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Even though catalyst loading is one of the first crucial steps in organic and inorganic catalytic reactions, it has not been frequently discussed or improved to date. In particular, when a solid catalyst is added to an oxygen- and moisture-sensitive reaction mixture, a carefully tuned process to ensure an inert atmosphere (under nitrogen or argon) is required. Although gloveboxes are nowadays considered to be a universal solution, it is still associated with unsolved problems, such as high cost, high space consumption, difficult temperature control, and handling difficulties on account of the gloves. Herein, we report a recently developed simple apparatus that enables the addition of a solid without opening the reaction vessel. This solid-addition funnel drastically improved the yield (from trace to 64%) and the reproducibility of our original glycosylation reaction.

In 1978, California adopted building codes designed to reduce the energy used for temperature control. Using a rich data set of hourly electricity consumption for 158,112 houses in Sacramento, we estimate that the average house built just after 1978 uses 8% to 13% less electricity for cooling than a similar house built just before 1978. Comparing the estimated savings to the policy's projected cost, our results suggest the policy passes a cost-benefit test. In settings where market failures prevent energy costs from being completely passed through to home prices, building codes can serve as a cost- effective tool for improving energy efficiency.

System integration for process automation promoted the technologies that were accessed to functions and data of field device, controller, and SCADA system. In addition, the data from filed devices can apply to solve device diagnostic and preventive maintenance. This paper describes the practical technique to configure and implement of control and SCADA system that focus on integration of field device, PLC controller, and SCADA system. The paper presents case study of Allen-Bradley (AB) PLC by using WirelessHART device to temperature control and device diagnostic through SCADA system. PLC’s input/output (I/O) modules are installed that consists of Modbus module, digital I/O module, analog I/O module. In addition, Prosoft configuration builder and Studio 5000 software are new software to build add on Modbus instruction and ladder diagrams, respectively. The experiments perform in case study of temperature control by using Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) function in the AB PLC. Wonderware InTouch SCADA software is implemented to monitor the process mimic, trend, and alarm. Moreover, the technique can support the operators and engineers to make decision for process control and devices diagnostic.

Adaptive temperature control is proposed to increase the nonthermal exposure level of in vitro experiments. By regulating an air temperature to cancel the exposure-induced temperature elevation in cells, the maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) is at least doubled to trigger and characterize nonthermal effects. The air temperature is prescribed by an iteration algorithm to balance the maximum and minimum cell temperature levels while preventing them from exceeding a nonthermal threshold. Adaptive temperature control is applied to a 900-MHz exposure setup based on a TEM cavity. An air temperature regulator was installed to the TEM cavity loaded with cell monolayers in two 35-mm-diameter Petri dishes. SAR and temperature distributions in the culture medium were calculated by the finite-difference time-domain algorithm and validated by | S₁₁| and temperature measurements. Using a properly regulated air temperature, adaptive temperature control suppressed the temperature variances in cells within the 0.1 °C threshold through a 60-min exposure with a 6.10-W/kg average SAR. The SAR is 2.43 times as much as that of conventional temperature control using a stable air temperature. An air temperature regulator for adaptive temperature control is a simple addition to upgrade a conventional exposure setup and increase the exposure level in search of nonthermal effects.

This study sets out to describe the design, construction and testing of thermoelectric-driven conditioned mattress intended to reduce the human-mattress interface temperature, in order to satisfy the personal sleep thermal comfort requirements in hot conditions. A prototype of thermoelectric-driven conditioned mattress is constructed and tested. A series of experimental studies related to the temperature of different cushion layers and time from start-up to stable state have been carried out, specifically to analyze the difference in heat transfer performance of two types of temperature control layers (i.e., integral water cushion and circulating water pipes) in cooling operations. The steady-state results showed that, the type of temperature control layer and pre-set temperature exhibited a remarkable influence on the cooling performance of mattress. The mattress with integral water cushion had a superior cooling performance as compared to mattress with circulating water pipes under similar consitons. Specifically, the upper surface temperature of mattress with integral water cushion at the the pre-set temperature of 20°C, 18°C and 16°C were 1.97°C, 2.46°C and 3.08°C lower than indoor air temperature, respectively. Besides, the temperature contour maps of temperature control layer and upper cushion layer for two types of mattresses were constructed using the bilinear interpolation, respectively, thus expected to provide reference for the untested temperatures in this study. This study aims to effectively evaluate the heat transfer performance of the thermoelectric-driven conditioned mattress, and shows highly practical value in further applications of this system in improving human thermal comfort during sleep.

Nowadays, most of the cars have air conditioning as a standard feature, which improves comfort and safety. Automatic temperature control, incorporated cooling, warming, de-misting and de-frosting, air filtration, humidity management, and safety are all characteristics of modern systems. The interior cabin temperature has the greatest impact on passenger thermal comfort. Cabin temperature is to determine by the size of the cabin, the quantity and form of air vents, the overall HVAC system's mass flow rate, and the dashboard, trimmings, and seating materials. The vanes are adjusted manually to establish the airflow direction and in few, it is automatically adjusted. The round-shaped set-up in the cabin's HVAC system has a dynamic mechanism that is mean to spin at a constant speed along its axis. In this work, SUV vehicle cabin has investigated with different speed and find the suitable temperature range. It should be test using CFD software and steady state thermal analysis. According to ANSYS FLUENT, the observed cabin findings include a temperature of roughly 23 °C and an airflow velocity of 5 m/sec.

