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Background: One goal of the End tuberculosis (TB) Strategy is to see no TB-affected households experiencing catastrophic costs. Therefore, it is crucial for TB-elimination programs to identify catastrophic costs and their main drivers in order to establish appropriate health and social measures. This study aimed to measure the percent of catastrophic costs experienced by Egyptian TB patients and to identify its determinants.Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study with 151 Egyptian TB patients recruited from two chest dispensaries from the Cairo governate from May 2019 to May 2020. We used a validated World Health Organization TB patient-cost tool to collect data on patients’ demographic information, household income, and direct and indirect expense of seeking TB treatment. We considered catastrophic TB costs to be total costs exceeding 20% of the household’s annual income.Results: Of the patients, 33% experienced catastrophic costs. The highest proportion of the total came in the pretreatment stage. Being the main breadwinner, experiencing job loss, selling property, and the occurrence of early coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown were independent determinants of the incidence of catastrophic costs. Borrowing money and selling property were the most-often reported coping strategies adopted.Conclusion: Despite the availability of free TB care under the Egyptian National TB Program, nearly a third of the TB patients incurred catastrophic costs. Job loss and being the main breadwinner were among the significant predictors of catastrophic costs. Social protection mechanisms, including cash assistance and insurance coverage, are necessary to achieve the goal of the End TB Strategy.

The aging of the world's population is a reality. People are living longer, not just in high-income countries, but it remains unclear whether their extra years will be lived in better health. In fact, an increasing number of older adults will probably require help to perform activities of daily living. Within the framework of its Global Strategy and Action Plan on Ageing and Health, the World Health Organization has called on all countries to create suitable and equitable long-term care systems that meet the needs of older people. The challenge is particularly acute in Latin America. The region is aging faster than other areas in the world, and its less-prepared social protection systems suffer from limited economic resources. Costa Rica is one the first middle-income countries to create a national long-term care system. This article describes the main characteristics of this system and discusses it from an international perspective. The results show that it has been designed to prioritize severity of dependency and cost containment, and to reinforce the formalization of care. The outcome of its implementation will affect the decisions of neighboring countries and those with similar economic conditions concerning the development of their own long-term care systems.

Smallholder farmers usually face insecure land rights and limited social protection, so that farmland serves as an important safety net against income shocks. Safety-net value of farmland makes the loss of land rights extra costly and strengthens the well-documented incentive for self-cultivation as an informal way of protecting land rights. This article provides theoretical and empirical evidence of allocative effects of the non-productive value of farmland. Further, employing survey data from China, sector-level simulations show that eliminating the non-productive value would significantly increase the consolidation of land, raise smallholder income, and expand labor supply away from smallholders’ own land.

Contains fulltext : 234351.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Children are particularly vulnerable to the consequences of HIV/AIDS. This paper reports on the challenges faced by children due to their or their parents' HIV/AIDS status and the role of HIV-sensitive social protection in mitigating these challenges. We conducted 32 semi-structured in-depth interviews - 15 with children affected by HIV/AIDS (aged 13-18 years) and 17 with parents of children aged 10-12 years. We found children face significant challenges associated with poverty, gender norms, stigma, and lack of social support which affect their rights to education, shelter, treatment, and food. HIV-sensitive social protection packages such as conditional cash transfer, counselling, and community sensitization help continuation of education, facilitate access to treatment and social protection services, reduce stigma in the community and improve wellbeing of children. Children's accessibility to these services was limited due to distance, transport expenses, poor health conditions of the parents, gender issues, and stigma. HIV-sensitive social protection is effective in improving children's wellbeing. Continuation and expansion of HIV-sensitive social protection packages including conditional cash transfer, psychosocial counselling, and community sensitization and life skills training to facilitate HIV/AIDS affected children's wellbeing and inclusion is recommended. 6 p.

Problem setting. The article establishes that the objective impossibility of rapid integration of Ukraine into the European European community turns it into a platform for the constant relations clarification between the West and the East. The uncertain situation of our country due to this fact dictates specific rules, according to which Ukraine should pursue an inconsistent policy related to the political and economic conjuncture, and this increases the likelihood of possible security challenges to Ukraine in the context of destabilization of the international security space. In such a situation, the adoption by a state of relevant regulations of a profile nature, which would completely meet all the challenges of our time, comprises a very important fact. Recent research and publications analysis. Many works consider general issues of national security in Ukraine, a fundamental place among which belongs to H. Sytnyk, the co-author of the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, many bills, conceptual scientific strategies and political programs in the sphere of national security of Ukraine, as well as the works by V. Abramov, N. Nyzhnyk, V. Oluyko, V. Pasichnyk et аl. The assessment of real threats and challenges to national security, as well as their geopolitical context, was conducted by S. Bielay, V. Hulay, K. Kononenko, M. Malsky, L. Novoskoltseva et al. Highlighting previously unsettled parts of the general problem. To analyse the prerequisites, main provisions, security risks, challenges and tasks of the 2020 National Security Strategy, find out its novelties in comparison with previous strategies, as well as to determine its significance for the current situation in Ukraine. Paper main body. It has been established that since 2014, full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation has continued in Ukraine, which has all the typical features of so-called “hybrid war”, and is implemented in the forms of military and other illegal actions, reflected in almost all key spheres of life of the Ukrainian state and society in general, including information, economic and diplomatic space. So, on September 14, 2020, the President of Ukraine signed the Decree “On the National Security Strategy of Ukraine”. The content and structure of the Strategy is quite different from its previous versions adopted in 2007, 2012 and 2015. The adoption of this document was really expected, because it should have shown the authorities’ vision of threats, risks and challenges to Ukraine’s national security and determination of the ways to neutralize such threats. The new Strategy replaced one dated 2015. 2020 Strategy makes the appropriate accents and articulates problems that clarify the view of security component and this is important from the point of view of the activities of state bodies, because this is what they will rely on in the coming years when forming their action plans, primarily in the security sector. For the first time, the new Strategy is based on the following basic principles: 1) deterrence; 2) resilience; 3) interaction. This document focuses not only on military issues, but also on areas related to the security sector, information, diplomatic and economic spheres. The Strategy focuses on the fact that the Russian Federation, while continuing military actions against Ukraine, systematically uses economic, political, military, information and psychological, as well as cyber means. In addition, the Strategy takes into account the latest changes related to the crisis in global economy, the spread of the COVID-19 disease caused by coronavirus, as well as the increased risk of natural and man-made emergency situations. With the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were also critical problems in the health and social protection systems, in the information sphere, and this in turn led to an increase in unemployment, destruction of established lifestyles and, in general, it threatens food development, hinders free movement of capital, goods and labour force, damaging the service sector. There is also an intensification of rivalry between key world players in the geopolitical position, in particular, between the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China for world leadership. The document stipulates that acquisition of full membership of Ukraine in the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization is the strategic course of the state. Conclusions of the research and prospects for further studies.The 2020 National Security Strategy meets the challenges of our time and is more narrative than similar documents of previous years. Its basic principles such as deterrence, resilience and interaction provide more opportunities for updating the security sector and responding quickly and flexibly to new challenges and threats facing Ukraine. At the same time, the implementation of ideas set out in the Strategy will depend on those sub-strategic documents (strategies and programs) that are to be adopted within six months according to the new Strategy. If these documents manage to offer effective means of counteracting hostile activity, the newly adopted Strategy will become an effective planning tool, rather than another bureaucratic pro forma. Research and analysis of other new regulations defining security challenges and threats for Ukraine can be a prospect for further scientific research.

