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In this paper, we study a novel transmission framework based on statistical channel state information (SCSI) by incorporating edge caching and beamforming in a fog radio access network (F-RAN) architecture. By optimizing the statistical beamforming and edge caching, we formulate a comprehensive nonconvex optimization problem to minimize the backhaul cost subject to the BS transmission power, limited caching capacity, and quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. By approximating the problem using the l 0 -norm, Taylor series expansion, and other processing techniques, we provide a tailored second-order cone programming (SOCP) algorithm for the unicast transmission scenario and a successive linear approximation (SLA) algorithm for the joint unicast and multicast transmission scenario. This is the first attempt at the joint design of statistical beamforming and edge caching based on SCSI under the F-RAN architecture.

A special strain of situational impairment, termed “Severely Constraining Situational Impairments” (SCSI), was explored from a novel qualitative perspective. When a severely impairing event presents, the multitude and complexity of ambient agents are often overwhelming, leading to the inability to devise a solution. To classify and help design for them, interviews and participatory design-based workshops were conducted, revealing that (1) participants attempt to complete mobile transactions, even if it might place them in considerable danger, and (2) significant differences exist in the modalities and steps used to address the onset of a severely impairing event versus those of a non-severe situational impairment. Design solutions generated from the workshops indicated that users want technology to take a larger role in helping manage the added cognitive load inherent in severely impairing events. The revealed implications for design indicate that to maximize the user experience in the mobile device transaction space, designers must account for the presence of these SCSI and the unique design specifications that they require.

Objectives: Developmental programming must work. Following quite a while of vital investigation into open private key sets, we disconfirm the development of Boolean rationale, which typifies the imperative standards of equipment and engineering. Methods/Statistical Analysis: So as to defeat this issue, we utilize interposable innovation to show that the acclaimed established calculation for the development of SCSI circles which keeps running in Ω(n2) time. Findings: We discredited that regardless of the way that the original psychoacoustic calculation for the refinement of computerized to simple converters. Application: FernyMarc might have the capacity to effectively give numerous neural networks without a moment\'s delay. Keywords: FerntMarc, RAID, XML

The Southern Connecticut Stellar Interferometer (SCSI) is an intensity interferometer that is designed to use correlated photon arrival times to determine the geometry of stars. Originally a low-cost, two-telescope instrument that used a 1-pixel single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector at the focal plane of each telescope to record photon events, it is now being upgraded to include a third telescope. This will allow for the simultaneous detection of the photon correlation at three baselines, and thus the ability to map out the two-dimensional geometry of the source much more efficiently than with the two-telescope arrangement. Recent papers in the literature suggest that it may be possible to derive phase information in the Fourier domain from such triple correlations for the brightest stars, potentially giving SCSI an imaging capability. Prior to investigating this possibility, steps must be taken to maximize the observing efficiency of the SCSI. We present here our latest efforts in achieving better pointing, tracking, and collimation with our telescopes, and we discuss our first modeling results of the three-telescope situation in order to understand under what conditions the upgraded SCSI could retrieve imaging information.

iSCSI is an IP based SAN technology, that carrying SCSI commands over TCP/IP. Ceph integrates iSCSI Target as a gateway to provide block layer storage service. A single iSCSI Target could be a system bottleneck because of its computing and I/O performance limitations. However, current software-defined iSCSI Targets can not cooperate on handling SCSI3 Persistent Reservation with each other in an iSCSI Target cluster. In this paper, we have proposed and implemented a mechanism that can synchronize the SCSI3 Persistent Reservation status of an iSCSI LUN among a cluster of Linux iSCSI Targets. By feats of this feature, it would become possible to set up a cluster of iSCSI Targets hosting mutual Ceph RBD images with active/active connections to meet high-performance and high availability requirements of modern business.

Sc-doped semiconductor clusters are the simplest transition metal- and rare-earth metal-doped semiconductor clusters. In this work, the structural evolution behavior and electronic properties of Sc...

