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Background: Land motor traffic crash (LMTC) -related drownings are an overlooked and preventable cause of injury death. The aim of this study was to analyze the profile of water-related LMTCs involving passenger cars and leading to drowning and fatal injuries in Finland, 1972 through 2015. Materials and methods: The database of the Finnish Crash Data Institute (FCDI) that gathers detailed information on fatal traffic accidents provided records on all LMTCs leading to drowning during the study period and, from 2002 to 2015, on all water-related LMTCs, regardless of the cause of death. For each crash, we considered variables on circumstances, vehicle, and fatality profiles. Results: During the study period, the FCDI investigated 225 water-related LMTCs resulting in 285 fatalities. The majority of crashes involved passenger cars (124), and the cause of death was mostly drowning (167). Only 61 (36.5%) fatalities suffered some–generally mild–injuries. The crashes frequently occurred during fall or summer (63.7%), in a river or ditch (60.5%), and resulted in complete vehicle’s submersion (53.7 %). Half of the crashes occurred in adverse weather conditions and in over 40% of the cases, the driver had exceeded the speed limit. Among drivers, 77 (68.8%) tested positive for alcohol (mean BAC 1.8%). Conclusion: Multidisciplinary investigations of LMTCs have a much higher potential than do exclusive police and medico-legal investigations. The risk factors of water-related LMTCs are similar to those of other traffic crashes. However, generally the fatal event in water-related LMTC is not the crash itself, but drowning. The paucity of severe physical injuries suggests that victims’ functional capacity is usually preserved during vehicle submersion. Practical Applications: In water-related LMTCs, expansion of safety measures is warranted from general traffic-injury prevention to prevention of drowning, including development of safety features for submerged vehicles and simple self-rescue protocols to escape from a sinking vehicle.

Natural disasters offer a specific case study of the mix of public and private insurance. Indeed, the experience accumulated over the past decades has made it possible to transform poorly-known hazards like flood losses, long considered uninsurable, into risks that can be assessed with some precision. They exemplify, however, the affordability issue associated with risk-based premiums. The French scheme reflects such ideas and offers wide coverage for moderate premiums to all, but is questioned in its principle by climate change: we show that some wealthier areas that were not perceived as ‘at risk’ in the past have now become exposed to submersion risk. This singularly makes some well-off properties the potential main beneficiaries of a scheme that was historically thought to protect the worst-off. Acknowledging that some segmentation may become desirable, we examine several models for flood risk and the disparity in premiums they entail.

Spontaneous combustion of coal has been well-known as a problem faced by coal industries, especially in storing and trans-shipping processes. The negative impacts of this phenomenon have led to several hazardous incidents and degrading product quality. Several methods have been researched to minimize the impacts; one of the proposed ways is immersing heat exchangers inside the coal stockpile. An experiment was conducted to analyze the cooling effect of an immersed simple heat exchanger made of a copper coil. By varying the number of windings, the experiment showed a significant decrease in pile temperature due to the immersed heat exchanger. This work continues exploring the possibility of applying the method by observing and analyzing the simulation model. COMSOL Multiphysics was used to model the physics phenomena that occur within the coal reactor. The effect of the heat exchanger surface area was studied from the model to observe the heat propagation within the coal reactor. The vast reach of heat propagation from the heat exchanger through the coal pile on the simulation was promisingly showing that this method was useful to limit the occurrence of spontaneous fire in coal piles.

Comprehensive interpretation of the results for regional seismic operations and reinterpretation of archived seismic data, their correlation with the drilling data of more than 30 deep wells, including Severo-Novoborsk parametric well, made it possible to clarify the structural maps and thickness maps of all seismic facies structures developed in the territory and water area in the junction of the north of Izhma-Pechora depression and Malozemelsko-Kolguevsk monocline of Timan-Pechora oil and gas province. Data obtained were used at basin modeling in TemisFlow software in order to reconstruct the conditions of submersion and transformation of organic substance in potential oil and gas bearing formations. Modeling made it possible to get an idea of ​​the time and conditions for the formation of large zones of possible hydrocarbons accumulation, to establish space-time connections with possible sources of generation, to identify the directions of migration and on the basis of comparison with periods of intense generation, both from directly located within the operation area and outside them (taking into account possible migration), to identify zones of paleoaccumulation of oil and gas. Work performed made it possible to outline promising oil and gas accumulation zones and identify target objects for further exploration within the site with an ambiguous forecast and lack of industrial oil and gas potential.

