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Introduction: According to WHO a neonate, is a child under 28 days of age. The neonatal skin changes show a wide geographic and ethnic variation. It is important to know the pattern of dermatoses prevalent among Indian children during the neonatal period. Aims a nd Objectives: The current study was conducted to study the prevalence of neonatal dermatoses in southern Assam and to study relationship of neonatal dermatoses with maturity and birth weight of neonates. Materials and Methods: 150 neonates who developed cutaneous lesions over a period of one year were examined. Proportion of each dermatoses and prevalence ratio were calculated using relevant formulae. Results: Out of the 150 neonates, 66 % neonates had transient physiological changes, 11.33% had congenital disorders and genodermatoses, 4.67% had iatrogenic complications, 30% had acquired skin diseases, 8% had neonatal infections and 2% had other miscellaneous diseases. The five most common dermatoses overall were diaper dermatitis (17.33%), miliaria (14%), erythema toxicum neonatorum (13.33%), infantile seborrheic dermatitis (12.67%), sebaceous gland hyperplasia (6%) and Mongolian spot (6%). Low birth weight babies had predilection for vernix caseosa, sucking blisters, candidiasis, miniature puberty, caput succedaneum, cephalohematoma, physiological jaundice, infantile acropustulosis, salmon patch, Epstein’s pearls/ Bohn’s nodules, miliaria, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, neonatal acne, Mongolian spot, bullous impetigo, erythroderma Preterm neonates had predilection for vernix caseosa, sucking blisters, miniature puberty, candidiasis, Mongolian spot, caput succedaneum, cephalohematoma, erythroderma, miliaria, Epstein’s pearls/ Bohn’s nodules and a positive association was seen between post-term neonates and physiological desquamation, diaper dermatitis. Neonatal psoriasis and neonatal dermatophyte infection were the unusual findings which we found in our study. Keywords: Erythema T

There is a lot of fake news roaming around various mediums, which misleads people. It is a big issue in this advanced intelligent era, and there is a need to find some solution to this kind of situation. This article proposes an approach that analyzes fake and real news. This analysis is focused on sentiment, significance, and novelty, which are a few characteristics of this news. The ability to manipulate daily information mathematically and statistically is allowed by expressing news reports as numbers and metadata. The objective of this article is to analyze and filter out the fake news that makes trouble. The proposed model is amalgamated with the web application; users can get real data and fake data by using this application. The authors have used the AI (artificial intelligence) algorithms, specifically logistic regression and LSTM (long short-term memory), so that the application works well. The results of the proposed model are compared with existing models.

In machine learning, it is required that the underlying important input variables are known or else the value of the predicted outcome variable would never match the value of the target outcome variable. Machine learning tools are used in many applications where the underlying scientific model is inadequate. Unfortunately, making any kind of mathematical relationship is difficult, and as a result, incorporation of variables during the training becomes a big issue as it affects the accuracy of results. Another important issue is to find the cause behind the phenomena and the major factor that affects the outcome variable. The aim of this article is to focus on developing an approach that is not particular-tool specific, but it gives accurate results under all circumstances. This paper proposes a model that filters out the irrelevant variables irrespective of the type of dataset that the researcher can use. This approach provides parameters for determining the quality of the data used for mining purposes.

We present a 27-year-old female, a known case of classical migraine headache, who had a severe episode of migraine with visual aura attack which continued late into night. The next morning, she had persistent headache and developed abrupt onset of dysarthria and right hemiparesthesias. She attributed symptoms to her long-lasting headache problem and hence did not seek medical help for the next 2 weeks. The symptoms persisted despite her headache subsiding over the next 36 hours. Her condition worsened 2 weeks later during another such episode of headache. This time she developed right hemiparesis, right hemihypoesthesia, and brief and autolimited left-clonic facial movements. Extensive neurological workup done to rule out other known causes of cerebral infarct with cortical laminar necrosis (CLN) was unrevealing. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed left frontoparietal T2-/T1-/fluid-attenuated inversion recovery hyperintensity without diffusion restriction in diffusion-weighted imaging and subtle blooming in gradient recalled-echo and was radiologically compatible with cortical laminar necrosis. The patient improved with antiplatelets, antimigraine prophylaxis, and stroke rehabilitation therapy. Our present case is a unique one where CLN can be associated with cerebral ischemic infarct due to migrainous etiology.

