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Background We performed subgroup analyses of the AFTER I-O study to clarify the association of time-to-treatment failure (TTF) and discontinuation reason of prior immune-oncology (I-O) therapy, and molecular targeted therapy (TT) regimen with the outcomes of TT after I-O. Methods The data of Japanese metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients treated with TT after nivolumab (NIVO) (CheckMate 025) or NIVO + ipilimumab (IPI) (CheckMate 214) were retrospectively analyzed. The objective response rates (ORRs), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of TT after I-O were analyzed by subgroups: TTF (, Efficacy of molecular targeted therapy after immune-oncology therapy was favorable without new safety signals, regardless of time to treatment failure and reason for discontinuation of prior I-O, and TT regimen.

Summary Background PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors are active in metastatic urothelial carcinoma, but positive randomised data supporting their use as a first-line treatment are lacking. In this study we assessed outcomes with first-line pembrolizumab alone or combined with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy for patients with previously untreated advanced urothelial carcinoma. Methods KEYNOTE-361 is a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial of patients aged at least 18 years, with untreated, locally advanced, unresectable, or metastatic urothelial carcinoma, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of up to 2. Eligible patients were enrolled from 201 medical centres in 21 countries and randomly allocated (1:1:1) via an interactive voice-web response system to intravenous pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks for a maximum of 35 cycles plus intravenous chemotherapy (gemcitabine [1000 mg/m2] on days 1 and 8 and investigator's choice of cisplatin [70 mg/m2] or carboplatin [area under the curve 5] on day 1 of every 3-week cycle) for a maximum of six cycles, pembrolizumab alone, or chemotherapy alone, stratified by choice of platinum therapy and PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS). Neither patients nor investigators were masked to the treatment assignment or CPS. At protocol-specified final analysis, sequential hypothesis testing began with superiority of pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in the total population (all patients randomly allocated to a treatment) for the dual primary endpoints of progression-free survival (p value boundary 0·0019), assessed by masked, independent central review, and overall survival (p value boundary 0·0142), followed by non-inferiority and superiority of overall survival for pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy in the patient population with CPS of at least 10 and in the total population (also a primary endpoint). Safety was assessed in the as-treated population (all patients who received at least one dose of study treatment). This study is completed and is no longer enrolling patients, and is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov , number NCT02853305 . Findings Between Oct 19, 2016 and June 29, 2018, 1010 patients were enrolled and allocated to receive pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (n=351), pembrolizumab monotherapy (n=307), or chemotherapy alone (n=352). Median follow-up was 31·7 months (IQR 27·7–36·0). Pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy did not significantly improve progression-free survival, with a median progression-free survival of 8·3 months (95% CI 7·5–8·5) in the pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy group versus 7·1 months (6·4–7·9) in the chemotherapy group (hazard ratio [HR] 0·78, 95% CI 0·65–0·93; p=0·0033), or overall survival, with a median overall survival of 17·0 months (14·5–19·5) in the pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy group versus 14·3 months (12·3–16·7) in the chemotherapy group (0·86, 0·72–1·02; p=0·0407). No further formal statistical hypothesis testing was done. In analyses of overall survival with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy (now exploratory based on hierarchical statistical testing), overall survival was similar between these treatment groups, both in the total population (15·6 months [95% CI 12·1–17·9] with pembrolizumab vs 14·3 months [12·3–16·7] with chemotherapy; HR 0·92, 95% CI 0·77–1·11) and the population with CPS of at least 10 (16·1 months [13·6–19·9] with pembrolizumab vs 15·2 months [11·6–23·3] with chemotherapy; 1·01, 0·77–1·32). The most common grade 3 or 4 adverse event attributed to study treatment was anaemia with pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (104 [30%] of 349 patients) or chemotherapy alone (112 [33%] of 342 patients), and diarrhoea, fatigue, and hyponatraemia (each affecting four [1%] of 302 patients) with pembrolizumab alone. Six (1%) of 1010 patients died due to an adverse event attributed to study treatment; two patients in each treatment group. One each occurred due to cardiac arrest and device-related sepsis in the pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy group, one each due to cardiac failure and malignant neoplasm progression in the pembrolizumab group, and one each due to myocardial infarction and ischaemic colitis in the chemotherapy group. Interpretation The addition of pembrolizumab to first-line platinum-based chemotherapy did not significantly improve efficacy and should not be widely adopted for treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Funding Merck Sharp and Dohme, a subsidiary of Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy in Japanese men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Methods A post-hoc analysis of the Japanese subgroup in the phase III, randomized, multinational ARCHES study (NCT02677896) was carried out. Patients with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer were randomized to receive enzalutamide or a placebo, plus androgen deprivation therapy, stratified by disease volume and prior docetaxel therapy. The primary end-point was radiographic progression-free survival. Secondary end-points included time to prostate-specific antigen progression and overall survival. Results Of 1150 patients, 92 Japanese patients were randomized to enzalutamide (n = 36) or a placebo (n = 56), plus androgen deprivation therapy; none received prior docetaxel. Enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy reduced the risk of radiographic progression or death in Japanese patients by 61% versus the placebo, similar to the overall population. Similar results were observed with secondary end-points, showing clinical benefit of enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy in Japanese patients. Overall survival data were immature. Grade 3-4 adverse events were reported in 47% and 25% of the enzalutamide and placebo groups, respectively. Nasopharyngitis, hypertension and abnormal hepatic function were reported more frequently in Japanese patients versus the overall population. Conclusions Enzalutamide plus androgen deprivation therapy has clinical benefit with a tolerable safety profile in Japanese men with metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer, consistent with the overall population.

Objectives Guidelines for treatment of mRCC recommend nivolumab monotherapy (NIVO) for treated patients, and nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination therapy (NIVO+IPI) for untreated IMDC intermediate and poor-risk mRCC patients. Although molecular-targeted therapies (TTs) such as VEGFR-TKIs and mTORi are recommended as subsequent therapy after NIVO or NIVO+IPI, their efficacy and safety remain unclear. Methods Outcome of Japanese patients with mRCC who received TT after NIVO (CheckMate 025) or NIVO+IPI (CheckMate 214) were retrospectively analyzed. Primary endpoints were investigator-assessed ORR of the first TT after either NIVO or NIVO+IPI. Secondary endpoints included TFS, PFS, OS and safety of TTs. Results Twenty six patients in CheckMate 025 and 19 patients in CheckMate 214 from 20 centers in Japan were analyzed. As the first subsequent TT after NIVO or NIVO+IPI, axitinib was the most frequently treated regimen for both CheckMate 025 (54%) and CheckMate 214 (47%) patients. The ORRs of TT after NIVO and NIVO+IPI were 27 and 32% (all risks), and median PFSs were 8.9 and 16.3 months, respectively. During the treatment of first TT after either NIVO or NIVO+IPI, 98% of patients experienced treatment-related adverse events, including grade 3–4 events in 51% of patients, and no treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusions TTs have favorable antitumor activity in patients with mRCC after ICI, possibly via changing the mechanism of action. Safety signals of TTs after ICI were similar to previous reports. These results indicate that sequential TTs after ICI may contribute for long survival benefit., Outcome of targeted molecular therapies after discontinuation of nivolumab or nivolumab and ipilimumab in patients with mRCC was retrospectively analyzed. Efficacy was favorable, and safety was similar to previous reports.

Background: CheckMate 025 has shown superior efficacy for nivolumab over everolimus in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) along with improved safety and tolerability. This analysis assesses the long-term clinical benefits of nivolumab versus everolimus. Methods: The randomized, open-label, phase 3 CheckMate 025 trial (NCT01668784) included patients with clear cell aRCC previously treated with 1 or 2 antiangiogenic regimens. Patients were randomized to nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks) or everolimus (10 mg once a day) until progression or unacceptable toxicity. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were the confirmed objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), safety, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Results: Eight hundred twenty-one patients were randomized to nivolumab (n = 410) or everolimus (n = 411); 803 patients were treated (406 with nivolumab and 397 with everolimus). With a minimum follow-up of 64 months (median, 72 months), nivolumab maintained an OS benefit in comparison with everolimus (median, 25.8 months [95% CI, 22.2-29.8 months] vs 19.7 months [95% CI, 17.6-22.1 months]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.62-0.85) with 5-year OS probabilities of 26% and 18%, respectively. ORR was higher with nivolumab (94 of 410 [23%] vs 17 of 411 [4%]; P

