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Objective: To identify drug information (DI) resources commonly used by pharmacy students of King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia, and to assess their ability to determine the appropriate ones for different clinical situations. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in April 2014 (n=92). A paper-based questionnaire was developed, validated, and administered to fifth-year Pharm.D. students and advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) interns. It investigated the students’ DI sources preferences. Besides, it evaluated their competency in classifying DI resources and identifying the best resource to answer case-based multiple-choice questions. Moreover, the study aimed at assessing the impact of providing a case-based combined module of evidence-based practice (EBP) and DI for fifth-year students (new study plan) compared to delivering separate EBP and DI modules through theoretical lectures (old study plan–APPE interns). Results: The preferred resources to the students were online recourses (85.86%), soft copy books (26.08%), and mobile applications (25%). For the DI mobile applications, Medscape was the most common (63.4%), followed by Micromedex (53.5%), Lexicomp (42.3%), and Dynamed (16.9%). Fifth-year students’ scores were significantly higher than APPE interns for the case-based questions. Students’ GPAs were moderately correlated with their total scores. Conclusion: Study participants preferred using electronic DI resources to printed ones. The combined EBP-DI course could be a better option as it links the DI knowledge to clinical situations.

The American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE) is a crucial, objective assessment of surgical knowledge during training. In 2014, the American Board of Surgery (ABS) announced the alignment of the ABSITE to the SCORE® (Surgical Council on Resident Education) Curriculum Outline for General Surgery Residency. We hypothesized that implementing a pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam would help identify underperforming residents and provide early guidance to improve performance on the ABSITE.In October 2014, our university-based surgical residency program began administering a yearly comprehensive pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam consisting of 225 to 250 multiple-choice questions selected from the SCORE question bank to all our general surgery residents, preliminary and categorical. The 4-hour exam addresses both clinical management (80%) and applied sciences (20%). Residents receive reports with their scores (percentage correct). Residents performing at less than 60% meet with the Program Director for discussion and formulation of a study plan. Correlational analysis was performed between resident ABSITE scores, pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam scores, gender, resident status (preliminary vs. categorical), postgraduate year (PGY), and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 and Step 2 scores.A total of 244 exam scores (122 pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exams and 122 matched ABSITE) were completed by 51 residents at different PGY levels (32 PGY1, 32 PGY2, 20 PGY3, 19 PGY4, and 18 PGY5). Fifty-seven percent were males, 62% were categorical residents, and 38% were preliminary residents. October pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam scores were compared to the subsequent January ABSITE scores. Categorical residents completed 101 (83%) of the January exams, while preliminary residents completed 21 (17%) of these paired exams. We found strong correlations between the correct percentage on ABSITE and pre-ABSITE SCORE-based scores (r = 0.637, p0.001), between the correct percentage on ABSITE and PGY (r = 0.688, p0.001), and between ABSITE and resident status (r = 0.462, p0.001). Additionally, there was a weak to negligible correlation between the correct percentage on ABSITE and resident gender (r = 0.274, p = 0.001), USMLE-2 (r = 0.12, p = 0.16), and USMLE-1 (r = 0.04, p = 0.653). Multiple regression analysis, with all predictors, was performed to predict the percentage score on the ABSITE and produced RWe found a strong correlation between performance on the pre-ABSITE SCORE-based exam and performance on the ABSITE exam. Surgery residents are encouraged to start studying earlier and to utilize SCORE contents as outlined by the ABS in their study plan.

El presente artículo de reflexión realiza un análisis sobre la importancia que tiene la Educación Ambiental para los estudiantes de educación básica y media en tres instituciones educativas públicas de El Espinal (Tolima), el papel y rol que esta cumple para su vida personal y académica, comprendiendo la intervención que esta educación puede realizar en la construcción y transformación social desde la enseñanza de valores para una buena relación con el ambiente, crear hábitos y comportamientos que permitan mejorar los conflictos y problemáticas ambientales presentes en la sociedad actual y el educar para proteger, cuidar y preservar los recursos naturales para las generaciones presentes y futuras. Este análisis se llevó a cabo a través de la aplicación de una encuesta a estudiantes de los grados noveno, decimo y undécimo. Se encuentra que los temas ambientales son asignados al área de Ciencias Naturales, los docentes no tienen una formación ambiental y no se presenta una transversalidad de la Educación Ambiental en el plan de estudios y esta se limita a la celebración de fechas ambientales en el calendario académico, para los estudiantes lo ambiental y la Educación Ambiental es importante para su vida académica y personal presentando un compromiso e interés.

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the canceling and rescheduling of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) examinations due to the nationwide closure of the Prometric testing centers, which poses a significant challenge to medical students. The rescheduling of a high-stakes board examination leads to significant stress and potential burnout. Students may need guidance to decrease anxiety and reframe their study plan while maintaining their knowledge. Here, we combined board examination coaching tips with specific worked examples to describe how to prevent burnout, give recommendations for scheduling, and suggest practical approaches to USMLE and other high-stakes examinations.

This work presents the advances being made on a research project addressing curriculum processes for the development of competencies at the San Juan National University’s Faculty of Engineering (Argentina) in the framework of institutional policies that seek to make its programs of study appropriate for the second generation of accreditation standards. This is an exploratory, descriptive and interpretative study that is currently in the analytic phase, during which time we have carried out a characterization of the study plans currently in force for seven engineering programs in place at the university. In this sense, we describe both the institutional transformation related to the creation of accreditation standards and the perspectives of institutional actors as regards the curriculum design of the San Juan National University Faculty of Engineering’s programs, analyzing the institutional dynamic that emerges from said process.Received: 27 December 2019Accepted: 04 March 2020Published online: 19 May 2020

Attitude towards English as a foreign language is a new field of study in tertiary education in Latin-American countries, especially in Chile. However, its importance in the process of learning a language has been reported upon around the world. The aim of the current study was to identify the attitudes towards English as a foreign language of 131 university students from different educational institutions in Chile; the students’ programs included English courses as part of their study plan. The three components of attitude were analyzed by means of the participants’ replies to the statements of a questionnaire. Results gave evidence that university students hold a positive attitude towards English as a foreign language; nonetheless, the behavioral aspect of attitude obtained the lowest average of agreement among the respondents. Resumen La actitud hacia el inglés como lengua extranjera es un nuevo campo de estudio en la educación universitaria en los países latinoamericanos, especialmente en Chile. Sin embargo, su relevancia en el proceso de aprendizaje de una lengua se ha investigado alrededor del mundo. El presente estudio busca identificar las actitudes hacia el inglés como lengua extranjera de 131 estudiantes universitarios de diferentes instituciones educativas del sur de Chile, cuyas carreras de pregrado incluyen cursos de inglés como parte de su plan de formación. Se analizaron los tres componentes de la actitud por medio de las respuestas de los participantes. Los resultados evidenciaron que los estudiantes tienen una actitud positiva hacia el inglés como lengua extranjera, especialmente en el dominio cognitivo; no obstante, el aspecto conductual obtuvo el promedio más bajo entre los encuestados.