A microfluidic device based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for genetic diagnostics was designed and fabricated. The continuous-flow microfluidic PCR system was integrated with two heating blocks to increase the temperature in each zone (denaturation, annealing, and extension). To maintain a constant temperature, heat transfer was controlled by a temperature controller system while receiving real-time feedback of a thermocouple attached to the microchannel. The DNA amplification was evaluated by fluorescence imaging through agarose gel electrophoresis. The developed continuous-flow microfluidic PCR chip provides reliable amplification of the target DNA with a real-time system controller while maintaining the temperature.

The middle vessel batch distillation column is an alternative to the regular batch distillation column. This configuration allows simultaneous separation of the light fraction (accumulated at top), heavy fraction (accumulated at bottom) and the intermediate fraction (accumulated in the middle vessel) in a single column. The objective of this article is to extensively analyse and discuss different control systems for the middle vessel batch distillation column (MVBDC) and dynamically optimize the column. Three control structures such as composition level cascade, composition temperature cascade, and temperature control system, have been tested and evaluated. Further, a dynamic optimization study has been performed on the control system providing the fastest separation. The optimizer is set to minimize the total energy consumed during the process. This resulted in a decrease in batch time from 26.8 to 25.2 h and a 13.5% decrease in overall energy usage. The presented dynamic optimization technique and control system design is useful for improving the performance of the MVBDC.

In this article, an optimal strategy is proposed for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in commercial buildings to fairly ensure the occupants’ comfort, while participating in frequency regulation. With the nonlinear relationship between temperature setpoint and the fan power, the differences between indoor temperatures and temperature setpoints are considered as the objective to fairly ensure the occupants’ comfort. By the proposed strategy, the task for frequency regulation is optimally distributed according to the capacity of HVAC systems in a load aggregator. Therefore, performing frequency regulation and fairly ensuring occupants’ comfort are achieved simultaneously. Simulations on a two-area interconnected power system show that the proposed optimal strategy can improve the quality of frequency, reduce traditional generator regulation, and ensure the occupants’ comfort fairly.

Heating cancer cells over an extended period of time, referred to as hyperthermia, has been proven to enhance the effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy without inducing additional toxicity or undesirable side effects, and is therefore considered a highly valuable adjuvant therapy in cancer treatment. In this work, a model predictive control (MPC) setup is developed for improving performance and robustness in regulating the temperature for magnetic-resonance-guided high-intensity focused ultrasound (MR-HIFU) hyperthermia treatments. The proposed control design incorporates a disturbance estimator as encountered in offset-free MPC that is able to remove the steady-state temperature error caused by plant-model mismatch. For the considered healthcare application, such modeling errors are inevitable in practice due to the high variability of tissue properties in patients, some of which even exhibit time- and temperature-dependent behavior due to the body's thermoregulatory response, combined with the fact that extensive model identification is undesirable in the clinic. The controller's performance is demonstrated by means of in vivo experiments on a porcine thigh muscle using a clinical MR-HIFU treatment setup.

The logging tools detecting the underground petroleum resources face a high-temperature downhole environment. Several passive thermal management systems have successfully protected the downhole electronic devices in previous studies but failed to exert a better temperature control performance. To solve this issue, the finite element method and the Nelder–Mead algorithm are combined to optimize the thermal design of the logging tool. The optimized logging tool is obtained after 61 optimization iterations and the maximum temperature of heat sources drops from 163.1 °C to 123 °C. Besides, phase change materials (PCMs) of the optimized logging tool store 13.7% more heat, avoiding the heat accumulation of the heat sources. An experiment was conducted to investigate the real thermal optimization effect. The maximum temperature of heat sources decreases by 30.1 °C in the optimized logging tool, and the simulated results well match the experimental results with an average error of 4.64 °C. The results verify the effectiveness of thermal optimization in logging tools, revealing the great potential of optimization algorithms in thermal design.

Single-cell imaging, a powerful analytical method to study single-cell behavior, such as gene expression and protein profiling, provides an essential basis for modern medical diagnosis. The coding and localization function of microfluidic chips has been developed and applied in living single-cell imaging in recent years. Simultaneously, chip-based living single-cell imaging is also limited by complicated trapping steps, low cell utilization, and difficult high-resolution imaging. To solve these problems, an ultra-thin temperature-controllable microwell array chip (UTCMA chip) was designed to develop a living single-cell workstation in this study for continuous on-chip culture and real-time high-resolution imaging of living single cells. The chip-based on ultra-thin ITO glass is highly matched with an inverted microscope (or confocal microscope) with a high magnification objective (100 × oil lens), and the temperature of the chip can be controlled by combining it with a home-made temperature control device. High-throughput single-cell patterning is realized in one step when the microwell array on the chip uses hydrophilic glass as the substrate and hydrophobic SU-8 photoresist as the wall. The cell utilization rate, single-cell capture rate, and microwell occupancy rate are all close to 100% in the microwell array. This method will be useful in rare single-cell research, extending its application in the biological and medical-related fields, such as early diagnosis of disease, personalized therapy, and research-based on single-cell analysis.

