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To determine the utility of monospot testing in the diagnosis of mononucleosis in the collegiate student-athlete clinical setting.Retrospective cohort study.National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I sports medicine clinic.All varsity student athletes who had a monospot test and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) titers obtained from January 1, 2016, through March 31, 2020, (n = 199) were included.Monospot, EBV antibody titers, and liver transaminase results.Using EBV titers indicating acute or recent infection as the gold standard for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis (IM), the reliability of a positive monospot test and elevated liver transaminases for the diagnosis of IM were examined.The monospot test had a sensitivity and specificity of 80.0% and 90.6%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 36.4% and a negative predictive value of 98.5% in this cohort. All athletes diagnosed with IM also had elevated liver transaminases.The specificity of the monospot test is lower than previously reported in the literature, and a positive test is not sufficient to diagnose mononucleosis in this clinical setting. Positive monospot results should be confirmed with EBV antibody testing. Elevated transaminase levels are highly correlated with acute IM and could play a supporting role in the diagnosis.

Background Time to recovery for symptom burden and neurocognition following a Sports-Related Concussion (SRC) has previously been determined by consolidating varying re-assessment time points into a singular point, and has not been established for Vestibular-Ocular-Motor (VOM) function or academic ability. Objectives Establish when recovery of symptom burden, neurocognition, VOM function, and academic ability occurs in university-aged student-athletes. Methods Student-athletes completed an assessment battery (Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS), Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Test (ImPACT), Vestibular Ocular-Motor Screening (VOMS), Perceived Academic Impairment Tool (PAIT)) during pre-season (n = 140), within 48 hours, 4, 8 and 14 days post-SRC and prior to Return To Play (RTP) and were managed according to the rugby Football Union’ community pathway (n = 42). Student-athletes were deemed recovered or impaired according to Reliable Change Index’ (RCI) or compared to their individual baseline. Results Symptom burden recovers by four days post-SRC on RCI and to baseline by eight days. VOM function and academic ability recovers by 8 days. Some student-athletes demonstrated worse performance at RTP on all tests by RCI and to baseline, except for on VOMS score and near point convergence by RCI change. Conclusions Variation in individual university-aged student-athletes requires a multi-faceted approach to establish what dysfunctions post-SRC exist and when recovery occurs.

BACKGROUND: Sport-related injuries are common among high school student-athletes with specific sex disparities in injury risk. Many of these injuries may be avoidable with the use of injury prevention programs (IPPs). Sex differences in injury management and return to sport are not well understood. PURPOSE: To determine sex-specific differences in self-reported injury management and prevention strategies in high school student-athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, survey-based study. METHODS: An anonymous 13-item electronic survey was distributed to all students in a private high school in December 2019 with responses recorded over a one-month study period. Primary outcomes were sex-specific differences in self-reported outcome measures assessing student-athlete experience during injury recovery and familiarity with IPPs. Groups were evaluated via descriptive statistics and differences between groups were compared. RESULTS: From a total of 190 responses, 106 were included in the analysis (63F, 43M, mean age 16.7 years). Female athletes reported decreased exposure to injury prevention training (44.4% vs 69.8%, p=0.01) and practice-based utilization of IPPs (23.8% vs 55.8%, p=0.001) compared to male athletes. Overall, reported utilization of IPPs was low regardless of sex at less than 40% for all athletes. Nearly 85% of female athletes compared to 51% of male athletes felt they could benefit from IPPs (p=0.001), yet fewer than half of female athletes reported ever having training in injury prevention. There were no statistically significant differences in measures of injury management or return to sport between sexes. Females reported similar major impact of injury on life and future plans compared to male athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Male athletes were 1.6x more likely to report injury prevention training and 2.4x more likely to report practice-based utilization of IPPs compared to female athletes. Sex-specific differences in injury management and return to sport were not identified. Better incorporation of IPPs, specifically at the high-school level, may help to address sex disparities in preventable sport-related injuries and allow student-athletes to maximize the myriad benefits of sport participation.

Higher education institutions responded quickly to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. The majority of the research conducted primarily focuses on understanding the well-being of collegiate athlet...

A coach’s nonverbal communication (NC) plays a central role in the construction of the coach–athlete relationship. Moreover, perceived NC and its effect on communication ability and coaching evaluation may differ according to the athletes’ demographics. This study explored the impact of perceived NC on coaching evaluation and overall communication among different genders and age groups. The study recruited 233 athletes from five high schools and seven university teams in Japan. The coaches’ NC, communication ability, and coaching evaluations were assessed. Negative and positive NC directly influenced coaching evaluation in female athletes. Specifically, negative NC directly impacted coaching evaluation in high school athletes, whereas positive NC directly influenced coaching evaluation in university athletes. Positive NC consistently influenced communication ability regardless of demographics. The findings promote talent development and team management in the coaching context.