Predicting the academic results and preparing the study plan are crucial concerns for students to improve their academic performance. The existing literature mainly focused to predict the academic results and how best the teacher can design a specific course for improving the student’s academic performance. However, the process of recommending study plan for a specific student based on his/her predicted results is not well investigated. Therefore, the objective of this study is to propose artificial intelligence (AI)-based models to predict the academic results and recommend study plan accordingly to improve the student’s performance. As outcomes, this study proposed two models based on sophisticated deep learning algorithms and artificial neural networks namely, result prediction and recommending study planner. The proposed result prediction and study-planner models showed the accuracy of 97.02% and 99.8%, respectively, on training datasets, and also 92.94% and 87.65%, respectively, on test datasets. A Web-based system for predicting results and recommending study plan is also developed based on the proposed models.

Lecturer is educators who are under the auspices of higher education institutions. one of the duties of the lecturer is to guide and help develop the potential of students so they can complete their studies. Likewise, the lecturer in the Mathematics Education study program at one of the universities in Langsa city was appointed as an academic advisor (PA). but there are some obstacles that are felt by PA lecturers, such as the absence of a guidance manual, lack of understanding of technology, students consult only once in one semester, and some students only ask for signatures to fill Study Plan Cards (KRS) and Study Results Cards (KHS ) manual. However, students also have other perceptions, according to the interview results, it is known that PA lecturers are only needed to sign the KRS and KHS, some PA lecturers are difficult to find, some PA lecturers do not have time to consult, PA lecturers do not direct courses in the following semester. so the purpose of this study was to express student satisfaction in mathematics education in terms of PA lecturer services. The approach of this research is a quantitative approach. The research sample was 61 mathematics education students with systematic sampling. For data collection techniques using questionnaires and data analysis techniques using simple regression followed by the -F test. The results showed that the level of student satisfaction in terms of PA lecturer services was in a sufficient category, so it can be concluded that there was a significant contribution between the services of PA lecturers to the satisfaction of mathematics education students.

Background: Technical innovation in medical education is a new era that can augment students' problem-solving capabilities. Virtual patients (VPs) have a recognized position in this new era. Research is still ongoing regarding the role of VPs in the learning process of medical students. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the perception of preclinical and clinical medical students toward VPs in problem-based learning environment. Methods: Thirty-one medical students, 21 preclinical (3rd year) and 10 clinical (4th year) from Sulaiman Al Rajhi Medical College, Saudi Arabia ( first two patches), were enrolled in this cross-sectional study after their acceptance to participate. Necessary orientation was given prior to start by content experts; then, a curriculum-mapped standardized VP case was offered to each group. Following the completion of the VP case, each group had the same standardized validated VP questionnaire to assess their perception and attitude. Results: Respectively, 3rd and 4th year students had the following perceptions regarding VPs: 62% versus 70% considered it a useful learning experience, 48% versus 70% liked practicing it in small groups, and 60% versus 90% recommended incorporating it in upcoming year courses. Eighty percent of the clinical students considered VPs realistic. Clinical and preclinical students' perceptions toward VPs showed no significant difference in all questionnaire items. Conclusion: VPs had a positive impact on medical students and can be implemented in both pre and clinical settings to accomplish their study plan objectives.

The improvement of skills in engineering and science teaching are essential factors to strengthen and support the research and the processes development. It is also clear that engineering and science applications are strongly related to instrumentation and measurement systems, as well as the resources and requirements applied. Considering the relevance of the science of measurement in engineering applications, this article presents an approach for further developments in engineering education, where new lines are pointed out. The discussion is structured around the study plan and its scientific syllabuses of the master's degrees offered in Portuguese universities. The commonality of subjects that emerged from metrology and engineering practices tied to employability skills required from graduates and postgraduates of engineering degrees is presented. It is also explained the support given by the literature and by the professional experience from professors and metrologists are fundamental elements that may be considered.

To analyse the differences in the quality of the basic cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) between the algorithms of compressions with rescue ventilation (CPR [30:2]) and chest compressions only (CPR [C/O]). In addition, the specific objective was to study the effectiveness of the physical manoeuvre of mouth-to-mouth ventilations performed by nursing students after the completion of a simulation training program in Basic Life Support (BLS) standardized in the study plan approved for the Nursing Degree at a Spanish university.analytical, quasi-experimental, cross-sectional study with clinical simulation of 114 students enrolled in the third year of the Nursing Degree.the mean depth of chest compressions was 47.6 mm (SD 9.5) for CPR [30:2] and 45 mm (SD 8.8) when CPR [C/O] was performed (t = 5.39, p 0.0001, CI95% 1.69-3.65). The compressions with complete chest re-expansion were 106 (SD 55) for CPR [30:2] and 138 (SD 85) for CPR [C/O] [t = -4.75, p 0.0001, CI95% -44.6 - (-18.4)]. Of the participants, 28.1% correctly ventilated with the head-tilt/chin-lift manoeuvre (Fisher: p 0.0001).As a whole, CPR with only chest compressions offers great advantages with respect to standard CPR, minimizing interruptions in compressions, maintaining coronary and cerebral perfusion and thus increasing the likelihood of return of spontaneous circulation. The problem of rescuers fatigue could be reduced with a greater number of relays between rescuers. We believe that is important to improve the acquisition of competencies in the management of the airway and the ventilation devices (such as the bag-valve mask).