BACKGROUND Oligometastatic cancer has been suggested as an intermediate state between localized disease and wide-ranging metastases. The clinical significance of local treatment in oligometastatic prostate cancer (PCa) has been a recent topic of interest. However, standard definitions of oligometastasis are lacking. Here we studied risk factors among Japanese de novo oligometastatic patients with PCa. METHODS We retrospectively assessed clinical data from 264 patients, including locally advanced (T3 or T4N0M0) cancer, lymph-node-positive cancer (Tany N1M0), and cancer with ≤10 bone metastases. All patients received androgen deprivation therapy only. The number of bone metastases and clinical factors were evaluated in association with overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The Mann-Whitney U test, Cox proportional hazard models, and Kaplan-Meier methods were used as statistical analyses. RESULTS Median age, PSA at baseline and OS were 74 years, 55.2 ng/mL, and 129.0 months, respectively. The cutoff for the number of bone metastases having the greatest impact on OS was ≥3 (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.67; P = .0001). In multivariate analysis, non-regional lymph node (LN) metastases (HR: 2.15; P = .0222), ISUP grade group (GG) 5 (HR: 2.04; P = .0186) and ≥3 bone metastases (HR: 1.82; P = .0390) were independent predictors of OS. In risk classification based on these factors, OS and PFS were significantly classifiable into poor (2-3 factors), intermediate (1 factor), and good (no factors) risk groups (P

Background LATITUDE was a randomized, double-blind, international and phase 3 study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone in patients with high-risk metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer. In the first interim analysis of LATITUDE (clinical cutoff date: 31 October 2016), significant prolongation in overall survival and radiographic progression-free survival (co-primary endpoints) was observed when compared with placebo. The results of the Japanese subgroup analysis of LATITUDE first interim analysis were consistent with those of the overall population. In this study, overall survival and safety results from the final analysis of the Japanese subgroup of the LATITUDE study are presented (clinical cutoff date: 15 August 2018). Methods Abiraterone acetate (1000 mg/day) and prednisone (5 mg/day) were administered orally in the abiraterone acetate plus prednisone group, and matching placebos in the placebo group. Results Of the 1199 patients included in LATITUDE, 70 constituted the Japanese subgroup (abiraterone acetate plus prednisone: n = 35, placebo: n = 35). Following a median (range) follow-up of 56.6 (2.5, 64.2) months, the median overall survival was not reached in both the treatment arms of the Japanese subgroup (hazard ratio: 0.61; 95% confidence interval: 0.27–1.42; nominal P = 0.2502). A total of 23 deaths (abiraterone acetate plus prednisone: 9 [25.7%], placebo group: 14 [40.0%]) were reported in Japanese subgroup. Grade 3/4 adverse events were reported in 24 (68.6%) and 9 (25.7%) patients in the abiraterone acetate plus prednisone and placebo groups, respectively. Conclusions In this Japanese subgroup analysis, addition of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone to androgen-deprivation therapy demonstrated favorable efficacy and safety outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed, high-risk metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer. Survival benefits observed in the Japanese subgroup first interim analysis were sustained long-term and were consistent with the overall population., In this Japanese subpopulation analysis of LATITUDE, addition of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone to androgen-deprivation therapy demonstrated favorable long-term efficacy and safety in patients with high-risk metastatic hormone-naïve prostate cancer.

Background Ramucirumab-an IgG1 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antagonistplus docetaxel was previously reported to improve progression-free survival in platinum-refractory, advanced urothelial carcinoma. Here, we report the secondary endpoint of overall survival results for the RANGE trial.Methods We did a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial in patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma who progressed during or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients were enrolled from 124 investigative sites (hospitals, clinics, and academic centres) in 23 countries. Previous treatment with one immune checkpoint inhibitor was permitted. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) using an interactive web response system to receive intravenous ramucirumab 10 mg/kg or placebo 10 mg/kg volume equivalent followed by intravenous docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 (60 mg/m 2 in Korea, Taiwan, and Japan) on day 1 of a 21-day cycle. Treatment continued until disease progression, unacceptable toxicity, or other discontinuation criteria were met. Randomisation was stratified by geographical region, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status at baseline, and visceral metastasis. Progression-free survival (the primary endpoint) and overall survival (a key secondary endpoint) were assessed in the intention-to-treat population. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02426125; patient enrolment is complete and the last patient on treatment is being followed up for safety issues.Findings Between July 20, 2015, and April 4, 2017, 530 patients were randomly allocated to ramucirumab plus docetaxel (n=263) or placebo plus docetaxel (n=267) and comprised the intention-to-treat population. At database lock (March 21, 2018) for the final overall survival analysis, median follow-up was 7.4 months (IQR 3.5-13.9). In our sensitivity analysis of investigator-assessed progression-free survival at the overall survival database lock, median progression-free survival remained significantly improved with ramucirumab compared with placebo (4.1 months [95% CI 3.3-4.8] vs 2.8 months [2.6-2.9]; HR 0.696 [95% CI 0.573-0.845]; p=0.0002). Median overall survival was 9.4 months (95% CI 7.9-11.4) in the ramucirumab group versus 7.9 months (7.0-9.3) in the placebo group (stratified HR 0.887 [95% CI 0.724-1.086]; p=0.25). Grade 3 or worse treatment-related treatment-emergent adverse events in 5% or more of patients and with an incidence more than 2% higher with ramucirumab than with placebo were febrile neutropenia (24 [9%] of 258 patients in the ramucirumab group vs 16 [6%] of 265 patients in the placebo group) and neutropenia (17 [7%] of 258 vs six [2%] of 265). Serious adverse events were similar between groups (112 [43%] of 258 patients in the ramucirumab group vs 107 [40%] of 265 patients in the placebo group). Adverse events related to study treatment and leading to death occurred in eight (3%) patients in the ramucirumab group versus five (2%) patients in the placebo group.Interpretation Additional follow-up supports that ramucirumab plus docetaxel significantly improves progression-free survival, without a significant improvement in overall survival, for patients with platinum-refractory advanced urothelial carcinoma. Clinically meaningful benefit might be restricted in an unselected population. Copyright (C) 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PURPOSE Pembrolizumab has previously shown antitumor activity against programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)–positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Here, we assessed the antitumor activity and safety of pembrolizumab in three parallel cohorts of a larger mCRPC population. METHODS The phase II KEYNOTE-199 study included three cohorts of patients with mCRPC treated with docetaxel and one or more targeted endocrine therapies. Cohorts 1 and 2 enrolled patients with RECIST-measurable PD-L1–positive and PD-L1–negative disease, respectively. Cohort 3 enrolled patients with bone-predominant disease, regardless of PD-L1 expression. All patients received pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks for up to 35 cycles. The primary end point was objective response rate per RECIST v1.1 assessed by central review in cohorts 1 and 2. Secondary end points included disease control rate, duration of response, overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS Two hundred fifty-eight patients were enrolled: 133 in cohort 1, 66 in cohort 2, and 59 in cohort 3. Objective response rate was 5% (95% CI, 2% to 11%) in cohort 1 and 3% (95% CI, < 1% to 11%) in cohort 2. Median duration of response was not reached (range, 1.9 to ≥ 21.8 months) and 10.6 months (range, 4.4 to 16.8 months), respectively. Disease control rate was 10% in cohort 1, 9% in cohort 2, and 22% in cohort 3. Median OS was 9.5 months in cohort 1, 7.9 months in cohort 2, and 14.1 months in cohort 3. Treatment-related adverse events occurred in 60% of patients, were of grade 3 to 5 severity in 15%, and led to discontinuation of treatment in 5%. CONCLUSION Pembrolizumab monotherapy shows antitumor activity with an acceptable safety profile in a subset of patients with RECIST-measurable and bone-predominant mCRPC previously treated with docetaxel and targeted endocrine therapy. Observed responses seem to be durable, and OS estimates are encouraging.

Radium-223 is a first-in-class targeted alpha therapy to prolong overall survival (OS) in castration-resistant prostate cancer with bone metastases (mCRPC). The aim of the present analysis was to assess the long-term safety with radium-223 in Japanese patients with mCRPC. Patients with symptomatic mCRPC, ≥ 2 bone metastases and no known visceral metastases received up to 6 injections of radium-223 (55 kBq/kg), one every 4 weeks. Adverse events (AEs) considered to be related to radium-223 were reported until 3 years after the first injection. Pre-specified conditions, such as acute myelogenous leukemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, aplastic anemia, primary bone cancer, or other primary malignancies, were reported regardless of causality. Of the 49 patients enrolled in the study, 44 (89.8%) entered the survival follow-up period and 33 (67.3%) died. Throughout the entire study, there were no reports of second primary malignancy or other pre-specified conditions. Eight patients (16.3%) experienced post-treatment drug-related AEs, which were all hematological (anemia and decreased lymphocyte, platelet, and white blood cell counts). No serious post-treatment drug-related AEs were reported. Updated median OS was 19.3 months (95% CI: 14.2, 28.5). In Japanese patients with symptomatic mCRPC and bone metastases, radium-223 had a favorable long-term safety profile with no second primary malignancies reported. Taken together with median OS, which was comparable to that in the pivotal phase III ALSYMPCA study, these results support continued benefit from radium-223 in Japanese patients with mCRPC.