The problem of the temperature control at the outlet of gas cooling units of compressor stations of main gas pipelines is discussed. To solve the problemt, a discrete or frequency control of electric motors of fans of gas air cooling devices is used. The problems of electromagnetic compatibility that arise in typical power supply systems of gas cooling installations when connecting electric motors of fans through frequency converters are noted. A combined fan motor control system is considered, in which the electric motors are divided into two groups. The electric motors of the first group are connected to the network directly, the second through frequency converters. By reducing the number of electric motors connected to the network through frequency converters, the negative impact of frequency-controlled drives on the quality of electricity is reduced and the costs of modernization projects are reduced in comparison with the option of the variant using a frequency converter for each electric motor. The energy characteristics of the combined control system are analyzed. The relations that establish the relationship between the temperature difference at the cooling unit and the power of the fan motors for various control methods are obtained. The optimal control algorithm according to the criterion of maximum power saving is proposed, which provides for the interconnected control of the number of discrete-controlled motors and the speed of frequency-controlled drives. The variants of the implementation of the optimal control algorithm are discussed. Analytical expressions for power saving on the fan motor shaft in a combined system compared with a discrete one and a method for estimating energy savings are considered. The obtained results are recommended to be used to assess the technical and economic efficiency of projects for the modernization of electrical complexes of gas cooling units.

Bone cutting plays an important role in spine surgical operations. The power devices with high speed employing in bone cutting usually leads to high cutting temperature of the bone tissue. This high temperature control is important in improving cutting surface quality and optimizing the cutting parameters. In this paper, the bone-cutting model was appropriately simplified for finite element (FE) based modeling of 2D orthogonal cutting to discuss the change law of cutting temperature of cortical bones for cervical vertebra, and to study the orthogonal cutting mechanism of the anisotropic cortical bone, a 3D FE simulation model had been also established in which longitudinal, vertical, and transversal cutting types were accomplished to investigate the effect of osteons orientation. Secondly, this response surface method was used to regress the simulation results, and establishes the prediction model of maximum temperature on cutting depth, cutting speed, and feed speed. Then, the Sobol method was used to analyze the sensitivity of the milling temperature prediction mathematical model parameters, in order to clarify and quantitatively analyze the influence of input milling parameters on the output milling temperature. Finally, the cutting temperatures obtained with the simulations were compared with the corresponding experimental results obtained from the bone milling tests. This study verifies the influence of key variables and the cutting parameters on thermo mechanical behavior of the bone cutting. The obtained cutting temperature distribution for the bone surfaces could be employed to establish a theoretical foundation for research on thermal damage control of bone tissues.

In this article, we present a new microwave system with the tunable ability of the heating region and heating effect. The heating region is changed by choosing different antennas above different heating region, which leads to larger heating range. And this system can be utilized in precise temperature control in ammonia synthesis phase. The frequency-space domain modulation technology is ingeniously suggested in our heating system. The different antennas above different heating region is then selected by changing the input working frequency. Based on the frequency-space domain modulation, we further add time domain modulation to increase the tunability of heating effect at different heating regions. By adjusting the frequency distribution of the input microwave source in time domain, where we named as time-frequency-space domain synthesis modulation method, the tunable heating region and effect is finally achieved. A simple microwave system is fabricated, and different heating effects are measured. The proposed heating method and system has benefits as following, simple structure, low cost, uniform heating, and controllable heating effect, which results in great improvement in microwave heating.

Renewable energy sources are those that replenish naturally without depletion. Example of such sources are bioenergy, hydropower, geothermal, wind and solar energy sources. The alarming rate of global energy demand and consumption necessitates an immediate solution for energy conservation and maximum efficiency of new technological gadgets now being built. As a gadget, a solar water heater transforms dc electricity into heat energy, which is then transferred to the water in which it is immersed. The size of the heater is determined by its design, capacity, and intended purpose; it might be for household or industrial use. As an alternative to conventional electric water heaters, this effort focuses on the design and development of a solar-powered smart water heater. In tests using a variety of settings, the solar-powered smart heater that was constructed performed admirably. The components used include a PIC16F876A microcontroller, a 12 V/300 W monocrystalline PV, a 12 V/ 40 A charge controller, and 12 V / 150 W dc submersible heating element among others The temperature control capacity of the fabrication makes it useful in water management system applications such as in aquaculture fingerling hatchery, hot water dispenser and shower among others. The system showed excellent performance in water temperature control using a 150 watts dc heater. Keywords:Solar, heater, photo-voltaic, temperature-controlled, direct current, alternating current .

This paper introduces a cyber-physical system for building automation and control that is developed based on a distributed model predictive control. The implemented distributed method significantly reduces computation overhead with respect to the centralized methods. However, continuous data transfer between subsystems, which are often far from each other, is required when using this method. Information transmission between subsystems is very often subject to the limitations of transmission bandwidth and/or short communication range resulting in significant communication overhead. This causes significant time latency between making measurements and applying control commands, which adversely affects the control performance. Therefore, the distributed method used in this paper implements a two-level communication architecture to reduce the communication overhead. In order to avoid collision in communication inside neighborhood using this method, the TDMA-OFDMA scheme is used for wireless communication between distributed devices. Under these assumptions, the communication overhead is calculated. Then, a novel algorithm for finding the size of neighborhoods resulting in the lowest time latency between making measurements and applying control commands is presented for a typical office building. Finally, the satisfactory performance of the proposed cyber-physical system for the temperature control of a typical office building in the presence of disturbance and model inaccuracy is illustrated using computer simulations.