Undergraduate and graduate education research has stratified study strategies from low-utility to high-utility with respect to durable learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of these evidence-based learning strategies among surgery residents in preparation for the American Board of Surgery In-Training Examination (ABSITE).A 23-item survey was administered during individual interviews. It assessed whether they had a study plan, and the average length and frequency of their independent study, both during the year and the month prior to the ABSITE. Data were also collected on their primary resources and study strategies. Residents rated their usage of those strategies based on a 5-point Likert scale.Maine Medical Center, an academic tertiary care center located in Portland, ME.All residents in the Department of Surgery.Residents (n= 23) intensified their preparation for the ABSITE in the month prior to the exam compared to the remainder of the year, adopting study plans (87% vs 61%, p = 0.53) and increasing the time spent studying (median, 420 vs 120 minutes per week, p0.001). Primary resources used were textbooks (65%), ABSITE review books (26%) and online question banks (9%). All residents (100%) often or always used testing, but fewer residents often or always used spacing (24%), both considered high-utility strategies. Most residents (60%) often or always used highlighting, considered a low-utility strategy. There were no relationships between study strategies and ABSITE scores.All residents use self-testing as a study strategy. Most underuse spacing and overuse highlighting. Further research is needed to establish the relationship between these study strategies and ABSITE scores.

Tremor is characterized by involuntary muscle contractions that can result in shaking in one or more body parts. Currently, there is no cure for tremor, which affects millions of people across the world. Conventional treatments include invasive surgery or medication that can cause severe side-effects. Another option is biofeedback therapy, which may be used to help patients better control normally involuntary bodily processes and may provide relief to patients of tremor. However, its effectiveness is uncertain. The objective of this study is to determine the effect of tactile biofeedback on the wrist to suppress hand tremors. The frequency of the patients’ hand tremor is first characterized using an accelerometer. Then, the frequency is applied to the patients’ wrist as tactile biofeedback while holding an accelerometer to quantify changes in the tremor. Presented are the details of the user study plan towards the application of tactile biofeedback for tremor mitigation.

[EN] The European Higher Education Area (EHEA) defines the competences for professional practice of a Telecommunications Engineer. The School of Telecommunication Engineering of the Universitat Politècnica de València (Valencia, Spain) provides an integrated education program consisting of a Graduate (GITST) + Master (MUIT). The GITST course offers four specialization tracks: Electronics, Telematics, Communication Systems and Multimedia for the proper acquisition of knowledge and competences of the future Telecommunications Engineers. In 2018, the graduate program has implemented a structural change in the organization of subjects for reinforcing important skills, in which a course on digital electronics design and verification (Integration of Digital Systems, ISDIGI) has been transformed into a core subject of the study plan. In this paper, we describe the methodology and adaptation of ISDIGI (i.e. a project-based learning intermediate HDL course that includes design and verification abilities) to the new GITST Curriculum. In addition, this paper describes the process of moving from specialized to core subject.

El objetivo de esta investigación es triple: identificar, desde una perspectiva exploratoria, la oferta formativa relacionada con las altas tecnologías en los grados en Periodismo de las universidades españolas, conocer si los periodistas que trabajan en los medios de comunicación cuentan con competencias y habilidades específicas para utilizar estas herramientas en la creación de contenidos y proponer diferentes materias docentes para la inserción curricular del periodismo hi-tech. Para alcanzar estos propósitos se ha empleado una metodología mixta, con procedimiento de tipo cualitativo, como el análisis de contenido aplicado a las 768 asignaturas que configuran los 17 planes de estudios de grado que son objeto de esta investigación, y cuantitativo, como el cuestionario online suministrado a profesionales del sector (N=131) con el fin de saber si poseen formación especializada para utilizar las altas tecnologías en los procesos comunicativos. Los resultados revelan que la enseñanza-aprendizaje de las tecnologías emergentes y disruptivas de la información empieza a identificarse en los grados en Periodismo de las universidades públicas españolas. En el terreno laboral, los profesionales también comienzan a formase sobre cómo aplicar la inteligencia artificial, los drones, los móviles y las técnicas inmersivas a la creación de contenidos. Sin embargo, la oferta formativa sobre esta disciplina es aún incipiente, por lo que se proponen diferentes materias en las que puede englobarse la enseñanza-aprendizaje del periodismo hi-tech en los grados en Periodismo. The objective of this research is threefold. First, the training offer related to high technologies in degrees in Journalism at Spanish universities is identified. Second, it’s intended to know whether journalists who work in the media have competences and skills specific to use these tools in the creation of content. Finally, different teaching subjects for the curricular insertion of hi-tech journalism have proposed. To achieve these purposes, a mixed methodology has been used, with a qualitative type procedure, such as content analysis applied to the 768 subjects that make up the 17 undergraduate study plans that are the subject of this research; and quan-titative, such as the online questionnaire provided to professionals in the sector (N=131) in order to know if they have specialized training to use high technology in communication processes. The results reveal that the teaching-learning of emerging and disruptive information technologies is beginning to be identified in the degrees in Journalism of Spanish public universities. In the workplace, professionals also begin training on how to apply artificial intelligence, drones, mobiles and immersive techniques to content creation. However, the training offer on this discipline is still in its infancy, so different subjects are proposed in which the teaching-learning of hi-tech journalism can be included in the degrees in Journalism

International audience; Methodologies of population-based studies on neurological diseases in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) have not been standardized. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the numerous challenges occurring in this context and propose a standard framework for population- based studies in LMICs. We relied on our expertise on few diseases, epilepsy and neurodegenerative disorders.The proposed framework is the result of extensive field experience in tropical LMICs. It ensures that important steps are not forgotten when setting up a study plan. It must remain flexible and be adapted to each situation, to the disease studied, in particular its prevalence, but also to the geography of the study area and the availability of survey technologies