Background Darolutamide, an oral androgen receptor inhibitor, has been approved for treating nonmetastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (nmCRPC), based on significant improvements in metastasis-free survival (MFS) in the ARAMIS clinical trial. Efficacy and safety of darolutamide in Japanese patients are reported here. Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial, 1509 patients with nmCRPC and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time ≤ 10 months were randomized 2:1 to darolutamide 600 mg twice daily or matched placebo while continuing androgen deprivation therapy. The primary endpoint was MFS. Results In Japan, 95 patients were enrolled and randomized to darolutamide (n = 62) or placebo (n = 33). At the primary analysis (cut-off date: September 3, 2018), after 20 primary end-point events had occurred, median MFS was not reached with darolutamide vs. 18.2 months with placebo (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.11–0.70). Median OS was not reached due to limited numbers of events in both groups but favored darolutamide in the Japanese subgroup. Time to pain progression, time to PSA progression, and PSA response also favored darolutamide. Among Japanese patients randomized to darolutamide vs. placebo, incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were 85.5 vs. 63.6%, and incidences of treatment discontinuation due to TEAEs were 8.1 vs. 6.1%. Conclusions Efficacy outcomes favored darolutamide in Japanese patients with nmCRPC, supporting the clinical benefit of darolutamide in this patient population. Darolutamide was well tolerated; however, due to the small sample size, it is impossible to conclude with certainty whether differences in the safety profile exist between Japanese and overall ARAMIS populations.

First‑line chemotherapy for men with metastatic castration‑resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) has been employed to improve overall survival (OS) and progression‑free survival (PFS). However, several new agents for CRPC after first‑line chemotherapy prolonged survival by only a few months. To develop a new treatment modality, we conducted a phase III randomized trial of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‑A24‑positive patients with castration‑resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) for whom docetaxel chemotherapy failed. This randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled, phase III trial was carried out at 68 medical centers in Japan. Patients were randomly assigned at a 2:1 ratio to receive PPV or placebo. Four of 12 warehouse peptides selected based on pre‑existing peptide‑specific immunoglobulin G levels or the corresponding placebo were subcutaneously injected in 6 doses weekly and then bi‑weekly following the maximum of 30 doses until disease progression. The primary end‑point was overall survival (OS). Efficacy analyses were performed by the full analysis set. Between August 2013 and April 2016, 310 patients were randomly assigned, and 306 patients were analyzed. Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups. The estimated median OS was 16.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 13‑18.2] with PPV and 16.9 months (95% CI, 13.1‑20.4) with placebo [hazard ratio (HR), 1.04, 95% CI, 0.80‑1.37; P=0.77]. Grade ≥3 adverse events were observed in 41% of both groups. The analysis of treatment arm effects among subgroups revealed lower HRs for OS in favor of the PPV arm in patients with

Background In a phase III clinical trial, CheckMate 025, treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with nivolumab demonstrated superior efficacy over everolimus. However, as the clinical trial excluded patients with specific complications and poor performance status (PS), the effectiveness and safety of nivolumab in clinical practice, in which patients with various clinical complications are treated, is unclear. This study explored real-world nivolumab treatment in Japanese mRCC patients. Methods This is an interim analysis of a multicenter, non-interventional, medical record review study (minimum follow-up: 9 months). All eligible Japanese mRCC patients who first received nivolumab between February and October 2017 were included; data cut-off was April 2019. We analyzed nivolumab treatment patterns, efficacy (including overall survival, progression-free survival, objective response rate, and duration of response) and safety (including immune-related adverse events). Results Of 208 evaluable patients, 31.7% received nivolumab as fourth- or later line of treatment. At data cut-off, 26.9% of patients were continuing nivolumab treatment. The major reason for discontinuation was disease progression (n = 100, 65.8%). Median overall survival was not reached; the 12-month survival rate was 75.6%. Median progression-free survival was 7.1 months, the objective response rate was 22.6%, and median duration of response was 13.3 months. Patients who were excluded or limited in number in CheckMate 025, such as those with non-clear cell RCC or poor PS, also received benefits from nivolumab treatment. Immune-related adverse events occurred in 27.4% of patients (grade ≥ 3, 10.1%). Conclusion Nivolumab was effective and well-tolerated in real-world Japanese mRCC patients. Trial registration UMIN000033312

Background Abiraterone (AA) and enzalutamide (ENZA) are increasingly being used in chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer owing to efficacy and favorable toxicity. However, the order in which they should be administered has not been determined. Patients and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the records of chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who had received sequential treatment with either AA followed by ENZA (AA-ENZA) or the converse (ENZA-AA). Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rates (defined as ≥ 50% PSA decline from baseline), first-line progression-free survival (PFS), second-line PFS, combined PFS (defined as first-line PFS plus second-line PFS), and overall survival are compared between the 2 sequence groups. Results A total of 97 patients received sequential treatment with AA and ENZA; 50 patients were in the AA-ENZA group, and 47 patients were in the ENZA-AA group. The PSA response rate to first-line treatment was not significantly different between AA (48%) and ENZA (51%) ( P = .840). However, a significant difference was observed in the PSA response rate to second-line treatment (AA, 6.4% vs. ENZA, 30%; P = .004). The median combined PFS was not significantly different between sequence groups (hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.46-1.08; log-rank P = .105). The order of addition also had no significant effect on median overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.64-1.52; log-rank P = .834). Conclusion With the exception of the second-line PSA response, there was no significant difference in clinical outcomes between the AA-ENZA and ENZA-AA groups. Our results might be useful reference in daily practice, especially for patients who do not have a suitable general condition for chemotherapy.

Background Radium-223 dichloride (radium-223) is the first targeted alpha therapy approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with bone metastases. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of radium-223 in Japanese patients with symptomatic CRPC and bone metastases. Methods In this open-label, multicenter, phase II study, patients with progressive, symptomatic CRPC and bone metastases were treated with radium-223 (55 kBq/kg, intravenously) in a 4-week cycle for six cycles. The primary endpoint was the percent change in total alkaline phosphatase (ALP) from baseline at 12 weeks. Secondary endpoints included the percent ALP change from baseline to end of treatment (EOT), ALP response rates, percent change in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) from baseline to 12 weeks and EOT, PSA response rates, overall survival (OS), and time to symptomatic skeletal events (SSEs). Adverse events were monitored throughout the study period. Results Of the 49 Japanese patients (median age 74 years), 28 completed all infusions. Mean percent change in total ALP and PSA from baseline to 12 weeks was −19.3 and +97.4%, respectively. One-year OS and SSE-free rate at the end of active follow-up were 78 and 89%, respectively. The ALP response rate was 31%, while the PSA response rate was 6%. Grade 3/4 treatment-emergent adverse events observed in ≥10% of patients included decreased lymphocyte count (14%), anemia (14%), anorexia (10%), and bone pain (10%). Conclusions Radium-223 is effective and well tolerated in Japanese patients with CRPC and bone metastases. Results were comparable with the Alpharadin in Symptomatic Prostate Cancer Patients (ALSYMPCA) trial. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01929655. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10147-017-1176-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Subgroup analyses of a randomized global phase II study of axitinib showed objective response rate of 66% and median progression‐free survival of 27.6 months in treatment‐naïve Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This analysis evaluated overall survival (OS) and safety in 44 Japanese patients and compared the results with 169 non‐Japanese patients. In addition, baseline characteristics for predictive factors that may influence OS in first‐line metastatic RCC were explored in all patients using a Cox proportional hazard model. With median follow‐up of 33 months, fewer than half (16 of 44) of the Japanese patients had died and median OS was not reached (95% confidence interval [CI], 38.8 months–not estimable), whereas 107 of 169 (63%) non‐Japanese patients had died and median OS was 33.9 months (95% CI, 28.9–42.7). Estimated 1‐year, 2‐year and 3‐year survival probability (95% CI) was 86.4% (76.2–96.5), 75.0% (62.2–87.8) and 68.2% (54.4–81.9), respectively, in Japanese patients, and was higher than that in non‐Japanese patients (75.1% [68.4–81.8], 62.1% [54.5–69.7] and 47.2% [39.3–55.1], respectively). The updated safety analysis did not reveal any new adverse events of concern among Japanese or non‐Japanese patients. The multivariate analysis identified that lower baseline Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, lower baseline tumor burden, and longer time from histopathological diagnosis to treatment were significant positive predictors of OS. The current analysis confirmed the clinical activity of axitinib in treatment‐naïve Japanese patients with metastatic RCC, with an acceptable toxicity profile.