Due to the high rate of development of new territories for construction, which often turn out to be difficult in engineering and geological terms, the need for geotechnical construction specialists (geotechnical specialists) is growing. There are practically no specialized educational programs for their preparation in Russia. The formation of specialists for geotechnical construction enterprises is mainly made up of university graduates and employees of the construction industry. In rare cases, there is a re-qualification of specialists from related engineering or scientific activities. Technological progress and introduction of computers significantly contribute to the complexity of engineering solutions, and at the same time increase the requirements for geotechnical specialists. In 2017, in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection, the professional standard 16.131 "Specialist in the design of foundations, foundations, earth and landslide structures, the underground part of capital construction projects" was approved. The standard regulates the labor functions, knowledge, and skills that a geotechnical construction worker must possess. The existence of the standard and the requirements given in it create the need to form a systematic approach to solving the problems of training geotechnical specialists. One of the possible system approaches can be developed on the basis of additional professional education. The training should be carried out both on the basis of advanced training programs and on the basis of professional retraining programs. In general, this will improve the quality of education through the development of specialized educational programs for geotechnical construction specialists.

In the African region COVID-19 infection and death rates are increasing (writing in May 2020), most deaths have occurred among individuals with chronic conditions, and poor communities face higher risks of infection and socio-economic insecurities. We assessed the psychosocial needs of a chronic illness support group in Accra, Ghana, within the context of their broader community. The community lives in structural poverty and has a complex burden of infectious and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Between March and May 2020, we conducted interviews, group discussions, and surveys, with members of the support group and their caregivers, frontline healthcare workers, and religious and community leaders. Data was analysed through the social psychology of participation framework. Community members understood COVID-19 as a new public health threat and drew on eclectic sources of information to make sense of this. Members of the support group had psychosocial and material needs: they were anxious about infection risk as well as money, food and access to NCD treatment. Some community members received government food packages during the lockdown period. This support ended after lockdown in April and while anti-poverty COVID policies have been unveiled they have yet to be implemented. We discuss the impact of these representational, relational and power dynamics on the community’s access to COVID-19 and NCD support. We argue that strategies to address immediate and post-COVID needs of vulnerable communities have to focus on the politics and practicalities of implementing existing rights-based policies that intersect health, poverty reduction and social protection.

Purpose This paper aims to examine elderly smallholder farmers’ perceptions of and adaptation to climate variability and change in the Offinso Municipality, Ghana. Design/methodology/approach This paper used quantitative and qualitative methods. Quantitative data were analyzed with frequencies and chi-square tests, whereas qualitative data were thematically analyzed. Findings The results showed that elderly smallholder farmers’ knowledge of climate variability and climate change were based on their sex, level of formal education and experience in farming. Elderly smallholder farmers adopted both on-farm and off-farm strategies to cope with climate change and variability. The vulnerability of elderly smallholder farmers to climate change calls for social protection mechanisms such as a pension scheme that guarantees access to monthly cash transfers. Such a scheme will ease constraints to livelihood and ensure improved well-being. Originality/value Elderly smallholder farmers have remained invisible in discourses on perceptions and adaptation to climate change despite the surge in number of this category of farmers. This paper therefore represents an attempt to highlight the experiences of elderly smallholder farmers with climate variability and change.

The current study aimed to understand why child stunting and anemia (CS&A) rates declined in Ghana between 2009 and 2018, and which priority policies and programs will further improve nutrition outcomes. Trends and potential drivers of stunting (height-for-age z-score

The objective of the study is to analyse the influence of social protection on access to health care among elderly persons in informal settlements Nakuru Town, Kenya. The study was based on the Disengagement theory and utilized a descriptive research design to target individuals of 70 years and above, within the informal settlements in Nakuru Town, Kenya. Cluster and simple random sampling techniques were used to select 399 respondents from a target population of 248,785 elderly persons. Data was collected from the sample using a semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation with chi-square, and the thematic content analysis method. Quantitative analysis was aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 software. Results showed that the majority of the respondents (70.3%) had low access to health care services. Access to health care services is influenced by social protection programmes specifically cash transfers, government interventions in health care, and retirement benefits. Based on these findings, the study recommends that policymakers should create awareness regarding the existence of government interventions such as health insurance subsidy programme (HISP) and the importance of enrolling to retirement benefit schemes and saving for old age.

Improving national social protection systems is a major task for all governments. This they can do through an effective implementation of the sustainable goals also called the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The main purpose of social protection is to reduce poverty, economic shocks and vulnerability. This article examines the extent Nigeria has gone to in order to promote sustainable goals through the Social Protection Floor Initiative. The article also delves into the justiciability of socio-economic rights in Nigeria and in other jurisdictions like UK, India and South Africa which are commonwealth countries like Nigeria. It further recommends ways by which Nigeria can, through the Social Protection Floor Initiative, fulfil its obligations towards the attainment of the SDGs. A major conclusion of this article is that the Social Protection Floor Initiative is an important means for the government to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals, and an important aspect of this is ensuring the enforcement of socio-economic rights. Without implementing the Social Protection Floor Initiative, the Sustainable Development Goals mantra will be restricted just to TVs in Nigerian homes without any corresponding impact on the masses.

Background Adolescents experience a multitude of vulnerabilities which need to be addressed in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In sub-Saharan Africa, adolescents experience high burden of HIV, violence exposure, poverty, and poor mental and physical health. This study aimed to identify interventions and circumstances associated with three or more targets (“accelerators”) within multiple SDGs relating to HIV-affected adolescents and examine cumulative effects on outcomes. Methods Prospective longitudinal data from 3401 adolescents from randomly selected census enumeration areas in two provinces with > 30% HIV prevalence carried out in 2010/11 and 2011/12 were used to examine six hypothesized accelerators (positive parenting, parental monitoring, free schooling, teacher support, food sufficiency and HIV-negative/asymptomatic caregiver) targeting twelve outcomes across four SDGs, using a multivariate (multiple outcome) path model with correlated outcomes controlling for outcome at baseline and socio-demographics. The study corrected for multiple-hypothesis testing and tested measurement invariance across sex. Percentage predicted probabilities of occurrence of the outcome in the presence of the significant accelerators were also calculated. Results Sample mean age was 13.7 years at baseline, 56.6% were female. Positive parenting, parental monitoring, food sufficiency and AIDS-free caregiver were variously associated with reductions on ten outcomes. The model was gender invariant. AIDS-free caregiver was associated with the largest reductions. Combinations of accelerators resulted in a percentage reduction of risk of up to 40%. Conclusion Positive parenting, parental monitoring, food sufficiency and AIDS-free caregivers by themselves and in combination improve adolescent outcomes across ten SDG targets. These could translate to the corresponding real-world interventions parenting programmes, cash transfers and universal access to antiretroviral treatment, which when provided together, may help governments in sub-Saharan Africa more economically to reach their SDG targets.

This article explains digital capital in the wayang kulit (Javanese traditional shadow puppet) association in Yogyakarta during the Covid-19 pandemic era and how its digital capital can protect and serve as informal social protection for the wayang kulit artists association in Yogyakarta in the difficult time. Following the case study method is to investigate WL (Ki SN) association, the group of wayang kulit GP (Ki CB) and SK (Ki GS). The three associations were chosen because they can survive in the middle of the pandemic by holding wayang kulit performances virtually using existing social capital and digital capital. Based on the research results show during the Covid-19 pandemic, digital capital is more effective in providing social protection for group or associations of wayang kulit in Yogyakarta than the traditional social capital scene. The higher the digital capital has seen from the virtual social network (subscriber and viewer or virtual audience), norms of reciprocity, and trust existing with external parties to increase the virtual shows, therefore it can meet the economic needs and welfare of every member in the group and association for facing the pandemic. This research offers a new alternative framework related to digital capital as a informal social protection form. Meanwhile, the practical result is as references for wayang kulit artists to survive in the uncertainty of pandemic and adapt to the challenges of technological digitalization. In addition, it can suggest for the government in formulating rules and an effective model of social protection policy for wayang kulit performances, shadow puppet artists, and in general other artist who rely on art performance as their livelihoods.