Sport-related concussion is recognized as a significant injury with variable recovery rates. This study defined the acute natural history of sport concussion in male and female collegiate athletes participating in a broad array of sports. We conducted a prospective, longitudinal investigation among collegiate student athletes (n = 34,709) from 30 academic institutions. Primary outcomes included the time (days) from injury until initiation of a return to participation (RTP) protocol and time from injury until medical clearance for unrestricted RTP. Concussed athletes (n = 1751, 19.2 years, 63.2% male) participating in 22 different sports began the RTP protocol in a median 6.4 (IQR 3.7–11.8) days. Time to initiate the RTP protocol was lengthened by less frequent post-injury assessments, greater initial post-injury symptom severity, limited contact sports participation, practice/training injuries, and three or more prior concussions. The median total RTP duration was 12.8 (IQR 8.7–20.1) days. Total RTP duration was shorter with ADHD medication usage, males, and greater assessment frequency; while greater initial post-injury symptom severity, practice-/training-related injuries, and three or more prior concussions had longer recoveries. Although median recovery times are consistent with previous guidelines, it was not until 1 month post-injury that a preponderance of collegiate athletes were cleared to begin the RTP protocol (92%) or cleared for unrestricted sport participation (85%). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors had a small effect, altering recovery trajectories by up to 2 days, suggesting a largely unified approach to post-injury monitoring and management across all athletes. These data represent a shift from previous classification parameters of normal clinical recovery.

The purpose of this study was to examine the association between sports participation history, including estimated age of first exposure (eAFE) to high-risk sports, and concussion history in first year (i.e., freshmen) collegiate athletes. Athletes increased their odds of sustaining a pre-college concussion by 5% [odds ratio(OR) = 1.05 (95%CI:1.05-1.06)] for each additional year of contact sports participation - 24% of all student athletes reported one or more pre-college concussions. When eAFE was analysed dichotomously at age 12, a greater proportion of those who started playing football before age 12 reported a positive concussion history compared to those who started playing football at age 12 or later (Х2 = 4.483, p = 0.034, Phi = 0.049). When eAFE was analysed continuously, later eAFE to women's high-risk sports was associated with a lower likelihood of sustaining a pre-college concussion [OR = 0.93 (95%CI:0.88-0.98)]. Our findings suggest that there is a relationship between eAFE to football and to women's high-risk sports and concussion history.

Many elite athletes pursue higher education or professional employment alongside their sport career. Formal mentoring relationships help athletes to balance the demands of a dual career. Thus, the ...

This study determined the behavior in sports activity of student-athletes of Lyceum of the Philippines University, Cavite. Specifically, the study sought answers to the following questions: What is the status of profile of student-athletes of the Lyceum of the Philippines University, Cavite in terms of; age; sex; gender; sports event? What is the level of behavior of students-athlete in terms of: physical activity; emotional Behavior; social activity; psychological? What is the level of sports activity in terms of: training; coaching; tune up games; competition? Is the demographic profile of the student athletes has a significant effect in the sports activity? Is the behavior of the student has a significant effect in the sports activity? In order to conduct this study, letters was sent to Ms. Kimberly Joy E. Alcaraz OIC Head, Research and Publications Office and the University Headmaster, Mr. Mhar Angelo A. Bayot asking permission and approval to conduct the study. Permission from the OIC Head, Research and Publications Office and university headmaster for each department. Preparation of self-made questionnaire by the researcher followed in order to obtain the necessary data on the behavior in sports activity amidst pandemic of student-athletes of Lyceum of the Philippines University, Cavite. The respondents of the study included approximately fifty (50) student-athletes of different event enrolled in the Lyceum of the Philippines University, Cavite. The copies were multiples and others sent by the google form considering the health protocols. The main source of data which prepared by the researcher were statistically use a simple descriptive statistic such as T-test formula and the weighted mean to determine the mean level to know the behavior in sports activity amidst pandemic of student-athletes of Lyceum of the Philippines, Cavite. readiness of the student-athletes to the new normal sports competition participated by the Cavite.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the implementation of a Special Program in Sports (SPS) in eight secondary school implementers in the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines. Likewise, student-athlete performance in sports competitions in the division level, regional level, and national level athletic meet was also assessed. Methodology: Using a descriptive correlational research design, 59 teacher/coach/trainer handling specialization subjects in SPS program participated in the study. Quantitative data were gathered using a self-made questionnaire as the main instrument. Findings: Respondents perceived evaluation on the implementation of a special program in sports were highly sufficient in the areas of the planned curriculum for sports, admission and retention policies, student support, manpower resources, and instructional resources and moderately sufficient in the areas of school sports facilities. Furthermore, student-athletes performance at the division level was found to be very satisfactory, while unsatisfactory at the regional and national level sports competition. Human resources and school sports facilities were found to have significant relationship with student-athletes performance in sports competition. Contribution and Recommendation: Therefore, it is highly recommended that schools that implement special program in sports should provide adequate sports facilities, equipment, and competent coaches as these more likely to have great impact on athletes' performance.

The aim of this research was to study the peculiarities of heart rate variability (HRV) and microcirculation in students, depending on their sport specialization. Methods and Results: Our study included the results of a survey of 96 students from 18 to 21 years of age who were the members of the national teams of their universities in athletics (n=49) and floorball (n=47). For ECG registration and analysis of hemodynamic findings, including those characterizing the HRV, we used the “Medical Soft” sports testing system (“MS FIT Pro”). For monitoring, we used the standard hemodynamic patterns (blood pressure, HR, stroke volume, cardiac output, and others), statistical and spectral indicators of the HRV, as well as an integral criterion of the state of microcirculation. The studied HRV parameters in most students generally were within the age range. At the same time, track and field athletes have large adaptive resources and, consequently, a more optimal level of myocardial fitness, in comparison with floorball players. Conclusion: The orientation of sports training among students affects heart condition.