With >2 years of follow-up, Japanese patients from the international phase III CheckMate 025 study had a higher response rate with nivolumab versus everolimus and a favorable safety profile., Background Nivolumab improved overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR) versus everolimus in previously treated patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in the phase III CheckMate 025 study (minimum follow-up: 14 months). We report efficacy and safety in the global and Japanese populations (minimum follow-up: 26 months). Methods Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks or everolimus 10-mg tablet orally once daily. Primary endpoint: OS, key secondary endpoints: ORR, progression-free survival and safety. Results Of 410 (nivolumab) and 411 (everolimus) patients, 37 (9%) and 26 (6%), respectively, were Japanese. Median OS for the global population was 26.0 months (nivolumab) and 19.7 months (everolimus; hazard ratio 0.73 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.61–0.88]; P = 0.0006), with medians not reached for Japanese patients. ORR for the global population was 26% (nivolumab) versus 5% (everolimus; odds ratio 6.13; 95% CI: 3.77–9.95); ORR for Japanese patients: 43% versus 8% (odds ratio 9.14; 95% CI: 1.76–88.33). In Japanese patients, any-grade treatment-related adverse events (AEs) occurred in 78% (Grade 3–4, 19%; most common, anemia [5%]) treated with nivolumab and 100% (Grade 3–4, 58%; most common, hypertriglyceridemia [12%]) treated with everolimus; the most common with nivolumab was diarrhea (19%) and with everolimus was stomatitis (77%). Quality of life was stable in the nivolumab arm. Conclusions With >2 years of follow-up, Japanese patients had a higher response rate with nivolumab versus everolimus that was more pronounced yet consistent with the global population, with median OS not reached, and a favorable safety profile.

Background: To develop a new treatment modality, we conducted a phase 3 randomised trial of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A24-positive patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) for whom docetaxel chemotherapy failed. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial was done at 68 medical centers in Japan. Eligible patents were aged 20 years or older with HLA-A24-positive, CRPC progressing after docetaxel chemotherapy, positive immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to at least 2 of 12 warehouse peptides, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1, life expectancy of at least 12 weeks, serum testosterone level of ≤ 50 ng/dl, and satisfactory bone marrow function, hepatic function, and renal function. Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive PPV or placebo. Four of 12 warehouse peptides selected based on pre-existing peptide-specific IgG levels or the corresponding placebo were subcutaneously injected in 6 doses weekly and then bi-weekly following the maximum of 30 doses until disease progression. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), and secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and immune responses. Efficacy analyses were by the full analysis set. Findings: Between August 2013 and April 2016, 310 patients were randomly assigned (207 to PPV and 103 to placebo), and 306 patients were analyzed by the full analysis set (204 to PPV and 102 to placebo). Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups. The estimated median OS was 16.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 13–18·2) with PPV and 16·9 months (95% CI, 13·1–20·4) with placebo (hazard ratio [HR], 1·04; 95% CI, 0·80–1·37; p=0·77). The median PFS was not significantly different between groups. Grade < 3 adverse events were observed in 41% in both groups. The most common AEs were < grade 3 injection site reactions in both groups. The analysis of treatment arm effects among subgroups revealed lower HRs for OS in favor of the PPV arm in patients with < 64% neutrophils (HR, 0·55; 95% CI, 0·33–0·93, p=0·03) or ≥ 26% lymphocytes (HR, 0·70; 95% CI, 0·52–0·92, p=0·02) at base line by the significant interaction test (p=0·003 or p=0·007). Interpretation: PPV did not prolong OS or PFS in HLA-A24-positive patients with CRPC progressing after docetaxel chemotherapy. Subgroup analysis suggested that the patients with a lower proportion of neutrophils or a higher proportion of lymphocytes at base line can receive survival benefits from PPV treatment. Trial Regstration: This study is registered with UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000011308), and patient enrollment is complete. Funding Statement: This study was supported by grants from the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (No. 18im0110802h0008) and Fujifilm Company. Declaration of Interests: MN has served as an advisory board consultant for BrightPath biotherapeutics Co. Ltd. KI received research funding from Taiho Pharmaceutical Company. SN has served as a consultant to BrightPath biotherapeutics Co. Ltd and received an honorarium from Sanofi. All other authors declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The protocol was approved by institutional review boards or ethical committees at all of the institutions. All patients were Japanese and provided written informed consent before participating in this study.

4522 Background: TAS0313 is a cancer vaccine cocktail comprising three long peptides with a total of 12 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope peptides. We performed a multicenter phase I/II study including patient (pts) with urothelial carcinoma (UC) treated using TAS0313 combined with pembrolizumab. Methods: The enrolled pts with a histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma had at least one of the following HLA types: HLA-A*02:01, -A*02:06, -A*02:07, -A*11:01, -A*24:02, -A*31:01, or -A*33:03. For cohort C1, eligible pts were those who received platinum-based chemotherapy and were naïve to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). For cohort C2, eligible pts were those who progressed onto treatment with pembrolizumab. TAS0313 (9 mg) was subcutaneously administered on days 1, 8, and 15 of cycles 1 and 2 and day 1 of cycle 3 or later in 21-day cycles, while pembrolizumab (200 mg) was intravenously administered on day 1 of cycle 1 or later in 21-day cycles until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. Tumor response was evaluated using the RECIST v1.1 criteria. The TAS0313 target antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) was analyzed before and after treatment. The primary objective was to evaluate efficacy, while the secondary objective was to evaluate the safety and tolerability of the combination therapy. Results: As of 10th September 2020, 46 pts with a median age of 71.0 and 65.5 years, in cohort C1 (n = 36) and cohort C2 (n = 10), respectively, have been treated with the combination therapy. For cohorts C1 and C2, the median follow-up duration was 6.47 and 6.95 months, while the median treatment duration was 4.86 and 2.56 months, respectively. In cohort C1, the overall response rate and disease control rate (DCR) were 33.3% (16.7% complete response, 16.7% partial response) and 66.7% (33.3% stable disease), respectively. The median progression-free survival was 5.0 months, median overall survival (OS) was not yet reached, and 1-year OS rate was 74.3%. The best overall response in cohort C2 was stable disease in 5/10 pts, resulting in a DCR of 50.0%. Increase in IgG level was detected after treatment in both the cohorts. The most common adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of TAS0313 and/or pembrolizumab were grade 1–2 injection site reactions and pyrexia. There were no grade 3–5 ADRs with an incidence of ≥10%. Conclusions: This study confirmed the tolerability, safety, and immune response of TAS0313 combined with pembrolizumab in cohorts C1 and C2. We observed promising efficacy in pts with ICI-naïve UC in cohort C1; however, in pts with pembrolizumab-refractory UC in cohort C2, limited efficacy was seen. Therefore, a large-scale randomized study is needed to clarify the benefits of TAS0313 combined with ICI in ICI-naïve pts. Clinical trial information: 183824.

Axitinib demonstrated clinical activity and safety in treatment-naïve Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Multivariate analyses identified potential predictive factors for axitinib efficacy in first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma., Objectives To conduct Japanese subgroup analyses of a randomized, global Phase II study of axitinib with and without dose titration in first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma and to explore predictive factors for axitinib efficacy in first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Methods The data included 44 Japanese and 169 non-Japanese treatment-naïve patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Patients received twice-daily axitinib 5 mg during a 4-week lead-in period. Patients who met the pre-defined randomization criteria were stratified by Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status and randomly assigned (1:1) to axitinib or placebo titration. The primary endpoint was objective response rate; secondary endpoints included progression-free survival and safety. Predictive factors were analyzed using data from all patients. Results The objective response rate (95% confidence interval) was 66% (50–80%) vs. 44% (36–52%) in Japanese and non-Japanese patients, respectively. At the primary analysis, median progression-free survival could not be estimated for Japanese patients, and was 27.6 months (95% confidence interval: 16.6–33.2) in an updated analysis. Hypertension, diarrhea, hand–foot syndrome, dysphonia, hypothyroidism and proteinuria were common adverse events in Japanese patients. Due to a small number of randomized patients, effects of axitinib dose titration could not sufficiently be confirmed among Japanese patients. The multivariate analysis identified time from histopathological diagnosis to treatment and sum of the longest diameter for target lesion at baseline as independent predictive factors for progression-free survival. Conclusions Axitinib is effective and well tolerated as first-line metastatic renal cell carcinoma therapy in Japanese patients. Predictive factors for axitinib efficacy endpoints identified in this setting warrant further investigation.