In Nigeria, agriculture plays a critical role in the economy and remains the key to the country’s economic diversification plan. However, the agricultural sector is facing numerous challenges such as climate change, widespread insecurity, price volatility, poor government policies and the emergence of COVID-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the already existing problems. This paper reviews the state of the COVID 19 pandemic in Nigeria and its effects on the agricultural sector and outlines the role of commissioners of agriculture in mitigating the effects of the pandemic on farmers with a view to catalyzing sustainable agricultural development in Nigeria. When the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February, 2020, the Federal government of Nigeria took some measures to help curb the spread of the virus. Although, these measures were critical to saving lives, they also significantly caused a disruption in agricultural activities and food systems in several ways such as decline in availability of farm labour and mechanization, limited availability of agricultural inputs, decline in food imports and exports, reduction in food supply, decline in household income and food consumption, increased food insecurity, panic buying and sharp price spikes. This paper suggests that commissioners of agriculture have important roles to play to help mitigate these negative impacts on agricultural livelihoods and food systems. These include a push for a bill to integrate social protection mechanisms into the Nigerian legal framework, lobby for increased budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector, formulation of good agricultural policies and provision of adequate infrastructures, organization of these farmers into farming clusters to help stimulate agglomeration economies by integrating agricultural value chains and development strategies, and frameworks and initiatives that will ensure a seamless transition from emergency response to resilience building. Key words: Coronavirus disease, government interventions, agrarian development, food production

The article reveals the essence of public services in the field of social protection. The analysis of the terms social protection, social security, administrative services, public services, as well as their relationship. Based on the identified main features of these terms, the author tries to provide his definition of public services in the field of social protection. Peculiarities of providing public services in the field of social protection are: authorized bodies of public administration; a specific range of consumers of services, which is clearly defined by state regulations (preferably at the legislative level); based on the essence of the concept of «social protection», consumers of administrative services in this area can only be individuals; special legal status of such persons in accordance with the Constitution of Ukraine, where the right to social protection is provided only to citizens, which currently restricts the right to social protection of foreigners, stateless persons, refugees, including through public services, emphasizing the importance of its citizens ; A feature of the provision of public services in the field of social protection is their free of charge for the subjects of application.It is established that one of the features of public services in the field of social protection is the specific conditions under which a person has the right to receive services in this area. Public services in the field of social protection are provided subject to the occurrence of a statutory case of social risk, for example, when reaching a certain age of incapacity for work or acquiring the status of a disabled person, etc.It is proved that the second feature of public services in the field of social protection is their preventive focus, which includes preventing disruptions in the normal functioning of life of individuals and violation of their rights in case of social risk.

The purpose of this study is to identify existing policies related to social protection of healthcare workers during the spread of a pandemic. The study is based on the assumption that it is mainly developing countries that resort to extensive government programs. Using the method of political and legal analysis the research considers the initiatives of government bodies aimed at increasing the level of social protection of health workers and determining effective incentive measures for medical workers. The study notes that to date incentive measures and government programs are mostly implemented by developing countries. At the same time, it seems premature today to make a final conclusion about the direct relationship between incentive measures and the standard of living in the country or similar indicators. The research results can be used by the subjects of legislative initiative to improve existing policies in the field of social protection.

Graphical abstract Based on both the “stakeholder” and “cognitive” theories, this study shed light on the optimistic side of the COVID-19 pandemic, as it also brings the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sustainability back into the light, which helps in solving the labor environmental issues. Our research aims to profoundly investigate the correlation between CSR and labor environmental issues based on the International Organization for Standardization’s standard 26,000 (ISO 26000) during COVID-19 and to also examine how CSR practices help solve labor environmental issues in the Egyptian small and medium enterprises (SMEs). Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was adopted, for data analysis and hypotheses testing, on a sample of 307 manager-level employees in the Egyptian SMEs. Results indicate that CSR positively impacts labor practices dimensions (employment relationships, human development and training, social dialog, and health and safety at work). However, CSR has an insignificant effect on social protection and work conditions. This study is scientifically valuable since it helps better understand the pandemic’s effects on environmental labor issues in the Egyptian SMEs and shows how CSR helps solve those issues. Also, it discussed the theoretical contributions and practical implications and showed the limitations and future research for this study area

HIV/AIDS information systems are a critical tool for keeping track of the HIV pandemic in any country, leading to the AIDS elimination to 2030 and achievement of the 95-95-95 goals set by 2025. In this article, we describe the data management process of the Colombian National HIV/AIDS registry, its epidemiological results and contributions to research and health risk management. This registry is a longitudinal database. Variables and periodicity are defined by The Ministry of Health and Social Protection. Reporting is done by health insurers and their healthcare providers on annual bases. The information is uploaded through a web platform run by the High-Cost Diseases Fund, in charge of the validation, auditing process, consolidation, analysis and publication of the data. Security and confidentiality of the information is also taken care of by the High-Cost Disease Fund. Main results include epidemiological follow up of the epidemic, periodic evaluation of 25 risk management indicators, publication of research studies and the calculation of an economic incentive for insurers to improve health risk management. The registry has shown to be useful not only for the management of clinical information but also for administrative purposes.

The article examines the main interpretations of the concept of technology of social adaptation and their analysis in the context of the problem of disability. The author highlights that only the joint activities of social workers, teachers and parents will solve the problem of social adaptation of children, their socialization, and rehabilitation. The viewpoints, of various scientists, on the problem of social adaptation in the context of the problem of disability, were analysed. The content of social work with children with special educational needs is highlighted in the present paper. It is aimed at indicating a social problem, identifying the cause and finding ways to solve them. Finally, the article emphasizes the content of the work: – studying of the socio-psychological state of people with limited capacity; – carrying out of social-pedagogical investigations of peculiarities of socialization of children with special educational needs and different types of diseases; – everyday rehabilitation of children with SEN; – conducting of psychological counselling for children with SEN having personal problems; – implementation of psychological and pedagogical correctional work; – organization of consultations for relatives on legal, psychological and pedagogical issues; – development of potential creative opportunities for children with SEN; – organization of cultural events and entertainment for children with SEN; – coordination of work with various social institutions that deal with the problems of children with SEN in the society. Further works needs to be done to study the issues of social adaptation of children with SEN to the conditions of specific educational establishments. Keywords: social work; social adaptation; disability; children with special educational needs; social protection; social rehabilitation; content of social work; forms of social work; branches of social work; social-work technologies.

Crises and disasters are windows of opportunity to learn and transform toward enhancing disaster risk reduction (DRR) and resilience. However, a poor understanding of community resilience and the social dimensions of risk, the lack of a methodology to engage and empower resilience in society, and business-as-usual together limit the implementation of effective DRR and resilience-building strategies. In this reflection paper, we discuss the main elements of the DRR and resilience paradigm. By analyzing the failures in disaster management, we identified the cultural and political barriers to enhancing DRR and community resilience as being: a paternalistic social protection culture; and the command-and-control approach to knowledge and resources for risk reduction. We reflect on the implications of this for sustainable development and argue that building a glocal culture of community wellbeing and resilience and a socially sustainable risk governance is needed to overcome the cultural and political barriers to DRR and sustainable development.

