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Mapping the Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) output interface address description datasets to the intelligent recorder is the groundwork for the recorder to accurately collect IEDs' operation information. These datasets, which are also intelligent recorder configuration datasets, are included in the Substation Configuration Description (SCD) file of an intelligent substation. The mainstream mapping method is manually mapping these datasets based on output interface Chinese description texts. When the number of IEDs is extremely large, the manual operation often takes a huge amount of time, together with the higher labor cost. And since the Chinese description texts have a certain degree of irregularity, it also poses a problem for the automatic mapping of the datasets. Aiming at this problem, this paper proposes an automatic mapping method of IEDs configuration datasets based on a deep learning framework-Dynamic Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN). Firstly, it uses the word representation model Word2vec to vectorize words in Chinese description texts as well as their semantics relationships. Then word vectors will be imported in the DCNN, which, based on its multilayer abstract learning characteristics of typical sample features, can perform semantic law mining and automatic mapping. The configuration datasets of intelligent recorder will be automatically mapped based on the Chinese descriptions mapping result. The Practical example shows that the Chinese description texts classification method based on the Dynamic Convolutional Neural Network model has strong semantic analysis ability and high classification accuracy, which effectively improves the accuracy of automatic mapping of intelligent recorder configuration data.

Agricultural irrigation depends heavily on freshwater resources. Under the context of increasingly severe water shortages, studying the relationship among crop water requirements (ETc), actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa), irrigation water requirements (Ir), yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) would be beneficial to improve the agricultural application of irrigation water. Based on the daily data of 26 meteorological stations in Heilongjiang Province from 1960 to 2015, this study used the calibrated AquaCrop model to calculate the ETc, ETa, Ir, and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in different hydrological years (extremely dry years, dry years, normal years, and wet years) along with WUE to evaluate the mass of yield produced per unit mass of crop evapotranspiration (ET) under rainfed and irrigated scenarios. The results showed that ETc and ETa decreased first and then increased from the west to the east during the four types of hydrological years. Ir exhibited a decreasing trend from the west to the east. Compared with the irrigation scenario, the rainfed scenario’s average yield only decreased by 2.18, 0.55, 0.03, and 0.05 ton/ha, while the WUE increased by 0.32, 0.4, 0.33, and 0.21 kg/m3 in the extremely dry years, dry years, normal years, and wet years, respectively. The results indicated that in the normal and wet years, the WUE was high in the central regions, and irrigation did not significantly increase yield, further, we determined that irrigation should not be considered in these two hydrological years in Heilongjiang Province. In the extremely dry and dry years, irrigation was necessary because it increased the yield, even though the WUE decreased. This study provides a theoretical basis for studying the regional irrigation schedule in Heilongjiang Province.

The access of distributed energy sources puts forward higher requirements on the power quality of the distribution network. This paper proposes an automatic identification method for power quality signals based on HHT and RVM. First, eight common power quality disturbance signal models are compiled, and sample signals are extracted through HHT Use MATLAB to simulate the disturbance signal, and then use the collected sample signals to train the seven RVMs, remember the feature quantities, and finally use the seven trained RVM classifiers to classify the test signals. The example data shows This method has short recognition time and high accuracy rate, and is suitable for the recognition of power quality signals.

Specular gloss is the perception by an observer of the shiny appearance of a surface. This perception changes whenever there is a change in the relative position or spectral distribution of the source, the sample, or the observer. However, the spectral distribution of the source in ISO 2813 is CIE standard illuminant C, which is different from CIE standard illuminant D65 and CIE standard illuminant A in JJG696-2015. During the measurement, the reflected flux of the sample is influenced by the luminous reflectance of the sample and the spectral distribution of the source. This paper mainly analyses the influence of different spectral distributions on specular gloss measurement. Combined with the luminous reflectance of the sample in the wavelength range from400nm to 760nm, we theoretically and experimentally analyzed the difference of the specular gloss values under the spectral distributions of CIE standard illuminant D65 and CIE standard illuminant A.