A web-based injury surveillance system was implemented through a collaboration between University of Utah researchers and the National Interscholastic Cycling Association (NICA) to better understand injury characteristics in mountain biking. Data were collected from NICA leagues during the 2018 and 2019 seasons. Injuries were tracked in 41,327 student-athlete-years, identifying 1750 unique injuries during 1155 injury events. Rider-dependent and rider-independent variables were analyzed. The most commonly reported injuries were concussion (23.6%), injuries to the wrist/hand (22.3%), and shoulder (15.6%). Half of all injury events occurred on downhills. Men and women reported similar yet significantly different injury rates (2.69% and 3.21%, respectively; P = 0.009). Women sustained more lower-limb injuries (37.8% vs 28.3%; P = 0.003). Nearly 50% of crashes resulted in an emergency room visit. Youth mountain bike racing is a rapidly growing sport. Acute traumatic injuries are common. Injury surveillance system data are now being used to inform injury prevention strategies and direct future research.

The features of abscess that forms in cellulitis patients were investigated. Among 449 cellulitis cases, about 15% developed abscess, and about 70% of teenaged patients were abscess cases. Furthermore, abscess in the younger age group occurred almost exclusively among male patients. The lesion was predominantly concentric at all ages in the abscess group and in teenagers in the non-abscess group. In contrast, it was diffuse in patients ≥20 years old in the non-abscess group. The clinical symptoms and laboratory values in the abscess group were generally more severe than those in the non-abscess group, especially in the older age group. The abscess sizes increased with the initial area of the lesions. Most abscess cases received incision, and post-incision ulcers were mostly conservatively treated. The duration required for treatment termination was >30 days longer in the abscess group than in the non-abscess group. When post-incision ulcers were conservatively treated, the duration until healing increased with abscess size. However, the durations did not significantly differ between the conservatively and surgically treated groups. When surgically treated, many ulcers healed within 19 days after operation and the outpatient follow-up period tended to be relatively short. Most teenaged patients were student athletes, and thus needed an early return to competition. The main cause in these patients was bruising during sports, with rugby football the most common causative sport. Ulcer closure by operation was suggested to be preferable for shortening the outpatient follow-up period, especially for student athlete patients.

One’s culture has the capacity to nurture and empower. Thereby, college students rely on their cultural capital to persist and graduate. However, the current system of higher education favors one t...

OBJECTIVES Examine sociodemographic differences (gender, age, and language spoken at home) on baseline Child Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5th Edition (Child SCAT5) scores and establish normative reference data for the Child SCAT5 among middle school student athletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Nine middle schools in Virginia. PARTICIPANTS A sample of 1355 athletes playing competitive school-sponsored sports (ages 11-13, M = 12.3 ± 0.8; 40.1% girls, 59.9% boys) during the 2017 and 2018 school year. Certified athletic trainers administered the Child SCAT5 within the first 2 weeks of the sport season. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Self-reported gender, age, and language spoken at home. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES All Child SCAT5 outcome measures. RESULTS Gender, age, and language spoken at home were associated with Child SCAT5 scores, but the magnitude of differences was generally small. Specifically, girls endorsed more symptoms (girls: M = 8.4 ± 5.7, boys: M = 7.5 ± 5.7; P = 0.003) and greater symptom severity (girls: M = 11.6 ± 9.4, boys: M = 10.4 ± 9.3; P = 0.006) than boys and performed slightly better than boys on cognitive and balance tasks. Older students performed slightly better than younger students on tests of cognition (eg, SAC-C: 11-year-olds: M = 21.3 ± 2.1, 13-year-olds: M = 21.7 ± 2.1; P = 0.02). Total symptoms (P = 0.01), symptom severity (P = 0.01), immediate memory (P < 0.001), delayed recall (P = 0.001), and SAC-C total scores (P = 0.002) differed across language groups. CONCLUSIONS Gender, age, and language spoken in the home are associated with baseline scores on multiple components of the Child SCAT5 among middle school students, although the magnitudes of observed differences are small. Normative reference values are provided for clinicians when interpreting Child SCAT5 scores.

Objective Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a known risk of contact sports and strategies to minimize risk have been used. We aimed to determine if an independent medical spotter (IMS) identified more SRCs than would otherwise be detected by trained sideline medical staff (SMS). Design Prospective review of SRCs during competition in the 2019 season and retrospective review of SRCs in the 2015 to 2018 seasons, which also used an IMS. Setting Division I football games (home and away) of a Big 10 Conference institution. Participants All football team members who participated in competition. Independent variables Occurrence of SRC during competition and whether the IMS or SMS directly visualized the injury. Main outcome measures The total number of SRCs that occurred during competition in the 2015 to 2019 football seasons and whom observed the SRC-SMS or IMS-or if a student athlete reported symptoms after competition. Results Over the 5-year study period, 24 SRCs occurred during competition. Of those, 19 (79.2%) were observed by SMS, 2 (8.3%) by the IMS, and 3 (12.5%) were reported to SMS after competition ended. Conclusions Most SRCs are accurately identified by SMS, but a small number were apparent only to the IMS who seemed to add sensitivity in detecting a SRC. Instances remain in which SRC recognition and diagnosis were delayed despite trained SMS and IMS. Clinical relevance An IMS allows for a small-added player protection benefit using different vantage points to identify potential SRCs during competition.

