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Shape is one of the most important traits of agricultural products due to its relationships with the quality, quantity, and value of the products. For strawberries, the nine types of fruit shape were defined and classified by humans based on the sampler patterns of the nine types. In this study, we tested the classification of strawberry shapes by machine learning in order to increase the accuracy of the classification, and we introduce the concept of computerization into this field. Four types of descriptors were extracted from the digital images of strawberries: (1) the Measured Values (MVs) including the length of the contour line, the area, the fruit length and width, and the fruit width/length ratio; (2) the Ellipse Similarity Index (ESI); (3) Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs), and (4) Chain Code Subtraction (CCS). We used these descriptors for the classification test along with the random forest approach, and eight of the nine shape types were classified with combinations of MVs + CCS + EFDs. CCS is a descriptor that adds human knowledge to the chain codes, and it showed higher robustness in classification than the other descriptors. Our results suggest machine learning's high ability to classify fruit shapes accurately. We will attempt to increase the classification accuracy and apply the machine learning methods to other plant species.

III International Symposium on Citrus Biotechnology

This paper describes the modeling of the Acrobot composed of 2 links with a curved contour and the rolling motion control for this Acrobot. The outer contour of each link is shaped from the arc whose radius is different at the tip and the sidepiece of the link. As the model changes according to the contact point between the Acrobot and ground, it is difficult to control the whole motion via common control strategy. From an intuitive analysis based on systempsilas energy when the Acrobot rolls with a certain constant relative angle, control strategy is constructed in two phases when the Acrobot rolls with lowering or raising the center of the gravity of itself. But, because the control in upward phase needs to lower the COG of the Acrobot, the collision between robot and ground becomes unavoidable. Therefore analysis at collision is also conducted. At last, by setting the output functions that can achieve the control objective in each phase and applying output zeroing control, continuous rolling motion is realized in numerical simulation.

Noninvasive and quantitative method for measuring both temperature distribution near heating surface of a material and heat flux through the heating surface is presented. In the method, temperature distribution of a heated material is determined by a combined technique consisting of an ultrasonic pulse-echo measurement and an inverse analysis coupled with a one-dimensional finite difference calculation, and heat flux is then estimated from the determined temperature distribution near the heating surface. To demonstrate the feasibility of this method, an experiment with a single-side heated steel plate is carried out. Ultrasonic pulse-echo measurements are performed with the heated steel plate, and measured ultrasonic signals are used for the analysis to determine internal temperature distributions of the plate and then heat fluxes through the heating surface are determined. The temperature distributions estimated by the ultrasonic method agree well with those measured by thermocouples installed in the plate, and the validity of the heat flux estimated by the present method is also investigated. It has been observed in the experiment that heat flux through the heating surface increases rapidly just after heating starts and then decreases gradually with elapsed time.

This paper describes the modeling of the Acrobot composed of 2 links with a curved contour and the continuous rolling motion control for this Acrobot. The outer contour of each link is shaped from the arc whose radius is different by the tip and the sidepiece of the link. The model differs according to the contact point between the Acrobot and the ground. Therefore, it is difficult to control the whole motion via common control strategy. From an intuitive analysis based on the Acrobot?s energy while the Acrobot rolls with a certain constant relative angle, control strategy is constructed in two phases. The phases are when the Acrobot rolls with lowering( downward phase) and raising(upward phase) the center of the gravity. As the control in upward phase needs to lower the COG of the Acrobot, a collision between the Acrobot and the ground becomes unavoidable. Therefore, analysis of this collision phenomenon is also conducted. At last, by selecting the output functions that can achieve the control objective at each phase and applying Output Zeroing control, continuous rolling motion is realized in numerical simulation.

Experimental system of IP/sup 2/ mobility management was designed and implemented in order to confirm feasibility of the protocol and identify its bottlenecks. The experimental system is based on a prototype implementation of IP/sup 2/ mobility management which runs on PC servers. Series of experiments were conducted in order to check validity of protocol sequence and impact of load status on system performance. From the feasibility tests results, it was confirmed that there was no fundamental error in IP/sup 2/ mobility management and it could interwork with other IP protocols. Throughout the bottleneck tests, degradation in performance due to limitation of the transport: mechanism was observed when the MN had relatively large number of active peers. Experimental results indicated that alternate mechanism to improve reliability of signalling messages was highly needed. From user-plane viewpoint, additional processing that is specific to IP/sup 2/ mobility management put negligible effect on the packet forwarding delay of the AR.