Aiming at the problems of manual checking relaying plate in secondary equipment of power system, such as heavy workload, error-prone and inefficiency, an automatic recognition and checking method of relaying plate based on image recognition technology and model clustering matching algorithm is proposed. In this method, the position, description and state of the plate are obtained by using image recognition technology and image model clustering matching algorithm, and then the complete information of the identified platen is compared with the plate library input by photographing or configuration to realize the automatic verification of the plate. The field test results show that the automatic recognition and verification method has universal practicability, which can accurately identify the status and description of the relaying plate, improve the efficiency and accuracy of field operation and maintenance.

The total luminous flux is one of the most important characteristics of LEDs. The total luminous flux measurement of traditional LEDs with low power (0.05W@20mA), low heat and single package must conform to the specifications of CIE 127: 2007 Measurement of LEDs. Compared to traditional low-power LEDs, the latest LEDs have higher power (1W@350mA), higher heat and exhibit more complex packages. Because of their own characteristics, high-power LEDs have put forward some new measurement requirements for standard light source, heat dissipation structure, special fixture and integrating sphere. Therefore, a new type of 2π standard light source has been designed and used for the total luminous flux calibration of high-power LEDs.

Lingshuang Lv,1,* Tiecheng Li,2,* Kun Xu,1 Peiyi Shi,1 Biyu He,1 Weimin Kong,3 Jianming Wang,1 Jian Sun3 1Department of Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; 2Department of Tuberculosis, the Fourth People’s Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, China; 3Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First People’s Hospital of Yancheng City, Yancheng, China *These authors contributed equally to this work Purpose: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) requires long-term treatment, has a high fatality rate, and constitutes a global threat. Earlier detection of treatment failure is required to predict therapeutic efficacy.Patients and methods: We enrolled MDR-TB patients consecutively from January 2011 through December 2012 in Lianyungang, China. Sputum smear microscopy tests and sputum cultures were performed once a month for the first 6 months following initiation of antituberculosis treatment and once every 2 months thereafter until the end of therapy. The sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were used with a 95% CI to estimate the role of sputum bacteriology conversion in predicting treatment outcomes.Results: Among the 92 MDR-TB patients enrolled in this study, 40.2% had poor treatment outcomes. The median initial sputum bacteriology conversion time was 1 month. Patients having 2-month sputum smear conversions (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 7.19, 95% CI: 2.60–19.84) or culture conversions (adjusted OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.11–7.45) were more likely to experience good outcomes. The sensitivity and specificity obtained when using two-month sputum smear conversions to predict treatment outcomes were 67.6% (95% CI: 50.2–82.0) and 76.4% (95% CI: 63.0–86.8), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity obtained when using 2-month culture conversions to predict treatment outcomes were 48.6% (95% CI: 32.0–65.6) and 74.5% (95% CI: 61.0–85.3), respectively. The AUC for two-month smear conversions was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.62–0.81), significantly higher than that obtained for 2-month culture conversions (0.62, 95% CI: 0.52–0.72) (Χ2 = 4.18, P = 0.041).Conclusion: The prognoses of MDR-TB patients displaying persistent sputum positivity were inferior to those for whom sputum bacteriology conversion was observed. Thus, sputum smear conversion results obtained 2 months after treatment initiation may provide a potential means for predicting MDR-TB treatment outcomes. Keywords: multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, sputum smear conversion, sputum culture conversion, treatment outcome, prognosis