We present a large-signal SPICE model for the depletion-type silicon ring (RM) modulator that includes temperature dependence. The model is based on the temperature-dependent equivalent circuit for the RM and allows easy simulation of RM modulation characteristics in SPICE. The accuracy of the model is verified with the measurement results of 25-Gb/s NRZ modulation at several different temperatures. In addition, simulation of the temperature-dependent transient responses of the RM together with the RM temperature control circuit is demonstrated in the standard IC design environment.

Ambient temperature is closely related to human health. Maintaining a comfortable and stable temperature is crucial for the treatment, rehabilitation and daily e-health care of patients, where the Internet of Things has been widely applied for this purpose. However, the existing research always separates the network design from temperature monitoring and control. In order to provide better e-health services, we design a solution to minimize the cost of energy consumption and delay. This work discusses a cyber-physical design for an indoor temperature monitoring system using a wireless sensor network. All sensors dynamically adjust the sleep/wake duty cycles and select the optimal anycast routing according to the sensed temperature. In addition, IoT-enabled heating, ventilation, and air conditioner (HVAC) systems for indoor temperature control have attracted unprecedented attention. HVAC can be connected to the Internet for weather and time-varying electricity price data. This work discusses the problem of minimizing the total energy cost of the HVAC system while keeping the indoor temperature within a prefixed range. The key idea is to leverage the time-varying electricity prices and do precooling/preheating using HVAC. The simulation results show that our temperature monitoring and control algorithm outperforms other heuristic schemes.

The temperature of outdoor structures, such as automobiles, buildings, and clothing, can be tuned by designing photonic properties. However, particular challenges arise when considering the temperature of an object itself rather than the enclosure in these outdoor structures. We present a double-side photonic thermal (DSPT) system. In the DSPT system, the tunable range of photonic thermal load for heating and cooling functions is calculated by designing the absorption spectra of both sides to adapt to different temperature conditions. These include the proper photonic design of not only the side facing outward but also the inner side and more complex temperature conditions of the object, enclosures, and atmosphere. According to the DSPT mechanisms, we developed a Janus material that can achieve the opposite functions (cooling and heating) with one film by simply flipping the sides of the Janus material, which does not require any additional energy input. The Janus material is designed and fabricated by common materials and a simple multilayer structure, which is attractive for large-scale fabrication. The thermal experiment proved the Janus multilayer could achieve a high temperature in the heating mode and a low temperature in the cooling mode, and the range of the tunable temperature would be wider with stronger sun radiation. The Janus material can passively achieve more efficient temperature control in enclosures while offering both side photonic design comparable to conventional radiative coolers and heaters.

We present a multipoint fiber magnetic field sensing system based on magnetic fluid (MF) and frequency-shifted interferometry fiber loop ringdown (FSI-FLRD). This system contains a number of cascaded sensing channels, and shares a common continuous-wave light source and slow electronics instead of a pulsed light source and high-speed electron devices as required in traditional multichannel FLRD techniques. Each sensing channel is formed by incorporating an MF-coated etched fiber as the sensing head inside a fiber ringdown loop. Each sensing head is mounted on a temperature control device. We experimentally fabricated a dual-channel FSI-FLRD magnetic field sensing system. First the system’s temperature response was investigated, which indicates the MF-based sensing heads had temperature cross sensitivity. Then after keeping the temperature at 20 °C for improving testing accuracy and applying different magnetic fields, the two sensing channels were separately shown to have sensitivities of $- 9.38\times 10 ^{-5}$ and $- 2.28\times 10 ^{-5}$ /(km $\cdot $ Oe) with a linear response in the range of 221–721 Oe. The obtained sensing channel stabilities were respectively 0.02% and 0.04%, which enhance more than one order of magnitude compared with those of most conventional FLRD techniques.

Conventional agriculture is the greatest enemy of healthy soil; it wasn’t designed for the betterment of the soil, but rather for the rapid economic growth. If we want to improve soil quality and with that our life quality

This study deals with the high-risk shell-and-tube heat exchangers in the effluent system of hydrogenation reaction of the petrochemical industry. The process of hydroprocessing reactor effluent system is simulated in Aspen Plus to study the distribution of corrosive medium in the three phases of oil, gas and water. The least-squares method is utilized to calculate the ammonium salt crystallization temperature. Then, the heat exchanger with risk of ammonium salt crystal corrosion is identified. Dynamic mathematical modeling of the heat exchanger is established to determine the transfer function. A temperature control system with proportional integral derivative (PID) control of the heat exchanger outlet is designed, and fuzzy logic is used to implement self-tuning of PID parameters. After MATLAB simulation, the results show the control system can achieve rapid control of the heat exchanger outlet temperature.

Given the present research momentum, the development of efficient and stable ambient air-processed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is of the core interests of scientists dealing with perovskites for photovoltaics. Hitherto, many suitable approaches are proposed to this aim. However, according to the authors' knowledge, none of them deals with the study of the underlying mechanisms of how the temperature of perovskite precursor solution during its dripping on the substrate influences the characteristics of fully ambient air-processed PSCs. The present work demonstrates the dripping temperature control of perovskite precursor solution as a critical facile and universal approach in realizing high-humidity fabrication of PSCs. Herein, important observations regarding the effect of dripping temperature (from −20 °C to 100 °C) of MAPbI3 precursor solution on the characteristics of fully ambient air-processed perovskite layer and carbon-based hole transport material-free PSCs are unveiled and thoroughly discussed. The results indicate that the dripping temperature of perovskite precursor solution greatly affects the affinity of perovskite nuclei and substrate active sites, the hydrophilicity of solution, as well as the crystal and chemical structure, and morphology of the perovskite layer. Subsequently, the characteristics of PSCs vary, mainly regarding the charge transport and recombination rates, while their hysteretic behavior also changes. The investigation demonstrates that a significant enhancement in the PSCs performance can be achieved by the proposed approach.

