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Background: Upper abdominal surgery (like- hepatobiliary surgery, gastrectomy, esophagectomy, hepatictomy, and whipples operations that involve large surgical incisions) lead to severe postoperative pain that lead to higher doses of opoids use in post-operative period as a result incidence of unwanted side effect and respiratory complication increase hospital stay and morbidity. To reduce the use of opioids clonidine can be used as a multimodal analgesic approach. It is reported that clonidine 150mcg intravenous (I/V) produce a similar analgesic effect to morphine 5mg in patient after orthopedic surgery. Because of its dose, route, and surgical variation it is very much important to specify the dose for upper abdominal surgery. Material and methods: After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria the patients were randomized to receive Group: A (2mcg/kg oral clonidine) and Group: B (4mcg/kg oral clonidine), one hour (60minutes) before surgery as an oral premedication. All groups were compared for preoperative analgesic, sedation and anxiety level along with changes of heart rate and mean arterial pressure prior to premedication and post-operative periods as follows VAS (visual analogue score) pain scores. Result: The post-operative pain measured on VAS showed Group A expressed highest VAS at 6thpost-operative hour Group –B showed highest VAS at 14th post-operative hour. So it is very clear to us that pethedine requirement of Group B (4mcg/kg oral clonidine) is less than Group A (2mcg/kg oral clonidine). The oral premedication with clonidine at 2 microgram per kg or 4 microgram per kg for postoperative analgesia and hemodynamic stability of elective upper abdominal surgery patients. Conclusion: As a part of multimodal analgesic approach, 4mcg/kg oral clonidine premedication is effective to perioperative pain control and keep stable the haemodynamic in upper abdominal surgery J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 28, No.2, October, 2019, Page 131-135

Background: Emergency tracheostomy is the commonest surgical intervention performed as lifesaving procedure by ENT surgeons on patients in emergency room of ENT and ICU. Several operative and postoperative complications have been reported after tracheostomy including fatal hemorrhage. Massive subcutaneous neck emphysema occurred because ventilation started at the time when the hemorrhage was not completely managed and the tracheal tube was not fully secured. Objective: This study was conducted to compare haemorrhage and surgical emphysema as complication of emergency tracheostomy among patients admitted in Department of ENT and Head-Neck Surgery in Dhaka Medical College & Hospital. Methods and Materials: This was a Cross Sectional Study conducted in the ENT and Head- Neck Surgery Department, Dhaka Medical College Hospital from July 2015 to June 2016. A total of 90 patients were included who fulfilled the selection criteria. Non probability convenient sampling was used to collect data. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 21. Results: Mean± SD of the study subjects was 49.84±17.4 years with most patients belonged to 40-79 years age group. 28.9% patients had habit of smoking and betel nut chewing. (48.9%) patients suffered from Ca larynx. Out of 90 tracheostomy patients, 40(44.4%) patients had had different complications including haemorrhage (13.3%), surgical emphysema (10%), haemorrhage with surgical emphysema (6.7%), tube blockage (3.3%), wound infection (3.3%) and injury to local tissue (2.2%). Haemorrhage occurs from anterior jugular vein, middle thyroid veins and thyroid gland and included peroperative haemorrhage (7.8%), immediate post- operative haemorrhage

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has emerged as a popular alternative to traditional open cholecystectomy in the management of cholelithiasis. It has several advantages .Pneumoperitoneum and trendelenburg positioning causes release of stress hormones and ultimately changes in hemodynamic parameters. Stretching of peritoneum, abdominal wall associated with postoperative pain. So maintenance of haemodynamic stability, immediate postoperative pain control continues to be a major challenge for the anaesthesiologists. Methods: Sample was selected by non-probability sampling technique in two groups distributed as- Group-L (Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, n=30) and Group-O (opencholecystectomy, n=30). Detailed history taking, physical examination and routine lab investigations were done. Approval of the study was obtained by the local Ethical Committee. Post-operative complications, postoperative pain, frequency and pattern of cardiovascular complications, frequency and pattern of respiratory complications were evaluated and compared between thegroups Result: In both groups female were predominant. In this study haemodynamic status (Heart rate, SBP, DBP, MBP) in different phases of anaesthesia, surgery and postoperative follow-up (at 4th hour, 8th hour, and 12th hour) has been observed. Conclusion: This study confirms the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic cholecystectomy is better than open technique in terms of attenuation of better haemodynamic stability, better postoperative pain control and less requirement of analgesia. J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 28, No.2, October, 2019, Page 184-189