The 3G mobile network IMT-2000, was launched some years ago and multimedia traffic in the mobile Internet has been increasing with the growth of wireless access links. Next-generation networks need to efficiently transport huge volumes of multimedia traffic with high-quality mobility management. We have proposed an IP-based IMT network platform (IP/sup 2/) for the next-generation mobile network architecture and have studied its mobility management scheme, IP/sup 2/ mobility management protocol (IP/sup 2/MM). IP/sup 2/MM is a network-controlled mobility protocol that deploys mobility functions inside the network and conceals IP mobility from the mobile node. It is also designed to satisfy the requirements of mobile operators. In this paper, we introduce an overview of IP/sup 2/MM and show the comparative evaluation results with mobile IPv6. For the evaluation, we implemented both in our experimental system and compared their performance. The results show that IP/sup 2/MM provides better mobility performance than mobile IPv6, and we conclude that IP/sup 2/MM is an effective and feasible mobility protocol for the next-generation networks of mobile operators.

A concept for a future advanced mobile satellite communications system using a geostationary satellite is described. In the satellite of this system, a multiple spotbeam antenna, onboard beam interconnection, and millimeter-wave and Ka-band components are required. The configuration of the payloads of Japan's COMETS (Communications and Broadcasting Engineering Test Satellite) for advanced mobile satellite communication experiments is also described. The transponder has an IF filter bank and a SCPC/TDM (signal-carrier-per-channel/time-dimension multiplexing) regenerative modem for beam interconnection. >

In order to develop one of key technologies for personal satellite communications, a regenerative transponder has been developed for the Communications and Broadcasting Engineering Test Satellite (COMETS), allowing MM-wave and Ka-band mobile communications. This regenerative MODEM receives eight-channel SCPC continuous or packet signals at a rate of 24 or 4.8 kb/s, transmits one TDM signal with BPSK modulation, and supports special functions such as storing calls in a buffer memory. This technology allows an earth terminal with a 10-cm antenna and a 1-W power amplifier to transmit a 24 kb/s signal via COMETS in Ka-band.

During the past triennium many efforts have been made by individual members and Commission 50 to keep a good observational environment, along the lines set up by the previous Commission 50 president, P. Murdin. The number of commission members is 65, which is unchanged from the previous period. Since our problems become more severe year by year and are connected directly to the activities of all observational astronomers and indirectly to those of all theoreticians, the commission should have made an effort to increase the number of active members.

The relationships between bone density and nutritional status were evaluated for two groups of urban and rural pre-school children aged 3 to 6 years. Bone density was measured at the phalanx 5-2 center by the X-ray densitometric method. The film exposure conditions using a soft X-ray instrument were 45KVP, 5mAS and 35cm focal distance. As a reference wedge, ivory was used. Bone density was calculated as a density index by the method of Williams and Mason. Bone density index is expressed as X-ray equivalent grams of ivory per cubic centimeter of bone.The bone density indexes of rural boys were significantly lower than those of urban boys, and the density values of rural girls were in a slight lower level as compared with urban girls, though the statistical significant differences were not seen between both groups. The nutrient intakes of rural children were much lower in animal protein, vitamin A and vitamin C than those of urban children. When 4-6 year-old boys and girls were divided into two groups respectively by the level of bone density index above “Mean+SD” and below “Mean-SD” and the nutrient intakes of these two groups were compared, vitamin A intake was found to be significantly different between them. And also, in two groups of boys who have taken a little amount of meat or milk and who have taken a little amount of vegetables in their dietary habits, their density values were significantly lower than the average density value of other boys group.These findings suggest that the bone density measurement at phalanx 5-2 center may be useful for evaluating bone formation with relation to nutritional status.