A two-level control system for the temperature mode of smelting, out-of-furnace processing and preparation for casting of low-carbon steel G/ET is proposed in the conditions of BOF shop-2 of JSC “United West Siberian Metallurgical Combine”. Depending on the technological scheme, it is possible to design various control systems for the steelmaking complex with sequential, parallel and combined inclusion of individual operations and processes. The control system of a sequential group of objects is considered on the example of steel G/ET. The control system includes an external control loop that allows coordinated control of the shop departments by optimizing the mode of technological process conducting at the facility, taking into account the actual operation performed at the previous facility. The implemented nonparametric algorithm of dual control allows the decision-maker to perform joint operational adjustment of control actions for local control loops. The temperature mode of the melts of low-carbon steel G/ET is analyzed and it is revealed that the processing time of the steel ladle at each stage of the BOF – CCM technological route has a significant impact on the steel temperature mode. In accordance with this, the criteria for temperature control quality are formed. The results of computational experiment showed that the introduction of a control unit with a decision-maker contributes to the rational control of metal temperature mode in the BOF – CCM site, and as a result, obtaining a given chemical composition and temperature of steel within narrower limits. It allows one to eliminate deviations from the contact schedule of the main units, and to increase the number of melts in the series and the rate of continuous casting.

Heat and hold method is a method with temperature containment techniques in accordance with desired temperature and time functions. This technique aims in adjusting the characteristics of microbial resistance to temperature and saving energy consumption. In this study, a tank with temperature control system was designed for heat and hold the temperature according to the system requirements. Control of the temperature in the heating tank can be done based on the Arduino microcontroller. Arduino reads data from the temperature sensor and activate the heater according to temperature set on the Arduino. Arduino Ethernet Shield acts as Arduino data communication with a database connected to the internet network. The results of this study are in the form of a prototype that shows an IoT-based temperature monitoring tool that can be accessed anywhere via Web-based monitoring system interface. The test was carried out in 2 stages, namely testing by determining target of heater and testing with Holding and Heating with a delay of 10 minutes and 20 minutes. The heating tank temperature control system maintain a temperature of 40oC, 50oC, 60oC for 10 minutes. The temperature holding condition at a certain time is called holding. Henceforth the system temperature is at 70oC.

IoT in this research serves to integrate and connect all electronic devices using the internet network. This system will make it easier for users to feed fish from a distance and get information about the state of water.Arduino utilizes the ATMega microprocessor to control a variety of sensors. For example, to monitor the condition of a room and make it possible to "feel" the conditions in the room even though it is monitored remotely.The method used in this research is Prototype because it is very good for solving misunderstanding problems between users and analysts. Researchers designed and implemented an IoT-based temperature control system for remote feeding and monitoring in aquarium ornamental chefs. This system uses an Android-based smartphone connected to the NodeMcu Microcontroller to send the latest temperature information and provide an early warning if the temperature in the aquarium.

Optimizing the operation of heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is a challenging task that requires the modeling of complex nonlinear relationships among the HVAC load, indoor temperature, and outdoor environment. This article proposes a new strategy for optimal operation of an HVAC system in a commercial building. The system for indoor temperature control is divided into three sub-systems, each of which is modeled using an artificial neural network (ANN). The ANNs are then interconnected and integrated into an optimization problem for temperature set-point scheduling. The problem is reformulated to determine the optimal set-points using a deterministic search algorithm. After the optimal scheduling has been initiated, the ANNs undergo online learning repeatedly, mitigating overfitting. Case studies are conducted to analyze the performance of the proposed strategy, compared to strategies with a pre-determined temperature set-point, an ideal physics-based building model, and other types of machine learning-based modeling and scheduling methods. The case study results confirm that the proposed strategy is effective in terms of the HVAC energy cost, practical applicability, and training data requirements.

This paper aims to study the temperature control of mass concrete, and to understand concrete pouring of hydration heat temperature field and temperature stress distribution. The influence of relevant parameters on reducing the temperature difference between inside and outside and the concrete temperature control and crack resistance measures are put forward. Taking Fuma Yangtze River Bridge as the engineering background, the combining of engineering measurement, theoretical calculation, and ANSYS numerical simulation is adopted. Results show that the use of ANSYS simulation for the mass concrete casting process is feasible. Furthermore, it is concluded that the cracks of mass concrete are prone to appear at the corner of the surface, and the influences of t input temperature, mixing ratio on reducing the internal and external temperature difference are also studied.

With the advancement in technology, the need has emerged to control various parameters like force, humidity, pressure and temperature. Out of these, temperature control has become an important necessity in today’s world with the advent of various technologies in air conditioning and heating appliances. Many of these make use of PID controllers to maintain the temperature at the desired set point and prevent any overshoot. Here we have proposed PID based model which will be tuned manually to obtain the optimum values of the proportional, integral and derivative constants. Results are shown in terms of improved performance parameters (Rise Time, Overshoot and steady state error)

The article discusses the principles of constructing an optoelectronic device without optical systems for remote control of the temperature of solar installations and small objects. A block diagram of the developed device is shown and its principle of action is laid out. Keywords: optoelectronic, temperature, amplitude detector, thermal radiation, spectral density.