Background Worldwide, problematic test anxiety is a common health problem among medical students. The magnitude of problematic test anxiety ranges from 25 to 40% in undergraduate medical students and has a detrimental effect on academic achievement and success of students. However, data on the prevalence of test anxiety among medical students is limited. Thus, the study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of test anxiety among medical students. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a stratified random sampling technique was used to select the participants. The level of test anxiety was determined by the Westside Test Anxiety Inventory (WTAI). We utilized logistic regression to explore the association between test anxiety and the potential sociodemographic/student-related characteristics among medical students. Results The study included 423 medical students. Our study resulted the prevalence of problematic test anxiety among medical students to be 52.30% (95% CI 47.40–57.30). The prevalence of test anxiety was remarkably higher in women (79.75%) than in men (33.62%) students. Female sex [AOR = 3.25, 95% CI: (1.54, 6.89)], having low grade [AOR = 0.11,95% CI: (0.044,0.288)], being first year [AOR = 10.55,95% CI: (1.4,76.7)], excessive course load [AOR = 6.128,95% CI: (2.675,14.039)], and taking oral examination [AOR = 2.89,95% CI: (1.42,5.84)] were determined as some of the predicting factors of test anxiety among medical students. Additionally, lack of systemic study plan [AOR = 2.4, 95% CI: (1.25, 4.59)], poor social support [AOR = 3.6, 95% CI: (1.56, 8.29)], moderate social support [AOR = 3.39, 95% CI: (1.56, 7.4)], psychologically distressed [AOR = 2.68, 95% CI: (1.37, 5.27)] independently predicts test anxiety among medical students. Conclusion Findings suggest that a substantial percentage of medical students had problematic test anxiety in Ethiopia (52.30%). This study also showed a significant association between test anxiety and female sex, having poor grade point average, being the first year, excessive course load, oral examination, lack of study plan, poor social support, moderate social support, and having psychological distress. Problematic test anxiety, which is found to be common among medical students, deserves more attention.

The development of Recommender Systems in universities students’ portal provides a significant impact on the student study plan and grades. Such systems are more beneficial when they match the software interface usability goals. Henceforth, the students will be more likely to use them. To the best of our knowledge, there are no proposed prototypes neither research works for Courses Recommender Systems in universities students’ portal. Hence, this paper will present a prototype proposal for such a system. The proposed prototype evaluation achieved 4.8643 on the Likert scale reflecting a system with high usability.

Spine is one subject evaluated by the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination. The purpose of our study was to analyze all spine-related questions on the OITE to determine the most commonly tested spine topics, as well as the level of evidence in cited references, to help guide resident preparation for future examinations. The OITE was analyzed from 2013 to 2017 for number of spine questions, subject matter, anatomy, and use of diagnostic imaging. The preferred responses were reviewed for journal article references and corresponding levels of evidence for each citation. The average number of spine questions on the OITE was approximately 25 (9.0% of the exam) with a focus on cervical spine (7.8; 31.5%) and lumbar spine (9.8; 39.5%). At least one type of diagnostic image accompanied 18.4 questions (74.2%), with magnetic resonance imaging being the most common modality (50.0%). Degenerative diseases (10.8; 43.5%) and trauma (7.0; 28.2%) made up the majority. The most commonly cited journals were Spine (21.5%), Journal of the American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (20.8%), Spine Journal (8.4%), and Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (8.4%). Review articles made up an average of 27.4 citations annually (49.5%). Level I evidence investigations were cited 3.4 times per examination. Developing a study plan centered on review articles as well as on high-yield topics should lead to optimal preparation for residents on the OITE.

The following essay will present research that studies the interweaving of color and memory. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of different formats of color within a prose fiction text, and to show how color affects the retention of the information read. To perform the study, one passage made in three different formats – black and white throughout the text, colored font on random words, or highlighted text on random words – will be randomly assigned to Advanced Placement (AP) and College Prep (Regular) English class juniors, followed by a test based on accuracy. The results show that color has a more positive influence than normal black and white text in regards to retaining information. Moreover, women overall were seen to perform significantly better on the text with highlighted text compared to colored font, whereas men overall were seen to be more successful using colored font than highlight. One can conclude from this research that using color to study and remember information for a test or a job-related interview can improve one’s performance. Due to the positive influence of color, students should ask their teachers to promote a more color-coded study plan, present key parts in a slideshow using highlighting or colored font, or more, which could lead to higher student scores and steer attention towards the information being given.

In modern society, competent employees are an important asset for any organization to be competitive. Employees can be competent in their jobs when they have required skills imposed by the organization to which they belong. Providing necessary skill sets to each employee can be cumbersome because their background and existing skill sets are different; so any uniform training attempt may be inefficient and costly. So in order to provide necessary skills to each employee effectively, the training must be customized. In our approach, we analyze employees' existing skill sets using their learner profile and determine necessary training by comparing organizations' required skill sets. We utilize European Skills, Competences and Occupations classification (ESCO) and Dublin Core to store available Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) courses using the concept of learning object and learning object repository. We then present required training in terms of a study plan that includes a list of MOOC courses.

Preoperative anesthesia-related anxiety is a major problem. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the idea of undergoing anesthesia on the quality of life of patients scheduled for elective surgery by evaluating preoperatively and postoperatively. All patients who were referred to the outpatient clinic of the Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department for preoperative assessment from May 2011 to December 2011 were informed about the study plan. Patients were evaluated with the SF-36 scale during their final examination and also after surgery. We found that the postoperative Mental Component Summary (MCS) domain demonstrated statistically significant increase compared to preoperative scores (51.3 ± 12.0 and 50.6 ± 12.7 respectively, p = 0.014). There were no significant differences between the preoperative and postoperative periods in terms of the Physical Component Summary (PCS) domain or any other subdimensions (p>0.005). When evaluated according to age groups, preoperative and postoperative PCS and MCS scores were found to be consistently higher in the 18–35 age group compared to older groups (p

BACKGROUND Students who enter the medical field are sometimes found to perform less satisfactorily at the professional examination. Their low achievement after securing the needs of admission through qualifying public examination seems something contrary to that is what generally expected. Hence, a study on this aspect of medical education is relevant to make a search on the factors that determine a poor performance by professional students in some instances. This project was done for fulfilling the need of an educational research for Fellowship in Medical Education (FIME) under the MCI Nodal Centre, Medical College, Kottayam, Kerala. The study had followed the prior works upon on a similar theme. The students in their tender age are sometimes found to be helpless in their burdening environment and unable to carry out their educational objectives satisfactorily. The aim of the study is to recognise the determinants of low scoring among second professional MBBS students in a Government Medical College in Central Kerala. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data were collected using predesigned and pretested questionnaire distributed among the whole batch regular second MBBS students. The analysis was done by software SPSS. The descriptive variables were expressed as percentages. Association between sociodemographic factors and low scoring were found out by chi-square test. RESULTS Results expected could not make out stress as a significant factor unlike other research studies. The male gender, absence of regular study plan and lack of attention and poor comprehension were some of the factors, which influenced the marks gained at the examination. CONCLUSION The proportion of male medical students who secured low marks signifies a gender predilection for low scoring. This should be viewed upon the aspect of decreased tendency to have a regular study plan. The factors I found out to be detrimental in low scoring among medical students were student related only.

