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Objective To elucidate the antinociceptive, physiologic and biochemical effects of electroacupuncture (EA) and xylazine in hybrid goats. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals A total of 30 female hybrid goats aged 1–2 years and weighing 25 ± 2.9 kg (mean ± standard deviation). Methods The goats were divided into five groups and administered xylazine (0.1 mg kg−1; group XYL.1), xylazine (0.3 mg kg−1; group XYL.3), EA (group EA), EA + xylazine (0.1 mg kg−1; group XYL.1-EA) and 0.9% saline (0.3 mL; control group CON). Nociceptive threshold and serum glucose concentration were measured at time 0 and at 15, 30, 45, 60 minutes and 24 hours after treatment. Nociceptive threshold was measured by passing potassium ions through the skin using potassium iontophoresis. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory frequency (fR) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded at times 0 and at 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45, 60 minutes and 24 hours. Repeated-measures analyses were performed for each response variable; p Results Antinociceptive effects in groups XYL.1 and XYL.3 were increased significantly at 15–60 minutes compared with group CON. Antinociceptive effect was higher in group XYL.1-EA than groups XYL.1 or EA at 15–60 minutes (p Conclusions and clinical relevance The XYL.1 and EA combination was effective for antinociception with minimum physiologic alteration, suggesting that the combination may be a new and effective strategy for pain relief during clinical procedures in goats.

Trillions of beneficial and hostile microorganisms live in the human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, which act as gatekeepers in maintaining human health, i.e., protecting the body from pathogens by colonizing mucosal surfaces with microbiota-derived antimicrobial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids or host-derived cytokines and chemokines. It is widely accepted that the microbiome interacts with each other and with the host in a mutually beneficial relationship. Microbiota in the respiratory tract may also play a crucial role in immune homeostasis, maturation, and maintenance of respiratory physiology. Anti-TB antibiotics may cause dysbiosis in the lung and intestinal microbiota, affecting colonization resistance and making the host more susceptible to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) infection. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the lung microbiota composition, the lungs and intestinal microbiota related to respiratory health and diseases, microbiome sequencing and analysis, the bloodstream, and the lymphatic system that underpin the gut-lung axis in M. tuberculosis-infected humans and animals. We also discuss the gut-lung axis interactions with the immune system, the role of the microbiome in TB pathogenesis, and the impact of anti-TB antibiotic therapy on the microbiota in animals, humans, and drug-resistant TB individuals.

Antibiotic resistance (ABR) is a growing public health concern worldwide, and it is now regarded as a critical One Health issue. One Health’s interconnected domains contribute to the emergence, evolution, and spread of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms on a local and global scale, which is a significant risk factor for global health. The persistence and spread of resistant microbial species, and the association of determinants at the human-animal-environment interface can alter microbial genomes, resulting in resistant superbugs in various niches. ABR is motivated by a well-established link between three domains: human, animal, and environmental health. As a result, addressing ABR through the One Health approach makes sense. Several countries have implemented national action plans based on the One Health approach to combat antibiotic-resistant microbes, following the Tripartite’s Commitment Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)-World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)-World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The ABR has been identified as a global health concern, and efforts are being made to mitigate this global health threat. To summarize, global interdisciplinary and unified approaches based on One Health principles are required to limit the ABR dissemination cycle, raise awareness and education about antibiotic use, and promote policy, advocacy, and antimicrobial stewardship.

BACKGROUND The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic infiltrates every aspect of our life, including the psychological impact. China has experienced the first wave of this epidemic, and it is now affecting the global population. AIM This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among the general Chinese population. METHODS A detailed questionnaire, comprising of 38 questions designed in both English and Chinese, was developed. The survey was conducted via WeChat, a multipurpose messaging, social media, and mobile payment app, which is widely used by the Chinese population. RESULTS In total, 1082 individuals from 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities participated in the survey by filling the questionnaires through the WeChat app. 97.8% of the participants had an Impact of Event-Scale-Revised (IES-R) total score above 20, which is an indicator of PTSD. The IES-R total and all the three subscales, including intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal, are significantly correlated with age. In addition, age, profession, marital status, and level of education are significantly correlated with the degree of PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 epidemic has widely caused PTSD among the general Chinese population. These results bear important implications for regions struggling with the pandemic to implement effective interventions to cope with these mental health problems. ©The Author(s) 2021. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.