Obesity is associated with increased sensitivity to pain, including neuropathic pain, but the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. Recent evidence has revealed that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the central nervous system (CNS) regulates the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a principal neurotransmitter of the class C nerve fiber, which serves an important role in initiating and maintaining neuropathic pain. AMPK has been demonstrated to be downregulated in the CNS in obesity. The present study hypothesized that obesity may lead to increased sensitivity to neuropathic pain by downregulating AMPK and upregulating CGRP expression levels in the CNS. Sprague-Dawley rats consuming a high-fat diet (HF) for 12 weeks developed obesity; they exhibited significantly decreased levels of phospho (p)-AMPK and increased CGRP expression levels in the spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG), respectively, compared with rats consuming a low-fat (LF) diet. HF-fed rats that underwent spared nerve injury (SNI) also exhibited lower p-AMPK and higher CGRP expression levels in the SC and DRG, compared with the corresponding LF-diet rats. The 50% paw withdrawal threshold (PWT; as measured by Von Frey testing) was significantly lower in HF-fed compared with LF-fed rats, with or without SNI. Through intrathecal treatment, the AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside (AICAR) or the CGRP antagonist CGRP8-37 decreased CGRP expression levels and increased the 50% PWT; however, the AMPK inhibitor dorsomorphin augmented CGRP expression levels and further reduced the 50% PWT in HF-fed rats, but not LF-fed rats, with or without SNI. The results indicated that blocking the AMPK-CGRP pathway may enhance neuropathic pain in HF-induced obesity, with or without nerve injury. Targeting AMPK in the CNS may be a novel strategy for the prevention and treatment of obesity-associated neuropathic pain.

The Internet revolution has had a significant impact on the global economy and society. Human beings are moving from the industrial age to information civilization. As one of the representatives of the new economic form in information civilization, the flow economy will become a new economic development model. Both the exhibition economy and the airport economy have the attributes of flow economy, and both of them are developing rapidly in China. They both are in a state of integration and development. The integration of exhibition economy and airport economy is based on the functional synergy of industrial chain integration, and the spatial integration of urban exhibition clusters and airport economic zones. Based on the theory of industrial chain integration, industrial integration and economic symbiosis, this paper puts forward the concept of the integration of exhibition economy and airport economy. We try to construct functional synergy model and spatial integration model, and propose the mechanism of industry chain sharing, co-governance and symbiosis and comprehensive cost-oriented mechanism. Finally, suggestions were made on the location selection of the airport exhibition industry, the exhibition industry and the airport industry linkage, and the regional competition and cooperation of the airport exhibition industry.

The various factors are resumed which affect the network transmission delay in intelligent substation. The accumulate calculation method of network transmission delay in intelligent substation is introduced particularly. The method is applied to calculate the network transmission delay of simple Ethernet, IEC61850-9-2 communication network, complex Ethernet, mixed network communication theoretically. At last, the impact of the indexes on the network transmission delay is analyzed.

This paper briefly introduces the methods of calibrating the irradiance in the Xenon lamp aging test chamber. And the irradiance under ultraviolet region is mainly researched. Three different detectors whose response wave range are respectively UVA (320~400nm), UVB (275~330nm) and UVA+B (280~400nm) are used in the experiment. Through comparing the measuring results with different detectors under the same xenon lamp source, we discuss the difference between UVA, UVB and UVA+B on the basis of the spectrum of the xenon lamp and the response curve of the detectors. We also point out the possible error source, when use these detectors to calibrate the chamber.

Specular gloss is the perception by an observer of the mirror-like appearance of a surface. Specular gloss is usually measured by a glossmeter, which can be calibrated by a group of gloss plates according to JJG 696-2015. The characteristics of a gloss meter include stability, zero error, and error of indication. The characteristics of a gloss plate include roughness and spectral transmissivity of a high gloss plate, spectral reflectivity of a ceramic gloss plate. The experiment results indicate that calibration of both gloss meters and gloss plates should be carefully performed according to the latest verification regulation in order to reduce the measurement error.

In the field of optical metrology, luminous flux is an important index to characterize the quality of light source. There are two kinds of method to measure it that one is light distribution surface method and the other is integrating sphere method. In the integrating sphere method, the baffle which is a key part of integrating sphere has important effects on the measurement results. The paper analyzes in detail the principle of an ideal integrating sphere. We change the relative position and shape of baffle inside the sphere during testing. By experiments, measured luminous flux values at different distances between the light source and baffle are obtained, which we used to take analysis of the effects of different baffle position and shape on the measurement. And then we obtain the optimum position and shape of baffle for luminous flux measurements. Based on the conclusion, we develop the methods and apparatus to improve the luminous flux measurement accuracy and reliability, which makes our unifying and transferring work of the luminous flux more accurate in East China and provides effective protection for our traceability system