This study focuses on local channel correlation based zero-forcing (ZF) precoding design for boosting weighted ergodic sum-rate (WESR) in the cooperative two-cell multiple-input single-output system. We first present that the WESRs of the statistical channel state information (SCSI) aided general eigenvector coordinated beamforming (SCSI-GE) and the conventional ZF beamforming with erroneous instantaneous channel state information (ICSI; eICSI-ZF) saturate to constant values at high SNR due to inter-cell interference. Motivated by this, we develop a ZF coordination framework with local SCSI requirement at the transmitter and low data-sharing backhaul load. Additionally, a low-cost but effective two-dimensional ZF precoding design called 2d-SZF is proposed, which involves only distributed computations based on the local channel correlation. Theoretical analysis and simulation results confirm that the proposed local SCSI-based 2d-SZF scheme yields the most desirable WESR while the WESRs of SCSI-GE and eICSI-ZF both saturate in the high regime of SNR, and are respectively sensitive to the level of spatial channel correlation and ICSI accuracy at finite SNR.

The USB Power Delivery protocol enables USB-connected devices to negotiate power delivery and exchange data over a single connection such as a USB Type-C cable. The protocol incorporates standard commands;however, it also enables vendors to add non-standard commands called vendor-defined messages. These messages are similar to the vendorspecific commands in the SCSI protocol, which enable vendors to specify undocumented commands to implement functionality that meets their needs. Such commands can be employed to enable firmware updates, memory dumps and even backdoors. This chapter analyzes vendor-defined message support in devices that employ the USB Power Delivery protocol, the ultimate goal being to identify messages that could be leveraged in digital forensic investigations to acquire data stored in the devices. This is a post-peer-review, pre-copyedit version of an article published in IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology. The final authenticated version is available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28752-8_6

Primary objective of SST-1 Plasma control system is to achieve Plasma position, shape and current profile control. Architecture of control system for SST-1 is distributed in nature. Fastest control loop time requirement of 100 μs is achieved using VME based simultaneous sampling ADCs, PMC based quad core DSP, Reflective Memory [RFM] based real-time network, VME based real-time trigger distribution network and Ethernet network. All the control loops for shape control, position control and current profile control share common signals from Magnetic diagnostic so it is planned to accommodate all the algorithms on the same PMC based quad core DSP module TS C-43. RFM based real-time data network replicate data from one node to next node in a ring network topology at sustained throughput rate of 13.4 MBps. Real-time Timing System network provides guaranteed trigger distribution in 3.8 μs from one node to all node of the network. Monitoring and configuration of different systems participating in the operation of SST-1 is done by Ethernet network. Magnetic sensors data is acquired using Pentek 6802 simultaneously sampling ADC card at the rate of 10KSPS. All the real-time raw data along with the control data will be archived using RFM network and SCSI HDD for the experiment duration of 1000 s. RFM network is also planned for real-time plotting of key parameter of Plasma during long experiment. After experiment this data is transferred to central storage server for archival purpose. This paper discusses the architecture and hardware implementation of the control system by describing all the involved hardware and software along with future plans for up-gradations.

This paper provides an overview of NVME technology and discusses the relevance to the digital forensics community. The NVM Express standard defines an interface and command set for communication between a host and non-volatile memory devices (SSD's). It allows the direct attachment of SSD storage to the PCI Express bus using PCIe slots, M.2, and U.2 interfaces. NVME was developed with a new command set and is not compatible with ATA/ATAPI or SCSI commands. The introduction of NVME to the market creates new challenges when performing digital forensic acquisition and analysis, where legacy drive commands are expected.

Internet-based virtual computing environment (iVCE) has been proposed to combine data centers and other kinds of computing resources on the Internet to provide efficient and economical services. Virtual machines (VMs) have been widely used in iVCE to isolate different users/jobs and ensure trustworthiness, but traditionally VMs require a long period of time for booting, which cannot meet the requirement of iVCE’s large-scale and highly dynamic applications. To address this problem, in this paper we design and implement VirtMan, a fast booting system for a large number of virtual machines in iVCE. VirtMan uses the Linux Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) target to remotely mount to the source image in a scalable hierarchy, and leverages the homogeneity of a set of VMs to transfer only necessary image data at runtime. We have implemented VirtMan both as a standalone system and for OpenStack. In our 100-server testbed, VirtMan boots up 1000 VMs (with a 15 GB image of Windows Server 2008) on 100 physical servers in less than 120 s, which is three orders of magnitude lower than current public clouds.