Student-athletes’ performance in sports can be influenced by a lot of factors. The coaching style, behavior, and competency of coaches are critical to the development of athletic talent. Thus, this research examined the relationship that existed between coaching style, behavior, competency of coaches, and student-athletes’ performance in sports. Furthermore, predictors of student-athletes’ performance were also explored. Using descriptive correlational research design, quantitative data were gathered using a questionnaire as the main instrument. The study enlisted a total of 59 purposively selected sport-teachers assigned to coach student-athletes. Results of the study revealed that command style, reciprocal style, problem-solving style, and guided discovery style were the coaching styles highly practiced by the respondents. Coaching behavior such as physical training and planning, technical skill, mental preparation, competition strategy, personal rapport, and negative personal rapport was the coaching behavior that is highly applied by the respondents. Coaching competence like motivation, game strategy, character building, and technique were found to be very high. On the other hand, student-athletes performance in sports in the division level was found to be satisfactory, while it is unsatisfactory in regional and national level. Guided discovery coaching style, competition strategy competency, and motivation competency were found to have a moderate significant relationship with student-athletes performance. Competition strategy competency was found to be a predictor of student-athletes performance. Therefore, it is highly recommended that coaches must consistently sustain their high level of competence in this area.

Preliminary evidence indicates that genetic factors associated with having a family history of neurodegenerative disease (fhNDD) may predispose an individual to persistent symptoms and poorer cognitive performance after concussion. No previous study, however, longitudinally examined athletes with (+) and without (-) a fhNDD. Therefore, we aimed to compare clinical symptoms and cognitive performance of fhNDD+ and fhNDD- athletes at baseline and at multiple time points after concussion. Questionnaire data from the Concussion Assessment, Research and Education (CARE) Consortium were used to identify male athletes and cadets with (

Context Mandated concussion education has aimed to improve student-athlete knowledge; however, some collegiate student-athletes continue to not disclose concussion. Concussion knowledge may not be the only factor influencing reporting, as student-athlete sex, sport, and pressure from external stakeholders (eg, coaches, teammates, fans, parents or family) have all been documented as influencing collegiate concussion-reporting behavior. Objective To examine factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in collegiate student-athletes. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Four National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I and two Division II universities. Patients or Other Participants A total of 1125 collegiate student-athletes completed the survey, and 741 provided viable responses and were included for data analysis. Main Outcome Measure(s) We used a 10- to 15-minute electronic or paper-and-pencil survey that asked about personal and sport demographics, diagnosed concussions and nondisclosed concussion history, concussion knowledge, and level of agreement regarding pressure to play after a head impact experienced during collegiate sport participation. Significant univariable factors were entered into a multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results Sex (P = .005), sport-risk type (P < .001), diagnosed concussion history (P < .001), concussion knowledge (P = .017), and pressure from coaches (P < .001), teammates (P < .001), fans (P = .024), and parents or family (P = .003) were factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in individual univariable logistic regressions. After we conducted multivariable analyses, male sex (P = .001), high concussion-risk sport participation (P = .048), diagnosed concussion history (P < .001), increased concussion knowledge (P = .013), and experiencing pressure from coaches to continue playing after sustaining a hit to the head (P = .002) were factors associated with concussion nondisclosure in collegiate student-athletes. Conclusions Our results suggest that concussion-education programs should go beyond the identification of signs and symptoms to include the dangers of continuing to play, long-term consequences, and transparency about concussion protocols. Comprehensive concussion-education programs should involve coaches and athletes to improve the reporting culture.

Introduction : Air quality of the premises of a sports university determines comfort and effectiveness of the educational and training processes and can be considered as a risk factor for students’ health. The purpose of our study was to give a hygienic assessment of changes in the indoor CO 2 concentration at a sports university during the school day. Materials and methods: Air quality measurements were taken in twelve classrooms, six lecture halls, three sports halls, and a gym. The subjective assessment of air quality in classrooms was analyzed using data of a questionnaire­based survey of 651 students. Results : We found that differences in the proportion of air samples with elevated CO 2 concentrations between the rooms were insignificant and ranged from 32 ± 4.66 % to 41.33 ± 2.84 % in the cold season (CS) and from 42.33 ± 2.85 % to 49.33 ± 4.08 % in the warm season (WS). Average CO 2 concentrations in non­standard samples were 1,132.11 ± 93.21 ppm and 1,124.98 ± 98.51 ppm in the cold and warm season, respectively. We established that in the cold season, indoor CO 2 concentration exceeded the permissible limit in 100 % of the classrooms, 50 % of the lecture halls and the gym already by 3.40 p.m. (15:40); by the end of the school day, the excess was registered in 100 % of the university rooms. In the warm season, CO 2 concentrations were above the limit in the gym and in 33.3% of the lecture halls by 1 p.m. (13:00), and by 3.40 p.m. the excess was observed in 100 % of the rooms examined. Subjective air quality assessments indicated that most students often complained about stuffiness in classrooms; 25.25 ± 1.2 % of the respondents mentioned a strong odor in sports halls and the gym. Conclusion : In a significant part of sports university rooms, CO 2 concentrations did not exceed permissible values for more than 80 % of school hours. Yet, after the fourth double lesson, this air quality indicator went beyond the standard value, and by the end of the school day indoor concentrations of carbon dioxide were above the permissible limit in 100 % of the university rooms.

Participation in youth sport is positively associated with physical fitness and performance. The purpose of the current study was to examine if physical fitness measures during childhood and early ...