Drowning is a leading cause of fatality among children in the United States, and pool/spa aquatic structures represent common locations of submersion incidents. This study employed narrative case review to understand characteristics related to permission, supervision, and precipitating events in childhood submersion incidents. Retroactive analysis of 1537 fatal and non-fatal submersion incidents among children age 13 years old and younger was conducted using the U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission In-Depth Investigations dataset from 2000–2017. Narrative descriptions were coded according to the themes of permission, supervision, and precipitating events. In most (86%) incidents, the child did not have permitted water access, and 80% of narratives indicated the child was alone at time of incident. These attributes were significantly associated with a fatal outcome (No permission: OR 11.98, 95% CI 7.97–18.06, Alone: OR 34.93, 95% CI 19.69–61.96). The average length of inactive supervision time was 15.6 min, this duration significantly differed by non-fatal (3.2 min) and fatal (16.1 min) outcomes (p &lt, 0.001). More than half of cases occurred under the supervision type of a parent (56%), followed by grandparents (14%) and childcare provider (10%). Submersion incidents with a non-parent supervisor were two times more likely to result in a fatal outcome (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.07–3.64). The most frequently occurring precipitating events included outdoor play (46%), a social gathering (36%), and previous water play (15%). Narrative excerpts further illustrate how tragic submersion events can unfold quickly and unpredictably. Education campaigns should target all adults that supervise children and reiterate key findings in that many submersion incidents occur (1) without permitted pool use, (2) without active supervision, and (3) when a caregiver is distracted. Multiple strategies should be utilized to add layers of projection against submersion injury.

International audience; Storm Xynthia (2010) brought to the fore marine submersion as a great concern to French authorities and communities. This storm illustrates how a single major event can have long lasting effects on climate risk management. To discern this effect, we conduct two studies analysing the emergence and evolution of concerns related to marine submersion in French national and regional newspapers prior to and after the storm (2005-2018). In Study 1, we examine trends in issue coverage and how ‘marine submersion’ was appropriated by French media discourse over the selected period, identifying and segmenting specific topical sequences. In Study 2, a computer-assisted content analysis of 260 articles highlights a dichotomy of themes before and after Storm Xynthia. Articles published prior to Xynthia (2005-2009) warned of marine submersion among the expected impacts of climate change. Those published just after Xynthia (2010-2013) present highly structured and technical descriptions of national risk management policies. In recent years (2014-2018), articles focus on local stakeholders’ challenge to national risk management policies, described as too far removed from local dynamics. Our studies reveal the emergence and amplification, via public debate in French newspaper media, of ‘marine submersion’ as a hazard, and the objectification of the risk through Storm Xynthia.

Introduction Acute kidney injury is a neglected complication of submersion injury. Case Report A young man presented to a hospital after a near drowning event. He was clinically stable and discharged well from the hospital. He sought medical attention few days later for non-specific symptoms. His was found to have to severe acute kidney injury despite being fairly well and clinically stable. He was treated and recovered without need for hemodialysis. Conclusion Acute kidney injury presents in a delayed fashion after submersion injury. Acute kidney injury may not be apparent immediately after a drowning event and victims should be re-evaluated for acute kidney injury a few days after the initial event.