In academia, smooth progression of students significantly depends on the way curricula are developed and organized. Curricula or study plans with high degree of interconnectivity between courses, multiple prerequisites, and hierarchically structured courses tend to complicate the smooth progress of the enrolled students. In this work, a rigorous quantitative relaxation indicator, developed and published elsewhere by the first author, has been applied to quantify the degree of stiffness and rigidity in undergraduate engineering curricula at the American University of Sharjah (AUS), the University of Sharjah (UOS), United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), and the Petroleum Institute (PI), which are the leading universities in the United Arab Emirates. Results indicate high rigidity (low relaxation indices) due to high degree of interconnectivity between courses, specifically in the second year of the study plans. The chemical engineering curriculum at PI exhibited the least flexibility due to very strong pre-and-co-requisite ties while the civil & environmental curriculum at UAEU showed the highest flexibility. The curricula considered require immediate attention and reorganization in order to facilitate smooth sequential progress of the students from one semester to another. A list of courses that require relaxation of strong pre-and corequisites ties has been presented for each curriculum.

Aim: To detect the most common musculoskeletal disorders and to explore the common injury and indication of different musculoskeletal systems, and then to obtain the causes of disorders by observing clinical indications via images. Methodology: The subjects in this project consisted of both genders—males and females and were investigated randomly by collecting data from the PACS unit that exists in the radiology department at KAUH. The participants had a mean age of 7.4 ± 0.3 years, a mean height of 118.2 ± 2.5 cm, a mean mass of 27.8 ± 1.5 kg, and a mean BMI of 19.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2. The author settled the study plan by building a special, appropriate questionnaire to be handed out to the patients and covered mainly the prospective studies of randomly selected patients who came to the emergency unit and the outpatient units from other departments at KAUH in Jeddah. Results: The ratio of injuries in male children (77%) against females (23%) is 3:1, and this ratio is considered significant between age groups for males when compared with females. The injuries existed most in the age groups of 4 to 6 years old and 8 to 10 years old with approximately the same percentage of the total subjects as about 21% for each age group. Trauma injury was significant (81%) compared to other types of causes in all age groups. There was a significant relationship between the causes of injuries and the age groups in pediatrics (p 0.05) between the site of injuries and age groups. The significant site that resulted from trauma was the knee (100%), out of the total traumas’ subject. There was a highly significant relationship between the site of injuries and its causes (p = 0.006, i.e. p < 0.05) that were expected. Conclusion: More awareness and understanding in the society are needed and we should concentrate on increasing the knowledge of such by providing them with more learning courses.

Today most universities have used online system in their academic administration activities, such as in the preparation of study plan, the payment of tuition, and others. There are several reasons for switching the system from manual to online, one of which is to prevent fraud. This study aims to find out whether the use of online system in academic administration activities at higher education has run properly and effectively. This study employed descriptive approach by using an online questionnaire method with the aim to see the responses of several students regarding the use of online systems in academic administration activities at higher education. Questionnaires were distributed using an online system through the Google Form application, where the respondents were sent a link that refers to the Google Form page containing some questions that would be answered by the respondents. And the results can be in the form of a graph from the Google Form. With the form, it can be obtained description of the online system and the respondents’ knowledge regarding fraud in the college environment.

Government plans to build Semarang Harbor Toll road that connects Kaliwungu, West Semarang-Ahmad Yani Airport, North Semarang, Tanjung Emas Port, and Kaligawe to unravel congestion on existing roads where current conditions are not yet available integrated public transportation, this is indicated by high volume of traffic 3,949 pce/hour with a VCR value of 1.25. This study aims to analyze travel time on toll roads, the toll tariffs of Harbor Tolls based on analysis of Ability to Pay (ATP) and Willingness to Pay (WTP) and potential for traffic flow that moves from existing roads to toll roads using binomial logit method. Analysis results obtained Semarang Harbor Toll road rates for group I of Rp. 1,040/km, group II, tariff is Rp. 1,200/km and tariff of Rp. 1,300/km. There is a difference between ATP, WTP analysis and binomial logit analysis based on BOK for class I where toll road mode selection is Rp. 947/km, existing road Rp. 1,583/km. Then for Group II, the selection of toll road mode is Rp. 1,121/Km, the existing road Rp. 1,611/Km and class III obtained the selection of the mode of toll roads 1,206/Km, the existing road Rp. 1,876/km.

Students attaining higher schooling in specialized courses are often unaware of grading systems that are followed because of which they find it challenging to cope up with their ongoing course. They are unable to extemporize on their study plan and fail to accomplish better scores. There could be innumerable reasons (both personal and professional) like health concerns; family occasions; involvement in extracurricular activities such as technical, cultural, sports, among others-which ultimately leads to inadequate scores at the end of a semester of an academic year. There felt a need to develop a system that can estimate a range of scores for internal assessment tests (IATs) and end semester examinations (ESEs) for students so that they can prepare accordingly for IATs and ESEs and attain their desired pointer in a semester. There are several educational systems trying to predict students' grades or scores, but they face certain limitations like accuracy, response time, and error handling. This work aims to overcome the abovementioned limitations by developing a state-of-the-art estimation system that calculates semester grade point average by considering students' IAT marks as input and forecasts minimum and maximum marks that need to be scored in ESEs based on a selected pointer. Moreover, the system is capable of specifying ways to achieve the desired pointer without the inclusion of IAT marks. The developed system will undeniably be beneficial for both students and educational institutions wherein a student can beforehand calculate his/her academic performance and institutions can timely and precisely monitor students' growth leading to future betterment.