Specular gloss is the perception by an observer of the mirror-like appearance of a surface. The measurement of specular gloss consists of comparing the luminous flux reflected from an object to that reflected from a gloss reference standard. The accuracy of specular gloss measurements depends not only on the characteristics of the instrument but also on the properties of the gloss reference standard. Experiments have been performed to analyze the possible sources of error such as gloss reference standard variation, photodetector linearity and measurement repeatability, which are three most important components of uncertainty. The results indicate that the instrument should be carefully examined before the specular gloss measurement in order to acquire a satisfied result.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a kind of non-lighting radiation with the wavelength range from 100nm to 400nm. Ultraviolet irradiance meters are now widely used in many areas. However, as the development of science and technology, especially in the field of light-curing industry, there are more and more UV energy meters or UV-integrators need to be measured. Because the structure, wavelength band and measured power intensity of UV energy meters are different from traditional UV irradiance meters, it is important for us to take research on the calibration. With reference to JJG879-2002, we SIMT have independently developed the UV energy calibration device and the standard of operation and experimental methods for UV energy calibration in detail. In the calibration process of UV energy meter, many influencing factors will affect the final results, including different UVA-band UV light sources, different spectral response for different brands of UV energy meters, instability and no uniformity of UV light source and temperature. Therefore we need to take all of these factors into consideration to improve accuracy in UV energy calibration.

Specular gloss is the fraction of light reflected in the specular direction for specified incident and receptor apertures, it is the perception by an observer of the mirror-like appearance of a surface. The measurement of specular gloss consists of comparing the luminous reflectance from a test sample to that from a calibrated gloss standard which generally is a polished piece of black glass, under the same experimental conditions. Gloss is a dimensionless quantity whose accurate determination requires standardized experimental conditions such as spectral distribution of the incident beam of light, incident and viewing angles, and a gloss standard. The Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology (SIMT) provides test service to calibrate gloss reference standards. This facility is built around a reference goniophotometer, containing an instrument that measures flux as a function of angles of illumination or observation and a primary gloss standard, which is a piece of three wedges of highly polished, high-quality optical glass. The system has an overall (k=2) uncertainty of 0.5 Gloss Unit(GU). The service offers calibration measurements of working gloss standards at the geometries of 20°, 60°, and 85°, in compliance with the ISO 2813 and the ASTM D523 documentary standards. This article describes a bilateral comparison of specular gloss scales between SIMT and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that has been performed. The results of this comparison show agreement within the combined uncertainties for the measurement of specular gloss of highly polished black glass.

Specular gloss has been widely used to characterize the ability of a surface to reflect light specularly. Specular gloss is theoretically related to the physical properties of a surface, such as roughness, directionality and uniformity. Specular gloss, mainly determined by incident angle and refractive index of a surface, is a relative measurement quantity. Specular gloss is usually measured by a glossmeter. The topographical and optical properties of a surface have been analyzed on how to affect the measurements. The experiment results indicate that a less rough/flatter, more isotropic and more uniform surface will result in a more accurate measurement value. Therefore, physical properties of a surface must be carefully inspected before the specular gloss measurement in order to acquire a satisfied result.

With the rapid development of China's economy, many industries have more requirements for UV light applications, such as machinery manufacturing, aircraft manufacturing using high power UV light for detection, IT industry using high power UV light for curing component assembly, building materials, ink, paint and other industries using high power UV light for material aging test etc. In these industries, there are many measuring instruments for high power UV irradiance which are need to traceability. But these instruments are mostly imported instruments, these imported UV radiation meter are large range, wide wavelength range and high accuracy. They have exceeded our existing calibration capability. Expand the measuring range and improve the measurement accuracy of UV irradiance calibration device is a pressing matter of the moment. The newly developed high power UV irradiance calibration device is mainly composed of high power UV light, UV filter, condenser, UV light guide, optical alignment system, standard cavity absolute radiometer. The calibration device is using optical alignment system to form uniform light radiation field. The standard is standard cavity absolute radiometer, which can through the electrical substitution method, by means of adjusting and measuring the applied DC electric power at the receiver on a heating wire, which is equivalent to the thermo-electromotive force generated by the light radiation power, to achieve absolute optical radiation measurement. This method is the commonly used effective method for accurate measurement of light irradiation. The measuring range of calibration device is (0.2~200) mW/cm 2 , and the uncertainty of measurement results can reached 2.5% ( k =2).