With the recent big-data processing in multimedia devices becoming a popular application, a fast and energy efficient storage area network system for smart classroom is required. Traditional storage management system for smart classroom show low performance when small read and write operations are executed. This paper proposes a smart classroom storage management system (SCSMS) which consists of new adaptive chunking and XOR reference matrix based erasure coding techniques for multimedia devices with higher input/output performance and low energy consumption. The SCSI initiator is installed in multimedia devices such as smart TVs, smart phones and personal computers. The proposed adaptive chunking and exclusive-or (XOR) reference matrix-redundant array of inexpensive disks (XRM-RAID)are provided at a target server based on flash array storage, respectively. Adaptive chunking differs from traditional chunking in that it reduces the number of read and write operations by merging small files into a united chunk. XRM-RAID differs from existing RAID in that it reduces the number of XOR operations to generate parity data in the RAID system. This paper provides web based monitoring application of the proposed SCSMS. Experimental results show that the energy consumption of the proposed SCSMS is improved by 32 %, 42 % and 58 % compared to Huang et al., Kim et al. and Scott et al. with respect to file size and buffer size. In terms of the average write throughput, the proposed SCSMS has higher performance by 22 %, 32 % and 56 % compared to Huang et al., Kim et al. and Scott et al. with respect to file size and buffer size.

To build a point to point data transfer system with a configurable protocol, the FPGA devices are used as a cheaper alternative versus ASIC; especially if every data package must be synchronous with a single clock signal for both receiver and transmitter. A brief description of the desired system, hardware programming that rules the communication protocol, design and fabrication of the printed circuit board that makes possible the communication between two FPGA Mezzanine Card through SCSI cable and the final testing of the system, are the followed steps to perform this flexible and high velocity scientific research oriented system.

The Southern Connecticut Stellar Interferometer (SCSI) is a two-telescope astronomical intensity interferometer that was completed in June 2016 and has been taking photon correlation data since that time. It uses single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detectors at the telescope focal plane and a central timing module, which records the signals from both telescopes simultaneously. In the observations taken to date, single-pixel SPADs have been connected to signal cables that stretch from each telescope to the timing module. However, we are now in the process of making the instrument “wireless” by using a separate timing module at each telescope and synchronizing the signals recorded using GPS timing cards. We have also upgraded one of the two stations with an 8-pixel SPAD device, which allows us to achieve higher count rates in a variety of observing conditions. In this paper, we report on the current state of the instrument, including engineering tests made in preparation for wireless operation, and we discuss the expected capabilities in that mode.

The open-source framework for stream processing and enormous information In-memory handling model executed with the machine learning algorithms The data used in subset of non-distributed mode is better than using all data in distributed mode The Apache Spark platform handles big data sets with immaculate parallel speedup.

In this paper, we investigate the secrecy outage performance of a dual-hop decode-and-forward (DF) threshold-based cooperative relay network, both with and without the direct links between source-eavesdropper and source-destination. Without assuming that all the relays can always perfectly decode, here we consider that only those relays who satisfy predetermined threshold can correctly decode the message. We have investigated the outage probability of optimal relay selection scheme, when either full instantaneous channel state information (ICSI) or statistical channel state information (SCSI) of all the links is available. We have shown that CSI knowledge at the transmitter can improve secrecy, and the amount of improvement for the outage probability is more when the required rate is low and for low operating SNR. Asymptotic and diversity gain analysis of the secrecy outage for both the single relay and multi-relay system is obtained, when average SNRs of source-relay and relay-destination links are equal or unequal. We have shown that the improvement in predetermined threshold, eavesdropper channel quality, direct links, and required secrecy rate significantly affects the secrecy performance of the system.

A network may contain links with variable discrete bandwidth, e.g., microwave and copper. The bandwidth of such links may change discretely in response to a changing external environment. The word "availability" is typically used to describe such links during network planning. This document defines a new type of Generalized Switching Capability-Specific Information (SCSI) TLV to extend the Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol. The extension can be used for route computation in a network that contains links with variable discrete bandwidth. Note that this document only covers the mechanisms by which the availability information is distributed. The mechanisms by which availability information of a link is determined and the use of the distributed information for route computation are outside the scope of this document. It is intended that technology-specific documents will reference this document to describe specific uses.