Aim: to identify the influence of body length on the indicators of vegetative-vascular regulation of student-athletes. Material and methods. The study involved 42 second-year students who play sports at the amateur level (qualification level - 2-3 sports degree). The following research methods were used in the work: method of analysis of literary sources; method of determining body length; orthostatic test method; method of determining stroke volume and minute blood volume. Results. It was found that the increase in systolic blood pressure during the transition from horizontal to vertical position in students whose body length is above 190, significantly higher than in students whose body length does not exceed 175 cm (p

Anxiety symptoms are commonly endorsed by student athletes. This study examined the possible influence of anxiety on baseline cognitive testing and symptom reporting in a large sample of adolescent student athletes. Participants were 37,945 adolescent student athletes from the state of Maine who completed baseline testing using ImPACT

Background More than 460,000 female and male student-athletes compete in college sports each year, with 5.5 concussions reported per 1,000 athlete exposures. The majority of these concussions occurred during competition and are somewhat more likely to be reported by female athletes. Aims To evaluate moderating effects of gender differences in response to a Peer Concussion Education Program (PCEP). Method A total of 1,100 male and 511 female student-athletes from 60 teams (30 experimental, 30 control) representing all National Collegiate Athletic Association divisions from high-concussive sports participated before, postintervention, and 1-month following the intervention. Participants completed assessments of symptom and return-to-play knowledge, reporting behavior, and reporting attitudes. Results The PCEP was more effective than control on all measures, females in the PCEP showed significantly greater changes than males in return to play knowledge, intention to report self and teammate, and indirect attitudes for self and teammate. PCEP females were more likely to discuss concussions with athletic trainers, peers, and teammates. In addition, females had a higher likelihood of reporting their own suspected concussion. Discussion Females had greater rates of change in understanding of some key components of the PCEP. Conclusion These findings suggest that females may learn differently in a peer environment and have different attitudes toward reporting and safety when consideration is given to the well-being of others.

This randomized double-blind controlled study aimed to investigate the effects of a standardized Kaempferia parviflora (KP) extract on the physical fitness and heart rate variability (HRV) paramete...

With the aim of supporting anxiety screening of student-athletes, this study examined the psychometric performance of the GAD-7 and GAD-2 for assessing anxiety and other clinical mental health concerns (depression, past-year and recent suicidality) in student-athletes. Data from intercollegiate varsity athletes (N = 7,584) were drawn from the Healthy Minds Study. Reliability estimates were good in the sample. Area under the curve values were excellent for anxiety and fair to good for depression and suicidality. Across all clinical indicators, a cutoff of 6 (GAD-7) and 2 (GAD-2), respectively, yielded the most balanced sensitivity and specificity rates. Both measures positively correlated with functional impairment, academic impact, and perceived mental health and negatively correlated with positive mental health. Overall, results supported the reliability, accuracy, and construct validity of the GAD-7 and GAD-2 in a national student-athlete sample. Discussion focuses on clinical implications and practical usage of the GAD-7 and GAD-2 with student-athletes.

Coaches have been recognized as important influencers and direct purveyors due to school sports developmental mandate to foster quality relationships that set the stage for quality athletic performance of students. Here, coaches have lots of responsibilities, liabilities, and duties to advocate and hold up for developing their sportsmen and confirming needed suggestions to certainly correspond to one imperative concern (Jacob, Couture, Lamarche, Provencher, Morissette, Valois, Goulet, &Drapeau, 2019). Consistent and uniform improvement and in additional to consistent achieving and winning are allusions of athlete compensation and repayment, which as a result put into organizational and team effectiveness (Simon, 2020). Therefore, thisdescriptive and comprehensive study was conducted to investigate the coaching competence of public school teachers as input to student-athlete performance. A sample of 100 student-athletes(male = 51 female = 49)from different public junior high school in Nagcarlan, Laguna participated in this research. The research focused on the responses given by student-athletes about the coaching competence of their sports coaches and their own athletic performance in terms of the highest level of competition they have reached, number of athletic awards they have received, and rate of winning records (%). Along with the problems of this research on the coaching competence of teachers, the student-athletes was also examined and based on the data gathered and computed, the study found out that most of the student-athletes are fourteen to fifteen years old and there are about equal number of female and male of them in this research. Majority of the student-athletes that competed in different athletic meets are grade ten students. Secondly, among the nine sports participated and competed, volleyball was the first leading sport followed by sepaktakraw and basketball as the third leading sport. Based on the overall statistical analysis, the coaching competence of public junior high school teachers is very high. It was also found out that some of the student-athletes have reached only district-based competitions while few of them have reached inter-division and higher athletic meets. Looking at the number of athletic awards received by the students, it was shown that majority received one to five athletic awards in their overall sports participation. Speaking of participation, among the number of sports competitions participated, the rate of win of student-athletes is high resulted to a high performance in overall in terms of rate of win. The overall relationship between the teachers coaching competence and students athletic performance showed a significant correlation. Looking forward to the findings of this study, coordinators and school-sports program developers should widen sports and extend training programs or experiences relative to other unfamiliar sports in order to offer more opportunities to students who want to excel and develop themselves for different field of sports. Additionally, the coaches should continue their training programs or regime and develop further enhancement that will consistently benefits the success and performance of their subordinates or athletes. Also, the researcher would like to extend his great concern for future researchers to conduct a study not just on the athletic but also on the academic performance of student-athletes to see balance results both as a student and athlete.