Background There are an increasing number of publications concerning the roles and impacts of pharmacists. Decision makers, clinicians and patients need evidence to support an appropriate allocation of funds to better use the expertise of pharmacists. Purpose To provide a profile of the roles and impacts of the pharmacist in the literature. Material and methods Review of literature. Articles in English and French related to the roles and the impacts of the pharmacist were selected, according a reproducible search strategy from 1990 to September 2017 in Pubmed and Pubmed Central. The following variables were extracted: author, country, study plan, pharmaceutical activities, patient care programmes, diseases, outcomes (e.g. mortality, morbidity, costs, adverse events, medication errors, compliance, satisfaction, other) and a quality score. Outcome results were categorised as positive, neutral or negative. Only descriptive statistics were performed. Results On 20 September, 2017, a total of 2323 articles were included on 100 themes (e.g. 41 pharmaceutical activities, 30 diseases and 29 patient care programmes). Studies were conducted in the United States (46.6%), multiple countries (8.2%), Canada (7.8%), France (6.2%), the United Kingdom (5.3%), Australia (3.6%) and other countries (19.3%). Studies were either cross-sectional (47%), retrospective (33%), prospective (18%) or uncategorised (12%). Outcomes included morbidity (22%), medication errors (11.7%), satisfaction (7.3%), adherence (6%), costs (5.6%), adverse reactions (3.7%), mortality (1.3%) and others (42.4%). Included studies reported 6784 descriptive indicators and 5108 outcome indicators (60% were positive, 39% neutral and 1% negative). The quality score of articles (n=1,697) were either excellent (8.8%), acceptable (34.2%) or with methodological limitations (57%). Conclusion This review of the literature confirms the extensive presence of pharmacists in numerous patient care programmes, treating different diseases and performing a variety of pharmaceutical activities. Most outcomes related to pharmaceutical activities were positive. However, a significant proportion of published studies had methodological limitations. Pharmacists need to be more exposed to evidence about their roles and their impact, both in community and hospital settings. Furthermore, increasing funding for evaluative research must be supported by external stakeholders in different countries to better understand the impact of pharmacists’ activities. No conflict of interest

In general, abstraction and correct understanding of fundamental concepts play an important role in teaching practice. A good teacher not only has to know the proper meaning of concepts, but also be able to use them correctly and recognize situations in which it is sensible to use particular terms. Pupils acquire notions of terms in their early childhood and then in primary educational level, therefore primary teachers’ correct understanding of the concepts is essential. During their university studies some teacher trainees find out that they have incorrect or insufficient notion of geometric terms. This can be remedied in several ways. Useful remedy methods can be discussions, Socratic dialogue or use of various material teaching aids. We managed to interlink these three methods in a 90-minute lesson of an optional course covered in study plan of the Teacher Training Master Programme for Primary Education at Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra, Slovakia. The students who participated in the lesson were in their first or second year of the master degree study. The submitted contribution comprises a brief description of the lesson and a summary of findings we obtained by means of worksheets filled in by the teacher trainees.

The aim of current study was to investigate the effect of four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation on anaerobic power and plasma lactate level of unprofessional male bodybuilders. For this purpose, the study plan was performed as pretest-posttest with control group and as one blind trial. 20 mature and unprofessional athletes were randomly divided into two groups of 10 people including supplement and placebo (supplement group: 25±0.81 years old, weight 82.10kg±4.78 kg and BMI 24.34±2.19kg/m 2 and placebo group: 24.40± 1.07 years old, weight 80.60±5.85 kg and BMI 23.34±1.16 kg/m 2 ). Within experimental period of four weeks, the subjects of supplement group received six mg daily beta-alanine supplement for five days a weeks and the subjects of placebo group received placebo to the same dosage (Aspartate Flavor Powder). Both groups also participated in four weeks of bodybuilding exercises, designed by the researcher. As pretest and posttest, the subjects of both groups participated in anaerobic test of RAST respectively in one day before and after finishing experimental period to evaluate the indicators of anaerobic power and to measure blood lactate levels. Blood samples were taken from them immediately after RAST test. To analyze data, dependent t-test as well as two-way covariance analysis test was used. Statistical operations were checked in significance level of P≤0.05 and then the following results were obtained: compared to placebo group, four weeks of beta-alanine supplementation led to significant improvement of anaerobic peak power and fatigue index of subjects (P≤0.05) but it didn’t have any significant effect on average anaerobic power and plasma lactate level following one session of intense anaerobic activity. Since, increased anaerobic peak power and reduced fatigue can indicate improvement of subjects’ anaerobic power, it can be concluded that this type of supplementation has caused improvement of participants’ anaerobic power.

The research presented in this paper was aimed to analyse and evaluate the impact of organizational factors on the effectiveness of visual inspection in the manufacturing of electronic systems for the automotive industry. The study was carried out according to the authors’ own methodology consisting of three stages: detailed description of the process, developing a study plan and analysis of the results. The experiment was conducted and influence of three factors: type of inspection, shift and type of defect, was taken into consideration and evaluated. Recommendations were made to improve the quality of such inspections that will lead to the improvement in the final quality of the product.

In the new study plan of the ETSAB a implementation experience has been done with the introduction of e-portfolio, in the Final Degree Work, as an educational resource that resource that boast the autonomous work and the interaction of the studies additionally it is a technique for collection and selection of the most significant works made by the student throughout the degree. It is intended that, above all, through the graphical representation, be able to explain their competence in the various subjects, as well as increase their autonomy, inviting him to reflect on the learning process of the architecture and stimulating their critical capacity.