With the rapid diffusion of a wide variety of smartphones, quality issues have become central to consumers. While customer satisfaction of most goods and services has been well researched, little research seems to exist on satisfaction and loyalty with respect to advanced mobile services, such as smartphones. This study applied a customer satisfaction index (CSI) model to the smart mobile sector in order to derive a smart-service CSI (SCSI). The SCSI model and its hypotheses were then tested using partial least square analysis and index calculation. The findings showed that the perceived value and customer satisfaction are key variables mediating the relationship between quality and customer loyalty. The proposed model demonstrated strong explanatory power, with satisfactory reliability and validity. The SCSI model establishes a foundation for future smart service categories on the basis of providing a powerful tool for quality assessment. The results of this study provide useful insights for the telecom industry and policymakers, for the forging of effective policies and competitive strategies.

New green-emitting KBa 1− x ScSi 3 O 9 :Eu 2+ x phosphors for white LEDs were synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction method. The obtained KBa 1− x ScSi 3 O 9 :Eu 2+ x phosphors show the strong broad optical absorption band from UV to blue light region and exhibit broad green emission with a peak at 521 nm under excitation at 405 nm due to the allowed 4f 6 5d 1 −4f 7 transition of Eu 2+ . Optimization of Eu 2+ concentration resulted in the highest green emission peak intensity was obtained at the composition of KBa 0.94 ScSi 3 O 9 :Eu 2+ 0.06 , and the relative emission intensity of this phosphor was 32% of that of a commercial YAG:Ce 3+ phosphor.

As computer systems increase in size and complexity, bugs become ever subtler and more difficult to detect and diagnose. A bug could exist at different layers of computer systems (e.g., applications, shared libraries, file systems, device firmware), or could be caused by the incompatibility among layers. In many cases, bugs would require a very specific combination of events to be triggered and are difficult to replicate, making detection and diagnosis more complicated. Most existing tools for debugging focus on a single layer of the systems (e.g., applications), which are intrusive to the target layer and are fundamentally limited for analyzing issues involving multiple layers. As the first step towards building a multi-layer diagnostic framework, this paper presents our efforts to study the behaviors of Linux kernel bugs at the host-device interface. More specifically, we designed workloads to trigger known kernel bugs, recorded the SCSI commands observed under different kernels, and analyzed the impact of kernel bug patches after multiple runs of the workloads by counting the occurrence of individual SCSI commands. Our preliminary results show that it is possible to identify potential synchronization bugs in the kernel from information at the host-device interface level.

This paper investigates the performance of a two-hop amplify-and-forward (AF) relay network with antenna correlation and co-channel interference (CCI) over Rayleigh fading channels. In this network, the relay has multiple antennas while both the source and destination are equipped with a single antenna. By assuming that the statistical channel state information (SCSI) is available at the relay, the maximal output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is first obtained. Then, with the help of the specialized functions, the analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP), Ergodic capacity and average symbol error rates (ASERs) of the considered AF relay network are all derived. Moreover, the asymptotic analysis at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is also presented to reveal the diversity order and array gain of the relay system. Finally, computer simulations are given to confirm the validity of the theoretical analysis and indicate the effects of antenna correlation and interference on the system performance.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a set of protocols used for communication and data transfer between I/O devices like computers and storage devices. SCSI standards include various commands, interfaces and protocols that are required to communicate with devices such as hard disks, DVD and printers. iSCSI is a storage standard for exposing and utilizing data storage devices over network using TCP/IP protocol. iSCSI provides remote data operations by performing SCSI commands over TCP/IP networks. This paper explains the features of various iSCSI Target Frameworks currently in use, such as SCSI Target Framework (STGT), Generic SCSI Target Subsystems for Linux (SCST), Linux I/O Target (LIO), iSCSI Enterprise Target (IET). The paper also presents a comparison of the features of these implementations.

In this paper, the effective information transfer technique between computing device and portable device that is connected through USB interface has been studied. The proposed technique is realized by the method which portable device is perceived into optical media such as CD-ROM or CD-R/W through SCSI commands on USB interface. Through the proposed system in this study, we maximized user convenience by executing diverse works using stored data in a portable device without installing extra USB driver corresponding to portable device, when user data is transmitted between computing device and portable device. We conducted experimental tests to verify the performance of the proposed system through implementing of test system. As a result, we confirmed the technique is comparatively superior to existing method in transmitting speed and user convenience.

This article studies the buffer requirements to design the Enhanced Ethernet required by Data Center applications, with bounded buffer overflow probability. The design criteria considers a bursty traffic arrival process, as it shows from conventional read/write SCSI operations in a Fibre Channel over Ethernet (FCoE) scenario. The results show that the buffer must be between one and two orders of magnitude larger than the maximum burst size to provide negligible buffer overflow probability. We complete our study by testing our assumptions with real FCoE measurement traces.