Valid and reliable measurement methods are the basic requirements that enable the measurement and evaluation process to reach education's basic goals. Usually, using laboratory-based tools and methods for measuring the physical fitness of students is not possible within school settings. Therefore, field-based tests provide crucial solutions to physical education teachers to measure both the physical fitness of school-aged students and the athletic competence of a school’s athletes. This study aims to identify the differences in physical-fitness levels between student athletes and non-athletes and determine the effectiveness of the Assessing Levels of Physical Activity (ALPHA) test battery in discrimination between these groups. Sixty-eight healthy male students (34 athletes and 34 non-athletes) participated in this study. As a major indicator of physical fitness in student athletes and non-athletes, the body mass index for assigned study groups was controlled. After a familiarization training, participants completed three test sessions in 48-hour intervals. The 20-m progressive shuttle run test for cardiorespiratory fitness, handgrip strength test and standing broad jump test for musculoskeletal fitness, and the 4 × 10-m shuttle run test for motor fitness were used to measure the fitness levels of the groups. A t-test was used to determine the differences between athletes and non-athletes, and effect sizes were calculated to assess practical importance. Additionally, a discriminant function analysis was used to determine whether the ALPHA test battery could differentiate between athletes and non-athletes. The findings indicated that student athletes presented with significantly greater levels of fitness than non-athletes. Additionally, when the effect of body mass index was eliminated, student athletes and non-athletes were classified correctly at a rate of 70.6% using these tests. Therefore, this study shows that physical education teachers can use the ALPHA test battery to monitor athletic performance and identify talented students.

Background Recent research has focused on the epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries among high school and professional baseball players. Shoulder and elbow injury data has not been comprehensively reported among college baseball student-athletes. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe shoulder and elbow injury rates and their characteristics among collegiate baseball student-athletes in order to improve injury prevention. Study design Descriptive Epidemiology Study. Methods Shoulder and elbow injury data were obtained from the NCAA Injury Surveillance System for baseball from 2004-2014. Incidence rate ratios and descriptive analyses described injury characteristics for the shoulder and elbow, separately. Results The injury rate for the shoulder was 4.02/10,000 athlete-exposures and for the elbow was 2.44/10,000 athlete-exposures. During the ten-year period, the injury rate of the shoulder has approximately decreased by 75% and of the elbow by approximately 50%. Injury rates were higher during competitions compared to practice for the shoulder (rate ratio, 1.81;95% CI, 1.51, 2.18) and elbow (rate ratio, 2.19;95% CI, 1.73, 2.78). Freshmen and juniors were most likely to sustain shoulder (F=40.6%, J = 29%) and elbow (F=33%, J=33.7%) injuries. Regarding shoulder injuries, surgery was required for 7.1%, and the outcome was season ending for 14.5%. More elbow injuries (17.5%) ended in surgery, and a greater proportion (28.9%) had season-ending injuries. Conclusion In collegiate baseball, shoulder and elbow injury rates have decreased but still result in high morbidity. More granular analyses, especially during Division 1 competitions, are necessary for more specific interventions. While shoulder injuries are more common, elbow injuries result in a longer time to return to play and a higher proportion of surgical interventions. Level of evidence Level 3.

Academic and athletic identities are related to performance and wellbeing indicators in both the educational and sport domains, respectively. This paper presents a systematic literature review examining empirical research into the academic and athletic identities of student-athletes in dual (education and sport) careers. The 42 records identified in this review suggest that research on the academic and athletic identities of student-athletes has focused on the themes of: identity development, role conflict, career development and motivation, and student-athlete stereotypes. Future research directions are considered, including the need for mixed-methods and longitudinal assessments of academic and athletic identities to assess to dynamic nature of identity development, and to ascertain how these relate to future performance and wellbeing outcomes.

Objective To evaluate dietary supplement information needs among collegiate athletes. Methods Three hundred seven (n = 154 male; n = 153 female) student athletes participating in a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I team completed a dietary supplement survey. Qualitative coding addressed open-ended responses, and chi-square test of independence explored differences among athlete subgroups. Results Five themes representing athletes’ information needs included quality/composition (53.5%; n = 77), general information (31.9%; n = 46), nutrition information (30.6%; n = 44), performance (18.8%; n = 27), and body composition (13.2%; n = 19). Athletes with “no” or “minimal” (n = 63), vs “moderate” or “strong” (n = 195), perceived knowledge of supplement safety were more likely to list a question about supplement quality or composition (34.9% [n = 22/63] vs 21.5% [n= 42/195]; P = .03; chi-square = 4.6). Conclusions and Implications Further research is needed to corroborate findings to inform educational efforts and promote safe and effective use of dietary supplements by student athletes.

BackgroundConcussion education programs have been implemented across sport associations to improve concussion recognition and reporting intentions. Despite widespread implementation, no studies have examined the influence of concussion knowledge on reporting intentions in collegiate athletes.PurposeTo (1) examine if concussion knowledge is a predictor of concussion reporting intentions and (2) identify concussion knowledge differences based on sex, age, and years of sport eligibility remaining in collegiate athletes.MethodsOne-hundred five collegiate athletes across 3 universities completed an online reporting intentions survey (consisting of indirect and direct reporting intentions) and 2 online concussion knowledge surveys (indirect knowledge agreement and direct knowledge assessment [comprised of signs/symptoms recognition and general knowledge]) across a four-month period. General linear models were used to test whether concussion knowledge outcome scores predicted indirect and direct reporting intentions, and if concussion knowledge differed within demographic factors.ResultsIndirect knowledge agreement explained 12.9% of direct reporting intentions variability (R2 = 0.129, F3, 73 = 3.61, p = 0.017). Knowledge did not predict indirect reporting intentions (p = 0.152). Females demonstrated greater signs and symptoms recognition than males (females: 79.1% ± 12.3% vs males: 73.0% ± 13.5%, p = 0.017, d = 0.47). Knowledge outcomes did not differ between sexes (p ≥ 0.117), age groups (p ≥ 0.491), or years of eligibility remaining (p ≥ 0.393). Neither age (p ≥ 0.491) nor years of sport eligibility remaining (p ≥ 0.393) affected concussion knowledge outcome measures.ConclusionsConcussion knowledge has limited predictive capabilities for determining reporting intentions. Although statistically significant, concussion knowledge sex differences may not be clinically meaningful. Clinicians should take caution in relying heavily on knowledge interventions to influence concussion reporting. Future studies should examine the role psychosocial factors play in improving concussion reporting.

