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Soekarna Hatta Airport as an international aviation company hasn’t yet implemented an international standard risk management system based on ISO 31000, so it triggers the occurrence of negative impacts to the human, environment, property and company reputation. This research aims to conduct a risk assessment and control by using an international standard risk management system. Risk management research is focused on the negative impacts caused by an event of airport operations, particularly operations facility and machine. The Stages of the risk management process are based on ISO 31000 including risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation using fishbone and Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) tool. Impact Expectations and possible occurrence are mapped through the risk matrix which is defined by the Federation Aviation Administration (FAA). The results showed that there were7 events at Soekarno Hatta airport that have potential risk, namely, outbreak of the runway track, plane accidence during take-off/landing, disruption of flight navigation and communication services, accidence in the apron area, security disruption at the airport, aircraft jetblast, and entry of dangerous goods on board.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of macular grid photocoagulation in preserving or improving central visual acuity in eyes with macular edema due to central vein occlusion (CVO) and best-corrected visual acuity of 20/50 or poorer. Methods: Patients with angiographically documented macular edema due to CVO were entered into a multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial supported by the National Eye Institute. Eligibility was determined based on both clinical examination findings and photographic documentation evaluated at a photograph reading center. Eyes were assigned randomly to macular grid photocoagulation (77 eyes) or no treatment (78 eyes). Patients were followed every 4 months for 3 years or until the end of the study. The outcome measure was visual acuity. Results: The study population consisted of 155 eyes in 155 patients. There was no difference between treated and untreated eyes in visual acuity at any point during the follow-up period. Initial median visual acuity was 20/160 in treated eyes and 20/ 125 in control eyes. Final median visual acuity was 20/200 in treated eyes and 20/160 in control eyes. However, treatment clearly reduced angiographic evidence of macular edema. Conclusion: The results of this study do not support a recommendation for macular grid photocoagulation for the population meeting the Central Vein Occlusion Study macular edema group eligibility criteria.

The purpose of this paper is to present the different models of fundus cameras available on the current market. Included is a users survey for which 775 questionnaires were sent to ophthalmic photographers for evaluation of their equipment. A total of 394 questionnaires were returned. Possible bias in the users survey was decreased by excluding eight of the returned questionnaires that indicated proprietary interests. Thirty-two photographers reported that they used two or more camera systems. The survey results do not include all of the cameras that are currently available; only the camera models for which evaluations were returned. Some of the returned questionnaires listed cost as one of the best or worst features of a particular system. However, this survey reflects only the technical data supplied by the users, as cost may not reflect the quality of a system. The authors have taken into consideration the fact that the manufacturers of fundus cameras are continuously striving to update their products and realize that upon publication of this article newer models may be available. The authors wish to note that neither has any proprietary interest in the development or marketing of any fundus camera system and to be as objective as possible, they did not contribute to the technical data.

• Serial fundus photographs of 14 eyes that eventually developed glaucomatous visual field defects and 110 slides from 76 eyes of race- and age-matched controls were reviewed in randomized masked fashion. Each eye that lost visual field demonstrated consistent abnormalities of the nerve fiber layer, beginning as early as 5 years (mean, 1½ years) before it developed glaucomatous visual field defects on routine Goldmann perimetry. Preliminary estimates, based on regression analysis of this small series, suggest that half of these eyes (median) might demonstrate such reproducible abnormalities between four and six years before onset of their visual field defects. Only 9% of the matched controls showed similar nerve fiber layer changes, and in the one instance where analysis was possible, these were inconsistent and nonreproducible. Nerve fiber layer assessment by means of fundus photographs may be the earliest, surest means of distinguishing ocular hypertension from true glaucoma. ( Arch Ophthalmol 95:2149-2156, 1977)

This paper includes the different manufacturers and models of the fundus cameras available on the market at the present time. With each model of fundus camera are listed the manufacturer's specifications and optional equipment available for each system. The present cost of a fundus camera may range from a few thousand to over $30,000. However, the price of a fundus camera does not reflect the overall optical quality, mechanical stability, or ease of operation. Many considerations should be taken to mind, and prospective purchasers would be well advised to familiarize themselves as to the quality and variable capabilities of each system, as no one fundus camera system is best suited for all applications. Upon considering the purchase of a fundus camera, actual photographs taken from each system should be reviewed, as quality will vary. Reproduction or marketing brochures do not represent the average quality of the photographs obtainable from a specific system. The authors present this material in the hope that it may aid those who may be considering the purchase of a fundus camera. From the The Wilmer Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore.

Abnormalities in the appearance of the retinal nerve fiber layer can indicate the presence of optic nerve atrophy, but a major problem has been the difficulty of visualizing the nerve fiber layer in some individuals. By selectively illuminating the white nerve fiber layer in comparison with the red retinal pigment epithelium and choroidal background, red-free light increases the visibility of the nerve fiber layer. Compared with the standard red-free photographic technique, a 560-nm short-pass cut-off filter, used with extended-range, high-resolution, extremely fine-grain film (Kodak No. 2415 Technical Pan film), considerably enhanced the ability to resolve nerve fiber bundles.