Las Empresas Sociales del Estado (ESE), enfrentan el desatino de manejar mejor sus recursos, para lo cual deben utilizar técnicas contables y de análisis financiero actualizadas, como lo sugieren los principios y prácticas financieras. El presente articulo pretende analizar los problemas administrativos de índole financiero, especialmente los relacionados con la liquidez, rentabilidad y endeudamiento que se desprenden de contratar la prestación de servicios de salud con las empresas prestadoras y los municipios en la región central de Colombia. A nivel metodológico se desarrolla un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, los datos fueron tomados de un archivo suministrado por el Ministerio de Protección Social que contiene un total de 3226 registros de Empresas Sociales del Estado para los años 2010 a 2015, distribuidas en 12 departamentos para un total de 547 instituciones por niveles de atención. Se obtienen los resultados de aplicación de un análisis factorial exploratorio y su consecuente modelo de regresión, dando como resultado una relación entre las cuentas por cobrar y los indicadores de liquidez, endeudamiento y rentabilidad. Como conclusión se identifica la necesidad que las Empresas Sociales del Estado tengan claridad sobre su situación financiera, en términos de liquidez, endeudamiento y rentabilidad, para poder cumplir con su objetivo social de preservar la salud de la población, prestando servicios de calidad.

Goal. A study of the rehabilitation infrastructure of the social and pedagogical spectrum of the Northwestern Federal District for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Materials and methods. The indicators of the level of disability of children with ASD were calculated and analyzed on the basis of data from the state statistical reporting in the Northwestern Federal District for 2018. Based on the information provided by the portal of the Federal Resource Center for the Organization of Comprehensive Support for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (FRC) a review of social and psychological and pedagogical services was carried out, indicators of the provision of children with organizations providing assistance to people with ASD, the structure of organizations by departments were studied (education, social protection of the population, non-profit organizations, excluding health care and culture and sports). Results. In 2018, 5770 children were registered in the Northwestern Federal District, for the first time and repeatedly recognized as disabled due to mental disorders and behavioral disorders, of which 684 are disabled children with autism spectrum disorders, which amounted to 3.3% of the total disability of the child population on appeal to the bureau of medical and social expertise in the Northwestern Federal District. Rehabilitation measures/services for children with these disorders are provided in 205 organizations: mainly educational institutions - 94%, as well as social protection - 4%, non-profit organizations - 2%. Five regional resource centers have been organized: four of which are in the field of education - in the Leningrad, Murmansk, Pskov regions and the Komi Republic, one - in the field of social protection - in the Novgorod region. In the field of education, organizations implement adapted educational programs in accordance with Federal state educational standards and provide a range of medical and social rehabilitation services for children with ASD, depending on the type of organization (pre-school educational organizations, general education organizations, educational centers and others). In the field of social protection, organizations (rehabilitation centers and others) mainly provide assistance according to the standard for the provision of social services, including social, socio-medical, socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical, socio-labour, socio-legal services. Non-profit organizations located in St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk provide social-psychological, social-pedagogical and social-labor services to children with ASD. Conclusion. The results of the study showed that a social and pedagogical rehabilitation infrastructure was created for children with ASD in the Northwestern Federal District in 2018 (healthcare institutions were not studied). Children with ASD and their families can receive services in organizations of various departmental affiliation, which are represented in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Northwestern Federal District, but are concentrated mainly in urban areas, which limits children in obtaining services directly near their places of residence. A system has been created to inform specialists and parents about the rehabilitation infrastructure for children with ASD, which is presented by the FRC portal, at the same time, the need for the organization to submit data to the portal is optional. Services for children with ASD are aimed at solving issues of psychological, pedagogical, social and vocational rehabilitation, including career guidance work with adolescents and, as a result, at the social adaptation of a child with ASD and his integration into society.

The study aims to (i) investigate the knowledge and understanding of Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), (ii) examine the ability of self-protection against the pandemic, and (iii) study the practices of seeking medical and healthcare services during the outbreak, focusing on informal labors from five selected districts within Bangkok, Thailand. The 360 participants of this study were queried using expert-validated questionnaires to collect data according to the study framework. One-Way ANOVA was employed for testing hypotheses. The samples with different personal factors had no statistically significant difference in the knowledge and understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic. In contrast, the workers with different academic levels showed a statistically significant difference in the extent of knowledge and understanding on self-protection against COVID-19 outbreak. The workers with different academic levels and occupations were significantly different in the extent of knowledge and understanding on rights to Universal Coverage Scheme. The recommendations were developed in various forms: actionable policy, for example, providing access to information on universal healthcare and ensuring social protection and health security;practical recommendations, such as enhancing information on self-protection against COVID-19 and providing primary healthcare services;and academic suggestions to future research. © 2022,Journal of Population and Social Studies.All Rights Reserved

PURPOSE: The authors attempt to identify differences within adopted models for calculating how various maternity benefits influence changes in expenditures on maternity and paternity benefits and the level of births and total fertility in Bulgaria, Germany, Ireland, and Poland between 2009-2019., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The paper was written based on the available literature, current legislation, reports of social security institutions. During undertaken research, comparative, descriptive, and interdependence analysis methods were used. First, an overview of family policy trends and instruments of the social protection of maternity in Europe were presented. Then, characteristics of the construction of maternity allowances in selected countries were performed. Finally, a comparative analysis of the influence of family policies on birth and total fertility was carried out., FINDINGS: All the selected countries differ significantly in their approaches to maternity allowance, e.g., the duration of maternity/paternity leave, the amount, and construction of paid benefits. The research allows assessing the validity of governmental actions, the impact of benefit increases, and the changes being seen in the number of births., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Provides relevant information for Human Resources teams. It allows HR specialists to familiarize themselves with the diversity of regulations governing the matter of the maternity allowance for both parents, and correctly address the growing diversity and inclusion within the organization., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: Both the public sector and the private sector may benefit from comparisons between countries in terms of parent support presented in this article. The paper can provide guidelines for government members and policy makers in other countries. The latter with an emphasis on the developing SSC / BPO area, employing employees from all over the world and creating new branches in various countries., peer-reviewed

Based on the prin­ciple of historicism, systematic analysis, scientific and objective approach, the article analyzes the evolution and shows the activities of the Galician trade unions in health-related activity. The current state and development of historiography of the issue is shown, the history of the medical and trade union movement is studied, it is proved that common problems for all segments of the population became the main event among the trade unions of the early-XIX XX centuries. These issues provide significant material for the scientific study of other key issues of the complex history of Galicia in the Austro-Hungarian period, in particular: the organization of health care, medical education, governance, economic and social development, the rise of the Ukrainian national movement and the like. In the conditions of building democratic institutions of independent Ukraine, the analysis and accumulation of historical experience have not only scientific, but also cognitive, ideological-political and especially applied, practical significance. Almost any professional organization has tried to protect its members in some way. In early 1867, doctors in Lviv recognized the need to create their own professional association to organize social protection, to create a fund to support sick, infirm and impoverished colleagues, as well as their widows and orphans. Thus, it was decided to establish a separate Medical Society. In accordance with the provisions of the statute, the purpose of the Society of Galician Physicians was to work together on the development of medicine, primarily in the direction of its practical application, taking into account the relations of the population as a whole; promoting a spirit of cohesion and friendship between health professionals to jointly oversee medical affairs; providing material assistance to impoverished colleagues, families of deceased colleagues. Similar tasks were set by the societies of printers, weavers, and oil refiners. All of them were united by the medical and health-improving activity.