DNS and the location-identity split, while technical in theory, have not until recently been considered practical. In our research, we prove the synthesis of replication. In this paper we demonstrate that though link-level acknowledgements and the producer-consumer problem can synchronize to achieve this objective, SCSI disks can be made reliable, random, and ubiquitous.

The construction of a new prototype visible-light intensity interferometer for use in stellar astronomy is described. The instrument is located in New Haven, Connecticut, at Southern Connecticut State University, but key components of the system are also portable and have been taken to existing research-class telescopes to maximize sensitivity and baseline. The interferometer is currently a two-station instrument, but it is easily expandable to several stations for simultaneous measurement using multiple baselines. The design features single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) arrays, which increase the throughput and signal-to-noise ratio of the instrument. Predicted system performance and preliminary observations will be discussed.

RAID5/6 is widely adopted in enterprise storage systems, despite having a write-penalty problem and consuming the cache memory bandwidth. One of the existing ways for reducing data transfer overhead using XDWRITE/XPWRITE determined in SCSI specification. However, this method still consumes bandwidth because of duplicating the XOR data into cache memories for failure recovery. In this paper, we propose a new destaging method that transfers the XOR data through the buffer memory. In addition, we propose new commands that provide a roll back function exploiting the FTL in SSDs. It simplifies the failure recovery in the case of a buffer memory failure while destasing. We evaluated the throughput improvement using an analytical model. Our proposal improved the Random Write throughput by 33% and SPC Benchmark-1 TM throughput by 29%, from the conventional method.

This paper discussed the configuration of squid proxy server and how to improve the performance of the squid proxy server by using the various methods and techniques. As internet users, N/W administrators know that the Squid[1] is a web caching proxy server for the supporting HTTPS, HTTP, File Transfer Protocols, and many more. It saves the bandwidth and advance the response times by caching and repeatedly using frequently-requested web sites. Squid proxy server has wide-ranging access controls and it delivers squid proxy server as great server accelerator. It runs on Linux and Windows platforms and is licensed under the GNU GPL[1] . So the improving of the performance squid proxy server is essential. This paper introduced two ideas that if use the SCSI HDD(for improving the cache management system) and block the media streaming that is frequently used by various users because media streaming takes lot of bandwidth if administrator blocks unwanted media streaming that also improves the performance of the squid proxy and it accelerated the content delivery. General Terms squid proxy server, Cache Management, HDD, Bandwidth.

With the global financial crisis affecting funding for space systems development, customers are calling for lower cost systems. Yet, at the same time, these lower cost systems must have increased thermal response to operational environments and load survivability. We submit that single crystal silicon (SCSi) meets both of these requirements. This paper will highlight some key SCSi material properties, discuss the opportunities that led to the development of McCarter processing methods, and present the latest steps in the manufacturing path of McCarter Mirrors using SCSi, GFB (glass frit bonding) and MSF (McCarter super finish), including the concept drawing of a one meter SCSi lightweight mirror, which together sets up the last step toward a lower cost, high performing one meter SCSi space optic.

This article presents a Differentiated Storage Services architecture for file and storage systems. By classifying data at the block-level, a filesystem can request that different classes of data (e.g., file, directory, executable, text) be handled with different policies (e.g., low-latency versus highbandwidth), and it is left to the storage system to enforce these policies. Our approach assumes that an I/O classifier can be included in-band with each I/O request (e.g., using a field in the SCSI block command set) and that the policy for each class can be specified out-of-band through the management interface of the storage system. We describe our prototypes based on Linux Ext3, Windows NTFS, and hybrid storage systems composed of rotating and solid-state disks. With very little modification, filesystems can identify latency sensitive I/O classes (e.g., small files, directories, metadata, and the journal) and request that the storage system provision the solid-state storage for just these classes; and this is simply one of many possibilities. As part of our ongoing work, across a variety of file and storage systems, we are exploring other policies and mechanisms that can be used to improve application performance, reliability, and security.