The prediction of landslide is a complex task but preparing the landslide susceptibility map through artificial intelligence approaches can reduce life loss and damages resulting from landslides. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) using six machine learning models, including random forest (RF), deep boost (DB), stochastic gradient boosting (SGB), rotation forest (RoF), boosted regression tree (BRT), and logit boost (LB) in the mountainous regions of western India. The landslide inventory map consisting of 184 landslide locations has been divided into two groups for training (70% dataset) and validation (30% dataset) purposes. Fourteen landslide triggering factors including slope, topographical roughness index, road density, topographical wetness index, elevation, slope length, drainage density, stream power index, geomorphology, rainfall, soil, lithology, lineament density, and normalized difference vegetation index have been considered using the boruta approach for the LSM. The results reveal that the RF model has the highest precision in terms of AUC (0.88; 0.89), kappa (0.62; 0.50), accuracy (0.81; 0.77), and specificity (0.86; 0.86) both in the study region and secondary region, respectively. Hence, it can be concluded that the RF is an effective and promising technique as compared to DB, SGB, RoF, BRT, and LB for landslide susceptibility assessment in the research area as well as in regions having similar geo-environmental configuration.

Vision loss is a known rare complication of prone positioning during surgery. Vision loss following prone surgery is most commonly attributed to direct pressure on the eye but can also be caused by central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in the absence of pressure on the eye. Central retinal artery occlusion has not been previously described following prone transcranial surgery for craniosynostosis. We present two cases of monocular CRAO following prone calvarial expansion. A multidisciplinary root cause analysis suggested that raised intracranial pressure and intraoperative tranexamic acid may have been risk factors for the development of CRAO in these cases as no conventional risk factors for CRAO following prone surgery were present. Because of this, we retrospectively reviewed all prone transcranial procedures performed at the Oxford Craniofacial Unit for the presence of raised intracranial pressure and intraoperative tranexamic acid use. A total of 662 prone procedures have been performed between 1994 and March, 2019. Tranexamic acid has been used routinely in all transcranial procedures since 2012 and in the last 311 consecutive prone cases. Fifty-one (7.7%) prone procedures were performed for raised intracranial pressure, and tranexamic acid was used in the 33 most recent of these. Since the implementation of standard intraoperative administration of tranexamic acid there have been 2 cases of CRAO following prone surgery. The overall incidence of CRAO was 0.3% but was 6% in the context of raised intracranial pressure and tranexamic acid use. Prone positioning raised intracranial pressure and tranexamic acid use together may represent a potent combination of risk factors for CRAO.

Brain metastases are common and are usually detected by MRI. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a derivative MRI technique that can detect disruption of white matter tracts in the brain. We have matched preoperative DTI with image-guided sampling of the brain–tumor interface in 26 patients during resection of a brain metastasis and assessed mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy (FA). The tissue samples were analyzed for vascularity, inflammatory cell infiltration, growth pattern, and tumor expression of proteins associated with growth or local invasion such as Ki67, S100A4, and MMP2, 9, and 13. A lower FA in the peritumoral region indicated more white matter tract disruption and independently predicted longer overall survival times (HR for death = 0.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.06–0.82; P = 0.024). Of all the biological markers studied, only increased density of CD3+ lymphocytes in the same region correlated with decreased FA (Mann–Whitney U, P = 0.037) as well as confounding completely the effect of FA on multivariate survival analyses. We conclude that the T-cell response to brain metastases is not a surrogate of local tumor invasion, primary cancer type, or aggressive phenotype and is associated with patient survival time regardless of these biological factors. Furthermore, it can be assayed by DTI, potentially offering a quick, noninvasive, clinically available method to detect an active immune microenvironment and, in principle, to measure susceptibility to immunotherapy. Significance: These findings show that white matter tract integrity is degraded in areas where T-cell infiltration is highest, providing a noninvasive method to identify immunologically active microenvironments in secondary brain tumors. Cancer Res; 78(3); 610–6. ©2017 AACR.

The main objective of tissue engineering (TE) is to develop biological substitutes that maintain, improve or restore tissue functions. Scaffolds are of great significance for TE because they are capable of providing a healthy environment for cells attachment, differentiation, proliferation and migration during both in vitro culture and in vivo implantation. Research has been gradually inclining towards the biological integration of implant materials with the host tissue. The mechanical and physiological characteristics of the biomaterials used for scaffolding are expected to be similar to the native tissues. Hence, Biomaterial selection and fabrication techniques are playing a significant role in the preparation of scaffold in TE. This review article is intended to illustrate a summary of state-of-the-art biomaterials and synthesis techniques for scaffold development for specific biomedical environment.

Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD) is a sporadic tauopathy and actually the second most frequent cause of dementia after Alzheimer's disease. Patients can present with slowly progressive cognitive decline as well as psychiatric manifestations such as depression. Definite diagnosis of AGD can only be made by post-mortem examination of the brain. Neuropathological features include argyrophilic grains in limbic areas along with oligodendroglial coiled bodies in hippocampal and amygdaloid white matter, and ballooned neurons in the amygdala. AGD, however, can often be overlooked and missed on neuropathologic examination as there are actually no specific clinical manifestations that would be considered highly suggestive of AGD. Thus, it is not uncommon to find neuropathological features of AGD in patients who do not present with any apparent neurological manifestations. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of what is currently known about AGD as well as raise its awareness among both neurologists and neuropathologists who may otherwise overlook this interesting tauopathy. We believe that patients above the age of 60 years should undergo post-mortem screening for AGD to avoid missed opportunity for diagnosis and enable future clinicopathological studies.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to delineate groundwater potential zones in Hingoli district, Maharashtra, India. Remote sensing and traditional data were collected from different sources and analysed in GIS software to prepare thematic maps of different geo-environmental factors such as lithology, drainage, lineaments, slope etc. as these factors having an impact on groundwater availability of an area, directly or indirectly. All these factors have been integrated into GIS software and multi influence factor method was applied to delineate groundwater potential zones. The result has shown about 50% area is having the good potentiality of groundwater, whereas about 6% region falls under very low potential area. The Central part of the study area is having very low groundwater potential, mainly due to the steep slope and rocky outcrop. The southern part of the Hingoli district has shown good groundwater potential, because of the gentle slope which influences water to infiltrate. All the major towns and villages are located in good groundwater prospect areas. Therefore, these locations do not experience extreme drought conditions. The present work is valuable for future planning and management of groundwater resource in Hingoli district.

Tumor-to-tumor metastasis is a relatively uncommon entity, whereby the so-called 'recipient' tumor is involved by another biologically unrelated 'donor' tumor. Intracranially, meningioma (WHO grade 1) is the most common recipient tumor, while breast and lung cancers are the most common donor tumors. We present an unusual case of intracranial tumor-to-tumor metastasis involving papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) believed to have metastasized to an anaplastic meningioma (WHO grade 3). The patient is a 64-year-old female with a history of PTC, whose neuroimaging, performed as part of her staging workup, revealed a right parietal scalp lesion. The lesion was resected to reveal metastatic PTC with spindle cell component believed to represent sarcomatoid differentiation. Follow-up neuroimaging 2 months later revealed regrowth of the lesion under the previous craniotomy site. PET scan showed increased uptake in this area consistent with metastasis. Resection of this lesion revealed primarily features of an anaplastic meningioma. The combination of pathologic findings from both resections in conjunction with findings from the PET scan led to the suggestion that the PTC had metastasized into the anaplastic meningioma. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first example in the literature of a donor tumor metastasizing to a high-grade recipient tumor.

iMultiple fusiform aneurysms occurring in a single patient are very uncommon. Fusiform aneurysms affecting the anterior circulation are extremely rare and reported cases involve the middle cerebral artery and internal carotid artery. We report here a case of a 55-year-old African American male who had a history of multiple strokes and who was found unresponsive prior to his latest hospital admission. Neuroimaging was remarkable for multiple fusiform aneurysms involving segments of the anterior, middle and posterior cerebral arteries as well as subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Unfortunately even after aggressive medical management, the patient did not show any signs of recovery and further management entailed comfort care measures only. The patient passed away shortly thereafter. Post-mortem examination confirmed the presence of multiple fusiform aneurysms with involvement of both the posterior and anterior circulation including the anterior cerebral artery as well as subarachnoid and intraparenchymal hemorrhage. Interestingly, there was no apparent site of aneurysm rupture identified to explain the hemorrhage. Our case is unusual in that the multiple fusiform aneurysms were found to extensively involve both the anterior and posterior circulation. Furthermore, our case demonstrates involvement of the anterior cerebral artery by fusiform aneurysms, which is also a very rare event./i.

According to the World Health Organization, heart diseases are the leading causes of death all over the world. Among the heart diseases, Heart Attacks are the major causes of death. The prediction or detection of the presence of heart disease is a task that requires a high level of expertise in the related field. However, with the advancement of technological research in disciplines like Machine Learning and Deep Learning, a lot of paths have opened up in the direction of getting this task done more easily and efficiently. One of these paths led to the automation of this task. However, while automating the system, we have to keep the system accurate. Apart from the quality of data, the choice of algorithm for solving the problem also plays an important role in producing accurate output. This is because different algorithms can perform differently with different kinds of data. The problem at hand can be solved by more than one kind of algorithm. The goal is to apply various machine learning algorithms to the problem and make a comparative study on the efficiency of these algorithms in predicting the presence of heart disease in a person. The algorithms used for the same are Support Vector Classifier, Decision Tree Classifier, Random Forest Classifier, and k Nearest Neighbour Classifier. The implementation of algorithms is done on the heart disease dataset from the University of California Irvine machine learning repository. The accuracy scores for all the algorithms mentioned above are to be evaluated. The algorithm with the highest accuracy score will be the most suitable one for predicting the disease.