The solid waste crisis in the fast urbanizing Benin metropolis is the result of inability of the local government authorities to effectively handle the huge amount of waste generated daily. A large percentage of the solid waste in the metropolis ends up on illegal waste dumpsites. The aim of this paper was to investigate the waste-to-energy potentials of domestic solid wastes in Benin metropolis, Nigeria using a three-phase study plan - study of current waste management activities, characterization of domestic solid waste and determination of the waste-to-energy potentials of domestic solid waste. The results obtained reveal that about 13.18% of combustible solid waste is generated in Benin metropolis with average calorific value (CV) of 20,198.89 kJ/kg producing an energy value of 36.95 MW/day. Key Words : Characterisation, Waste-to-Energy Potentials, Domestic Solid Waste, Benin Metropolis

The paper deals with a follow-up research on intelligent tutoring systems that were studied in authors’ previous papers from the point of view of describing their advantages. In this paper, the authors make use of the fuzzy logic expert system, which assesses student’s knowledge, and integrate it into the intelligent tutoring system called Barborka. The goal is to create an even more personal student’s study plan, which is tailored both to student’s sensory/learning preferences and the level of knowledge of the given subject.

This paper focuses on the study field of Multimedia in Economic Practise which has been taught at the University of Economics in Prague since 2011. This study field has its first graduates which is the reason for a re-examination of the profile of graduates according to the structure of subjects in the study plan. This paper describes evolution of the study field, its content, main idea and structure of its students. It presents two main groups of occupations for graduates with dependence on requirements for student’s additional independent activities beyond the study. The analytical part shows five examples of comparison of the course relevance according to the opinion of students and academic staff. The conclusions from the survey will enable academic staff of the study field to the reconsider the future development of the study field.

The study aimed at identifying the appropriateness of educational outputs in the Saudi public universities for the labor market from the point of view of graduates from the specialization of accounting and finance by investigating the following axes (Motivation in specialization identification, teaching staff in universities, the appropriateness of the study plan for the labor market, and the extent of knowledge of professional tests) and its impact on the quality of educational outputs. The study adopted the inductive method trough reviewing the previous studies regarding the research subject. On the field study, the study used the questionnaire as the study tool. On the statistical side, the following statistical analyzes were conducted (frequencies, percentages, arithmetic means and standard deviations), as well as Pearson correlation coefficients to determine the relationships between the variables of the study. The study population consisted of all graduates from the accounting and finance departments of the Saudi public universities working in the public sector or the private sector or self-employed " entrepreneurial". The field study was carried out in 2018 and the number of participants was (125) graduates from Saudi public universities and (80%) of the participants were under the age of (30) years. This is an excellent percentage as the study focused more on graduates. The study concluded the approval of the sample on each of the following: (the specialization identification was their personal desire, the teaching staff at the university is characterized by knowledge and eruditeness, the quality of study plans in universities and their knowledge of the study plan and its requirements, quality of educational outputs). It also concluded that the most prominent obstacles for graduates in the professional tests was the high financial fees of professional tests. In addition to there was no relationship between the specialization identification and the quality of educational outputs, while there was a relationship between (the efficiency of the teaching staff, the study plan, and the professional tests) and the quality of the educational outputs.

Recently, engineering graduates who acquired different skills, as well as leadership capabilities, are very much demanded to maintain high-level innovation, dealing with emerging technologies, and fulfilling the various needs of the public. Consequently, it is necessary that academicians in engineering programs develop appropriate curricula to achieve excellence in engineering education. Being accredited from the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) is an indication that an academic program has fulfilled international standards in engineering education. The main element in ABET evaluation process is Student Outcomes (SOs) as they incorporate several capabilities and skills expected by stakeholders such as employers. In this study, we used Interpretive Structural Modeling technique (ISM), which is a soft operational research technique, to prioritize SOs and develop a precise study plan for the Industrial Engineering program at Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering (IMSE) at Kuwait University (KU). This plan showed an intelligible depiction of the relationships between the SOs and a clear direction on how to merge them within the engineering study plan. For data collection, surveys were developed and conducted to faculty members at IMSE Department at KU in addition to a set of employers within the country. The results indicated that ISM model facilitates a clear understanding of the relationships among SOs within the Industrial Engineering study plan at IMSE at KU. In addition, it recommended that students should understand the professional and ethical responsibilities at early stages of the study plan and that should be followed by training them on effective communication techniques.

Dermapro Skin Research Center, Dermapro Co., LTD., 4F Jiho B/D, 919-1, Bangbae-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Seoul 137-843, Korea*Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea(Received October 10, 2012; Revised January 17, 2013; Accepted February 26, 2013)요 약: 국내의 주름개선 혹은 미백 효능을 평가하기 위한 인체시험 방법은 식약청 가이드라인에 근거하여 시행되어왔으며, 인체시험에서 육안평가 및 기기평가 결과에 대해 시험군과 대조군 간의 효과를 비교하기 위해서 unpaired t-test를 주로 이용하였고, 시술 전후의 효과를 비교하기 위해서 paired t-test를 이용하였다. 설문평가 결과에 대해서는 빈도분석을 이용한 기술통계법이 이용되고 있다. 미국 및 유럽의 임상 평가기관에서도 이와 유사한 시험법 및 통계분석 방법을 이용하고 있다. 그러나 동일 개체에 대하여 처치를 반복 적용하여 얻은 자료는 서로 관련성이 높아 이를 감안한 분석법을 적용해야 한다 . 따라서 본 연구에서는 화장품 분야에서는 처음으로 기능성 화장품 중 주름 개선 및 미백 효능 시험의 육안평가 및 기기평가 자료에 대해 repeated measures ANCOVA (RM ANCOVA) 와 repeated measures ANOVA (RM ANOVA) 를 적용하여 통계 방법의 타당성 여부를 검증함으로서 현재의 인체시험 방법에 적합한 새로운 통계분석 방법을 제시하였다 .Abstract: In Korea, the human skin tests to evaluate the anti-wrinkles and whitening effect have been accomplished in accordance with the KFDA guideline. Regarding the data of the visual assessment and machinery evaluation of the results for the human skin test, unpaired t-test have been used in order to compare between the test and the control groups and paired t-test for the comparison of effects for before and after. Descriptive statistics such as frequency analy-ses was used for the questionnaire evaluation data. In many cases of the European and American clinical test centers, the methodology and the statistical analysis were similar to ours. But, the documentation obtained by repeated applica-tion from identical individual has high relation. For this reason, it is desirable to apply RM ANCOVA and RM ANOVA to a visual assessment and machinery evaluation. We suggested that RM ANCOVA and RM ANOVA is the new ap-proach to statistical analysis of human test data of functional cosmetics.Keywords: clinical statistics, functional cosmetics, repeated measures ANOVA, repeated measures ANCOVA

The purpose of this study is to explore improving ways of screening of self-directed learning in self-governing high schools for expanding self-initiated learning screening system. To achieve the above aim, it was used survey method to 99 admission teachers of 12 self-governing high schools and analyzed responses with SPSS program. The research findings are as follows. To expand self-initiated learning screening system in self-governing high schools, it needs to obtain admission members of entrance committee, pooling of external screening members, quick decision of school admission members, increasing payment, training and understanding of the system and consideration of admission documents and study plan. Some improving ways of the expanding of self-initiated learning screening may be listed as follows: 1) development of screening model for self-governing schools 2) policy consideration for self-governing public high school 3) expanding autonomy of school 4) supporting budget 5) sharing of operation case and reinforcement of public relations.