In this article some directions of professional development in the sphere of accounting just in the organs of social insurance are considered. Also the trends of social insurance that is social pensions are defined. In the result of research based the main skills of vocational education and directions of development accounting aspect of social insurance organs. In the result of changes in some aspects of accounting, that is in methods of accrues, percentage of deductions, recording transactions in accounts and so on, appeared necessary in development vocational skills of accounting in the aspect of insurance system. Offered formulas influence to the process of development professional achievements in the sphere of social insurance. Classified the main deductions of salary in accordance to international standards and brought sample accounting entries of usually accounting operations. In total, by our opinion high quality courses of accounting for practical accountants influence to the process of accounting development. World practice has proven that the market economic system has certain significant shortcomings, which include unemployment, inflation, population differentiation by income level, etc. Along with this, in the conditions of the dominance of market relations, the population is at a certain risk of losing their job, a permanent source of income or the ability to work. Hence, the issues of social protection of the population from negative market phenomena become one of the important tasks of a civilized state. In addition, in the harsh market conditions, social support for those who are unable to work, who are retired, receive medical treatment, below the poverty line, as well as those who have not yet reached working age, who work in low-paid, but important socially important positions, in general, in need of external assistance becomes a priority function of the state.

The pandemic of COVID-19, the threat of technogenic and anthropogenic character, brought to the foreground non-market aspects of the general, corporate branch culture and strategy in medicine and health care. Therefore, in many countries, despite differences in state and private property ratios in health infrastructure, the state priority is ensuring cooperation within the national health care system which capable quickly and well-coordinated work in the extremely dangerous epidemics conditions and other emergency situations. The purpose of this article is discussing a problem of public and private models of medical care organization in Russian health care system.Materials and methods. Content analysis methods, economical and statistical analysis, information and analytical materials of the Russian and foreign news agencies, a summary across Russia of Rosstat form No. 62 of the state statistical observation «Data on resource providing and on delivery of health care to the population» (legal entities - the medical organizations which are carrying out activity in the sphere of compulsory health insurance), analytical materials and statistical data of World Health Organization (The European portal of information of health care of WHO: https://gateway.euro.who.int/en/hfa-explorer/), statistical data and metadata on the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, https://stats.oecd.org/), the materials of monographic researches and periodicals including placed on the Internet were used in this article.Results: the system of compulsory health insurance is an ancestor of the program of the state guarantees of free medical care of in Russian citizens. The length of the text of this Program so far was increased in 130 times in comparison with initial edition of 1998. At the same time, there is still no clear delineation for the bases, volumes and conditions differentiation of free and paid medical care rendering. As a result, the major human right to free medical care remains not completely realized. The numbers of the non-state medical organizations to provide free of charge medical care to the population according to the policy of obligatory medical insurance (i.e. financed from the state sources) in the period of 2011 to 2019 – from 648 to 2423 organizations respectively were increased in Russia four times. This demonstrates the creation of the new, «integrated» model of health care in Russia in the mode of public and private partnership for deciding of social tasks. Although, free medical care for citizens in the private medical organizations is not mentioned in the Constitution of Russian Federation (Main Law). In emergency situations such integration allows private medical structures to involve capacities and also be coordinated with one of the tasks of the Ministry of health target program «Development of the Fundamental, Transmitting and Personalized Medicine».Conclusions. There is a formation of the integrated, public and private (hybrid) model of health care in modern Russia that needs developing of a new partnership and principles of management in the sphere of medical care organization. State policy in the health care financing sphere should be directed not only to the state guarantees of medical care specification, but also to a gap in social and economic inequality reduction. The social protection systems should be focused, first of all, on people who are most in great need of medical care. For the protecting population from catastrophic payments for medical care, it is necessary to bring the concept of the social standards - a number of the general rules, norms and standards which must guarantee the state ensuring constitutional rights of citizens to free medical care in the health care legislation.

Опираясь на результаты социологического исследования (анкетирование и фокус-групповое интервью), авторы выявляют и описывают репродуктивные страхи жителей малых городов Ивановской области и ключевые факторы их формирования. Анализ статистических данных показывает, что Ивановская область продолжает «стареть», увеличивается диспропорция между долями мужчин и женщин в старших возрастных группах, очередная демографическая волна приводит к снижению количества женщин и мужчин репродуктивного возраста, высокая разводимость усугубляет демографическую ситуацию в регионе. Эти негативные демографические процессы сопровождаются формированием и устойчивым воспроизводством репродуктивных страхов. Авторы выделили следующие факторы формирования и воспроизводства репродуктивных страхов: общая социально-экономическая ситуация в регионе, социальное самочувствие жителей, исторически сложившиеся особенности репродуктивного поведения жителей, проблемы в системах жизнеобеспечения (здравоохранение, социальная защита, образование и др.). Наиболее распространенные репродуктивные страхи: ухудшение материального положения (этот страх присущ жителям с низким материальным достатком и высоким уровнем образования), падение личных доходов (чаще тревогу по этому поводу испытывают женщины, молодежь и респонденты в позднем фертильном возрасте), боязнь потери полноценного отдыха (об этом более склонны тревожиться молодые жители малых городов и представители низкодоходных групп населения). Также исследование выявило четыре типа мотивов, ограничивающих детность: эгоистический, материальный, престижный, психологический. Авторы приходят к выводу, что существующие меры стимулирования рождаемости, качество услуг в здравоохранении и системе социального обеспечения, доступность иных социально значимых услуг пока не способны преодолеть тренд малодетности и нивелировать сложившиеся репродуктивные страхи.

This article investigates the international panorama of the implementation of Emergency Income in context of the Coronavirus pandemic. To this, we use: a) the database of Social Protection and Jobs Responses to Covid-19 (World Bank) produced from the survey on 5 continents; (b) data from newspaper articles around the world and c) data from the official websites of local governments in different regions of the globe. Particularly in Brazil, we found several adversities of this emergency policy: the long lines for registration of the benefit generating agglomeration; initial difficulties regarding non-regularized CPF; the delay in making the decision to pay the aid; the precariousness of human resources; little familiarity with digital technologies among the poorest population; and the problems of horizontal and vertical inefficiency. Lastly, this study aims to bring contributions to the conflictual relation between State and Society in times of health crisis., Este artigo investiga o panorama internacional da implementação do Auxílio Emergencial no contexto da pandemia do Coronavírus. Para tanto, utilizamos: a) a base de dados do Social Protection and Jobs Responses to Covid-19 (Banco Mundial) produzida a partir do levantamento em 5 continentes; b) os dados provenientes de matérias de jornais ao redor do mundo e c) dados dos sites oficiais dos governos locais em diferentes regiões do globo. Em particular no Brasil, encontramos várias adversidades dessa política emergencial: as longas filas para cadastramento do benefício gerando aglomeração; dificuldades iniciais quanto ao CPF não regularizado; a demora na tomada de decisão para o pagamento do auxílio; a precariedade dos recursos humanos; pouco conhecimento com as tecnologias digitais entre a população mais vulnerável e os problemas de ineficiências horizontal e vertical. Por fim, este estudo pretende trazer contribuições à relação conflituosa entre Estado e Sociedade em tempo de crise sanitária.