Spindle cell oncocytoma (SCO) is a rare tumor originating from pituicytes of the neurohypophysis. It typically occurs in the adult population between 50 and 60 years of age and is often misdiagnosed preoperatively as pituitary adenoma because of similar clinical presentation and neuroimaging features. Diffuse nuclear immunoreactivity for TTF-1 (also known as NK2 homeobox 1 factor) is characteristic of SCO and other tumors of the posterior pituitary. We report a case of SCO in a patient who underwent multiple surgical resections for recurrence. The aim of this case report and literature review is to provide an overview of what is currently known about SCO as well as raise the awareness of this entity to endocrinologists, neurologists, neurosurgeons, and neuropathologists. Our case is also unusual in that the tumor displayed immunoreactivity for neuronal markers, which is a very rare occurrence.

We report a case of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour (AT/RT) in an adult patient in the deep grey matter with extension into the lateral ventricle. To our knowledge, this is the first example of AT/RT involving the lateral ventricle in an adult. The patient presented with headache and confusion, and subsequently required emergent surgery. His postoperative course was complicated by hemorrhage into the surgical site. The location and vascularity of the tumour affected the extent of resection achieved and likely contributed to postoperative complications. We discuss radiological features of AT/RT in adults and implications for investigations and management.

Sarcoidosis is a non-necrotizing granulomatous inflammatory syndrome with multisystemic manifestations. We performed a systematic review of sarcoidosis in the pediatric population with particular emphases on early onset sarcoidosis, high-risk sarcoidosis, and newly reported or unusual sarcoid-related diseases. Blau Syndrome and early onset sarcoidosis/ BS-EOS are seen in children younger than five years old presenting with extra-thoracic manifestations but usually without lymphadenopathy and/or pulmonary involvement. The prevalence of high-risk sarcoidosis is very low in children and is further limited by the difficulty of diagnosis in symptomatic children and underdiagnosis in subclinical or asymptomatic patients. Reports of sarcoidal syndromes in users of E-cigarette/marijuana/other flavorings and their induction in cancer immunotherapies are of interests and may be challenging to differentiate from metastatic malignancy. The diagnostic considerations in pediatric sarcoidosis are to support a compatible clinicoradiographic presentation and the pathologic findings of non-necrotizing granulomas by ruling out granulomas of infective etiology. There is no absolutely reliable diagnostic test for sarcoidosis at present. The use of endoscopic bronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBNA) sampling of intrathoracic lymph nodes and lung, and for superficially accessible lesions, with cytopathological assessment and pathological confirmations provide fair diagnostic yield and excellent patient safety profile in children.

Patient: Female, 28 Final Diagnosis: Gliosarcoma Symptoms: Foot drop Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Neurosurgery Objective: Unusual clinical course Background: Gliosarcoma (GS) is a rare variant of glioblastoma (GBM), which is typically seen in patients age 40–60 years and located in the supratentorial region. We present an unusual case of GS in a young patient with an unusual presentation, which eventually led to the finding of this neoplasm. Case Report: Our patient was a 38-year-old woman originally from the Philippines who was transferred to our institution with an isolated left foot drop that developed over the course of several months. Subsequent neuroimaging revealed an extensive mixed cystic and solid mass in the posterior mesial right frontal lobe. Subtotal surgical resection revealed a multi-lobed tumor with a malignant glioma-like surface component overlying a smooth, well-encapsulated, avascular, sarcoma-like component. Neuropathologic examination of the resected tumor revealed a biphasic histologic pattern of predominantly sarcomatous components with fewer adjacent-area glial components. Post-operatively, the patient was left with a mild worsening of left leg segmental strength. She was referred to our neurooncologist colleagues for adjuvant treatment options. Conclusions: Our case is unique in that it represents a rare neoplasm in a patient whose demographics are atypical for this type of tumor, as well as the unusual presentation of isolated foot drop.

Presently, diagnosis of disease is an important issue in the field of health care using Artificial Intelligence (AI). Doctors are not always present and sometimes although doctors are available but people are not able to afford them due to financial issues. The basic information like blood pressure, ages, etc. are known at that moment without knowing any symptoms how the disease can be predicted. If people know the symptoms of how the disease can be predicted? Both of these aspects, we would look into, propose algorithms, and implement them for the welfare of the society. The proposed algorithms are capable of classifying diseases of people and healthy people in efficient manner. In this work, the authors also link the concepts of probability with fuzzy logic and describe how to interpret them. Then, we can consider human being as a kind of machine and we know that any machine can be described by a parameter called reliability but the definition of classical reliability if used in case of human being fails miserably. The aim of this paper is to make a bridge among fuzzy logic, probability, and reliability.

