separate events from patient 1 to patient 2 and 3, and not a linear transmission suspected by the time line. Rapid TAT’s are achievable using WGS in the clinical setting and can provide an unprecedented level of resolution for outbreak investigations.

In this paper, we set up a comprehensive assessment model to choose “best all time college coach” in the last century by combining Analytic Hierarchy Process with Gray Correlation Analysis. Taking the effect of time line horizon into consideration, we introduce Entropy weight approach into our model by Least Square Method and Linear Programming.

Bipolar Plate design is one of the most active research fields in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) development. Bipolar Plates are key components for ensuring an appropriate water management within the cell, preventing flooding and enhancing the cell operation at high current densities. This work presents a literature review covering bipolar plate designs based on nature or biological structures such as fractals, leaves or lungs. Biological inspiration comes from the fact that fluid distribution systems found in plants and animals such as leaves, blood vessels, or lungs perform their functions (mostly the same functions that are required for bipolar plates) with a remarkable efficiency, after millions of years of natural evolution. Such biomimetic designs have been explored to date with success, but it is generally acknowledged that biomimetic designs have not yet achieved their full potential. Many biomimetic designs have been derived using computer simulation tools, in particular Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) so that the use of CFD is included in the review. A detailed review including performance benchmarking, time line evolution, challenges and proposals, as well as manufacturing issues is discussed.

Most of the maps in tourist information websites show only the position of the Points of Interest (PoIs)—providing sometime a link to a webpage—making choices difficult. Multimedia maps, instead, could support users in satisfying the traveler needs giving links to information about the PoIs. The developed application supports improved connections between documents and the places they refer to because the user could select PoIs to visit through previews of its multimedia documents. PoIs could also be filtered through their categories and types, accessibility status and time line, thus improving the system usability. This article describes a multimedia map developed as sample for the Lipari Island, the largest of the Aeolian Islands (in Sicily), inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Since the problem definition mentioned in the title of this paper is very broad it was narrowed down to temperature sensing using the IoT device and demonstrating the machine learning capabilities using the TensorFlow with the Python libraries. The data was started collecting starting 1:45 PM and collected till 6:00 PM. As the temperature in India starts cooling down from 2:00 till the evening, we should be getting down-ward slope i.e temperature starts tapering down. It is clearly linear regression problem where the slope is down-ward as we proceed further in time line. If we start collecting the data in the morning and collect till after-noon we should again get the linear regression model however this time the temperature increases as we proceed in the time line till 2:00 PM.

This paper is meant to share our experience on signal processing hands-on opportunities within the formal engineering education at Technische Universitat Darmstadt. It is our strong belief that undergraduate students should be offered hands-on opportunities from the very beginning of their studies until their graduation. We describe our projects, lectures and seminars that we provide undergraduate students to gain hands-on experience inside signal processing along the time line of the curriculum. We further describe the variety of laboratories that we offer to expose students to state-of-the-art research and advanced equipment. Finally, we conclude by illustrating how we use competitions to motivate and challenge students with real-world problems.

Emergency evacuation, mock drills, and response collected by detectors and sensors play an important role in averting the risks and disasters. Recent scenario gives the detailing of the false alarm predictions which do affect the general time line of the organization but also create the panic situation which somewhere results in loss of life and property. The use of fire alarms which are also connected with sensors plays an important role in emergency preparedness. Fire alarm work in coordination with detectors and sensors play an effective role as a best response. False Alarm is the result of poor installation, neglect in maintenance, environment, and anthropogenic factors. According to one of the data, Great Britain noticed somewhat 312,000 false alarms in the year 2011–12. The review paper analyzes the trends and latest developments in fire alarms both in industries and residential areas. The paper discusses and gives a critical view of the current problems of fire alarms/false alarms and its future implications in dealing with emergency response and evacuation.

The strategic establishment of technology bases required for the development of a fusion demonstration reactor (DEMO) has been discussed by joint endeavors throughout the Japanese fusion community. The mission of Fusion DEMO is to demonstrate the technological and economic feasibility of fusion energy. The basic concept of Fusion DEMO has been identified and the structure of technological issues to ensure the feasibility of this DEMO concept has been examined. The Joint-Core Team consisting of experts from the Japanese fusion community including industry has pointed out that DEMO should be aimed at steady power generation beyond several hundred thousand kilowatts, availability which must be extensible to commercialization, and overall tritium breeding sufficient to achieve fuel-cycle self-sufficiency. The necessary technological issues and activities have been sorted out along with 11 identified elements of DEMO, such as superconducting coils, blanket, divertor, and others. These will be arranged within a time line to lead to the Japanese fusion roadmap.