A reference goniophotometer and primary standards for specular gloss established at the SIMT have been described, as well as the theory and measurement equations relevant to the measurements. The instrumentation, standards, and measurement techniques used to measure specular gloss have been described, including the illuminator, goniometer, receiver, sample-holding system and the characterization of the instrument. The new primary specular gloss standard and its characterization are presented.

Bolometer is mainly used for measuring thermal radiation in the field of public places, labor hygiene, heating and ventilation and building energy conservation. The working principle of bolometer is under the exposure of thermal radiation, temperature of black absorbing layer of detector rise after absorption of thermal radiation, which makes the electromotive force produced by thermoelectric. The white light reflective layer of detector does not absorb thermal radiation, so the electromotive force produced by thermoelectric is almost zero. A comparison of electromotive force produced by thermoelectric of black absorbing layer and white reflective layer can eliminate the influence of electric potential produced by the basal background temperature change. After the electromotive force which produced by thermal radiation is processed by the signal processing unit, the indication displays through the indication display unit. The measurement unit of thermal radiation intensity is usually W/m 2 or kW/m 2 . Its accurate and reliable value has important significance for high temperature operation, labor safety and hygiene grading management. Bolometer calibration device is mainly composed of absolute radiometer, the reference light source, electric measuring instrument. Absolute radiometer is a self-calibration type radiometer. Its working principle is using the electric power which can be accurately measured replaces radiation power to absolutely measure the radiation power. Absolute radiometer is the standard apparatus of laser low power standard device, the measurement traceability is guaranteed. Using the calibration method of comparison, the absolute radiometer and bolometer measure the reference light source in the same position alternately which can get correction factor of irradiance indication. This paper is mainly about the design and calibration method of the bolometer calibration device. The uncertainty of the calibration result is also evaluated.

An apparatus for determining the spectral response of large area solar cells based on filter method has been introduced. The spectral response of a solar cell is measured by irradiating it by means of a narrow-bandwidth light source at a series of different wavelengths covering its response range, and measuring the short-circuit current density and irradiance at each of these wavelengths. Experiments have been performed to analyze the factors which can affect the spectral response measurements such as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of filters, the non-uniformity of monochromatic light. The results indicate that less FWHM of filters, more uniformity of monochromatic light will lead to a more accurate measurement.

The measurement of the modulation transfer function (MTF) is one of the key steps in characterizing the signal transfer characteristics of an imaging system as a function of spatial frequency in terms of linear response theory. Various methods have been proposed to determine the MTF of an imaging system which are based on point, slit or edge images. The slanted-edge method is the ISO 12233 standard for the MTF measurement of electronic still-picture cameras. In this paper, the method is modified to avoid amplifying the noise during the derivative computation by performing curve-fitting. In the experiments, we compare several different analytical function models for the ESF fitting and find that Logistic (Fermi) function gives the best result.

This paper describes some new experimental research of HF backscatter propagation in CRIRP. This new experimental research includes the detecting of a target with two different polarization arrays using the Faraday rotation effects, the detecting of the HF Doppler spectrum of sea and land by an HF backscatter propagation experimental system (HF BPES) in CRIRP. Airplanes as far away as 2000 km are frequently successfully detected by the HF BPES with two different polarization arrays. The track points of the airplane were compared with that detected by VHF radar, and the difference of the two tracks is very small so that the square root difference is /spl sigma/=13 km. The illuminated range by HF BPES is from land, by land, the sea boundary, and the sea over a long distance. The HF Doppler spectrum of ground, the sea echo Doppler spectrum and the HF Doppler spectrum of sea boundary and land are probed. It indicates the identification of both sea and ground.