Background: Mild or subclinical hypothyroidism may coexist with NephroticSyndrome (NS). But persistence of this hypothyroidism is related with remission ofproteinuria. Objectives of the study is to compare thyroid function status (FT4 andTSH) in the atypical and typical NS before and 4 weeks after steroid therapy. Materials and methods: This was a hospital based comparative observational studywith prospective follow up of study subjects. It was carried out in the Department ofPediatrics and in the Department of Nephrology, Chattogram Medical CollegeHospital (CMCH) Chattogram, Bangladesh from January to December’ 2017. A total83 diagnosed admitted cases of initial attack idiopathic NS, aged 1-18 years ofeither sex divided into 2 groups were included. Typically presented NS were in groupA and atypically presented NS were in group B. FT4 and TSH were estimated in allpatients on 2 occasions before and 4 weeks after initiation of steroid therapy andcomparison was done between 2 groups. Results: FT4 level was normal before and after steroid therapy in both typically andatypically presented nephrotic syndrome. Before steroid therapy, mean TSH valuewas found significantly raised in both groups (9.28±5.17 vs 7.26±3.67 μIU/ml).Proportion of subclinical hypothyroidism was statistically similar. After treatmentwith steroid, number of subclinical hypothyroid cases reduced in both groups withreduction of TSH value (3.13±1.14 vs 5.38±2.52 μIU/ml). But significant difference inTSH value was observed in between two groups. There was persistence of subclinicalhypothyroidism after treatment with steroid among 16.6 % (14.2% grade II and2.3% grade I) children with atypically presented NS and which is statisticallysignificant (p=0.006). Conclusion: Subclinical hypothyroidism persists in atypically presented nephroticsyndrome even after treatment with steroid. Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.19 (1); January 2020; Page 28-32

Most innovations happen at the intersections of disciplines. New products get designed through synergistic integration of multi-disciplinary concepts. For example, in today’s automobiles purely mechanical systems have been replaced by “by-wire” devices that are software controlled, lighter, more efficient, and reliable. While engineering disciplines are merging seamlessly in real world products, academic silos are mostly still intact. At University of Detroit Mercy, we have broken down some silos by launching the Robotics and Mechatronics Systems Engineering major. Mechatronic Systems Modeling is a mandatory course in this major. This course uses a technique of power flow called bond graphs to model mechatronic systems. This technique is not discipline specific and students with different disciplinary background can easily understand and master it. Recently, the use of Simscape, a MATLAB/Simulink tool for physical system modeling has also been added to this course. The use of these two tools in complex system modeling tasks helps students develop an understanding of engineering system behavior by moving beyond the narrow boundaries of individual disciplines. This paper describes the course content and structure, the modeling methods, selected student projects, some of the lessons learned, and several offshoot activities that have resulted from this course.

Developing low-weight, frugal, and sustainable power sources for resource-limited settings appears to be a challenging proposition for the advancement of next-generation sensing devices and beyond. Here, we report the use of centimeter-sized simple wet fabric pieces for electrical power generation by deploying the interplay of a spontaneously induced ionic motion across fabric nanopores due to capillary action and simultaneous water evaporation by drawing thermal energy from the ambient. Unlike other reported devices with similar functionalities, our arrangement does not necessitate any input mechanical energy or complex topographical structures to be embedded in the substrate. A single device is capable of generating a sustainable open circuit potential up to ∼700 mV, which is further scaled up to ∼12 V with small-scale multiplexing (i.e., deploying around 40 numbers of fabric channels simultaneously). The device is able to charge a commercial supercapacitor of ∼0.1 F which can power a white light-emitting diode for more than 1 h. This suffices in establishing an inherent capability of functionalizing self-powered electronic devices and also to be potentially harnessed for enhanced power generation with feasible up-scaling.

This paper represents a numerical and experimental investigation of fluids mixing in straight and serpentine micro-channels. These microchannels are fabricated with the help of soft lithography technique. The width of straight and serpentine micro-channels after fabrication is obtained around 335 and 282 µm respectively. Numerical simulations of fluids mixing in micro-channels are performed by solving momentum, continuity and mass diffusion equations. Mixing performance has been evaluated in three average inlet velocities such as 0.001, 0.007 and 0.0167 m/s. The numerical results show that in serpentine micro-channel, an effective mixing has been achieved in almost all the flow conditions whereas in straight channel that is achieved for 0.001 m/s velocity only. Water and water-KMnO4 solution are used as working fluids in this study. The experimental results show that the mixing efficiency of around 95.5, 70.20, and 48.54% has been achieved for straight channel at inlet velocities 0.001, 0.007 and 0.0167 m/s respectively. However, in serpentine micro-channel, the mixing efficiency has been achieved around 97.12, 95.10, and 65.21% at inlet velocities 0.007, 0.0167 and 0.03 m/s respectively. Moreover, the experimental results are compared with the numerical results where it has been observed that the results are quite identical to each other.