The Virtual Machine File System (VMFS) is a scalable and high performance symmetric clustered file system for hosting virtual machines (VMs) on shared block storage. It implements a clustered locking protocol exclusively using storage links, and does not require network-based inter-node communication between hosts participating in a VMFS cluster. VMFS layout and IO algorithms are optimized towards providing raw device speed IO throughput to VMs. An adaptive IO mechanism masks errors on the physical fabric using contextual information from the fabric. The VMFS lock service forms the basis of VMware's clustered applications such as vMotion, Storage vMotion, Distributed Resource Scheduling, High Availability, and Fault Tolerance. Virtual machine metadata is serialized to files and VMFS provides a POSIX interface for cluster-safe virtual machine management operations. It also contains a pipelined data mover for bulk data initialization and movement. In recent years, VMFS has inspired changes to diskarray firmware and the SCSI protocol. These changes enable the file system to implement a hardware accelerated data mover and lock manager, among other things. In this paper, we present the VMFS architecture and its evolution over the years

Large organizations always have a strong demand for storage from data-intensive applications and instruments. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of a new virtual storage system, [email protected], which can aggregate a large number of distributed machines within an organization to provide storage services with quality of service guarantees. Because storage virtualization is the prominent goal, [email protected] provides clients with the abstraction of a hard drive by utilizing the Internet SCSI protocol. As such, data access to new storage services is transparent so that clients do not need to modify any existing applications nor change their current practices. [email protected] replicates data and employs version-based journaling for high availability. It utilizes a market-based model for resource management and a feedback controller for automated performance control. We have developed a prototype of [email protected] that implements the core components. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In order to solve the problem that when the output data stream of a certain type of high resolution aerial camera reaches 200 megabytes per second,conventional methods are difficult to record the image data in real time,a self-starting,multi-channel hybrid synchronization direct-write method of SCSI hard disk is proposed.The new designed state controller optimizes the recording time series of the SCSI hard disk,so that multiple concurrent recording channels can generate separate direct-write pulses automatically according to the data cache and the status of the hard disk.The image data can be recorded on the hard disk with high speed and hybrid synchronization.Experimental results prove that the method can record the image data at the rate of 200 megabytes per second,storage capacity attained 280 Gigabytes,and moreover,the structure is simple and practical.

Related to the dramatically smaller volume of microelectromecanical systems (MEMS), new methods in testing and qualification are needed. In single crystal silicon (SCSi) based devices, stress and loading in operation introduces defects during the MEMS life time and increases the risk of failure. Reliability studies on potential failure sources have an impact on MEMS design and are essential to assure the long term functioning of the device. In this paper, a comprehensive approach is proposed for assessing the resistance of SCSi structures under conditions of accelerated aging. Defects introduced by DRIE, thermal annealing, dicing and bonding and also the device environment (radiations, temperature) influence the crystalline perfection and have a direct impact on the mechanical properties of MEMS and their aging behavior. Defects and deformations are analyzed using High Resolution X-ray Diffraction Methods (HRXRD) and supporting simulations are done by Finite Element Method (FEM). MEMS reliability is assessed. Preliminary results indicate a decrease in lifetime and strength of SCSi devices with defect density enhanced by irradiation.

Object-based storage is the natural evolution of the block storage interface, aimed at efficiently and effectively meeting the performance, reliability, security, and service requirements demanded by current and future applications. The object-based storage interface provides an organizational container, called an object, into which higher-level software (e.g., file systems, databases, and user applications) can store both data and related attributes. In 2004, the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) T10 Standards body ratified an Object-based Storage Device (OSD) command set for SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) storage devices that implements the OSD interface. This paper describes the rationale for OSDs, highlights the ANSI T10 OSD V1.0 interface, and presents three OSD implementations: an OSD from Seagate, an IBM object-based storage prototype (ObjectStone), and the Panasas object-based distributed storage system.

In single crystal silicon (SCSi) MEMS devices, crystalline imperfection is recognized to favor failure. A DRIE etched SCSi structure was built to study the crystal strain profile in dependence of the SCSi deformation by applying a mechanical force. High resolution X-ray diffraction methods such as the rocking curve method and reciprocal space mapping were used to determine the strain as well as the defect concentration in the crystal. The investigations also include the numerical simulation of deformations.

This paper presents a critical review of the recent combustion advancements made in gasoline engines for the reduction of fuel consumption and engine-out emissions, and the technologies associated with these advancements. For optimum combustion throughout their speed/load range, engines should operate in three combustion modes: stratified-charge spark-ignited (SCSI), homogeneous-charge spark-ignited (HCSI), and homogeneous-charge compression-ignited (HCCI). Key technologies to achieve this, with maximum reduction in fuel consumption and emissions, are spray-guided direct-injection system, flexible variable-valve actuation, and, cylinder-pressure based engine controls.