Emotions have started controlling not only the way as humans; interact with other living beings but also the way we interact with computers. Emotions have started controlling our every decision like going to a shop again, purchasing a particular product, helping a person, and many others. The developments in the field of artificial intelligence and computer vision have further attracted the attention of people to work in this area. In this work we have designed a real-time emotion recognition system that can recognize the emotions of a person from his facial expressions. The system uses machine learning techniques for performing the task and has been implemented using the python programming language. This system can have a lot of useful applications in real-life scenarios such as old age health monitoring, determining the comfort level of a patient during medical treatment, recognizing the emotions in patients suffering from neurological diseases, not dispensing the money from an ATM if the withdrawer is nervous, determining tiredness or sleepiness during driving and raising an alert, facial emotion detection in interviews, taking feedback of customers visiting a store and later using that for fine-tuning market strategies and many others. It believes this work will be very useful to critical heath care monitoring and management in this advance era of artificial intelligence.

In the present days, remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) techniques are comprehensive tools for the assessment of water resource, its management and conservation. In this study, remote sensing and GIS techniques are taken into consideration for zonation of different groundwater prospects of Pravara basin. Several contributing factors in which groundwater potential of an area entirely or partially depends such as lithology, geomorphology, slope, soil, lineament density, drainage density, land use and rainfall are assessed individually as well as together for making the different groundwater prospect maps through influencing factor (IF) and frequency ratio (FR) techniques. In ArcGIS software, all these thematic layers are prepared using different satellite imageries and conventional data sets, obtained from different sources. All these layers are transformed into high-resolution raster format and meshed together in GIS environment using IF and FR methods. Groundwater prospect maps are constructed as a result of overlay analysis. Based on the constructed map of groundwater prospect zones, as a result of this study, the study area is divided into five categories of different groundwater potential zones: very high, high, moderate, low and very low. Validation of the resultant maps has shown that frequency ratio technique is having higher accuracy (AUC = 73%) compared to the influencing factors (AUC = 69%). The present study of groundwater zonation provides a simple and less time-consuming technique; also, the results can directly be used for planning and sustainable management in Pravara basin.

Vasculitis of the central nervous system presenting as a mass lesion is a relatively uncommon occurrence. Even more uncommon is a vasculitis mimicking a demyelinating lesion. We present here an interesting case of a 15-year-old boy who was found to have a mass-like lesion on neuroimaging involving the left subcortical white matter and deep gray matter. The differential diagnosis for this lesion was primary demyelination versus a glial tumor, the former being more favored over the latter. Biopsy of this lesion however revealed findings compatible with a vasculitis, which was unexpected given the neuroimaging findings. To the authors' knowledge, case reports in the English literature of a vasculitic lesion mimicking demyelination are scarce. This case also serves as a reminder of the diagnostic difficulty that arises in a pediatric patient with an initial presentation of mass-like lesion.

Machine learning is one of the most exciting recent technologies in Artificial Intelligence. Learning algorithms in many applications that’s we make use of daily. Every time a web search engine like Google or Bing is used to search the internet, one of the reasons that works so well is because a learning algorithm, one implemented by Google or Microsoft, has learned how to rank web pages. Every time Facebook is used and it recognizes friends' photos, that's also machine learning. Spam filters in email saves the user from having to wade through tons of spam email, that's also a learning algorithm. In this paper, a brief review and future prospect of the vast applications of machine learning has been made.

Cavernous hemangioma in the sellar region is quite rare with only a handful of cases being reported in the English literature. Its clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics can mimic those of a pituitary adenoma. We report two cases of recurrent sellar lesions, both of which were clinically suspected of being pituitary adenomas but histologically confirmed as cavernous hemangiomas. The first case is of a 67-year-old female whose initial resection was diagnosed as "venous angioma". Neuroimaging performed 27 years later demonstrated significant growth of the lesion involving the right cavernous sinus and encasing the right internal carotid artery. The patient then underwent transsphenoidal endoscopic resection of the mass. At the time of the surgery, the lesion was noted to be quite vascular. The second case is a 48-year-old female who underwent emergency resection of a pituitary mass following an apoplectic event. On follow-up 4 years later, the patient reported recurrence of galactorrhea, and MRI had demonstrated regrowth of the mass. She subsequently underwent subtotal resection of the mass. At the time of surgery, brisk bleeding was noted in the operative area. The above two cases demonstrate that cavernous hemangiomas in the sellar region can clinically and radiologically mimic pituitary adenoma and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hemorrhagic sellar mass. .