BackgroundTemuco and Padre Las Casas, Chile, have severe problems of air pollution due to the extensive use of firewood for heating. The local authorities have made various efforts to improve fuel quality and introduce greater regulation into the market. Certified firewood guarantees low levels of humidity (MethodsThis study was conducted with a cross-sectional non-experimental design. Following a non-probability sampling by convenience, we applied 355 surveys to participants who use a firewood system. Nonparametric comparisons analyses were made to identify differences in the use of certified wood by socio demographic variables. In addition, an Ordinal Logistic Regression was used to analyze the relation between the use of certified firewood and various psycho-social variables.ResultsHalf of the users of wood-burning stoves participating in the study declared that they “never” (38%) or “almost never” (12%) used certified firewood to heat their home. Situational and product-related variables, such as price, availability, convenience and time are fundamental to people’s purchase behavior, partially explaining the low public interest shown in this product. On the other hand, the results indicate the influence of socio-demographic variables such as income level and the presence of older adults at home, as well as psycho-social variables which include how much participants pay attention to air quality, the information level they have about it, the feelings of discomfort due to air pollution and concern for its effects on health.ConclusionsFirst, increasing information levels and awareness among the population through communication campaigns is necessary to promote the sustainable urban energy transition in southern Chile. Second, information strategies may be complemented by boosting employment, driving investment, improving income, and strengthening the mechanisms of social protection, especially for the most vulnerable groups, to be effective. Finally, protecting and stimulating the formal trade in firewood could increase the points of sale of certified firewood, which would facilitate user access to cleaner fuels.

Preserving resources and manpower is paramount in health care. It is important to ensure the ability of surgeons and specialized professionals to function through the pandemic. With one-sixth of world’s population residing in a single developing country, with public health care expenditure being less than 1.28% of the total country’s GDP and poor social protection, it seemed fighting a losing battle. However, a thoughtful and collaborative approach among leaders at every level has resulted in keeping the country afloat. The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic underlines the importance of a mindful utilization of financial and human resources. Modifying international guidelines to fit the region-specific needs as per available resources is expected. This article is based on real-time challenges and experiences of a surgical department of a government medical university in planning and preparing clinical pathways during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure high quality surgical care.

This article analyzes institutional, procedural, and behavioral attributes, principles, and indicators of typology of challenges and threats caused by the coronavirus pandemic in the world. The analysis shows that most countries faced external shocks caused by COVID-19 in the absence of a universal social protection system, a reliable health system, a plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050, or a stable real economy with quality jobs. Economic security has become an important priority, although this is not about social protection, but also about supporting strategic sectors of the economy. Balancing on the brink of the needfor socialprotection, on the one hand, and the rise of austerity, on the other, governments opted for severe economic restrictions. Thus, through the naaliticos method the authors describen the main geopolitical trends that will be the basis for the construction of a new world order that awaits us on the other side of the pandemic, including deglobalization, the geopolitical rise of China, the severe restrictions on human and civil rights, the intensification of the interstate armed forces, in context of growing conflicts and local protests.

Sahelian West Africa is a region of high year-to-year climate variability that can significantly impact on communities and livelihoods. Adaptive social protection (ASP) is being introduced in the region to support vulnerable people through enabling more effective responses to climate shocks, bridging social protection with disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. The ASPIRE (Adaptive Social Protection: Information for enhanced REsilience) project aimed to provide technical support to the World Bank’s Adaptive Social Protection Programme through demonstrating the use of climate forecasts in ASP and promoting dialogue between climate and social protection stakeholders. Here we discuss lessons learned in the project, highlighting challenges and opportunities for including climate forecasts in early warning systems to inform ASP. We provide recommendations to help achieve ASP systems designed to use climate forecasts, arguing that tailored seasonal forecast products have potential in some countries to improve the lead time of interventions to address climate-induced disasters. Critical to this is continued investment in underpinning science and capacity building of climate and social protection stakeholders, as well as continued dialogue and co-production between actors to develop climate forecasts that provide actionable information.

The worrying welfare and political risks of expanding informal economies have put concerns about economic inclusion at the heart of contemporary development thinking — concerns further intensified in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Amid a collective ‘will to include’, this Debate adopts an infrastructural lens to decipher the distributive and governance implications of the complex institutional, financial and digital linkages through which informal workers and consumers are being included in the circuits of contemporary market economies. Looking beyond imaginaries of seamless linkages, the articles in this Debate examine the specific processes through which these inclusive connections engage with informal actors, focusing on how they work and for whom. Articles focus on various types of inclusive infrastructures that connect deprived communities to jobs, resources and social citizenship, ranging from social protection systems to employment linkages and services for hard‐to‐reach populations. With a view to cutting through the ideological blurring of inclusive discourses, this Introduction will examine the strategies of legibility and regulatory restructuring effected through inclusive infrastructures. It reveals the hidden politics of inclusive linkages, reflects on the techniques of governance operating through socio‐technical connections, and examines processes of resistance and failed connections reworking inclusive infrastructures from below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Development & Change is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is devoted to studying the issue of social services in nursing homes as a factor of successful adaptation of elderly people in new conditions. The main legal acts in the field of protection of the rights of the elderly and disabled people are considered today. The subject of the research is the living conditions of elderly people living in nursing homes, and the impact of social services provided to them on their socio-economic and psychological adaptation. In order to improve the quality of social services in the future, to facilitate the social adaptation of the elderly, to develop proposals to Supplement the legislation on social protection of the elderly in General. Thereby increasing the ability of older people to adapt to social homes.

Pusat Kesejahteraan Sosial (Puskesos) “As Salaam” merupakan lembaga layanan dan rujukan terpadu tingkat desa untuk memberikan kemudahan keluarga miskin mengakses dan menjangkau program Perlindungan Sosial dan Penanggulangan Kemiskinan (PSPK). Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan informan manajer, fasilitator, kepala desa, pengurus, dan penerima manfaat. Teknik pengumpulan datanya triangulasi, memadukan wawancara, observasi, dan studi dokumentasi. Uji keabsahan data menggunakan teknik credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Model Mile & Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Puskesos “As Salaam” merupakan puskesos baru, namun mampu mencapai tujuannya. Puskesos “As Salaam” mampu: (1) menjadi pusat informasi dan data; (2) melayani, menangani, dan menyelesaikan keluhan keluarga miskin; (3) merujuk keluhan ke layanan lebih tinggi; dan (4) memfasilitasi pemuktahiran Data Terpadu Kesejahteraan Sosial (DTKS). Puskesos “As Salaam” memiliki prestasi: mendapat penghargaan sebagai Puskesos terbaik se Kabupaten Bandung, kunjungan tamu dari dalam dan luar negeri, tempat studi banding, lokasi penelitian dan praktik lapangan mahasiswa. Jadi Puskesos “As Salaam” merupakan Puskesos “berkembang,” yang kinerjanya “cukup efektif” dalam mencapaian tujuannya. Saran: (1) Hendaknya jadi lembaga layanan terpadu satu pintu di tingkat desa; (2) Segera melakukan penjangkauan dan pendataan agar keluarga miskin terdaftar di DTKS, (3) Tidak hanya mensosialisasikan program Kemensos, tetapi juga kementerian lain, dunia usaha, dan masyarakat; (4) Mampu memberi layanan langsung; (5) Program tidak hanya PSPK, tetapi juga rehabilitasi sosial dan pemberdayaan sosial; (7) Ada perwakilan SKPD di Puskesos; dan (7) Manajer sebaiknya pejabat tinggi pratama agar mampu mengkoordinasi kepala SKPD Kabupaten.