The mammalian dive response (DR) is described as oxygen-conserving based on measures of bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction, and decreased ventilation (V̇E). Using a model of simulated diving, this study examined the effect of nonapnoeic facial submersions (NAFS) on oxygen consumption (V̇O2). 19 participants performed four 2-min NAFS with 8 min of rest between each. Two submersions were performed in 5 °C water, 2 in 25 °C water. Heart rate (HR) was collected using chest strap monitors. A tube connected to the inspired port of a non-rebreathing valve allowed participants to breathe during facial submersion. Expired air was directed to a metabolic cart to determine V̇O2 and V̇E. Baseline (BL) HR, V̇O2, and V̇E values were determined by the average during the 2 min prior to facial submersion; cold shock response (CSR) values were the maximum during the first 30 s of facial submersion; and NAFS values were the minimum during the last 90 s of facial submersion. A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA indicated that both HR and V̇E were greater during the CSR (92.5 ± 3.6 beats/min, 16.3 ± 0.8 L/min) compared with BL (78.9 ± 3.2 beats/min, 8.7 ± 0.4 L/min), while both were decreased from BL during the NAFS (60.0 ± 4.0 beats/min, 6.0 ± 0.4 L/min) (all, p < 0.05). HRCSR was higher and HRNAFS lower in 5 °C versus 25 °C water (p < 0.05), while V̇E was greater in 5 °C conditions (p < 0.05). V̇O2 exceeded BL during the CSR and decreased below BL during the NAFS (BL: 5.3 ± 0.1, CSR: 9.8 ± 0.4, NAFS: 3.1 ± 0.2 mL·kg−1·min−1, p < 0.05). The data illustrate that NAFS alone contributes to the oxygen conservation associated with the human DR.

As mariculture progresses offshore in the US Exclusive Economic Zone, technical and ecological challenges need to be overcome, such as the choice of suitable sites that favor the production of target species. The offshore culture of blue mussels, Mytilus edulis, is performed with submerged longlines and mussels need to withstand more motion than on coastal sites. Temperature affects the ability of the byssus to adhere to farming rope, while chlorophyll concentration provides an estimation of food availability. Together, these are important factors in predicting the suitability of offshore mussel farms. To identify suitable depth of submersion for mussel ropes in New England federal waters, historical oceanographic data of temperature and chlorophyll a from 2005 to 2012 were used. The results suggest that mussel ropes were submerged during summer to a minimum depth of 15 m in northern and a 20-m depth in southern areas of New England where temperature is at a species-optimum and phytoplankton biomass is abundant. For the site offshore Massachusetts, in situ biodeposition measurements validated predicted depth, confirming satisfactory mussel performance. Promising local areas have shallow thermoclines, such as offshore Long Island, Cape Ann and New Hampshire. Recommended depths can be adjusted to future temperature increases associated with climate change.

How cultural heritage has been, and will be exposed, to risk over time for the combined action of climate change and the human factor is the subject of this chapter. This complex topic requires preliminary information about the pathway to be followed for a thorough discussion, highlighting methods, uncertainties, and results. The expected climate change is especially due to anthropogenic air pollution, and the first section is devoted to the IPCC emission scenarios. The next step is to pass from emission scenarios to climate change scenarios, either outdoors for external monuments or indoors for collections. Once the outdoor/indoor climate scenarios have been established, damage and risk functions should be applied to assess cultural heritage risk scenarios, and the results of two research projects funded by the European Union, i.e. Noah's Ark and Climate for Culture , are reported. Theory is better understood with some practical examples that in addition elucidate how the human factor is crucial in determining the survival or the destruction of cultural heritage. The first case study is the sea-level rise and the submersion of Venice, which has been discovered using tide gauge data, paintings by Canaletto, Bellotto, and Veronese, and the underwater depth of the first step of the sea stairs. The second case study discusses a claimed link between the extraordinary quality of the Stradivari violins with the cold climate of the Little Ice Age. Finally, an overview is made through the climate ages, to highlight the strict relationship between climate, cultural heritage, and the human factor.

Coastal areas are likely to be eroded or submerged and this can be accentuated by the effect of global warming; yet some coasts are more vulnerable than others to natural or man-made hazards. The improvement of knowledge on coastal risks inevitably involves a better cartographic coverage conveying and locating the different dynamic themes directly or indirectly affecting the coastline. The coastal vulnerability and exposure Index is one of these themes and it aims to move from the general detail to a holistic model so as to allow decision-makers to take the right decision in terms of optimizing the intervention procedures provided by the regulations in force, especially the rationalization of expenses when renting classified sites vulnerable by the coastal vulnerability and exposure Index.