We see that the diagnosis of disease is very difficult these days and for ordinary doctors even it becomes perplexing to handle the situation we use the combined power of artificial neural network and Regression analysis. In this paper we use certain new techniques by combining the capabilities of statistical analysis and Artificial Neural Network. We also give a relation of BMI with age by using data mining and use that for our analysis. Here in our paper we also identify placebo i.e. a patient actually does not have the symptoms but because he/she thinks that they have the disease and hence tells to a doctor that he/she has the disease. We identify a parameter called α and theoretically justify that using it we can identify which one is placebo. It is distinguished that probability and fuzzy logic are independent but considering one thing that occurrence of disease is based on probability i.e. two outcomes the disease may happen or may not happen but evaluation of symptoms is essentially fuzzy i.e. “Feeling VERY cold”or “Feeling EXTREMELY cold”. So we intimately connect these two different concepts. Hence we use a membership function in our paper to calculate probabilities.

In recent decades, observation is that there are numerous corruptions in medical diagnosis; instead of proper diagnosis, some corrupted practitioners follow the money-earning-diagnosis-path by trapping the patient at critical stage in some countries. The common people are suffering from lack of diagnosis due to high diagnostic cost and lack of certified practitioners. This paper analyzes this shortcoming and ‘design and implement’ an intelligent system (AISLDr) which can perform the same without any corruption in a cost effective manner as like honest human doctor. In this work, the disease Tuberculosis has taken as a prototype because many people of our country are suffering from this disease and they know it at critical stage as India is highest Tuberculosis (TB) burden country. Here, our AISLDr performs diagnosis as well as draws awareness in the society to serve the nation in sustainable manner using fuzzy logic, probabilistic reasoning, and artificial intelligence (AI).

In recent decades, artificial intelligence (AI) has found numerous applications in the field of medicine. In this paper, the key idea is that doctors are not available at emergency or doctors may do some mistakes by coincidence. To overcome or eliminate these problems, here we consider some diseases and design a prototype. In this work, we investigate different types of diseases according to various infectious agents (bacteria, virus, and parasite) and the respective diseases caused by them. Afterward, we make a formulation so that it deals with history of the disease and prescribing the proper medications according to the disease detected.

Background and importance Amputation neuromas consist of non-neoplastic collections of myelinated axons and Schwann cells and typically arise in injured peripheral nerves. Rarely, however, neuromas occur within the spinal cord. Intramedullary amputation neuromas have been described both with and without a history of trauma within the peripheral nervous system. We report a rare case of an isolated intramedullary spinal cord amputation neuroma. Clinical presentation This 43-year-old man presented with progressive and severe gait deterioration for ~ 7 years. Neurological exam revealed multiple positive findings consistent with cervical myelopathy, including positive Babinski and Hoffman signs, sustained clonus with patellar and Achilles reflexes, bilateral lower extremity weakness with increased muscular tone and spasticity, and inability to tandem walk. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 0.6-cm, homogeneously enhancing, intramedullary tumor with surrounding signal change at the C6 level. The lesion was excised and histologic examination revealed microscopic features compatible with an amputation neuroma. Conclusion Intramedullary amputation neuromas are rare and associated with either trauma or other CNS lesions. Our case represents an amputation neuroma in an unusual location in a patient without subjective preceding history of trauma or presence of a second lesion. .

Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare slow-growing neoplasm that has predilection for the supratentorial compartment and the temporal lobe. Children and young adults are most frequently affected and they usually present with medically refractory seizures. PXAs involving the spinal cord have been rarely documented. We describe a 15-year-old boy who presented with shoulder/neck pain and upper extremity numbness/weakness. Neuroimaging revealed a solid, contrast enhancing, and intramedullary C5 - C6 mass. Microscopy demonstrated a typical WHO grade II PXA. Molecular testing did not reveal a BRAF V600E, IDH1 R132H, or IDH2 R172H mutation. Two years after a near total resection, significant tumor progression was noted via neuroimaging. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of the molecular characteristics of a spinal cord PXA.

The management of children with craniosynostosis is multidisciplinary and has evolved significantly over the past five decades. The treatment is primarily surgical. The anesthetic challenges continue to be the management of massive blood transfusion and prolonged anesthesia in small children, often further complicated by syndrome-specific issues. This two-part review aims to provide an overview of the anesthetic considerations for these children. This first part describes the syndromes associated with craniosynostosis, the provision of services in the UK, surgical techniques, preoperative issues, and the induction and maintenance of anesthesia. The second part of this review will explore hemorrhage control, the use of blood products, metabolic disturbance, and postoperative issues.