The deployment of epidemics in Ukraine shows that preventive work is insufficient and needs careful study. The importance of the problem of preventing the spread of socially dangerous diseases is also noted in the documents of the United Nations. At present, the challenges of socially dangerous diseases are a major problem not only for national health systems but also for the world community, which requires a consolidated, large-scale and effective global response. Despite the decline in morbidity in a number of nosologies, the epidemic situation of infectious diseases in the country remains unstable, a record number of outbreaks of acute intestinal infections over the past 20 years, 73.5% of which were associated with violations of basic sanitation, hygienic norms and rules against the background of lack of supervision and control. In accordance with the National Security Strategy of Ukraine in terms of forecast and current threats to national security and national interests of Ukraine, taking into account foreign policy and domestic conditions, the threat of emergence and spread of both known and new infectious diseases is determined. The reason for this is the low level of health of the population and the high level of its morbidity is closely related to the low level of social protection of certain segments of the population, the presence of unemployment and uncontrolled migration. At the present stage, there has been a significant deterioration in the epidemiological situation regarding particularly dangerous infections both in Ukraine and around the world. This is due to political and economic instability, mass migration, military conflicts and redeployment of troops, new economic conditions with a violation of the stability of previous epidemiological surveillance systems, the weakening of preventive measures. Due to the expansion of international relations and the global redistribution of labor resources, migration processes, growing urbanization, military conflicts, the rapid development of the tourism industry, these diseases can pose an epidemiological threat to other regions, including the European continent. In the territories affected by the consequences of emergencies, a sharp deterioration of the sanitary-epidemic situation is possible, which causes the need for sanitary and anti-epidemic measures to ensure the sanitary and epidemic well-being of the affected population. Based on the analysis of the administration of anti-epidemic measures in the context of reforming the health care system of Ukraine, unfortunately, are forced to state the existing legal imbalance associated with the inconsistency of regulations with higher-level documents, ie laws. This state of affairs is caused by the need to make changes and additions, as well as the adoption of new regulations that should regulate the situation on a "here and now" basis, responding rapidly to new threats and challenges in the health care system. The importance of management in the field of sanitary and epidemiological well-being is difficult to overestimate, because it is about ensuring the living conditions of the whole society, its security, and, consequently, the national security of the state of Ukraine. However, during the reorganization of the central executive bodies, sanitary and epidemiological support was divided between two executive bodies: the issue of sanitary supervision and control was assigned to the established body – the State Consumer Service, and control over the epidemiological situation – to the public health department of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. clear definition and delineation of functions and powers. It can be argued that the current institutional capacity to ensure the proper state of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance due to the liquidation of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service and the lack of a clear definition of the central executive body to implement state policy in the sphere of protection against infectious diseases. Based on the above, there is an urgent need for the adoption in the second reading of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the bill № 4142 "On Public Health" to establish regional centers for disease control and prevention to create a modern system of response to health threats and anti-epidemic protection. Prospects for further exploration in this direction will be to study the genesis of the anti-epidemic protection management system in emergencies.

How does public opinion on the causes of poverty and deservingness condition support for government support for the poor? This article answers this question with a focus on direct cash transfers in...

Public health protection in modern conditions is one of the main factors of socio-economic development of all countries of the world. Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals requires an urgent solving the problems of universal healthcare coverage. In this regard, it is necessary to monitor the quality and accessibility of health care in two important aspects: health services coverage and financial protection in health care. Based on the materials of sample statistical and sociological surveys, comparative analysis, the article examines the issues of households' satisfaction with the quality and availability of medical services, possibility of using remote medical consultations, and availability of paid medical services. The reasons for dissatisfaction with the quality of health care were identified: dissatisfaction with the work of district doctors, shortage of medical specialists, long waiting time for an appointment. The dependence of the availability of remote medical services on the ability to pay, age composition and place of residence of the population is revealed. This study creates the preconditions for refining the strategy in the field of health protection concerning the issues of financing medical services for certain socially unprotected segments of the population by expanding the compulsory health insurance program for provision of primary health care by non-governmental medical organizations, including use of telemedicine. It is advisable to control the approach to the critical level of financial expenditures of the family budgets of various households on payment for medical services through regular monitoring of the availability of medical services. It is proposed to expand the scope of professional liability insurance for doctors and medical workers, develop professional standards and ethical principles for conducting medical activities. Implementation of the proposed measures will reduce the "catastrophic expenses" from family budgets of households for paying for health care, will contribute to increasing life expectancy of the Russian population and create conditions for economic growth.

This study aims to determine the impact of civil service work culture on service quality in the Please Care Papa program in Padang Pariaman Regency. Please Care Papa is an online service that is useful forhelp identify the needs of the poor based on profiles in an integrated database linking the poor to social protection and poverty alleviation programs carried out by the Central Government, Provincial Governments and District Governments according to the needs of the poor. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The selection of informants was used by purposive sampling technique. In collecting data, the writer uses interview, observation and documentation techniques. The results of the research that have been carried out can be concluded that not all services can run with the online system seen from the target users of the Please Care Papa website are the poor who have limitations and the ability to technology. The lack of socialization provided to the community is also an obstacle in implementing this online service so that there are still many people who do not know about the online services provided by the Office for Women's Empowerment and Child Protection through the Please Care Papa website.

The increase in the percentage of the elderly (the population 65 years or older) in developed countries is a cause for concern about the levels of health care services expenditures and the widening of long-term care services in these countries. The current debate includes the issue of establishing a system of protection for dependence as a new modality of social protection. The objective of this paper is to analyse the evolution of the degree of dependence in the Spanish population over 65 years during the period between 1997 and 2003, and to estimate the impact of dependence on health status and health care utilisation for the same period. An increasing trend of dependence prevalence as well as of the consumption of health care services has been found. A statistical association between the degree of dependence and the variables of health status, drug consumption and in-patient services has been observed. But this association is not significant in the case of medical consultations. The low degree of association between dependence and out-patient health care services strengthens the hypothesis that the elderly population presents specific necessities, oriented to assistance of dependence needs rather than ambulatory health care services.

Purpose This paper aims to synchronize the various constitutional regulations that regulate the natural disaster management in Indonesia, especially those which apply in the Yogyakarta Special Territory after disaster through a legal interpretation and construction method to find a community empowerment-based disaster management model, which suits the Indonesian ideals of law. Design/methodology/approach This research is carried out in the Yogyakarta Special Territory province; this research uses the juridical normative method or the method with the doctrinal or the juridical normative approach. The approaches used in this research are the conceptual approach, statute approach and the sociological approach. Findings The numerous constitutional regulations that are formed and implemented to regulate the disaster management in Yogyakarta Special Territory cannot yet run its function as an integrating mechanism efficiently. This is mainly because the handling of disasters is usually responsive, without clear planning. Research limitations/implications In numerous constitutional regulations, there is a synchronization between the regulations on the society’s rights and responsibilities in disaster management. The point of these regulations is that they state that every citizen has the right to obtain social protection and a sense of safety. They have the right to obtain education, trainings and skills in the establishment of disaster management. Also, they have the right to participate in policies, in accessing information on disaster prevention policies. Practical implications Efforts of response toward a disaster should be neither exclusive nor partial. A condition of disaster is a complex condition, which usually asks for a holistic response from various perspectives and experiences. It needs effective teamwork between various institutional groups. Basically, it will not be effective if it is run by a single agency exclusively. Indonesia needs a clear disaster management and needs to synchronize the law for disaster mitigation for minimize the natural disaster impact. Social implications Various constitutional regulations made and applied to regulate disaster management in the Yogyakarta cannot yet run its function as an efficient integrating mechanism, as the law cannot yet undergo the rearrangement of the productive process in the society optimally. The goals determined in the execution of the disaster management are often not legitimized by the society, and they do not yet give a full sense of justice to them. Recovery after Yogyakarta earthquake is a slow process. Originality/value This is a relatively new research, as other researches focused on the disastrous impacts of the Yogyakarta earthquake. The disaster management system must consider and must be responsive toward diversity, differences and competition, which may arise due to social, economic, political, community and even religious factors. These differences often create a dynamic and complex relation. A wrong manner in handling this may cause horizontal conflicts.