It is difficult to differentiate drowning from postmortem submersion. Pulmonary foam can be found in bodies retrieved from water. It is unknown whether foam is a result of drowning or if it also forms after postmortem submersion. We divided deceased piglets into three groups: postmortem saltwater submersion (N = 20), postmortem freshwater submersion (N = 20) and dry-land controls (N = 20). All carcasses underwent endoscopic examination within 24 h of death and the presence of external and internal pulmonary foam was scored. No external foam was detected in the postmortem freshwater or the postmortem saltwater group. Internal foam was seen in 35% of the postmortem freshwater and 40% of the postmortem saltwater group. No external or internal foam was detected in the dry land control group. The literature shows external as well as internal foam in drowned humans. Internal foam is seen in postmortem submersion in the current piglet study and antemortem submersion in the literature in humans, and can therefore not be used to support/refute the diagnosis of drowning. No external foam was present in the postmortem submersed piglets, yet has been described in drowned humans. Hence the presence of external foam in bodies recovered from water may be indicative for drowning. The presence of external foam is a potentially valuable clinical sign in distinguishing drowning from postmortem submersion.

Scientific research on sediment dynamics in the coastal zone and along the littoral zone has evolved considerably over the last four decades. It benefits from a technological revolution that provides the community with cheaper or free tools for in situ study (e.g., sensors, gliders), remote sensing (satellite data, video cameras, drones) or modelling (open source models). These changes favour the transfer of developed methods to monitoring and management services. On the other hand, scientific research is increasingly targeted by public authorities towards finalized studies in relation to societal issues. Shoreline vulnerability is an object of concern that grows after each marine submersion or intense erosion event. Thus, during the last four decades, the production of knowledge on coastal sediment dynamics has evolved considerably, and is in tune with the needs of society. This editorial aims at synthesizing the current revolution in the scientific research related to coastal and littoral hydrosedimentary dynamics, putting into perspective connections between coasts and other geomorphological entities concerned by sediment transport, showing the links between many fragmented approaches of the topic, and introducing the papers published in the special issue of Water on “Sediment transport in coastal waters”.

Drowning is an important, multisectoral, preventable and public health issue. This study aims to examine the burden and risk factors for drowning in Portugal from 2008 to 2015. The information was collected based on two databases from the Directorate-General of Health, Public Health (ICD codes Accidental non-transport drowning and submersion W65-W74) and from the National Maritime Authority. The Public Health database allowed a national overview on drowning for accidental non-transport drowning and submersion, being the National Maritime Authority (ISN) data used for drowning on the beach. There was an average of 69 deaths/year in the period between 2008 and 2015 (ICD W65-W74). The number of deaths in unguarded beaches corresponds to 74% (n=73), with an average of 9.1 deaths per year. In guarded beaches, the average was 3.3 (data ISN). In the same time period, there was a 5% increase in the number of licensed lifeguards, with an average of 698 rescues per year. Concomitantly, a total of 697 communication actions were developed with the aim of preventing drownings.

An experimental investigation on laboratory simulation of reinforced concrete beams submerged in sea water was carried out. The research aimed to analyze the beam flexural behavior cause by submersion effect in the marine environment and simulation pool. Flexural testing was conducted by using two point loading up to beams ruptured. Total 18 reinforced concrete beams of 10 cm x 12 cm x 60 cm in dimension with GFRP-S bonded on the bottom side. Nine beams were submerged in the marine environment and 9 beams were submerged in the simulation pool. Exposure period is 1, 3 and 6 months after 28 days cured in fresh water. The result indicate that the ultimate load and bonding capacity of beam specimens submersed in the marine environment were relatively lower than the specimens submersed in simulation pool. Based on this experimental study, submerging of specimens in simulation pool (Pp ) could be used to predict specimens submersed in marine (Ps) by using equation

Coastal environment systems are always exposed to natural phenomena such as erosion and submersion, and climate change is likely to increase these phenomena and their related vulnerability. The decision whether or not to protect the coast from an extreme weather event is not only based on technical data, but must also take into account its social acceptability. The involvement of stakeholders thus appears as a risk governance option. By using a scenario (both physical and socio-economic) and workshop meth- odology, we compare the deliberations and recommendations made by stakeholders facing a storm scenario in two different locations on the French Atlantic coast in the future (2030): Truc Vert and La Tresson-Noirmoutier. Group deliberations were content-analyzed in order to reveal the main directions taken by the debate. A conservative ‘wait and see’ option was favored in the less occupied region (Truc Vert), and a more protective option was preferred in the polderised and more intensively inhabited region of La Tresson-Noirmoutier. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