While occupancy-based control and other demand management control strategies have demonstrated potential, little is known about how these changes in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC...

The suitable application of innovative control strategies in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning systems is important to improving the energy efficiency and maintenance of temperature set point to improve thermal comfort in buildings. The increased focus on energy savings and appropriate thermal comfort has resulted in the necessity for more dynamic approach to the use of these controllers. However, the design of these controllers requires the use of an accurate dynamic modelling. Substantial progresses have been made in the past on model development to provide better control strategy to ensure energy savings without sacrificing thermal comfort and indoor air quality in the Heating, Ventilation, and Air-conditioning systems. However, there are scarce model using the data driven approach in the Multi-circuit air-conditioning system. This research, carried out a study on the choice of a dynamic model for an operating centralized multi-circuit water-cooled package unit air-conditioning system using a system identification procedure. Baseline data were collected and analyzed, the model development was achieved by processing, estimating and validating the data in system identification. Result shows that the Autoregressive-moving average with exogenous terms (ARMAX) of the third order model, established the best model structure with the highest Best Fit and Lowest Mean Square Error.

Indoor temperature is a critical environmental factor for piglets that affects the health, welfare, and production efficiency of domesticated pigs. However, there are limited reports about wireless intelligent thermal control and management system for piglets in large-scale pig farms, and evaluation energy saving. This paper presents an Automatic Thermal Control and Management System (ATCMS) of micro-environment for piglets, that could provide a suitable production environment and reduce the energy consumption. ATCMS includes automatic temperature control system (ATCS), multipoint temperature management system (MTMS) and remote access. The infrared heating lamps are chosen in the ATCS for their good performance in heating rate and heating distribution. In order to meet a scientific temperature requirements of piglet growth, the suitable thermal ranges of each growth-stage (STREG) are employed as intelligent control strategies to generate an automatic and precise heating control. MTMS is responsible for communicating with ATCSs and transmitting information to database server for record based on wireless technology. Remote access offers information services for remote administrators by smart phones and clients via Internet. The experiments of ATCMS were carried out both in winter and summer at Binsheng Breeding Piggery Farm, Acheng City, Heilongjiang Province, China. Results showed that the temperature provided by ATCS had been kept in STREG of piglets during the whole winter period. When the indoor temperature during summer period were in or above STREG, heating lamps were turned off by ATCS for a long time. The energy consumption of ATCS were 63.60% in winter and 39.35% in summer with continuous heating system operation. Therefore, ATCMS could take the suitable thermal ranges of each growth-stage as an intelligent control principle to give an automatic and precise control to heating devices in order to meet a scientific temperature requirements of piglet growth.

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is a complex mixture of low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons with nitrogen as a principal inert impurity. Nowadays, the instrumentation control tools are needed in LNG Commercialization to ensure the LNG is safely transported, while minimizing the energy losses across the network. This research was a preliminary design that used LNG custody transfer control tools referred the ISO 8943:2007 standard. The temperature was measured by thermocouple (Rosemount transmitter 3144 series), while the pressure was measured using pressure transmitter (Rosemount transmitter 3051 series). The simulated signal temperature was done by temperature control box, while the simulated pressure was represented by WIKA pressure calibrator. Data from transmitter was sent to the LabVolt 9063 series that has data acquisition for Software Development Kit (SDK) enabled. Previously, the LabVolt 9063 did not recognized the signal from the transmitter. The SDK software bridged the LabVolt hardware with the LabView software. In the simulated system, temperature alarm will be triggered when the temperature value exceeds 20oC. For simulated pressure, the alarm will respond if pressure value exceeds 30 psi. From the results of this research, the communication between hardware and software worked properly. The data acquisition system was stable during the data collection stage, processing and displaying. In addition, the alarm indicator for both temperature and pressure was met within the threshold value.

Temperature control is the key element during medicine storage. Pharmacies sell some medical products which are kept in fridges. The opening and closing of the fridge while taking some medicine makes the outside hot air enter the fridge, which will increase the inner fridge temperature. When the frequency of opening and closing of the fridge is increased, the temperature may go beyond the allowed storage temperature range. In this paper, we are proposing a model with the help of machine learning that will be used in multiple chambers fridges to keep indicating the time remaining for the inner temperature to go beyond the allowed range, and if the time is short, the system will propose to the pharmacist not to open that particular room and proposes a room that has enough time slots (time to reach the upper limit temperature). By using training data got from a thermoelectric cooler-based fridge, we constructed a multiple linear regression model that can predict the required time for a given room to reach the cut-off temperature in case that room is opened. The built model was evaluated using the coefficient of determination R2 and is found to be 77%, and then it can be used to develop a multiple room smart fridge for efficiently storing highly sensitive medical products.

The possibility of using a heat-insulated underfloor space with controlled temperature for low-rise buildings on pile foundations in permafrost conditions is considered. A predictive dynamic thermal model of the underlying soils for construction on pile foundations employing various types of underfloor space is presented. The calculation model of the interaction between the building and foundation in the presence of a heat-insulated underfloor space is verified by comparison with already-obtained field observation data.