Over the years, the network storage bandwidth has increased rapidly while the node-to-node latency has not decreased much. This is because the latency is dominated by the protocol software execution time in the kernel, instead of by the raw transmission time over the link. Virtual Interface (VI) protocol has been proposed to overcome the software overhead of the TCP/IP. In this paper, we introduce another new technology vSCSI (VI-attached SCSI) to compete with iSCSI in LAN (Local Area Networks) environment, and compare performance of vSCSI and iSCSI experimentally. Meanwhile, we present a Virtual Interface Storage Architecture (VISA) as a new network storage architecture which uses vSCSI as the network communication protocol. Then, we can take advantage of VI’s superior performance over TCP/IP in LAN environment. Also, actually we have implemented and measured our data transport and Remote Procedure Call (RPC) layer over VI. The aim of our design and implementation is to put forward new techniques to reduce overheads.

The impacts of extreme events continue long after the emergency response has terminated. Effective reconstruction of supply-chain strategic infrastructure (SCSI) elements is essential for postevent recovery and the reconnectivity of a region with the outside. This study uses an interdisciplinary approach to develop a comprehensive framework to model resilience time. The framework is tested by comparing resilience time results for a simulated EF-5 tornado with ground truth data from the tornado that devastated Joplin, Missouri, on May 22, 2011. Data for the simulated tornado were derived for Overland Park, Johnson County, Kansas, in the greater Kansas City, Missouri, area. Given the simulated tornado, a combinatorial graph considering the damages in terms of interconnectivity between different SCSI elements is derived. Reconstruction in the aftermath of the simulated tornado is optimized using the proposed framework to promote a rapid recovery of the SCSI. This research shows promising results when...

This paper proposes the current reconstruction method in the single current-shunt inverter (SCSI) during the six-step modulation. Since the voltage vectors of the six-step operation are placed in the immeasurable areas of SCSI, the phase current cannot be reconstructed in the conventional researches. However, by changing the position of the sampling period, the current signal can be reconstructed even in the six-step operation. Here, the variable time step control is implemented. To reconstruct the phase currents, the shunt currents are sampled at 12 times for one fundamental period. But with this method, the two types of the sampling errors are incurred. One is caused by harmonic components of d- and q-axis currents in six-step operation and the other is caused by not measuring the two phase currents at the same time. The compensation methods for the error are developed; model based error estimator. The feasibility of the proposed method has been verified by experiments.

This chapter covers four storage topics: (1) storage types and hardware; (2) storage application and performance; (3) storage cost calculations, benchmarks, and major storage vendors, and (4) traditional storage vs. cloud storage. From a hardware perspective, the chapter discusses HDDs and SSDs. From a storage topology perspective, it lays out the DAS, NAS, and SAN. In addition, it also touches on the topic of different storage protocols. The main purpose of this chapter is to build a solid foundation for the calculation of cloud storage costs.

Storage area networks (SAN) generally use fiber channel (FC) disks, but they are expensive, hard to scale, and incompatible with previous storage arrays. This paper describes an SCSI interface disk array, which is controlled by a simulated target controller, as the target device of an SAN system. A detailed target-mode SCSI middle level design and implementation is described with interfaces to efficiently supervise the entire target simulator. The target simulator has control flexibility, wide applicability, reduced SAN system cost, and compatibility with current SAN systems. The present mass data storage system uses a 2-Gb/s fiber network. Performance and compatibility tests demonstrate the efficiency of the target simulator design.