A burgeoning “Climate-Economy” literature has uncovered many effects of changes in temperature and precipitation on economic activity, but has made considerably less progress in modeling the effects of other associated phenomena, like natural disasters. We develop new, objective data on floods, focusing on Bangladesh. We show that rainfall and self-reported exposure are weak proxies for true flood exposure. These data allow us to study adaptation, giving accurate measures of both long-term averages and short term variation in exposure. This is important in studying climate change impacts, as people will not only experience new exposures, but also experience them differently.

Rice agriculture provides habitat for waterbirds in California's Sacramento Valley, a region that has lost over 90% of natural wetlands. Developed as an agronomic practice, winter-flooding of rice fields also provides habitat for waterbirds but alternatives are needed with predicted declines in water availability. During the winters of 2009–2010 and 2010–2011, we compared waterbird density and water depths of Sacramento Valley rice fields in four post-harvest management treatments that varied in the amount of water used: maintenance flooding, one-time flooding, non-flooded with boards left in water control structures, and non-flooded with boards removed from water control structures. Densities of waterbirds were higher in the flooded treatments compared to non-flooded treatments. One-time flooding provided the most suitable water depths for shorebirds and long-legged waders while maintenance flooding provided the most suitable water depths for dabbling ducks. Our results confirm that the practice of winter-flooding rice fields provides waterbird habitat. However, increased habitat value and potentially less water use could be achieved using a combination of traditional and alternative flooding practices.

Background It is contraindicated to place dental implants before growth and development are completed as they are at a risk of submersion due to growth arrest, creating a potential aesthetic problem. Purpose The present study evaluated the effect of age on mean submersion rate of single dental implant in the central maxillary incisor area as compared with the adjacent natural tooth in implants placed after growth has ceased. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was conducted on 35 patients (mean age 29.3 ± 9.9 years, 21 females) who received a single dental implant replacing a missing maxillary central incisor from 1992 to 2008 with a follow-up of at least 3 years. Clinical photos from last follow-up were digitally analyzed to measure the vertical change between the incisal edge of the implant supported crown and the adjacent natural central incisor. Results In the younger age group (≤30 years), the submersion rate was more than three times higher than in the older age group (>30 years), yielding submersion rates of 1.02 and 0.27% per year, respectively. Conclusions Whereas implant submersion continues throughout adult life, its rate varies with age. It is evident that this phenomenon is much more conspicuous during the second and third decades of life as compared with the fourth and fifth.

In 2011, the French government commissioned the SMBS-GLP (Somme Bay –Picardie Coast joint venture development authority) to implement a flood prevention action programme along the Northern Sea coast between Le Treport and Berck, in order to provide an overall mid- and long-term intervention strategy regarding flood risks (river floods and marine submersion). The area covered by the integrated management program is about 660 square km, more than 80 km of sea coast, 3 estuaries Bresle, Authie and Somme Bay, 56 communities are concerned by the risk and covered by the management plan. The prevention strategy developed for the area is based on a solidarity principle between coastal areas and land areas. The principle is based on the fact that the territory should face the risk with and adapted redistribution of human and urban stakes. This strategy is to be initiated now but will need tens of years to be effective. That’s why the process is temporally adapted in order to assure some security to the most impacted areas.

International audience; Sea-level rise due to climate change creates new risks of submersion in coastal areas that must be taken into account. Although these are long-term risks for 2100, it is important to anticipate possible consequences in order to identify the most vulnerable areas or issues and develop the appropriate adaptation policies. The aim of this paper is to examine the consequences of such sea-level rise for wetlands in the Languedoc-Roussillon region (France) which is particularly at risk of submersion. The analysis is based on the worst case scenario of a one meter sea level rise by 2100, with a variety of adaptive strategies: denial, laissez-faire and strategic retreat of infrastructure and buildings. This latter strategy assumes that the retreat wetlands is unconstrained. The evaluation examines the losses and transformations of ecological habitats, depending on their distance from salt water. Estimating damages and benefits requires first, to study the evolution of the services supplied by different habitats and second, to estimate the value of the economic impact. This approach demonstrates the superiority of a strategic retreat policy which would halve the damages resulting from submersion.