A special design of the measuring cell was proposed, which makes it possible to determine the optical and electrochemical characteristics of thin-film electrochromic electrodes simultaneously. Also, the proposed cell provides constant temperature control using a small-sized thermostating unit built on Peltier elements and digital boards of W1209 thermostats. The cell was made using 3D printing with ABS plastic by the fused deposition method (FDM), followed by a sealing stage using a solution of polymethyl methacrylate dissolved in dichloroethane. In the course of the research, the use of a green laser with a wavelength of 520nm was substantiated. Separately, the linearity of optical readings, the dependence of the indicators of the optical characteristics measurement system on temperature, as well as the uniformity of electrolyte heating in the cell, were studied. In addition, the pattern of the electric field was determined, which was an indicator of the uniformity of the current density distribution on the measured electrode. The obtained dependences made it possible to assert that the characteristics of the cell and the measuring system as a whole are suitable for the stated research purposes. It was also shown that the cost of the cell, together with the optical measuring system and the constant temperature control system, is more than two times cheaper than simple electrochemical cells offered by manufacturers. The proposed algorithm for the development of the cell design, the approach to the selection of components, as well as the given technical details, allow us to manufacture measuring equipment for the specific goals of the researcher. In this case, the given schematic, structural, and hardware solutions can be used separately from each other

The pore habits of gas hydrate in natural sediment matrices provide essential clues for understanding physical (mechanical, thermal, hydraulic, and electrical) properties of hydrate-bearing sediments, yet there are no tools that can directly visualize the pore habits of natural gas hydrate other than indirect interpretation based on core-scale or field-scale observations. A significant challenge is to obtain a mini-core from pressure cores retrieved from natural reservoirs for high-resolution micro-CT (computed tomography) scans while maintaining pressure and temperature conditions required for stability of gas hydrate during all operational steps including manipulation, cutting, transferring, sub-coring and CT scanning. We present a new set of tools for pore-scale micro-CT imaging of natural hydrate-bearing sediments while maintaining pressure and temperature control. The tests with laboratory-prepared cores and pressure cores successfully demonstrate the capability of this set of tools to subsample a mini-core from pressure cores, transfer the mini-core to an X-ray transparent core holder, and conduct micro-CT scans. Successfully obtained CT images prove the functionality of this set of tools.

Thermal metrology laboratory at the National Institute of Standards (NIS-Egypt) has been working to realize the International Temperature Scale-1990 (Preston-Thomas in Metrologia 27:3–10, 1990). High-precision thermal control is required especially with low-temperature fixed points that were realized within adiabatic calorimeters. In this study, a new algorithm module has been developed to control precisely the accurate temperature based on equal partitioning the temperature domain to be equivalent to the sensitivity of controlling thermometer (0.00391 K−1). The algorithm technique is required to maintain and stabilize the temperature of an adiabatic evacuated copper can that is located inside a thermally isolated calorimeter; the modified fractional proportional-integration function and sensitivity partial temperature function (SPTF) for temperature control have been designed and developed. The improved discrete SPTF has showed a thermal stability better than 28 ± 1.8 mK at temperature extremely close to the triple point of water cell (Tcell = 273.16 K) with reliable response time within 18 ± 1 min of performance. The thermal parameters of the new adiabatic calorimeter have been calculated such as the heat capacity of the load and the thermal resistance between the regulated shield and the measuring sample. The estimated uncertainty related to the measurements has been improved to ± 0.28 mK.

This paper describes a simple digital temperature control system where the popular LM35DZ sensor is used to sense the temperature of a resistive heating element and to provide a feedback to an Arduino microcontroller board. By subtracting the measured temperature from the desired temperature, a value of error is then processed by a conventional PID controller which provides an adjustment signal and drives a bipolar junction transistor in order to minimize or remove that error by a simple ON/OFF switching of the power to the heating element. The control is also done using logic controllers such as ON/OFF and hysteresis controllers. The evaluation of each controller performance is based on rise time, overshoot, steady state error and the most common performance criterion which is the integral of the absolute value of the error. Besides that, the arduino integrated development environment (IDE) software is used to write the program code. Moreover, other languages are used to program the Arduino such as Matlab support package for Arduino hardware, Flowcode IDE and mBlock.

Nanoparticles are considered important in numerous applications, therefore it is very imperative to have an easy, effective, and efficient nanoparticle synthesis technique. This work is aimed at the design and development of a portable thermal management device with features such as low-cost, accurate, easy-to-use, and miniaturized for nanoparticle synthesis and application. The main function of the proposed device is to control, manipulate, and monitor the cartridge heater and sensor respectively. The device is incorporated with a NodeMCU integrated with a PID temperature controller with a precision of ±2°C. A customized cartridge heater was used for heating purpose and a resistive temperature sensor acts as a feedback loop. A small petri dish of 50 mm (D), as a reservoir for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, was kept at $70^{\circ }\text{C}$ for 3 h. The obtained results were subjected to FESEM and XRF characterization techniques to analyze surface morphology of nanoparticle samples which were obtained as flower-like shape and nanobars structure of 830nm in width. The synthesized ZnO nanoparticles were verified for electrocatalytic sensing of Dopamine. As a proof-of-principle, to check the Chemical Vapor Deposition of the synthesized ZnO nanomaterial on the bare aluminum foil of $18~\mu \text{m}$ at a small scale, without any complex measures or need of a controlled environment, is also provided. Further, this aluminum foil was used as a working electrode where cysteine was successfully sensed electrochemically. This portable thermal device can be used for carrying out several thermal-based reactions and analysis.