Background/ContextThe corpus of scholarship on Black male students who play sports focuses on students at the collegiate level, thus ignoring the regional, neighborhood, and K–12 educational backgrounds and experiences of these young people before some matriculate into a college or university. This omission suggests the need for more robust investigations that (a) focus on Black males during K–12 schooling, (b) place Black male students’ experiences within the larger geographic (e.g., regions, neighborhoods and schools) and social and historical contexts in which they live and go to school, and thereby, (c) seek to understand how these contexts shape students’ experiences and beliefs about race and the role of academics and athletics in their lives and future.Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of StudyWe investigated two research questions: (1) For Black male students who play high school sports, how do the social contexts shape their experiences and their beliefs about race and the role of academics and athletics in their lives and future? (2) And, what are the consequences of Black male students’ experiences and beliefs for their academic and athletic outcomes? This investigation across geographically and economically contrasting cities, neighborhoods, and schools in the U.S. South (metro Atlanta, Georgia) and Midwest (Chicago, Illinois) offers empirical, theoretical, and practice-related evidence about young Black males’ experiences and beliefs about race, academics, and athletics, while providing a window into the complex social and cultural worlds in which they live, go to school, and play sports.Research DesignThis article emanates from research studies that employed ethnographic research methods such as interviews and observations, while embedding the researchers within the communities where Black people resided. The research design used a cross-case analysis to investigate participants’ experiences and beliefs. The constant comparative method allowed for the synthesizing of data collected from two different research sites.Description of Main FindingsKey findings revealed the importance for researchers to consider place and its implication in the experiences of Black male students who play sports, particularly their perceptions of the role of academics, athletics, and race in their lives.Conclusions/RecommendationsThis article moves the scholarly understanding of the study of Black male “students who play sports” forward by illuminating the centrality of places, whether a particular country, region, city, neighborhood, or school—in shaping participants’ experiences and beliefs. We offer insights for research, theory, and practice.

The aim of the study is to determine the features of combat horting as a means of educating physical culture and basics of health of pupils and students in the process of classes in general secondary and higher education and scientific substantiation of means of positive influence of combat horting. culture, values of a healthy way of life, comprehensive education, raising the level of health according to the method of the sport of combat horting. The efficiency of pedagogical conditions, organizational forms and methods is checked, the theoretical analysis of a problem of education of physical qualities, psychological abilities, conditions of application of improving, applied, general developing and special physical exercises of fighting horting for increase of efficiency of work of systems of an organism is carried out. The material on the concept and approaches to the classification of physical exercises and methods of combat horting for school and student athletes is presented. The effectiveness of the implemented pedagogical system of education of physical culture and basics of health in schoolchildren and students by means of combat horting, values to health and avoidance of bad habits has been experimentally tested. The results of the research on the formation of skills of physical culture, personal hygiene, values of healthy living and the effectiveness of organizational forms of sports discipline in the process of combat horting in the educational process of general secondary and higher education.

Anthropometry is important for predicting sports performance. While 3-dimensional (3D) body scanners increase the feasibility of anthropometric assessment, reliability data on athletes are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the test–retest reliability of a portable, single-camera 3D body scanning system (Styku S100) to assess circumferences, and whole-body and segmental surface areas and volumes of athletes. Forty-nine (19 males) athletes were scanned 6 times (two sessions of three scans). The Styku scanner demonstrated nearly perfect reliability. Systematic errors were negligible (mean standardized bias [95%CI]: scan 1 vs. 4, 0.04 [0.02, 0.06]), random errors were negligible (mean standardized typical error [95%CI]: scan 1 vs. 4, 0.14 [0.10, 0.17]), and test–retest correlations were nearly perfect (mean intra-class correlation coefficient [95%CI]: scan 1 vs. 4, 0.98 [0.97, 0.99]). Single-camera 3D body scanning systems may provide practitioners and researchers with a feasible tool to evaluate body size and shape. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

The quality of a student-athlete’s experience can be a product of the services provided by their sponsoring sport organization. In an attempt to improve the student-athlete experience, this study was positioned to examine how collegiate sport services could use academic psychological capital (PsyCap) and student-athlete engagement to promote school satisfaction and psychological well-being. A total of 248 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes participated in this study. Results indicated that academic classification moderated academic PsyCap’s influence on engagement. In addition, the academic PsyCap of the student-athletes positively influenced school satisfaction and psychological well-being, but student-athlete engagement fully mediated the relationship between academic PsyCap and psychological well-being. This empirical evidence provides new knowledge on the relationships among student-athletes’ motivational cognitive constructs, educational engagement, school satisfaction, and psychological well-being in the context of highly competitive collegiate sports. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, including incorporating the results with services provided to student-athletes.

Sport and education are two of the major institutions of our society. They interact with each other and with other institutions to contribute to what we commonly regard as culture and society. Spor...

Critics justifiably chronicle the problems in intercollegiate sport. Some call for reform, others abolishment. Supporters suggest that sound, ethically-based intercollegiate sport programs signific...