[Graphic][1] Upon submersion, mammalian divers invariably exhibit a characteristic ‘dive reflex’: the heart slows and the peripheral vessels, supplying blood to muscles and non-vital organs, constrict, thereby prioritising blood flow to the brain. This stereotyped response, dubbed ‘the

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to describe the epidemiology of pediatric submersion events occurring in portable pools in the United States. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of fatal and nonfatal submersion events involving children younger than 12 years in portable pools was conducted using injury and fatality data compiled by the US Consumer Product Safety Commission from 2001 through 2009. RESULTS: There were 209 fatal and 35 nonfatal submersion cases reported to the commission from 2001 through 2009. The majority (94%) involved children younger than 5 years, 56% involved boys, 73% occurred in the child's own yard, and 81% occurred during the summer months. The number of submersion events increased rapidly from 2001 to 2005 and then leveled off from 2005 to 2009. CONCLUSIONS: The use of portable pools in residential settings poses a significant risk of submersion-related morbidity and mortality to children, especially in the

There is some confusion, and consequent variation in policy, between the agencies responsible for the search, rescue and resuscitation of submersion victims regarding the likelihood of survival following a period of submersion. The aim of this work was to recommend a decision-making guide for such victims. This guidance was arrived at by a review of the relevant literature and specific case studies, and a “consensus” meeting on the topic. The factors found to be important for determining the possibility of prolonged survival underwater were: water temperature; salinity of water; duration of submersion; and age of the victim. Of these, only water temperature and duration are sufficiently clear to form the basis of guidance in this area. It is concluded that if water temperature is warmer than 6 °C, survival/resuscitation is extremely unlikely if submerged longer than 30 min. If water temperature is 6 °C or below, survival/resuscitation is extremely unlikely if submerged longer than 90 min.

This paper provides a stochastic method by which the two-dimensional onshore scour characteristics along the base of submerged breakwaters exposed to normally incident random waves on both sloping and horizontal sandy seabed can be derived. Here the formulas for the regular wave-induced scour characteristics provided by Young and Testik (2009) are used. These formulas are combined with describing the waves as a stationary Gaussian narrow-band random process to derive the random wave-induced onshore scour characteristics; the maximum scour depth, the scour length, and the distance of the maximum scour depth location from the onshore breakwater face. An example of calculation is also provided.

The working features of innovative coastal defense structures that can dissipate the energy of incoming waves by the action of large-scale bottom unevennesses (rigid blades covering the lower half of the water depth) were investigated by means of a laboratory experimental campaign. The goal of the study was to characterize the ability of the structures to efficiently reduce the wave height with a minimal change in the mean water superelevations. Similar wave height reductions were achieved for both vertical and inclined blades; their efficiency was slightly superior to that of traditional submerged rubble-mound breakwaters of the same cross-shore extension. For the incident waves examined, very low mean water elevations were observed inshore of the structures, with the inclined blades producing the smallest values. These results suggest that the structures analyzed here could represent an alternative to submerged rubble-mound breakwaters from a hydrodynamic point of view to protect coastlines prone to erosion with minimal risk of dangerous rip currents.

The experimental advanced airborne research lidar (EAARL) is an airborne lidar instrument designed to map near-shore submerged topography and adjacent land elevations simultaneously. This study evaluated data acquired by the EAARL system in February 2003 and March 2004 along the margins of Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, to map bare-earth elevations under a variety of vegetation types and submerged topography in shallow, turbid water conditions. A spatial filtering algorithm, known as the iterative random consensus filter (IRCF), was used to extract ground elevations from a point cloud of processed last-surface EAARL returns. Filtered data were compared with acoustic and field measurements acquired in shallow submerged (0-2.5 m water depth) and sub-canopy environments. Root mean square elevation errors (RMSEs) ranged from 10-14 cm for submerged topography to 16-20 cm for sub-canopy topography under a variety of vegetation communities. The effect of lidar sampling angles and global positioning system (GPS) satellite configuration on accuracy was investigated. Results show high RMSEs for data acquired during periods of poor satellite configuration and at large sampling angles along the edges of the lidar scan. The results presented in this study confirm the cross-environment capability of a green-wavelength, waveform-resolving lidar system, making it an ideal tool for mapping coastal environments.