This rapid scoping review has informed the development of the UN Research Roadmap for the COVID-19 Recovery on the topic of “Ensuring Social Protection and Basic Services.” The aim was to provide a robust synthesis of key concepts and existing evidence drawn from a wide range of disciplines to support the identification and appraisal of research priorities. An emergent theme has been the notion that measures implemented in response to COVID-19 merely ameliorate symptoms of entrenched, systemic gender-, age-, and race-based inequity, inequality, and exclusion. Key findings include the critical role of contextual and community-based knowledge for informing the design, development, and delivery of programs, as well as the urgent need for implementation science to move existing knowledge into action. This review also describes how the disruption associated with “shock events” such as the COVID-19 pandemic is often associated with unusually high levels of interest and willingness to invest in programs and policies to strengthen strained systems. As such, an unprecedented window of opportunity exists to leverage measures implemented in response to the COVID-19 pandemic to effect large-scale, sustainable change and thereby increase the resiliency of our interconnected systems for the future.

This paper examines the extent of gender wage gap and its determinants in urban labour market in India. The study finds that women’s work is undervalued even in regular salaried jobs in India’s urban labour market and female workers are getting substantially lower wages than their male counterpart in almost all sectors and occupations sub-categories despite controlling for differences in experience, education, geographical differences and other individual characteristics. When we disentangled the gender pay gap, we found that around two-thirds of the pay gap is attributed to pure labour market discrimination and only one-third is attributed to endowment difference. The extent of pay gap is higher at lower end of wage distribution which is primarily dominated by women from lower caste, Muslims and less skilled workers. The pay gap steadily declines towards higher end of wage distribution. This clearly indicates that there exists ‘sticky floor’ in India’s urban labour market. Such persistent and high level of gender pay gap may pose a serious challenge on India’s path to inclusive growth and achieving decent working conditions. Therefore, the paper calls for sustainable wage policy intervention to ensure fair treatment to workers, equal pay for work of equal value, social protection and social justice to workers and to promote decent work and inclusive growth in India.

Globally, people with disabilities face a heightened risk of poverty. Drivers of poverty include exclusion from work and other livelihood activities (indirect costs) and disability-related direct costs - such as for rehabilitation, personal assistance and assistive devices - that are required for participation and functioning. This research explores sources of direct and indirect costs, their impact and mitigation strategies using 42 in-depth interviews with working-aged people with disabilities in Nairobi, Kenya and Dhaka, Bangladesh. This research finds that people with disabilities and their households face high direct costs, such as for healthcare, assistive devices, transportation and accommodations at school and work, and indirect costs, such as un- and underemployment and lower salaries when working. Many direct costs were unmet, or covered through out-of-pocket spending, although social protection in Kenya was also an important strategy. Unmet direct costs frequently led to higher future indirect costs. Direct and indirect costs could cause financial strain, decreased participation, health and wellbeing, particularly when unaddressed. Challenges mitigating costs included not just insufficient income, but also lack of decision-making power within the household and insufficient information on and poor availability of needed goods, services and opportunities – factors which should be considered in the design of interventions.

All local governments have the same responsibility and obligation in positioning themselves as institution that are friendly to persons with disabilities, including Central Lampung Regency in Lampung Province. There are two important questions from the research which is the basis of this study; (1). What are the efforts made by the Central Lampung Regency government towards groups with disabilities? (2). What are the problems that occur in the management of disability groups in Central Lampung Regency?. The type of this research is descriptive with a qualitative approach. The data used by researchers in this study are sourced from primary and secondary data. In this study, primary data obtained through interview techniques was carried out by giving several questions related to the problem issues in research to the informants who had been determined. Informants in this study was collected with a purposive sampling technique. The key informants in this study were 9 heads of local government organizations, 10 representatives of community organizations, and 5 members of the regional parliament. All of them play a role in data collection activities which include focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Meanwhile, data analysis was carried out using interactive data analysis techniques. In the last three years, the number of people with disabilities in Central Lampung has increased. However, the increase in the number of people with disabilities in Central Lampung is due to the expansion of the meaning and scope of disabilities in Indonesia regulation. It is known that several actions at the level of local government organizations in facilitating groups with disabilities can be designed in a more focused manner in the design of programs and policies covering the government, population and civil registration, social, health, education, employment, and transportation, and public infrastructure sectors.

The relevance of the study is due to the need for a theoretical understanding of the experience of mentoring as a type of social work, and its practical application in the field of social protection of childhood, prevention of «secondary» orphanhood. The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of mentoring in boarding schools, identify key issues in the implementation of the mentoring program, study the best domestic and foreign experience, develop proposals for improving the organization and conduct of mentoring in Ukraine. The main methods used in the study are divided into theoretical (analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, modeling, classification) and empirical (document analysis, expert survey). An analysis of the domestic experience in organizing the mentoring process and the factors that slow it down. The analysis of documents was used in work with the letter of an assessment of needs of the child, the individual plan of work of the mentor, the standard agreement on mentoring. Thanks to the method of classification, the ways to improve the mentoring mechanism at the level of the Centers for Social Services for Families, Children and Youth, the state, and the coordination of interaction between government agencies become clear. The study found that mentoring as an alternative to adoption, which has been transformed from volunteering to social work since 2016, is an extremely effective tool for supporting children, important for stability, confidence and preparation for independent life of young men and women. It has been proven that there are factors that slow down the pace of mentoring for orphans and children deprived of parental care. Among them, the main ones are high «cost» (in time and human resources), inconsistency of actions of the main participants of the program, lack of large-scale information campaign., Актуальність дослідження зумовлена необхідністю в теоретичному осмисленні досвіду наставництва як виду соціальної роботи та його практичному застосуванні в сфері соціального захисту дитинства, профілактики «вторинного» сирітства. Метою статті є аналіз розвитку наставництва в інтернатних закладах, виявлення основних проблемних питань в здійсненні програми наставництва, дослідження кращого вітчизняного та зарубіжного досвіду, розробка пропозицій щодо удосконалення організації та проведення наставництва в Україні. Основні методи, використані в статті поділяються на теоретичні (аналіз, синтез, порівняння, узагальнення, моделювання, класифікації) та емпіричні (аналіз документів, експертне опитування). В результаті дослідження з’ясовано, що наставництво як альтернатива усиновленню є надзвичайно ефективним інструментом підтримки дітей, підготовки їх до самостійного життя. Серед чинників, які сповільнюють темпи наставництва для дітей-сиріт та дітей, позбавлених батьківського піклування головними є велика «затратність» (в часі та людських ресурсах), неузгодженість дій основних учасників програми, відсутність широкомасштабної інформаційної кампанії. Оптимізувати процес, на наш погляд, зможуть заходи, спрямовані на якісний обмін інформацією, розширення штатів соціальних служб та активне залучення громадських або партнерських організацій.