5526 Background: In the phase II KEYNOTE-199 study (NCT02787005), pembrolizumab monotherapy demonstrated antitumor activity in pts with docetaxel-refractory mCRPC (n = 258). Here we evaluated the association between prespecified molecular biomarkers and clinical outcomes. Methods: Cohorts 1 (C1) and 2 (C2) enrolled pts with RECIST-measurable PD-L1–positive (combined positive score [CPS] ≥1 using immunohistochemistry) and PD-L1–negative (CPS

e17584 Background: Pembrolizumab monotherapy has shown antitumor activity and acceptable safety in patients with mCRPC previously treated with a next-generation hormone agent (NHA) and docetaxel. Presented herein are updated results from KEYNOTE-199 (NCT02787005), a multicohort phase 2 study, in patients with RECIST-measurable PD-L1+ disease (C1), RECIST-measurable, PD-L1− disease (C2), and bone-predominant disease, irrespective of PD-L1 (C3). Methods: Patients who previously received ≥1 NHA and 1 or 2 chemotherapies, including docetaxel, received pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W for 35 cycles or until progression/toxicity. The primary end point was ORR per RECIST v1.1 by blinded independent central review (BICR). Key secondary end points were DCR, PSA response rate (≥50% decrease from baseline), time to PSA progression, rPFS, OS, DOR, and safety. rPFS and OS were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Of 258 treated patients (C1, 133; C2, 67; C3, 58), 6 completed therapy (C1, 4; C3, 2) and 252 discontinued (C1, 129; C2, 67; C3, 56), primarily due to progression (C1, 106; C2, 61; C3, 45). Median (range) time from enrollment to data cutoff was 31.3 mo (26.7-34.7) in C1, 30.6 mo (28.0-34.1) in C2, and 32.6 mo (27.4-34.4) in C3. Efficacy results are displayed in the table. ORR (95% CI) for patients with measurable disease was 6% (2.6-11.5) in C1 and 3% (0.4-10.4) in C2. Of 10 responders, 6 had a DOR ≥18 mo. Median time to PSA progression was 4 mo across cohorts. Any grade treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) occurred in 57-60% of patients across C1-3. Grade ≥3 TRAEs occurred in 16% of patients in C1, 15% in C2, and 17% in C3; 1 patient in each cohort died of a TRAE (C1, sepsis; C2, unknown; C3, immune-related pneumonitis). Conclusions: Pembrolizumab monotherapy was well tolerated and showed durable, antitumor activity and disease control with survival up to 24 mo in 3 cohorts of docetaxel and NHA-pretreated patients with RECIST-measurable or bone-predominant mCRPC. Clinical trial information: NCT02787005 . [Table: see text]

104 Background: The KEYNOTE-199 multicohort phase 2 study (NCT02787005) showed that pembro monotherapy has antitumor activity and acceptable safety in patients (pts) with mCRPC previously treated with a next-generation hormonal agent (NHA) and docetaxel in cohort 1 (C1) (RECIST-measurable, PD-L1+ disease), C2 (RECIST-measurable, PD-L1− disease), and C3 (bone-predominant disease, irrespective of PD-L1). Updated results with additional follow-up for C1-3 are presented. Methods: Pts previously received ≥1 NHAs and 1 or 2 chemotherapies, including docetaxel. Pts received pembro 200 mg Q3W for 35 cycles or until progression or intolerable toxicity. Primary end point was ORR. Key secondary end points were DCR, DOR, PSA (≥50%) response rate, rPFS, OS, and safety. Results: Of 258 pts enrolled (C1=133; C2=67; C3=58), 6 completed (C1=4; C3=2) and 252 discontinued (C1=129; C2=67; C3=56) therapy, primarily due to progression (C1=106; C2=61; C3=45). Median follow-up was 9.6 mo (C1, 9.5; C2, 7.9; C3, 14.2). ORR (95% CI) for pts with measurable disease was 6% (2.6-11.5) in C1 and 3% (0.4-10.4) in C2 (Table; includes other efficacy results). Treatment-related AEs of any grade/grade 3-5 occurred in 57%/16% in C1, 60%/15% in C2, and 71%/17% in C3. 1 pt in each cohort died of a treatment-related AE (C1, sepsis; C2, unknown; C3, immune-related pneumonitis). Conclusions: With additional follow-up, pembro monotherapy continued to show antitumor activity and disease control in pts with RECIST-measurable and bone-predominant mCRPC previously treated with both NHA and docetaxel. Pts experienced durable responses. Safety was consistent with the known safety profile of pembro. Clinical trial information: NCT02787005. [Table: see text]

677 Background: Guidelines for treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) recommend nivolumab monotherapy (NIVO) for treated mRCC, and nivolumab + ipilimumab combination therapy (NIVO+IPI) for untreated IMDC intermediate and poor risk mRCC patients. Though molecular targeted therapies (TTs) such as VEGFR-TKIs and mTORi are recommended as subsequent therapy after NIVO or NIVO+IPI, their impact is still unclear. Methods: Japanese mRCC patients treated with TT after NIVO (CheckMate 025) or NIVO+IPI (CheckMate 214) were retrospectively analyzed. Primary endpoints were investigator assessed ORR of the first TT after NIVO, and after NIVO+IPI. Secondary endpoints included treatment-free survival (TFS) after discontinuation of NIVO and NIVO+IPI, and progression-free survival (PFS) and safety of the first subsequent TT after NIVO and NIVO+IPI. Results: Twenty-six patients of CheckMate 025 and 19 patients of CheckMate 214 from 20 centers in Japan were analyzed. Median TFS after ICI discontinuation was 1.0m and 2.5m for CheckMate 025 and CheckMate 214 patients, respectively. Median follow-up period from the start of TT after ICI discontinuation to date of analysis or death was 22.1m for CheckMate 025, and 20.3m for CheckMate 214 patients. As the first subsequent TT after NIVO or NIVO+IPI, axitinib was the most treated therapy for both CheckMate 025 (53.8%) and CheckMate 214 (47.4%) patients. ORR of TT after NIVO and NIVO+IPI was 26.9% and 31.6%, and median PFS was 8.9m and 16.3m, respectively. During the treatment of first TT after NIVO and NIVO+IPI, 98% percent experienced treated-related adverse events, 51% experienced grade 3-4, but no treatment related death. Conclusions: TTs have favorable antitumor activity for mRCC after NIVO and NIVO+IPI, possibly by changing the mode of action. Safety signals of TTs after ICI were similar to the previous reports. These results indicate sequential TTs after ICI may contribute for durable survival benefit.

Primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduced incidence of febrile neutropenia in Japanese metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients. Cabazitaxel+G-CSF therapy was a safe and effective treatment option., Background Cabazitaxel is an efficacious treatment for patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have previously progressed on docetaxel, but febrile neutropenia during the first cycle is a frequent complication. Asian patients are at increased risk of febrile neutropenia. Although primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor can reduce the incidence, its efficacy has not been prospectively demonstrated in Japanese patients with cabazitaxel treatment. Methods PEGAZUS, a prospective, single-arm study conducted at eight clinical sites in Japan, enrolled 21 heavily pretreated patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Patients received cabazitaxel 25 mg/m2 every 3 weeks, up to 10 cycles. Oral prednisolone 10 mg was taken daily. Pegfilgrastim 3.6 mg was administered at least 24 h after the cabazitaxel infusion. The primary endpoint was the incidence of febrile neutropenia in the first cycle. Results The median number of treatment cycles was seven. The relative dose intensity of cabazitaxel was 67.4% (range, 53.2–91.3%). Two of 21 patients (9.5%) experienced febrile neutropenia in the first cycle. This rate was lower than the rate (43%) previously observed without prophylactic granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in a similar patient population. Six patients showed a prostate-specific antigen response (28.6%). Three of four patients evaluable for tumor response had stable disease and one had progressive disease. Grade ≥3 diarrhea was not observed. Primary prophylaxis with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor significantly reduced the incidence of febrile neutropenia in this study. Conclusions Cabazitaxel plus granulocyte colony-stimulating factor is safe and effective for Japanese patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer who have previously progressed on docetaxel. Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02441894).

Background Nivolumab treatment resulted in superior efficacy and safety versus everolimus treatment in the 2-year follow-up of the CheckMate 025 Phase III study, with consistent results in the global population and the Japanese population. Here, we report the 3-year follow-up in both groups. Methods Patients were randomized 1:1 to nivolumab 3 mg/kg intravenously every 2 weeks or everolimus 10 mg orally once daily until progression/intolerable toxicity. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). Key secondary endpoints included objective response rate, progression-free survival, safety and patient-reported quality of life. Results Of 410 and 411 patients randomized to nivolumab and everolimus, 37 and 26 were Japanese, respectively. The median OS for the global population was 25.8 months with nivolumab and 19.7 months with everolimus (hazard ratio 0.74; 95.5% confidence interval [CI]: 0.63-0.88; P = 0.0005); in the Japanese population, median OS was 45.9 months and not reached (hazard ratio 1.08; 95% CI: 0.50-2.34; P = 0.85), respectively. The investigator-assessed objective response rate was 26% versus 5% with nivolumab versus everolimus (odds ratio [OR] 6.19; 95% CI: 3.82-10.06) in the global population and 43% versus 8% in the Japanese population (OR 6.80; 95% CI: 1.60-28.91; P = 0.0035), respectively. The incidence of any-grade treatment-related adverse events was lower with nivolumab versus everolimus in both the global patient population (80% versus 89%) and the Japanese population (81% versus 100%). Conclusions At the 3-year follow-up, the efficacy and safety results of CheckMate 025 are generally consistent in the global and the Japanese populations.