Objective– To describe successful management of saltwater near-drowning in a dog using mechanical ventilation. Case Summary– A 7-year-old spayed female Golden Retriever weighing 37 kg was referred for mechanical ventilation after saltwater submersion injury. The dog had a history of rare seizures characterized by pre-ictal agitation. On the morning of the event, the dog became agitated and ran toward Puget Sound. The owners discovered the dog unconscious in approximately 25.4 cm (10 in) of water, with her head submerged. The owners estimated that the dog was submerged for approximately 30 seconds. The dog was presented immediately to the nearest emergency facility where initial diagnostic testing and treatment included venous blood gases, nasal oxygen, and IV fluids. The dog was dyspneic despite nasal oxygen administration and was referred for mechanical ventilation. Upon arrival the patient was cyanotic with an arterial partial pressure of oxygen of 38 mm Hg (reference interval 85–100 mm Hg) and oxygenation saturation of 62% (reference interval >95%). Thoracic radiographs were taken and revealed severe, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. The patient was ventilated for 70 hours and was discharged 4 days later. Complications included pneumonia and phlebitis at the site of a cephalic IV catheter. Follow up thoracic radiographs 10 days after discharge were within normal limits and the owners report a full recovery at 1 year. New or Unique Information Provided– Submersion injury can result in acute respiratory distress syndrome in dogs. Mechanical ventilation provided critical support during pulmonary recovery in this dog.

Objective—To determine clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcome in dogs and cats evaluated after submersion in freshwater. Design—Retrospective case series. Animals—25 dogs and 3 cats. Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment; causes, location, and month of submersion; physical examination findings at admission; results of blood gas analysis; treatments administered; duration of hospitalization; and outcome, including evidence of organ failure or compromise. Results—All submersions involved bodies of freshwater. Fourteen animals were submerged in man-made water sources, 13 were submerged in natural water sources, and the body of water was not recorded in 1 case. Twenty (71%) submersions occurred from May through September. Cause was identified in 16 animals and included extraordinary circumstances (n = 6), falling into water (5), breaking through ice (3), and intentional submersion (2). Twelve animals were found submerged in water with unclear surrounding circumstances. Treatment included administration of supplemental oxygen, antimicrobials, furosemide, corticosteroids, and aminophylline and assisted ventilation. Respiratory dysfunction was detected in 21 animals. Neurologic dysfunction was detected in 12 animals, hepatocellular compromise was detected in 6 animals, and cardiovascular dysfunction was detected in 4 animals. Three dogs had hematologic dysfunction, and 2 dogs had acute renal dysfunction. Eighteen (64%) animals survived to hospital discharge, but all of the cats died. In 9 of 10 nonsurvivors, respiratory tract failure was the cause of death or reason for euthanasia. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that submersion is an uncommon reason for veterinary evaluation but is associated with a good prognosis in dogs in the absence of respiratory tract failure.

The basin of Bohai Bay is formed by numerous large and small blocks of the earth’s crust submerged to different depths along large faults. Depressions occur along submerged limbs of the largest blocks, which are depocenters of sediment accumulation, mainly for deep water sediments. Eighty depressions are located in this territory, which measures 200000 km2, and the Dongying Depression is one of the largest among them. During the Cenozoic age, the amplitude of submersion within the limits of this depression reached 6–9 km. Numerous deposits of oil and gas have been found in the sediments formed during this period, which are mainly gritstones, sandstones, clays, and pyroshales.

Low-head labyrinth weir control structures installed on mild sloping channels or where the channel downstream of the weir is constricting and/or heavily vegetated can experience submergence. Weir submergence occurs when the tailwater surpasses the weir crest elevation, causing an increase in the upstream driving head for a given discharge, relative to a free-discharge condition. The most familiar relationship for predicting submerged weir head-discharge relationships is likely that of James R. Villemonte, which he published in 1947 for sharp-crested linear weirs. For lack of a better alternative, Villemonte’s relation has also been applied to predicting submerged labyrinth weir performance. A new dimensionless submerged head relationship developed in this study is presented for submerged labyrinth weirs. A similar relationship is also presented for linear sharp-crested weirs. The accuracy of the submerged linear weir relationship was equivalent to Villemonte’s and is simpler to solve when working in terms...