Today's automotive and electronics technologies are evolving so rapidly that educators and industry are both challenged to re-educate the technological workforce in the new area before they are replaced with yet another generation. In early November 2009 Ford's Product Development senior management formally approved a proposal by the University of Detroit Mercy to transform 125 of Ford's “IC Engine Automotive Engineers” into “Advanced Electric Vehicle Automotive Engineers.” Two months later, the first course of the Advanced Electric Vehicle Program began in Dearborn. UDM's response to Ford's needs (and those of other OEM's and suppliers) was not only at the rate of “academic light speed,” but it involved direct collaboration of Ford's electric vehicle leaders and subject matter experts and the UDM AEV Program faculty. In fact, before teaching each course, the UDM engineering and science professors will work for one or two months in the Ford engineering group that is directly involved in the design and development of the systems that the course focuses on (batteries, e-drive systems, power electronics, etc). The prime architects of this process and curriculum include the UDM dean, associate dean and faculty of engineering and science from UDM, and Ford Learning & Development managers and Product Development leaders from Sustainable Mobility Technologies and Research & Advanced organizations. Such a rapid and highly responsive curriculum development is not the norm in academia. To accomplish this outcome UDM had to be more customer-focused like industry and Ford needed to embrace academic priorities and provide access to its electric vehicle SME's by UDM faculty. The paper will discuss the following related issues: building the relationship and trust between Ford and UDM; collaborative development; “just in time” development and deployment of curriculum; shared investment; modularizing education (it doesn't always have to be in “degree-sized chunks”), linking suppliers and OEMs; balancing service to corporations and service to students.

This paper describes the second and third phases of a comprehensive mechatronics curriculum development effort. They encompass the development of two advanced mechatronics courses (?Simulation and Modeling of Mechatronic Systems? and ?Sensors and Actuators for Mechatronic Systems?), the formulation of a Mechatronics concentration, and offshoot research activities in the mechatronics area. The first phase involved the design of an ?Introduction to Mechatronics? course and the infusion of mechatronic activities throughout the curriculum and in outreach activities and has been described in a companion paper ?A 10-Year Mechatronics Curriculum Development Initiative: Relevance, Content, and Results-Part I? (IEEE Transactions on Education, vol. 53, no. 2, May 2010).

Cultural practices in India that dictate that individuals remove their footwear before entering homes and places of worship creates a challenge for visually-impaired people in identifying and collecting their footwear as they leave. This paper describes an interdisciplinary service-learning project, involving students in Electrical & Computer Engineering (ECE) and the Mechanical Engineering (ME) programs, whose goal is to design and develop assistive technologies to help ameliorate this situation. The paper outlines the relevant technological issues in this project, and discusses how this research might be incorporated into the existing pedagogical structure of both programs.

The feeddrive of a CNC machine is a mechatronic system consisting of motor, mechanical transmission devices and the worktable. The accuracy and precision of the feeddrive system determines the final part quality. Hence closed control of the drive system is very important. Accurate modeling of this system and its simulation helps in system design and parametric optimization. In this paper, bond graph based approach has been used to model the feeddrive of a CNC machine. This technique is based on power flow and uses a basic component types to develop models for complex multi-physics systems. The governing equations can be algorithmically derived from a visual representation of the system. In this model all linear and nonlinear effects such as backlash, stick-slip friction and cutting forces have been accounted for. The model is also enhanced through the addition of a control loop for position and velocity.