Background The effectiveness of cancer control is unclear after radical prostatectomy for patients with clinical T3 prostate cancer. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 1409 patients who underwent radical prostatectomy between April 2007 and December 2014, including 210 patients with cT3 prostate cancer. Nine patients who received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and three patients who were lost to follow-up were excluded from the analysis. Clinical staging was performed by an experienced radiologist using preoperative magnetic resonance imaging findings. We analyzed the predictors of biochemical recurrence using Cox proportional hazard analyses. Results A total of 113 patients (57%) underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and 85 patients (43%) underwent robot-assisted radical prostatectomy. The median follow-up period was 36 months. Downstaging occurred for 60 patients (30%), positive surgical margins were identified in 117 patients (59%), and biochemical recurrence was observed for 89 patients (45%). In the multivariate analyses, the independent preoperative predictors of biochemical recurrence were ≥50% proportion of positive biopsy cores [hazard ratio (HR): 2.858, P < 0.0001] and a biopsy Gleason score of ≥8 (HR: 1.800, P = 0.0093). The independent post-operative predictors of biochemical recurrence were positive surgical margins (HR: 2.490, P = 0.0018) and seminal vesicle invasion (HR: 2.750, P < 0.0001). Conclusions Among patients with cT3 prostate cancer, the percentage of positive biopsy cores and the biopsy Gleason score should be considered to select treatment. Compared with radical retropubic prostatectomy, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy may be a feasible treatment option in this setting.

Objectives To investigate the therapeutic outcomes of neoadjuvant and concurrent androgen-deprivation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy with gold marker implantation for intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer. Methods This was a retrospective study of 325 patients with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer according to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines who underwent androgen-deprivation therapy and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (76 Gy) after gold marker implantation between 2001 and 2010. Results The 5-year distant metastasis-free survival rate was significantly lower for very high-risk patients than for intermediate- and high-risk patients (82.6% vs 99.4% and 96.5%, respectively; P

Previous study reported that patients treated with axitinib as second-line therapy had longer median progression-free survival than those treated with sorafenib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). In this study, we reviewed our experience of axitinib as a first-line therapy for mRCC in Japanese patients, focusing on its efficacy and safety. We retrospectively assessed 26 patients treated with axitinib as a first-line therapy for mRCC from July 2010 to July 2014 at Chiba Cancer Center and Kinki University Hospital. Observation period was 24.6 ± 18.3 months. The objective response rate was 50.0%, and the median progression-free survival was 27.5 months. Overall survival was not estimable. Common grade 3 adverse events were hypertension in 19 patients and proteinuria in 5 patients. Axitinib demonstrated significant efficacy as a first-line therapy in Japanese patients with mRCC. Careful monitoring and management of the adverse effects may help to control its toxicities.

We conducted a retrospective study to compare the perioperative course and lymph node (LN) counts of patients undergoing limited pelvic lymphadenectomy (lPLND) or extended pelvic lymphadenectomy (ePLND) during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy in an initial Japanese series. The cohort included 1333 patients who underwent either lPLND (n = 902) or ePLND (n = 431) during robot-assisted radical prostatectomy at five institutions in Japan. All complications within 28 days of surgery were recorded, and clinical data were collected retrospectively. The outcomes and complications were compared relative to the extent of lymphadenectomy, and we conducted univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to assess the predictors of the major complications. On multivariate analysis for evaluating the associations between major complications and perioperative characteristics, console time (p = 0.001) was significantly associated with major complications, although the extent of lymphadenectomy (p = 0.272) was not significantly associated with major complications. In the distribution of positive LNs removed in the extended pelvic lymphadenectomy cohort, 60.4% of patients had positive LNs only in the obturator/internal iliac region. However, 22.6% of the patients with positive LNs had no positive LNs in the obturator/internal iliac region, but only in the external/common iliac region. ePLND, which significantly increased the console time and blood loss but nearly quadrupled the lymph node yield, is considered a relatively safe and acceptable procedure. Moreover, the results of this study suggest that ePLND improves staging and removes a greater number of metastatic nodes.

An important clinical question of great interest to clinicians is how to best sequence androgen receptor targeted agents (ARTAs) and chemotherapy for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but the answer is still unclear.To evaluate and compare the clinical outcomes of ARTA and docetaxel (DTX) as second-line treatment in the post first-line ARTA, we conducted a retrospective analysis of chemotherapy-naive mCRPC patients who had received sequential treatment with ARTA followed by another ARTA (ARTA-ARTA) or ARTA followed by DTX (ARTA-DTX).A total of 97 patients were treated with the ARTA-ARTA sequence and 42 with the ARTA-DTX sequence. A prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response to the second-line treatment was observed in 18.6% in the ARTA-ARTA and in 33.3% in the ARTA-DTX sequence, but the difference in PSA response was not statistically significant (P = .057). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly different between ARTA and DTX in the second-line treatment (hazard ratio [HR], 0.38; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.24-0.59; P .001). The favorable outcome in the ARTA-DTX sequence compared with the ARTA-ARTA sequence remained (HR, 0.51, 95% CI, 0.33-0.80; P = .004) in the combined PFS (first-line PFS + second-line PFS). However, no statistically significant difference in overall survival (OS) between the 2 groups was observed (HR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.34-1.09; P = .095). In multivariate analysis, the ARTA-DTX sequence was identified as an independent prognostic factor for combined PFS, but not OS.ARTA-DTX might improve clinical outcomes in terms of second-line PFS and combined PFS, compared with the ARTA-ARTA sequence. However, this significance was not observed for OS.

Introduction: We aimed to perform a multi-institutional study using a national database led by the Japanese Society of Endourology to investigate the effect of surgeon or hospital volume on the safety of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Materials and Methods: Clinical data of 3,214 patients who underwent RARP for the treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer between April 2012 and March 2013 in Japan were evaluated. Surgical outcomes and all intra- and perioperative complications were collected. Results: The intraoperative complication rate was 0.56%. In a total number of 241 patients, 261 perioperative complications were observed. The following percentages of patients presented the Clavien-graded complications: 7.2%, grades 1-2; 0.84%, grade 3; and 0.093%, grade 4a. No cases of multiple organ dysfunction or death (grades 4b and 5) were found. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that the hospital volume (OR 3.6; p = 0.010) for intraoperative complications and surgeon volume (OR 0.19; p < 0.0001) and extended lymph node discectomy (OR 3.9; p < 0.0001) for perioperative complications were significant independent risk factors. Conclusions: Hospital volume for intraoperative complications and surgeon volume and extended lymph node dissection for perioperative complications were significantly associated with increased risk of each complication in RARP.

Summary Background Few treatments with a distinct mechanism of action are available for patients with platinum-refractory advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. We assessed the efficacy and safety of treatment with docetaxel plus either ramucirumab—a human IgG1 VEGFR-2 antagonist—or placebo in this patient population. Methods We did a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial in patients with advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma who progressed during or after platinum-based chemotherapy. Patients were enrolled from 124 sites in 23 countries. Previous treatment with one immune-checkpoint inhibitor was permitted. Patients were randomised (1:1) using an interactive web response system to receive intravenous docetaxel 75 mg/m 2 plus either intravenous ramucirumab 10 mg/kg or matching placebo on day 1 of repeating 21-day cycles, until disease progression or other discontinuation criteria were met. The primary endpoint was investigator-assessed progression-free survival, analysed by intention-to-treat in the first 437 randomised patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02426125. Findings Between July, 2015, and April, 2017, 530 patients were randomly allocated either ramucirumab plus docetaxel (n=263) or placebo plus docetaxel (n=267). Progression-free survival was prolonged significantly in patients allocated ramucirumab plus docetaxel versus placebo plus docetaxel (median 4·07 months [95% CI 2·96–4·47] vs 2·76 months [2·60–2·96]; hazard ratio [HR] 0·757, 95% CI 0·607–0·943; p=0·0118). A blinded independent central analysis was consistent with these results. An objective response was achieved by 53 (24·5%, 95% CI 18·8–30·3) of 216 patients allocated ramucirumab and 31 (14·0%, 9·4–18·6) of 221 assigned placebo. The most frequently reported treatment-emergent adverse events, regardless of causality, in either treatment group (any grade) were fatigue, alopecia, diarrhoea, decreased appetite, and nausea. These events occurred predominantly at grade 1–2 severity. The frequency of grade 3 or worse adverse events was similar for patients allocated ramucirumab and placebo (156 [60%] of 258 vs 163 [62%] of 265 had an adverse event), with no unexpected toxic effects. 63 (24%) of 258 patients allocated ramucirumab and 54 (20%) of 265 assigned placebo had a serious adverse event that was judged by the investigator to be related to treatment. 38 (15%) of 258 patients allocated ramucirumab and 43 (16%) of 265 assigned placebo died on treatment or within 30 days of discontinuation, of which eight (3%) and five (2%) deaths were deemed related to treatment by the investigator. Sepsis was the most common adverse event leading to death on treatment (four [2%] vs none [0%]). One fatal event of neutropenic sepsis was reported in a patient allocated ramucirumab. Interpretation To the best of our knowledge, ramucirumab plus docetaxel is the first regimen in a phase 3 study to show superior progression-free survival over chemotherapy in patients with platinum-refractory advanced urothelial carcinoma. These data validate inhibition of VEGFR-2 signalling as a potential new therapeutic treatment option for patients with urothelial carcinoma. Funding Eli Lilly and Company.