The management of children with craniosynostosis is multidisciplinary and has evolved significantly over the past five decades. The treatment is primarily surgical. The anesthetic challenges continue to be the management of massive blood transfusion and prolonged anesthesia in small children, often further complicated by syndrome-specific issues. This two-part review aims to provide an overview of the anesthetic considerations for these children. The first part described the syndromes associated with craniosynostosis, the provision of services in the UK, surgical techniques, preoperative issues and induction and maintenance of anesthesia. This second part will explore hemorrhage control, the use of blood products, metabolic disturbance and postoperative issues.

Bilirubin encephalopathy/kernicterus is relatively rare, but continues to occur despite universal newborn screening. What is more interesting is the spectrum of clinical and even neuropathological findings that have been reported in the literature to be associated with bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus. In this review, the authors discuss the array of clinicopathological findings reported in the context of bilirubin encephalopathy and kernicterus, as well as the types of diagnostic testing used in patients suspected of having bilirubin encephalopathy or kernicterus. The authors aim to raise the awareness of these features among both pediatric neurologists and neuropathologists.

Tracheal tumours may present with potentially catastrophic airway obstruction. There are many challenges in the management of anaesthesia for obstructing intratracheal tumours by rigid bronchoscopy, such as difficulty in ventilation, securing airway, sharing of airway with the surgeon and control of seepage of blood and tumour tissues distally into the tracheobronchial tree during resection. We report a 58-year-old woman, known case of renal cell carcinoma for whom right nephrectomy was done, who presented with sudden respiratory distress. Computed tomography showed a polypoidal lesion measuring 8 mm anteroposteriorly and 9 mm transversely in the trachea with attachment at the 6 o'clock position just before the tracheal bifurcation obstructing 70%–80% of the lumen. The tumour was resected through a rigid bronchoscope using electrocautery and a polypectomy snare. Careful preoperative evaluation of the site and degree of obstruction, on-going communication between surgeon and anaesthesiologist, tailored anaesthetic management techniques and meticulous postoperative care can help to deal with the difficulties and complications associated with the management of these cases.

BackgroundTotal body hypothermia is an established neuroprotectant in global cerebral ischemia. The role of hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke remains uncertain. Selective application of hypothermia to a region of focal ischemia may provide similar protection with more rapid cooling and elimination of systemic side effects. We studied the effect of selective endovascular cooling in a focal stroke model in adult domestic swine.MethodsAfter craniotomy under general anesthesia, a proximal middle cerebral artery branch was occluded for 3 h, followed by 3 h of reperfusion. In half of the animals, selective hypothermia was induced during reperfusion using a dual lumen balloon occlusion catheter placed in the ipsilateral common carotid artery. Following reperfusion, the animals were sacrificed. Brain MRI and histology were evaluated by experts who were blinded to the intervention.Results25 animals were available for analysis. Using selective hypothermia, hemicranial temperature was successfully cooled to a mean of 26.5°C. Average time from start of perfusion to attainment of moderate hypothermia (ConclusionsSelective moderate hypothermia was rapidly induced using endovascular techniques in a clinically realistic swine stroke model. A significant reduction in stroke volume on MRI was observed. Endovascular selective hypothermia can provide neuroprotection within time frames relevant to acute ischemic stroke treatment.

Ad hoc network has become one of the most interesting topic to work on, for the researchers. Applying MIMO communication on ad hoc networks has improved the packet transmission rate as well capabilities. Transmission strategy mainly depends on many factors such as packet transmission rate, transmission time etc. Mobile ad hoc nodes are operated by limited battery power. So energy efficiency is an important factor when we consider transmission strategy of ad hoc nodes. In this paper, a new broadcasting algorithm is proposed to enhance network's packet transmission rate by considering the energy metric parameter of mobile ad hoc nodes. The main goal of this work is to enhance the information efficiency of the network as well as the packet transmission rate. Ant weightlifting algorithm has been extensively used in order to fulfill the objective.