Today, it is very important for engineering programs to have their traditional program streams vested with clearly identifiable themes for each concentration area within a program, and for each theme to have a clear connection with all of the associated course requirements of an area. Over the past seven years, three new courses in Mechatronics have been developed at the University of Detroit Mercy for both ME and EE students, through a collaborative effort between faculty from the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Departments. These are "Introduction to Mechatronics", "Modeling and Simulation of Mechatronics Systems", and "Sensors and Actuators". Using these developments as a springboard, an effort is currently underway to investigate the formulation of a new undergraduate concentration area in Mechatronics as part of the Bachelor's Degree in Mechanical Engineering. This paper outlines the effort, including the difficulties associated with having to work within the constraints of an existing curricular framework in a small college

One of the main objectives of the automotive industry is to build more fuel efficient cars. The most dominant factor, among the many that determine fuel efficiency, is the weight of the vehicle. Any overall attempt to reduce weight involves all areas of the vehicle. Over the years the industry has addressed this need by developing new or modified materials and innovative production processes, combining these with one another and transforming them into viable production solutions.

Applications of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) in automobiles are fairly recent. The two most common examples of MEMS use in automobiles are in crash sensing for airbag deployment, and in manifold absolute pressure sensing. There are, however, several other areas where MEMS devices are expected to replace more traditional technologies within the next few years. MEMS devices/systems (e.g. sensors and actuators) have several vital advantages over more traditional technologies. Because of highly reliable batch processing techniques, large volumes of highly uniform devices can be produced at relatively low unit cost. Since MEMS have virtually no moving parts to wear out, they are extremely reliable and long lasting. With the advent of microprocessor compatibility imposed on many automotive sensor/actuator applications, silicon based MEMS sensors will have a very efficient interaction with the controlling microprocessors. With increasing use of MEMS devices in automotive applications, modeling and simulation of these devices will become more and more important. Although CAE has a very important place in the development cycle of the automobile, the CAE needed for MEMS has some significant differences. Because of the much smaller dimensions of MEMS devices, forces that are normally neglected in macro-structural CAE cannot be neglected any more. Behavior of material in bulk form is quite different from that in thin film form. MEMS devices exhibit the interaction of mechanical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, and other physical phenomena, and therefore simulation of these devices has to be able to capture this multi-physical interaction. This paper will discuss all these important issues that need to be addressed in MEMS modeling and illustrate them through actual simulation cases of MEMS devices.

Mechatronic systems such as the anti-lock braking system, the powertrain control system, and even domestic items such as a microwave oven are designed such that there is a seamless interaction between the electronic components and the mechanical components that make up these systems. Use of software tools in simulating the behavior of such systems is an important step in their product development cycle. Since the success of a mechatronic product depends heavily on the synergistic interaction of all its components, it is imperative that the software tool used in its design be capable of addressing its multi-domain needs. There are several commercial software tools that are currently available for modeling and simulation of mechatronic systems. Adequacy of all these tools is not the same. Some are adept as a mechanical simulator but do a poorer job of electronic simulation. Others are just the opposite. In this paper a benchmarking study will be reported in which a couple of mechatronic systems will be modeled using several of these well known modeling tools. The capability of these software tools for modeling mechatronic systems will be analyzed through this effort.

The design of a new course in mechatronics is described, which will serve as the focal point of a wider curriculum development effort to integrate the teaching of mechatronic principles throughout the relevant engineering curricula at the University of Detroit Mercy, USA. The course has a balanced combination of theory and application and seeks to impart competencies that are in great demand in the automotive industry, as well as in other engineering sectors. One of the prominent and innovative features of the course is that it is structured around instructional activities that are predominantly team-oriented and project-based.

The Internet has become a powerful tool for information exchange and communication. Modern day engineering graduates are expected to be adept at using the internet. In a new multi-disciplinary course on mechatronics, effort has been made to integrate the use of Web-based communication tools with in-class and out-of-class activities. Goals of this effort were to teach the use of these tools and to implement effective and efficient communication among all parties involved. In this paper, features of the tools used, their effectiveness (or ineffectiveness) and the lessons that were learned are discussed in the context of a multi-disciplinary course.

This paper describes an effort in progress to achieve the integration of mechatronics principles throughout the engineering curriculum at the University of Detroit Mercy. This is done in the context of team-oriented, project-based design activities. The project also includes a hands-on outreach component for pre-college students.

The paper describes a comprehensive assessment plan that was carried out as part of an NSF-funded effort to integrate principles of mechatronics throughout the Mechanical and Electrical Engineering curricula at the University of Detroit Mercy. The project team consists of faculty members from three departments: Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Education. The focus of the article is a description of how the assessment results have been used to refine one curricular component of the project: the senior-level course in mechatronics. We present an overview of the project, a summary of the assessment framework, initial results of the formative assessment of the mechatronics course, and an evolving model of outcome based curriculum development.