We report the adverse events and efficacy of traditional (4 weeks on 2 weeks off) and alternative sunitinib treatment schedules for Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. We retrospectively investigated 54 patients who received sunitinib for metastatic renal cell carcinoma between May 2006 and June 2012: 32 received a traditional treatment schedule and 22 received an alternative schedule. According to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center risk classification, five patients had favorable prognoses, 42 had intermediate prognoses and seven had poor prognoses. The mean observation periods were 16.3 and 20 months for the traditional and alternative schedule groups, respectively. Adverse events were significantly less common in the alternative schedule group, including most high-grade events. In the traditional and alternative schedule groups, median times to failure were 4.1 and 11.6 months (P = 0.040), median progression-free survival times were 4.1 and 11.3 months (P = 0.031), and median overall survival times were 12.0 and 32.1 months (P = 0.018), respectively. Each of these measures was better in the group of patients who received an alternative treatment schedule, suggesting that individualized changes to the sunitinib administration schedule can be effective.

5033 Background: To develop a new treatment modality, we conducted a phase III randomized trial of personalized peptide vaccination (PPV) for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A24 positive patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) who failed docetaxel chemotherapy. Methods: Patients were randomly assigned in a 2:1 ratio to receive PPV or placebo. Four of 12 warehouse peptides selected based on preexisting peptide-specific immunoglobulin G levels or the corresponding placebo were subcutaneously injected 6 doses weekly followed the maximum of 30 doses bi-weekly until disease progression. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), and secondary end points were progression-free survival (PFS) and immune responses. Results: From August 2013 to April 2016, 310 patients were randomly assigned (207 to PPV and 103 to placebo), and 306 patients were analyzed by the full analysis set (204 to PPV and 102 to placebo). Baseline characteristics were balanced between groups. Estimated median OS was 16.1 months (95% CI, 13 to 18.2) with PPV and 16.9 months (95% CI, 13.1 to 20.4) with placebo (HR, 1.04; 95%CI, 0.79 to 1.37; P = 0.77). Median PFS was also not significantly different among them. Median Grade ≥ 3 adverse events were observed in 41% in both groups. The analysis of treatment arm effects among various subgroups revealed a lower HR for OS in favor of the PPV arm in patients with a < 64% neutrophil proportion (HR, 0.55; 95%CI, 0.33 to 0.93), with a significant interaction test ( P = 0.003). Conclusions: PPV did not prolong either OS or PFS in HLA-A24 positive patients with CRPC progressing after docetaxel chemotherapy. Clinical trial information: 0000113088.

216 Background: Previously presented data from cohorts (C) 1-3 of the phase 2 KEYNOTE-199 study (n = 258; NCT02787005) showed that pembrolizumab monotherapy had antitumor activity and acceptable safety in patients (pts) with mCRPC previously treated with next-generation hormonal agents (NHAs; eg, abiraterone, enzalutamide) and docetaxel. Activity was observed for both PD-L1–positive and negative cohorts and in RECIST-measurable and bone-predominant disease. We present data from KEYNOTE-199 C1, C2, and C3 based on longer-follow-up. Methods: C1 enrolled 133 pts with RECIST-measurable, PD-L1–positive disease, C2 enrolled 66 pts with RECIST-measurable, PD-L1–negative disease, and C3 enrolled 59 pts with nonmeasurable, bone-predominant disease. All pts had ECOG PS 0-2 and received ≥1 NHA and 1-2 prior chemotherapies including docetaxel. Pembrolizumab 200 mg Q3W was given for 35 cycles or until PD or intolerable toxicity. Response was assessed Q9W in yr 1, then Q12W. Primary end point was ORR per RECIST v1.1 by central review. Key secondary end points included DCR (CR + PR + SD ≥6 mo), duration of response (DOR), OS, and safety. Results: Median follow-up as of Aug 21, 2018, was 9.5 mo in C1, 7.9 mo in C2, and 14.1 mo in C3. ORR (95% CI) was 5% (2-11) in C1 and 3% ( < 1-11) in C2. DCR was 10% in C1, 9% in C2, and 22% in C3 per RECIST v1.1. Median (range) DOR was not reached (1.9-21.8+ mo) in C1 and 10.6 mo (4.4-16.8) in C2; KM estimates of DOR ≥12 mo were 71% and 50%. Median (95% CI) OS was 9.5 mo (6.4-11.9) in C1, 7.9 mo (5.9-10.2) in C2, and 14.1 (10.8-17.6) in C3. 12-mo OS rates were 41% in C1, 35% in C2, and 62% in C3; 18-mo rates were 30%, 21%, and 36%. Grade 3-5 drug-related AE rates were 15% in C1, 14% in C2, and 17% in C3. There were 2 drug-related deaths (n = 1 each sepsis and pneumonitis). Conclusions: Pembrolizumab shows antitumor activity and disease control with acceptable safety in RECIST-measurable and bone-predominant mCRPC previously treated with NHAs and docetaxel. Responses are durable, and the observed OS benefit is promising. Clinical trial information: NCT02787005.

To analyze nerve sparing performance at an early stage of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, and the correlation between the surgeons' experience and the risk of a positive surgical margin in patients treated with robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.Patients' records from January 2009 to March 2013 were retrospectively reviewed, and 3469 patients with localized prostate cancer were identified at 45 institutions. Individual surgeon's experience with nerve sparing was recorded as the number of nerve sparing cases among total robot-assisted radical prostatectomies beginning with the first case during which nerve sparing was carried out. Patients were selected by propensity score matching for nerve sparing, and predictive factors of positive surgical margins were analyzed in patients with and without positive surgical margins.A total of 152 surgeons were studied, and the median number of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy cases for all surgeons was 21 (range 1-511). In all, 54 surgeons (35.5%) undertook nerve sparing during their first robot-assisted radical prostatectomy case. For 2388 patients selected with (1194) and without (1194) nerve sparing, predictive factors for positive surgical margin were high initial prostate-specific antigen level (P 0.0001), high biopsy Gleason score (P = 0.0379), presence of neoadjuvant hormone therapy (P = 0.0002) and surgeon's experience with100 cases (P = 0.0058). Thus, nerve sparing was not associated with positive surgical margins.The surgeon's experience influences the occurrence of positive surgical margins, although a considerable number of surgeons carried out nerve sparing during their early robot-assisted radical prostatectomy cases. Surgeons should consider their own experience and prostate cancer characteristics before carrying out a nerve sparing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

The aim of this study was to establish the discriminating accuracy of Kanao’s pre-operative nomogram for renal cell carcinoma in predicting cause-specific survival among representative patients who underwent nephrectomy. Patients originated from two centers: Chiba University Hospital (n ¼ 151) and Chiba Cancer Center (n ¼ 91). We validated the predictive accuracy, which was assessed using Harrell’s concordance-index. The concordance-index values were 0.692 and 0.834 for Chiba University Hospital and Chiba Cancer Center, respectively, although it was 0.822 for the combined data sets. Results of external validation were different at each cohort. We constructed calibration plots of Kanao’s nomogram and confirmed the tendency at each institution. Inconsistency of results among two centers makes it difficult to reach a valid conclusion. Therefore, the predictive accuracy of Kanao’s nomogram was not settled. Clinicians need to confirm the predictive accuracy of Kanao’s nomogram and construct calibration plots when applying this nomogram to different patient populations.

Objective: This study aim to assess the efficacy and safety of sunitinib in Japanese patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in general clinical practice. Patients and Methods: Non-selected fifty eight Japanese patients with mRCC were treated with sunitinib. Overall survival (OS) and time to treatment failure (TTF) were estimated. Response rate and safety profiles were also assessed. Results: Partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease were observed in 13 (22.4%), 26 (44.8%), and 19 (32.8%) patients, respectively. The median TTF was 5.4 months, and the median OS was 11.2 months. In the prior nephrectomy group, the median TTF was 9.0 months, and the median OS was 16.4 months. In the non-nephrectomy group, the median TTF was 1.1 months, and the median OS was 2.8 months. The most frequently occurring Grade 3/4 adverse events (AEs) were anorexia (17.2%), fatigue (12.1%), thrombocytopenia (13.8%), and anemia (12.1%). Conclusions: Sunitinib has a favorable risk/benefit profile in Japanese mRCC patients with a history of nephrectomy.