With the recent advances in network technology, the number of high-speed networked homes increases rapidly and the enhanced services such as on-demand video services become feasible in terms of market maturity. Another trend is that storage systems become network-accessible. One of the leading network-attached storage systems is the Fiber Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL). As a residential service gateway, the FC-AL-based servers can stably provide high quality video (e.g., DVD quality MPEG-2 stream) with thousands of clients between external service providers and local clients. In addition, in densely populated areas such as New York City, they can be much more cost efficient. Using our end-to-end simulation experiments to combine all the components, we have observed that FC-AL-based streaming servers perform better than SCSI-based systems, but there is still room for performance improvement. We are motivated by the fact that, unlike in SCSI-based systems, all the disks in FC-AL-based severs utilize only a small portion of their caches to a similar degree due to FC-AL fairness arbitration algorithm. Thus, we propose an effective prefetching scheme to improve the performance by further utilizing the disk cache. We show how the proposed scheme can determine the maximum number of prefetched blocks depending on the disk block and cache size. It is also shown how to find the optimal number of blocks transmitted to the FC-AL from the disk cache per FC-AL arbitration. In addition, we describe the cache replacement policy to take full advantage of the sequential access pattern of video files, and explain how to support multiple loops. By analysis and simulation experiments, we show that our prefetching scheme is not able to only increase the total number of concurrent streams significantly by reducing the disk seek time, but it can also further utilize the FC-AL by reducing the overhead of arbitration.

In response to the trend of rapidly growing volume of and increasingly critical role played by data storage, there is a strong demand to share storage over network. In this paper, we present an Ethernet-based storage area network protocol, called HyperSCSI. It is designed to transport the Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) protocol data across Ethernet and provide relatively high performance with simplicity and low cost. It is demonstrated through comprehensive experiment results that HyperSCSI is capable of using the existing Ethernet-based network infrastructure, common off-the-shelf hardware, and well-established storage technologies, and turning them into a high performance and reliable network storage solution. Although HyperSCSI protocol is developed with the focus on local area network, a field trial has been demonstrated that it can leverage high-speed optical network with Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) control to support wide area storage applications. Such protocol design work also provides a simple and efficient environment for investigating network storage characteristic and building new type of SAN over generic network infrastructure.

A SCSI target emulator is used in a storage area network (SAN) environment to simulate the behavior of a SCSI target for processing and responding to I/O requests issued by initiators. The SCSI target emulator works with general storage devices with multiple transport protocols. The target emulator utilizes a protocol conversion module that translates the SCSI protocols to a variety of storage devices and implements the multi-RAID-level configuration and storage visualization functions. Moreover, the target emulator implements RAM caching, multi-queuing, and request merging to effectively improve the I/O response speed of the general storage devices. The throughput and average response times of the target emulator for block sizes of 4 KB to 128 KB are 150% faster for reads and 67% faster for writes than the existing emulator. With a block size of 16 KB, the I/O latency of the target emulator is only about 20% that of the existing emulator.

A novel p + –n + /n/n + semi-3D structure configuration has been developed and it is expected to improve the radiation hardness of silicon sensors after space charge sign inversion (SCSI). A special configuration of semi-3D sensors facilitates depletion from both sides of the sensors after SCSI and reduces the depletion voltage by half or more. The reduction of depletion voltage will increase the ability of silicon detectors to operate in the presence of severe bulk radiation damage expected at high-intensity colliders. Semi-3D sensors can be manufactured using only single-sided, conventional planar processing. Electrical characterization of semi-3D test structures through I–V and C–V curves before and after irradiation is presented here.

This paper describes a new key feature of SATA standard, native command queuing (NCQ). This feature is specific to the SATA interface but is similar in some ways to other reordering protocols developed for the small computer system interface (SCSI). Building a queue is the first component of this protocol. The drive must know when it receives a command whether it should queue the command or whether it should execute that command immediately. NCQ uses a new command protocol with new command opcodes that allows the device to know whether a command can be queued. Thus NCQ is more beneficial to the home PC environment, providing the storage subsystem with better performance for today's end-user requirements as media accessibility and the use of multiple applications simultaneously becomes a more commonplace event in the digital home.

With the increasing demand for vast storage repositories, network storage has become important for mass data storage and processing, telescopic addressing and availability, and the quality of service and security of data storage. This situation demands the emergence of new technology in the data storage field. In this paper, TH-MSNS, a SAN system, is introduced. This system was designed and implemented based on the fiber channel protocol and its I/O route was tested. This paper introduces some of the key techniques in the network storage system, including an SCSI simulating target, intelligent and uniform storage management architecture, and the processing flow of the read/write commands. The software for the new storage area network system was implemented as a module in the kernel mode to improve its efficiency. The SCSI target adopts a layered design and standardized interface, which is compatible with various types of SCSI devices and can use different network protocols. The storage management software adopts distributed architecture, which enables higher interoperability and compatibility with various kinds of management protocols. TH-MSNS boasts characteristics such as high adaptability, high efficiency, high scalability, and high compatibility and is easy to maintain.