The construct of care within the coach–athlete relationship has only recently been examined. However, this research has yet to include athletes’ perceptions of caring coaching practice. Thus, the primary purpose of the current study was to examine self-described Christian student-athletes’ perceptions of coach caring practices. Therefore, the guiding research questions were: (a) in what ways do student-athletes feel that their coaches demonstrate care? (b) In what ways have student-athletes’ religion/spirituality shaped the way they understand and perceive care? (c) Does proximity to a caring coach practice—that is, those who are still competing versus those who have graduated—influence the ways in which student-athletes view coach caring? Eleven current and former student-athletes (mean age = 26 years; seven males, four females) from four different sports (basketball, cross country, soccer, and tennis) at one NCCAA school were interviewed. Data analysis was conducted by a six-person research team using Consensual Qualitative Research. Five domains were constructed to represent Christian University 1 student-athlete perceptions of: (I) how they learned coach caring, (II) how they defined a lack of coach caring, (III) how they defined coach caring, (IV) how they perceived the expression of the caring climate, and (V) how they perceived the expression of the Christian caring climate.

PURPOSE: Electrophysiological event-related potentials (ERP’s) have been reported to change after concussion. The objective of this study is to use a simple 2-tone auditory P300 ERP in routine clinical settings to measure changes from baseline after concussion and to determine if these changes persist at return to play when other standard measures have normalized. METHODS: Three-hundred sixty-four (364) student athletes, aged 17–23 years, participating in contact sports were tracked over consecutive years. In this blinded study P300, plus physical reaction times and Trail Making tests, were collected alongside standard clinical evaluations. Changes in these measures after concussion were compared to clinical outcomes over various stages of post-injury recovery. RESULTS: Concussed players experienced significant reaction time and/or P300 amplitude changes compared to pre-concussion baseline measurements (p< 0.005). P300 changes persisted in 38% of the players after standard measures, including reaction times, had cleared. Many of those players slow to normalize were part of the sub-concussive symptom group and/or appeared more prone to repeat concussions. CONCLUSION: These data suggest significant P300 amplitude changes after concussion that are quantifiable and consistent. These changes often normalized slower than other standard assessments. More data are needed to determine if slow normalization relates to sub-concussive or repeated events.

National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division III basketball, coaches are often faced with the challenge of stretching resources to successfully recruit players who will represent the institution without the benefit of athletic scholarships. Having a better grasp of the factors that influence the college selection of NCAA Division III players might assist these coaches in more efficiently maximizing their resources. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine specific factors which influence why DIII basketball players made their choice to attend a particular school, (b) determine if there were differences based upon the type of school attended, and (c) examine whether there were categorical factors that differed on the basis of a players recruitment, year in school, race/ethnicity, playing status, or financial aid status. Using the revised Influential Factors Survey for Student Athletes (IFSSA-R; Pauline, 2010), 503 DIII men’s basketball players were surveyed. Participant responses indicated that ‘career opportunities’ was the most vital item affecting college selection. With regard to the five categorical factors (academic, athletic, coaching staff, financial aid, and social atmosphere) academic factors were also found to be important. Analyses revealed significant (p < .05) differences as determined by type of school for the athletic, academic, and financial aid subscales. Results of the study will provide useful information for DIII men’s basketball coaches and college administrators throughout various points in the recruiting and college selection process. Keywords: coaching, recruiting, basketball, NCAA Division III, college selection

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of student-athletes with sickle cell trait (SCT) and describe their demographics, prior knowledge of status, and hemoglobin (Hb) profile.Methods: A retrospec...

Purpose Examine lifetime history of concussions in middle school student athletes who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods A sample of 1,037 students from nine middle schools in Virginia, USA (ages 11 to 14, M=12.6, SD=0.93; 45.8% girls) underwent baseline/pre-season assessments during the 2017-2018 academic year and self-reported their health history, including whether or not they had been diagnosed with ADHD and their concussion history. Athletes were divided into two groups, those with ADHD (n=71; 6.8%) and control subjects (n=966). Chi-Square tests were conducted to compare the number of prior concussions in students with and without ADHD. Results In the total sample, boys were more likely to report a prior history of concussion than girls [χ2(1) =10.81, p=.001; OR=1.92; 95% CI=1.30-2.85]. The frequency of prior concussion in children with ADHD (23.9%) was twice the frequency of prior concussion among children without ADHD (11.4%) [χ2(1)=9.70, p=.002; OR=2.45; 95% CI=1.37-4.38]. Approximately one in four boys with ADHD (24.5%) and one in five girls with ADHD (22.2%) reported having sustained one or more prior concussions. Conclusion ADHD is associated with a greater prevalence of prior concussion in middle school children. Further research is needed to understand the risk of sustaining concussion for young athletes with ADHD, as well as short- and long-term outcomes of concussion among young athletes with ADHD.

Instances of sexual violence against women on college campuses is a major concern for university administrators. One approach to reducing instances of sexual violence on college campuses has been conducting background checks with more focused attention on student-athletes, though this approach is not without risk. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate current practices of conducting background checks on student-athletes, and to present risk management strategies to reducing sexual violence on campus. Through a systematic data collection approach that included Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) requests of NCAA Division I public institutions, we found the implementation of background checks for student-athletes is a widely accepted practice, where policies were mandated by the athletic conference, state administrative law, or within the university. Recommendations for addressing sexual violence on campus include comprehensive sexual violence prevention education for students and student-athletes, including bystander intervention training. Additionally, if schools opt to utilize background checks, policies and procedures must be created to ensure due process, consistency for admissions, and staff training.