OBJECTIVEOur goals were to study the normal histological features of the jugular foramen, compare them with the histopathological features of glomus tumors involving the temporal bone, and thus provide insight into the surgical management of these tumors with respect to cranial nerve function.METHODSTen jugular foramen blocks were obtained from five human cadavers after removal of the brain. Microscopic studies of these blocks were performed, with particular attention to fibrous or bony compartmentalization of the jugular foramen, the relationships of the caudal cranial nerves to the jugular bulb/jugular vein and internal carotid artery, and the fascicular structures of the nerves. In addition, we studied the histopathological features of 11 glomus tumors involving the temporal bone (10 patients), with respect to nerve invasion, associated fibrosis, and carotid artery adventitial invasion.RESULTSA dural septum separating the IXth cranial nerve from the fascicles of Cranial Nerves X and XI, at the intracranial opening, was noted. Only two specimens, however, had a septum (one bony and one fibrous) producing internal compartmentalization of the jugular foramen. The cranial nerves remained fasciculated within the foramen, with the vagus nerve containing multiple fascicles and the glossopharyngeal and accessory nerves containing one and two fascicles, respectively. All of these nerve fascicles lay medial to the superior jugular bulb, with the IXth cranial nerve located anteriorly and the XIth cranial nerve posteriorly. All nerve fascicles had separate connective tissue sheaths. A dense connective tissue sheath was always present between the IXth cranial nerve and the internal carotid artery, at the level of the carotid canal. The inferior petrosal sinus was present between the IXth and Xth cranial nerves, as single or multiple venous channels. The glomus tumors infiltrated between the cranial nerve fascicles and inside the perineurium. They also produced reactive fibrosis. In one patient, in whom the internal carotid artery was also excised, the tumor invaded the adventitia.CONCLUSIONWithin the jugular foramen, the cranial nerves lie anteromedial to the jugular bulb and maintain a multifascicular histoarchitecture (particularly the Xth cranial nerve). Glomus tumors of the temporal bone can invade the cranial nerve fascicles, and infiltration of these nerves can occur despite normal function. In these situations, total resection may not be possible without sacrifice of these nerves.

Scarcity of conventional energy makes world feel the urge of alternatives that is non-conventional source of energy. In this paper, we propose a technique to efficiently store solar-energy by introducing Enhanced-Super-Capacitors (ESCs). A new technology, the super capacitor, has emerged with the potential to enable major advancement in energy storage. Super capacitors are governed by the same fundamental equations as conventional capacitors, but utilize higher surface area electrodes and thinner dielectrics to achieve greater capacitances. This allows for energy densities greater than those of conventional capacitors and power densities greater than those of batteries. As a result, super capacitors may become an attractive power solution for an increasing number of applications. The proposed model of the super capacitor would help in reducing the cost of Solar cells and also increasing their efficiency, thus would be a step ahead in meeting the energy demands of the ever-increasing population both in an effective and sustainable manner.

Web-based enterprises process events generated by millions of users interacting with their websites. Rich statistical data distilled from combining such interactions in near real-time generates enormous business value. In this paper, we describe the architecture of Photon, a geographically distributed system for joining multiple continuously flowing streams of data in real-time with high scalability and low latency, where the streams may be unordered or delayed. The system fully tolerates infrastructure degradation and datacenter-level outages without any manual intervention. Photon guarantees that there will be no duplicates in the joined output (at-most-once semantics) at any point in time, that most joinable events will be present in the output in real-time (near-exact semantics), and exactly-once semantics eventually.Photon is deployed within Google Advertising System to join data streams such as web search queries and user clicks on advertisements. It produces joined logs that are used to derive key business metrics, including billing for advertisers. Our production deployment processes millions of events per minute at peak with an average end-to-end latency of less than 10 seconds. We also present challenges and solutions in maintaining large persistent state across geographically distant locations, and highlight the design principles that emerged from our experience.

In this paper, we propose a machine learning based approach for ordering adjectival premodifiers of a noun phrase (NP) in Bengali. We propose a novel method to learn the pairwise orders of the modifiers. Using the learned pairwise orders, longer sequences of pronominal modifiers are ordered following a graph based method. The proposed modifier ordering approach is compared with an existing approach using our own dataset. We have achieved approximately 4% increment in the F-measure with our approach indicating an overall improvement. The modifier ordering approach proposed here can be implemented in a Bengali text generation system resulting in more fluent and natural output.

Around 2.1 million people in India are affected by severe speech and motor impairments (SSMI). Unfortunately only a minute fraction of them have access to Advanced Assistive Devices (AAD) which are still very expensive and beyond affordability for a major portion of the people in India. Moreover, such devices generate text messages or speech mostly in English which makes them unusable by a majority of the Indian population. Thus it should be our endeavour to make these assistive devices accessible to the common multitude. This paper briefly describes a portable version of Sanyog, an Augmentative and Alternative Communication(AAC) tool developed in India which caters to Indian multilingual needs. The communication tool is based on an iconic query-response interface. The system is currently available in English, Bengali and Hindi versions. It is used in a range of Indian institutions serving children with speech and motor impairments.

In discourse, the elementary text spans are semantically connected by coherence relations. Discourse markers linguistically realize the coherence relations in the surface form. On the other hand, by text aggregation, redundant entities are eliminated, resulting in more fluent, coherent, and concise text. For any but the most application of text generation, appropriate discourse marker selection and text aggregation are two important aspects for coherent text generation. In this paper, we explore the prevalent syntactic aggregation constructs in Bengali and present a rule based approach towards generating Bengali compound sentences using the identified constructs. We present a user based evaluation to validate our approach. At the end, we have also given an outline of a corpus based approach for generating suitable discourse marker in Bengali.