Sir,We appreciated the interesting case series and analysis by Laskowski et al. on the treatment of drug-induced hyperthermia using ice-water submersion, and the accompanying editorial by Otten.[1,...

A fast reusable water sensor for long-distance real-time submersion monitoring was fabricated using a macrobending-sensitive fiber (MSF). The proposed water sensor consists of floating matter, periodic macrobending deformers, and a MSF. In this structure, the floating matter moves up and down according to the buoyant force of water, thereby controlling the bending loss of the MSF and allowing the proposed sensor to detect submersion. A basic bending experiment was conducted using a MSF and macrobending deformer, and the results used to fabricate an efficient water sensor. In contrast to existing sensors where the optical loss increases in the case of submersion, the optical loss of the fabricated sensor decreases due to the buoyant force when the selected area is submerged. As such, the fabricated sensor is able to transmit submersion information further than sensors that detect submersion by increasing the optical loss, and it is unaffected by environmental factors, such as humidity and pollutants in the water. The proposed sensor detects submersion by monitoring a 16 dB optical power change of 1550 nm, and the change in the optical power of the fabricated sensor is only affected by the buoyant force. In addition, the proposed water sensor quickly returns to its initial state when the water disappears, and the insertion loss when it is connected to a single-mode fiber (SMF) at both ends using a connector is only −1.2 dB at 1550 nm.

It is argued that the Web is transforming schooling in the 21st century, and as such altering the terrain of what leadership “means.” Theorizing our submersion in the Internet, we discover that the Web enhances a leadership-for paradigm, while at the same time it militates against what is defined as a leadership-with paradigm. For the power of the Web is its capacity to transform our desire for meaningful interconnectedness: transforming “spirituality” and “authenticity” into products for the self-help industry, and leadership into something not intended—disembodied leadership. In our postmodern culture, revoultionary leadership can act to counter disembodiment in its demand for an embodied, “incarnate” leadership. With embodied leadership comes our solidarity with one another: our passionate sense of commitment for social justice and where one acts with such intensity as to stretch the boundary we normally consider as being “professional” into being “revolutionary.” As such, revolutionary leadership is moral, spiritual, and authentic in that one is released from one's professional identity.

The following work is based on the age-old Archimedes’ principle of submerged bodies. Today, many discussions and papers exist on submersion. It shows that the submerged weight parameter cannot be directly incorporated into the design process. In this paper the diameter-to-wall-thickness ratio has been identified as the constraint variable in the optimization process, and has appropriately been used in describing properties of submerged cylinders in seawater. Simple dimensionless equations, in terms of diameter-to-wall-thickness ratio have been developed and used to compare the behavior of many coated and uncoated shell sections, in empty and water-filled conditions. This presentation of the properties of submerged cylindrical shells demonstrates how the idea formulated millennia ago can be configured to yield new results benefiting the offshore industry.

In recent years, interest has risen in the occurrence and effects of overtopping on earth embankments due to the number of dams that have reached the end of their planned service life. The embankment failure process due to overtopping includes several aspects of erosion: failure of the vegetation, concentrated flow, headcut migration, and breach timing, formation, and widening. Research using large-scale physical models is on-going at the USDA-ARS Hydraulic Engineering Unit to provide a better understanding of how a breach develops over time and what variables influence breach development. Soil properties have been observed to greatly influence how a soil erodes and therefore influence the embankment erosion processes, including breach widening. The objective of this article is to evaluate the time rate of breach widening of three large-scale earthen embankment tests. The embankments were constructed of homogeneous materials ranging from silty sand to lean clay, 1.3 m in height with a 0.30 m notch through the center of the embankment. The primary erosion process of interest during these tests was breach widening. The results from these tests as well as widening data from previous embankment overtopping tests conducted at the laboratory are compared in relation to the compaction water content of the soils used to construct the embankments. Rates of widening were strongly influenced by the compaction water content. Measured soil properties are promising in characterizing the development of a breach.