The objective of the present study was to document the treatment efficacy and safety of sorafenib in Japanese patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). A retrospective analysis of 50 consecutive patients with metastatic RCC between January 2005 and December 2009 was carried out. Patients received sorafenib after failed cytokine therapy or first-line sorafenib treatment. All received 400 mg of sorafenib orally twice daily. Five of 14 patients with bone metastases were also given bisphosphonates. Tumor response was evaluated every 1-2 months according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors. Adverse events (AE) were evaluated at each visit during and after treatment, and were recorded according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0. Dose modification of sorafenib was permitted if grade 3 or 4 AE occurred. Treatment continued until disease progression or treatment intolerance occurred. Partial response, and stable disease as best objective responses were observed in 11 (22%) and 23 (46%) patients, respectively. Median progression-free survival was 7.3 months and median overall survival was 11.9 months. All patients experienced AE and one or more grade 3/4 AE occurred in 43 of 50 (86%) patients. Although it requires close monitoring, sorafenib treatment seemed to be effective in the present study population.

286 Background: Patients with high-risk mHNPC have a poor prognosis. In Japan, mHNPC accounts for approximately 10% of newly diagnosed prostate cancers. AAP was approved for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer in Japan in July 2014. We now report the clinical benefit of AAP with ADT in Japanese patients with newly diagnosed, high-risk mHNPC. Methods: Interim analysis of the multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 study, LATITUDE, was previously reported at ASCO2017. We evaluated the superiority of AA 1g + P 5 mg + ADT (AAP group) to ADT+PBOs of AA and P (P group) in mHNPC with ≥ 2 of 3 risk factors (Gleason ≥ 8, ≥ 3 bone lesions, measurable visceral metastases) for the subgroup of Japanese patients. Results: Of 1199 total patients in LATITUDE trial, 70 patients were Japanese (AAP group, n = 35; P group, n = 35). The hazard ratio (HR) for overall survival in the AAP group versus the P group was 0.635 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.152 to 2.659) and HR for radiographic progression-free survival was 0.219 (95%CI, 0.086 to 0.560). The incidence of adverse events (AE) was 97% (34/35) in both groups. AEs that occurred in the AAP group at a frequency ≥10% compared with the P group included hypertension, hypokalemia, rib fracture, hematuria and hyperbilirubinemia. The incidence of Grade 3 and 4 AEs was 66% in the AAP group and 20% in the P group. As a whole, efficacy and safety of Japanese patients in LATITUDE were shown to be consistent with those of overall population. Conclusions: AAP has shown a favorable risk/benefit balance and may serve as a new treatment option to improve the prognosis of Japanese mHNPC patients with high-risk prognostic factors. Clinical trial information: NCT01715285.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening has led to a remarkable increase in prostate cancer cases undergoing operative therapy. Over half of patients with locally advanced cancer (>or=pT3) develop rising PSA levels (biochemical failure) within 10 years. It is very difficult to predict which patients will progress rapidly to advanced disease following biochemical failure (BF). Therefore, a more useful prognostic factor is needed to suggest the most appropriate therapies for each patient. To determine chromosomal aberrations, we examined 30 patients with stage pT2 or pT3 primary prostate adenocarcinomas and no metastases (pN0M0) by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Laser capture microdissection (LCM) was used to gather cancer cells from frozen prostate specimens. Common chromosomal alterations included losses on 2q23-24, 4q26-28, 6q14-22, 8p12-22 and 13q21-31, as well as gains on 1p32-36, 6p21 and 17q21-22. Losses at 8p12-22 and 13q21-31 were observed more frequently in pT3 than pT2 tumors (P

Objective: Pretreatment serum level of testosterone (T) is a potential prognostic factor for prostate cancer. The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinical significance of pretreatment serum T level in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. Materials and Methods: The subjects were 82 clinically localized prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy, whose pretreatment T levels were recorded. We investigated clinical and pathological factors such as pretreatment serum T level, age, pretreatment PSA or pathological Gleason score concerning the association with pathological stage and biochemical recurrence. Results: The mean pretreatment T level was significantly lower in patients with non-organ-confined prostate cancer (pT3–T4, N1; 3.44±1.19ng/ml) than in patients with organ-confined cancer (pT2; 4.33±1.42ng/ml) ( p =0.0078). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that pathological Gleason score, pretreatment serum T level and pretreatment PSA were significant predictors of extraprostatic disease. When the patients were divided into high and low T level groups according to the median value, pretreatment T levels were not significantly associated with PSA recurrence rates ( p =0.7973). Conclusions: A lower pretreatment T level appears to be predictive of extraprostatic disease in patients with localized prostate cancer.

Although transperineal (TP) prostate biopsy is growing in popularity, its safety has not been evaluated based on extensive studies. We prospectively assessed the adverse events associated with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided TP 16-core prostate biopsy at a single institution. We enrolled 2,086 males who underwent first-time TRUS-guided TP prostate biopsy under lumbar spinal anesthesia at Chiba Cancer Center between 2009 and 2013. Eight adverse events were assessed prospectively using a purpose-designed questionnaire. The prevalence and duration of all adverse events were evaluated. We performed subgroup analyses for hematuria and urinary retention in relation to clinical factors. Questionnaires were collected from 1,663 cases (79.7 %). The cancer detection rate was 53.5 % in all patients. The prevalence and duration of complications were as follows: hematuria, 73.4 % and 4.51 ± 2.88 days; perineal bleeding, 7.1 % and 2.20 ± 2.24 days; hematospermia 14.4 %; dysuria, 15.7 % and 3.12 ± 2.71 days; urinary tract pain, 49.5 % and 2.43 ± 2.08 days; perineal pain, 35.5 % and 3.53 ± 2.59 days; fever ≥37 °C, 1.7 % and 1.79 ± 1.72 days; and headache, 22.1 % and 3.40 ± 2.10 days. Seventeen patients (1.1 %) required indwelling urethral catheterization for grade 2 urinary retention. Pre-biopsy International Prostate Symptom Score (p = 0.014) was an independent related factor for hematuria. Prostate volume (p = 0.001) was an independent related factor for grade 2 urinary retention. TRUS-guided TP prostate biopsy under lumbar spinal anesthesia can be performed safely with only minor adverse events.

There have been few reports of the differences in safety between the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors, everolimus and temsirolimus. The purpose of this study is to compare the adverse event profiles of both agents and to estimate the risk factors for non-infectious pneumonitis in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma on the basis of our real-world clinical experience.Data from 218 consecutive patients that received either everolimus or temsirolimus for advanced renal cell carcinoma at five Japanese centers were retrospectively analyzed. Chi-squared test and univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the differences in adverse event profiles and the risk factors associated with non-infectious pneumonitis, respectively.A total of 196 patients were evaluable. In the everolimus group compared with temsirolimus, stomatitis (56 vs 30 %, p0.001) and non-infectious pneumonitis (38 vs 22 %, p = 0.018) were more frequently observed, and asthenia (11 vs 23 %, p = 0.027), rash (20 vs 36 %, p = 0.018), and fatigue (33 vs 48 %, p = 0.032) occurred less frequently in all grades. On multivariate analysis, male gender (odds ratio 3.65; 95 % confidence interval 1.44-9.26, p = 0.007) and everolimus treatment (odds ratio 2.00; 95 % confidence interval 1.01-3.96, p = 0.046) were significantly associated with development of non-infectious pneumonitis.Our findings suggest that adverse event profiles may differ between everolimus and temsirolimus and that non-infectious pneumonitis may occur more frequently in patients treated with everolimus than temsirolimus. Further investigations are needed to confirm these results.

Background Although transperineal (TP) prostate biopsy is growing in popularity, its safety has not been evaluated based on extensive studies. We prospectively assessed the adverse events associated with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided TP 16-core prostate biopsy at a single institution.

OBJECTIVE We performed a multicenter Phase IIb clinical trial of NMK36, a novel amino acid analog for positron emission tomography containing trans-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid, to evaluate its safety and diagnostic performance for primary prostate cancer. METHODS Sixty-eight subjects with primary prostate cancer scheduled for radical prostatectomy or hormone therapy underwent whole-body positron emission tomography/computed tomography after injection of NMK36. The diagnostic performances of NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography were evaluated for (i) regional lymph node metastasis: comparison with contrast-enhanced computed tomography under setting reference standard (histopathology or 6-month follow-up), (ii) bone metastasis: concordance rate with conventional imaging (combination of bone scintigraphy and contrast-enhanced computed tomography) and (iii) primary lesion: comparison with histopathological findings. RESULTS The accuracy of NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography and contrast-enhanced computed tomography for regional lymph node metastasis were 85.5 and 87.3%, respectively. NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed positive findings for regional lymph nodes with short-axis diameters of 5-9 mm at 23 regions in 13 patients of hormone therapy cohort, but they were not confirmed with reference standard in this study. The concordance rate of NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography with conventional imaging for bone metastases was 83.3%, and seven patients had positive findings only by NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography. The sensitivity and specificity of NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography for primary lesion in six-segment analysis was 92.5 and 90.1%, respectively. Seven of non-serious adverse events were observed in six patients. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the comparable diagnostic performance of NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography compared with conventional imaging. Some lesions of lymph node and bone were positive solely by NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography, which needs to be confirmed with reference standard in future study to evaluate the usefulness of NMK36-positron emission tomography/computed tomography in staging prostate cancer.