Due to the requirement for comprehensive clinical research efforts in China, the importance of biobanking in modern clinical research is outlined in this overview. Hospitals, universities, and research institutes have been well organized as fundamental resources for Chinese biobanking initiatives and the resulting bio-sample collections. Here, a brief history and time line of development of biobanking in China will be introduced, as well as strategic designs for future biobanking development.

A multi-camera Digital Image Correlation (DIC) systems have been developed to match the specific requirements for measurements posed by building and petrochemical industries. The two most important issues are connected with considerable dimensions of objects and a time line of the measurements. Although DIC provides capabilities of scaling a field-of-view (FOV), dimensions of industrial installations in many cases are too big to be measured with DIC based on a single camera pair. In this paper we present two strategies that can be used for spatial stitching of the data obtained with multi-camera DIC systems, namely a strategy for the case when there are overlapping FOVs of 3D DIC setups and a strategy for the case when 3D DIC setups are distributed and not necessarily have overlapping FOVs. Two practical applications of the multi-camera DIC system are described in order to show its feasibility in industry.

Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is a kind of system safety analysis method, which can deal with the problems of nonlinear system[1–3]. This paper tries to develop FRAM into a dynamic research and analysis model because that FRAM can only be used as artificial static system analysis. In the development of FRAM dynamic model, the fact that accident investigators pay more attention to the time line has been taking into account. According to the FRAM analysis of important time points, the case study of using the dynamic analysis of FRAM on FRAM model map of each different time points.

Echocardiography is an excellent noninvasive imaging modality for evaluation and follow-up of cardiac lesions, especially coronary artery changes occurring as a result of Kawasaki disease. The information obtained has prognostic implications and can be complemented with other modes of imaging for risk stratification and optimization of both medical and interventional therapy. The aim of this article is to describe the time line of echocardiographic follow-up of patients affected with Kawasaki disease. The classification of coronary artery changes and transthoracic echocardiographic views recommended for detailed evaluation of the coronary arteries are delineated in detail in this report.

We reviewed literature to understand when a spatial map for time is available in the brain. We carefully defined the concepts of metrical map of time and of conceptual representation of time as the Mental time line (MTL) in order to formulate our position. It is that both metrical map and conceptual representation of time are spatial in nature. The former should be innate, related to motor/implicit timing, it should represent all magnitudes with an analogic and bi-dimensional structure. The latter (MTL) should be learned, available at about 8-10 years-old and related to cognitive/explicit time. It should have uni-dimensional, linear and directional structure (left-to-right in Western culture). We bear the centrality of the development of number cognition, of time semantic concepts and of reading/writing habits for the development of ordinality and linearity of the mental time line.

A New Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease is an article that informs the reader of the current information available on a novel therapeutic agent and new class of drug for the treatment of anemia. The data shows promising results against erythropoietin stimulating agents and offers a time line of when Phase III data will be available. The information on this new drug and new drug class will change how nephrologists approach treating anemia within their patients.

Reports of employment problems in universities enacts an information asymmetry that has recently highlighted sexual harassment as a legal wrong while dampening other potential descriptions of reasons for disparities. Sexual harassment as unwanted sexual attention both understates and overstates problems at work, not least because it is not an issue for all women. If it crowds out other reasons for disparities, reports misstate problems in employment. This focus contrasts with books that popularized other barriers at work for women just a few years previously. The stories about sexual harassment contrast with systematic evidence concerning reasons for disadvantage at work. Systematic evidence is often less easy to tell as a story with characters, events and a time line. In this instance, law along with university leaders' willingness to publicly act on claims has produced complaints that women have usually been reluctant to make, The Office of Civil Rights issued a Dear Colleague Letter in 2011 addressing sexual assault in higher education, which contributes to mobilizing complaints. This paper draws upon the Chronicle of Higher Education's reports of discrimination. This paper concludes by arguing for proliferating stories, motivated by lessons from systematic research, even if law is not a remedy.

The composition, emission levels, and typical heating values of natural gas and the time line of their discovery are tabulated to comprehend the behavior of this energy source. Classification and natural gas processing are also dealt with. The use of natural gas and the production of chemicals from it are discussed. Emphasis is given to the oxidative coupling of methane. The development of catalysts for this process is also dealt with and the scientific reasoning for catalyst development is examined.

The 6th of October city was established in 1970’s to be one of the national projects creating a new urban community to reduce pressure on the greater Cairo. It is consisted of residential, industrial and recreational areas. The 6th of October University was the first higher education project established in 1996 followed by several higher education projects, which played an essential role in changing the urban identity to meet the inhabitants’’ needs. An analytical study of 6th October case was held through a quantitative and a qualitative data on a time line study. The study is focused on the urban growth of this urban community during the last two decades to investigate how the land uses can change the urban community in terms of the urban identity. The study results show that a significant change has occurred during the period of study, visually and functionally.