Objective: The combination of artificial intelligence and cyber–physical​ systems (CPSs) in buildings has many advantages. Therefore, CPSs and artificial intelligence are studied based on previous research to promote their use in the construction industry. Methods: The design scheme of a CPS-based indoor environment measurement and control system for intelligent buildings is based on four modules: detection, control, execution, and communication. An agent is utilized as the smallest control unit, and the multi-agent system (MAS) simulates the connections between human neurons to achieve autonomous and flexible access to information. Multi-agents are utilized to imitate the connections between human neurons. The physical world of the physics-based information fusion system is constructed. The basic concept of granular computing and the principle of granular formal concepts are analyzed to construct the information world of the CPS. The environmental information calculation module uses a back-propagation neural network (BPNN) for classification and pattern recognition. Results: After systematic testing and evaluation, it is found that the PSNR value, NRMSE value, and MAE value of the designed system are excellent, that is, the effectiveness and robustness of the system are high. The temperature control ability of the system is tested. The designed system is good at detecting temperatures and the corresponding situations, so the intelligent CPS can meet the indoor temperature response requirements. Conclusion: This research on the combination of a CPS and artificial intelligence in the construction industry can provide a theoretical basis and practical reference materials for the development of the intelligent construction industry.

In this study, vapor recompression and heat integration assisted distillation arrangements with either the low or high pressure in the reflux drum are proposed to reduce and/or eliminate the application of the costly refrigerant for the separation of n-heptane and isobutanol mixture. The high-pressure arrangement with vapor recompression and heat integration is the most attractive among these four intensified configurations since it can reduce total annual cost by 18.10%, CO2 emissions by 75.01% based on natural gas (78.78% based on heavy oil fuel), and second-law efficiency by 61.20% compared to a conventional refrigerated distillation system. Furthermore, exergy destruction in each component is calculated for the heat integration configurations and is shown in pie diagrams. The results demonstrate that the high-pressure configuration presents unique advantages in terms of thermodynamic efficiency compared to the low-pressure case. In addition, dynamic control investigation is performed for the economically efficient arrangement and good product compositions are well controlled through a dual-point temperature control strategy with almost negligible product offsets and quick process responses when addressing 20% step changes in production rate and feed composition. Note that there are no composition measurement loops in our developed control schemes.

Objective. To analyze the results of a multimodal approach in intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during surgical correction of spinal deformities.Material and Methods. The paper describes a variant of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring of the spinal cord and nerve root functions which was used in the correction of scoliotic deformity of the spine in 138 patients. Surgery was performed in 83 patients aged 10 to 17 years and in 55 patients older than 17 years. The average age of patients was 20.23 ± 8.3 years. There were 41 male and 97 female patients. The primary scoliotic curve was localized in the thoracic spine in 90 cases, in the thoracolumbar spine in 27 cases, and in the lumbar spine in 21 cases.Results. In the early postoperative period, two patients developed neurological deficit, the electrophysiological predictors of which were recorded during intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. In one case, the deficit gradually regressed completely due to the measures taken by the operating team during surgery; in the second case, a persistent neurological deficit in the form of lower paraplegia persisted, despite the measures taken during the surgical treatment. In other cases, intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring did not reveal any changes in the spinal cord and nerve roots, which in the early postoperative period would lead to the appearance or aggravation of motor deficit.Conclusion. A multimodal approach to intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring provides an operating surgeon with an objective assessment of the state of the spinal cord and nerve roots at any stage of surgery, which allows timely identification and elimination of the causes of their damage, thereby reducing the likelihood of neurological deficit development or aggravation in the postoperative period.

In this paper, full-spectrum selective thin film based photonic cooler is proposed for passively cooling solar cells of the space solar power station via orb-shape membrane energy gathering array concept (SSPS-OMEGA). The photonic cooler is designed and made of periodic one-dimensional photonic crystal that can reflect solar radiation selectively and enhance heat radiation to the outer space while maintaining its solar transmission in photovoltaic (PV) conversion band (0.4–1.6 μm). The opto-thermo-electrical model is established to evaluate the cooling effects of photonic cooler on solar cells under different incident angles and concentration ratios. The results demonstrate that designed photonic cooler is insensitive with the incident angle, and can effectively reduce the temperature of solar cells by 30 °C at least, indicating a 1.4% increase in solar cells efficiency and 93 MW increase in power output of a 2 GW SSPS-OMEGA system. The photonic cooler also exhibits excellent temperature control characteristic in sandwich module. Results indicate that the proposed photonic approach could be applied to advance the space thermal control technology and exploit the space solar power.

There is significant uncertainty about the potential role of temperature control in the intensive care unit (ICU) in general, but more specifically in septic shock patients.1,2 Common techniques for temperature control have been limited by minimal effect (eg, paracetamol, fans or air blankets), undesirable side effects (eg, non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), or being burdensome (eg, heavy sedation, paralysis with surface cooling; intravascular cooling devices3). In contrast, the potential of newer-generation surface-cooling devices to achieve temperature control more simply has created the possibility of studying temperature modulation in the septic ICU population.

In semiconductor manufacturing processes, the final inspection is a crucial last test stage for screening defective parts before delivery to customers. Since traditional convection-based temperature control has limitations and requires time for a solution, this study focuses on the development and verification of an automatic temperature control technology using conduction-based thermoelectric modules. From the performance tests, it is found that the module operates in the temperature range of –40℃ to 120℃, and all channels achieve temperature transitions at each step within 6 min. The temperature module shows accuracy variations of –0.8℃ to 1.9℃ over the entire stage, which fulfills the semiconductor industry requirement of within ±2℃ for inspection equipment.