Objective. To explore the attitudes of nursing students and professors towards community-based training and internship in Fasa, Fars, Iran. Methods. This qualitative study was conducted using the content analysis approach. Data from students and professors were collected through five focal groups and data from patients was collected by using field notes. Interviews were conducted with 17 students and three professors responsible for implementing the study plan; in addition, 800 patient-related field notes were analyzed. Results. Community-based training and internship were identified as useful from the point of view of students, professors, and clients. Results were classified into two principal categories: "health preservation and promotion" and "promotion of students’ skills". Conclusion. Attitudes toward the formation and community internship are favorable insofar as it is a highly beneficial experience for students, professors, and patients. How to cite this article. Fereidouni Z, Hatami M, Jeihooni A, Kashfi H. Attitudes toward Community - based training and internship of Nursing students and professors: a qualitative study. Invest. Educ. Enferm. 2017; 35(2):243-251.

The rapid development of technology was felt by universities, especially the academic division in managing information as well as related to academic division, such as the study plan card and study results card. Academic information system design was considered very helpful in accelerate service process to students and lecturers. Therefore, academic information systems built using prototype methode, so that every stage can be demonstrated to campus, especially academic division, so that in manufacture process according to necessity. In this method there are several stages; Requirment Analysis, Build Prototype, Prototype Evaluation, Implementation, Testing, System Evaluation, and Use The System. By this application, students no necessary come to campus again to conduct study plan card as well as take results study card, Also like lecturers can execute to input the value with this information system that created.

Ecuador is implementing a study plan of development experience by the combination of the best international practices with the teachers experience through teachers training in methodology and investigation applied to the development. The center of Studies of Mechanical engineering of the Universidad Técnica de Manabí (UTM) responding to the social and productive needs of the country has conformed, a study plan in maintenance engineering that is reflected in this work. Index Terms— study plan, pedagogy, maintenance, energetic save, post graduate.

The present study has been done on career choice among finance students in the Kingdom of Bahrain by taking following objectives namely (i) to know the interest level of the individual perception on finance courses, (ii) to know the reasons to opt for finance course and finally (iii) to find which elements are encouraging them to study finance courses. In this regard, the present study has been conducted on 110 respondents (only selected universities in Kingdom of Bahrain) and the analysis of the findings show that the Business colleges need to update their study plan and course descriptions in accordance with the requirements of the industry. The study plan and course descriptions must be constructed effectively so as to encourage students to go for higher education in their respective domains.

Purpose of the study: to determine: whether, to what extent, and how permanently replacement of the patient's own lens with a thin, artificial lens during cataract phacoemulsification surgery affects the change of trabecular-iris angle configuration and the depth of the eye's anterior chamber, and in consequence, intraocular pressure in eyes with angle closure glaucoma. Study plan: prospective study. Material and Methods: There were 86 persons in the study. Intraocular pressure (IOP), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were assessed. Results: After PE average growth of chamber depth was 1.46 ± 0.44 mm, angle width -15.30 ± 12.40°. Conclusions: Anterior chamber depth and trabecular-iris angle width increased significantly in all eyes after PE.

The Faculty of Economics and Business Admini stration from the Complutense University of Madrid in order to adapt to the European Hi gher Education Area (EHEA) has redesigned the study plan and teaching has been restructured adding an extra hour for seminars. For the accounting subject, active seminars have been proposed. The aim of these seminars is twofold: first, for the teacher to implement an active te aching methodology and, second, to integrate the theoretical content of the subject to the real world business. Additionally teaching has been supported in a virtual learning environment. This paper presents the experience of three teachers teaching the subject of Financial Accounting in the first-year of the Economic s and Business Administration Degrees for the seminars. A survey has been designed to measure the students� perception and motivation towards these seminars. The results of the active seminars can be summa rized in a deeper understanding of the subject and greater motivation to the theoretical concepts. However, the student has received an increased workload in this subject comparing to the others.

The duration of doctoral studies has increased in Europe. Personal study planning has been considered as one possible solution to help students in achieving shorter study times. This study investigates how doctoral students experience and use personal study plans in one university department of industrial engineering. The research material consists of a questionnaire study and personal study plan forms submitted by doctoral students. The results show evidence concerning the usefulness of personal study planning in doctoral education in industrial engineering and reveal differences across student groups. This study highlights the situation-dependent character of personal study planning and confirms that the implementation of personal study planning requires time and effort in order to change the culture of individualised studies.

Face aos desafios que se colocam aos enfermeiros, no desenvolvimento de cuidados centrados na família como contexto e unidade de intervenção, realizamos uma pesquisa direcionada para a intervenção familiar, no contexto dos Cuidados de Saúde Primários. De natureza qualitativa, adotamos a metodologia de investigação-ação, numa trajetória de cinco etapas, integradas num ciclo de estudos. Dos resultados do diagnóstico, através da análise comparativa dos modelos conceituais com as práticas de cuidados à família, emergiu a necessidade da mudança iniciada com um processo formativo. Tendo como referenciais o Modelo Sistêmico, o Modelo Calgary de Avaliação da Família e o Modelo Calgary de Intervenção na Família, reconstruiu-se o modelo de cuidados de enfermagem à família, operacionalizando-o através da definição das áreas de atenção e intervenção. A co-construção do modelo a partir das necessidades identificadas pelos enfermeiros, legitimado pelas tomadas de decisão dos mesmos, constitui-se como base de discussão no contexto da enfermagem de família.