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Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay, Sumalin Trichaiyaporn, Sirin Lueangaram, Supawan Surukrattanaskul, Kwanjai Wongkittirux Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, ThailandCorrespondence: Nutsuchar WangtiraumnuayDepartment of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, ThailandTel +6693-919-6241Email n.wangtiraumnuay@gmail.comPurpose: To study the prevalence of the prescription glasses given to first-grade students due to the “Good Sight for Thai Children” (GSTC) policy.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that examined all prescription glasses given to first-grade students throughout Thailand, after visual screening due to the GSTC policy between 2016 and 2017. Trained class teachers screened their students’ visual acuity and referred children who had less than 20/40 visual acuity in either eye to a hospital for an eye examination and prescription glasses.Results: A total of 786,729 students were screened. Of these, 20,401 (2.59%) students were referred to hospital. However, only 9867 (48.37%) students presented to a hospital. Glasses were prescribed for 5324 (53.96%) students following cycloplegic refraction by ophthalmologists or trained refractionists. The mean spherical equivalent was − 1.08 (− 19.00 to +10.00, SD 2.32) diopters. There were 1626 (30.54%) children at amblyopic risk without glasses. A 5.49% had high myopia (< − 6 diopters), 5.22% had high hyperopia (> +5 diopters) and 27.82% had high astigmatism (> 2 diopters). A cylindrical lens analysis showed that 81.53% had with-the-rule astigmatism, 4.07% had against-the-rule astigmatism, and 14.40% had oblique astigmatism.Conclusion: Although the reliable prevalence of refractive error cannot be estimated, the prevalence of visual impairment may be estimated. There were a number of students who required glasses. The astigmatism was the most common refractive error on prescription glasses for first-grade children. With-the-rule astigmatism was the most prevalent. The visual screening program of school children proved to be valuable and should be continued and developed.Keywords: refractive errors, primary school, astigmatism, prescription

Accommodative esotropia is a condition commonly encountered by pediatric ophthalmologists. Patient with accommodative esotropia wear hyperopic glasses to decrease accommodation which occasionally provide them with good vision without glasses. Children are known to have limited compliance with glasses and patching. Their limited cooperation can also lead to variability in angle measurement across visits and defer surgery. To cope with these challenges, our team offered botulinum toxin injection to the medial rectus as an optional treatment while waiting for compliance and deferring the surgery. This is retrospective study including data from 114 accommodative esotropia patients who were injected with botulinum toxin into the medial rectus between 2010 and 2017. Of these, 102 patients met the inclusion criteria. Almost half of the patients were boys (47.06%). The average angle deviation before injection was 40 prism diopters (PD). The post-injection angle averaged at 11 PD at 2 weeks, 19 PD at 3 months, and 25 PD at 6 months. At 6 months, 51 patients (50.00%) had satisfactory results, 17 (16.67%) had excellent results (ortho to esotropia10 PD) and 34 (33.33%) had small angle esotropia (esotropia 11-20 PD). All complications including ptosis (37.25%), exotropia (11.76%), and hypertropia (4.9%) were reversible. Botulinum toxin injection into the medial rectus for pediatric esotropia showed satisfactory outcomes in 50% of patients with minimal complications. The study showed no significant association of good outcomes with age at onset, age during injection, status of development, status of amblyopia, refractive error, and angle of deviation as analyzed by the statistical package for social sciences.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with childhood glaucoma. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with childhood glaucoma who visited the glaucoma clinics at the Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health and the King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital between January 2008 and January 2018. The diagnosis was based on the Childhood Glaucoma Research Network classification. We recorded their clinical characteristics and requirement of any glaucoma interventions. Results: A total of 691 eyes from 423 patients were included in this study. The patients predominantly comprised boys. The average follow-up duration was 71.3±63.8 months. The mean age at presentation was 3.9±4.4 years. Most patients presented with a high initial intraocular pressure (IOP). The average intial IOP of all patients was 28.5±11.2 mmHg. Glaucoma associated with non-acquired ocular anomalies (22.9%) was the most common subtype, followed by primary congenital glaucoma (20.8%). We recorded a family history of glaucoma in 6.4% of patients of the 234 patients with an available family history. Most patients had bilateral glaucoma (63.4%) and required at least one intervention (51.5%). The average IOP at the latest follow-up visit was 19.1±10.8 mmHg. All glaucoma types had significantly lower IOP, compared to that at their baselines (all p Conclusions: Secondary glaucoma associated with non-acquired ocular anomalies is the most common subtype of glaucoma. The majority of patients had unfavourable visual outcomes. These real-world findings are fundamental to acquire a better understanding of childhood glaucoma.

To evaluate the rate of the hypertensive phase (HP) post-Baerveldt implantation and association between HP and surgical outcomes. This is a retrospective observational study of glaucoma patients who had Baerveldt implantation in 2004 and completed 18 months of follow-up. At 18 months of follow-up, medical records for HP and its associated factors, and surgical outcomes such as rate of failures, intraocular pressure (IOP), numbers of medications administered, and complications were reviewed and identified. Thirty-seven patients were eligible. Mean (SD) preoperative IOP was 30.5 (7.9) mmHg which significantly lowered to 13.1 (7.0) mmHg post-operation. Mean numbers of medications (SD) significantly decreased from 3.6 (0.7) to 1.3 (1.3). Failure rate at 18 months was 10.8% (4/37 patients). HP was noted in 18/37 patients (48.6%) with the onset between 1 and 3 months post-surgery. Preoperative IOP and one previous glaucoma surgery were associated with presence of HP (p = 0.010, OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71–0.96 and p = 0.003, OR 26.12, 95% CI 2.95–231.41, respectively). The presence of HP was predictive of postoperative numbers of medications administered (p = 0.001). None of those with HP were from the failure group. Baerveldt implantation is an effective procedure with high success rate. HP was common after Baerveldt implantation. Preoperative IOP and numbers of previous glaucoma surgery are risk factors for developing HP. Presence of HP can predict whether long-term anti-glaucoma medication(s) are needed or not.