An instance that plant communities can not always be considered as a homogeneous layer is shown through applying Fresnel's formulae to plant communities in order to obtain albedo from extinction coefficient. Another expression of plant communities is presented with construction of a simple model of plant communities employing vector relations. It is shown from investigation of increase in intensity of light by a leaf that the equation relating amount of increase in averaged intensity with incident averaged intensity is expressed by use of LAI. Similarly, increase in averaged intensity by stem is expressed by use of area of longitudinal section per unit area. Extension of these equations to conditions of plant communities where leaves and stems are continuously distributed in the vertical direction is attempted by employment of probability density functions of leaves and stems in each height. Integrating the differential equation under the assumptions that the distribution of leaves with respect to height is continuous and that the probalility density function of leaves depends only on the angle of leaves making with z-axis, intensity of light is expressed by a simple exponential function in each direction of incident beam. Extinction coefficient of a beam as a function of angle of incidence and of leaf arrangement is not generally monotonic. This property of extinction functions causes a trapping of radiation incident on plant communities with slanting leaves. On the basis of the extinction coefficent for a beam, the extinction coefficient of isotropic incident radiation is computed in the system with horizontal leaves and with vertical leaves. The computed extinction eoefficients in this manner are, respectively, 1 for the former and 0.5-0.4 for the latter system.The value in the former system approximates those experimentally obtained. A difference between the experimental and the computed extinction coefficient is considered as a result of neglect of reflection from and transmission through leaves of light. Reflection from plant communities is computed readily in the system with horizontal leaves, leading to the expression of albedo depending upon angle of incidece. In this case, it is also found that intensities of reflection can exceed those by a leaf in directions of the greater zenith angles of reflection.In order to verify these results on the extinction of a beam, shortwave radiation falling on a horizontal plane is measured in paddy fields with tube pyranometers just above and below the layers where most leaves are of horizontal habit. Observed diurnal variations of the ratios of shortwave radiation in the paddy fields to incident shortwave radiation are similar to those computed from the equation of light intensity. Quantitative comparisons of the observed dependence of extinction coefficients on incident angle with the computed are possible by use of observed shortwave and diffuse incident radiation and of the extinction coefficient for diffuse incident radiation, showing that the expression of light intensity of a beam in plant communities is a good approximation at least for the smaller zenith angles of sun. When the ratio of the averaged intensity of diffuse incident radiation to direct solar radiation is remained small, a linear relaionship between albedo and secant of zenith angle of sun is found from observations of albedo in paddy fields with upright leaves. Validity of the computed results encourages one to analyse communities of lowland rice. The analysis is based on a series expansion of logarithm of intensity ratio in terms of extinction functions. Results of the analyses show some characteristics due to difference in density. An extent, to which the computed result is valid, is inferred through a result of analyzing reflection from paddy field.The detailed description apprears in ISOBE, S. (1962): Preliminary Studies on Physical Properties of Plant Communities. Bull. Nat. Inst. Agr. Sci., se

In these days, the solventless resin-impregnated mica insulation systems are extensively adopted to the large powergenerator stator-coil insulation systems as a result of rapid development of synthetic resin in recent years. Various destructive and nondestructive tests with these samples were made. The electrical properties were compared between the initial coils (which were measured by the electrical properties at the acceptance test) and the used coils (which were taken out from the generator winding that was used for about ten years). It is said that the winding insulation systems will change during long running times because of a number of factors such as thermal, mechanical, and electrical. Studies by the present authors show that used coils were not deteriorated by mechanical stress because electrical breakdown voltages did not decline in comparison with those of the initial coils, and also they were not deteriorated by electrical stress because the breakdown voltages of coils at the line side were lower than at the earth side. Therefore, some changes of the electrical properties in the nondestructive test seemed to result from thermal effects. As mentioned above, it is proved that solventless resin-impregnated mica insulation systems have kept good electrical properties in service for over ten years.

It is reported that in Japan there are presumably 11.5 million households of widows with children who are living on the very low-income or live on government subsidy.To survey about their nutritional status is of an important significance for welfare as well as for their better nutrition.This report is about the results of a nutrition survey on mothers and children of such low-income in a certain institution in Tokyo.1) The nutrient intake: On an average, their nutrient intakes are poor, especially protein is inferior to that of all-Japan average both in quantity and in quality. The ratio of animal protein to total protein is low, and protein score is 72.Of all the nutrients calculated, calcium and vitamins are less than one half of the allowances.Since most of mothers are working out, they have little time for cooking, in their daily recipes cooked-foods sold at the shop are very often seen. Consequently the animal foods, especially meat, egg and milk are seldom used, and vegetables and legumes are also not enough ingested.2) Body measurements: Generally speaking, the mothers belong to the “lean type”, and the growth of school children is rather inferior. Especially their body circumferences (upper arm and chest) are of low values.3) Biochemical observations: Blood gravity and hemoglobin values are averagely low, and about 60% of the mother and 50% of the middle school pupils are under the normal range. The concentration of vitamins in blood and in urine (A, C, B1, B2, and N′-methyl-nicotinamide) are also remarkably low, and more than half of the mothers and about 30% of the boys and girls are in vitamin low level and deficiency.4) Clinical observations: Beriberi-like symptoms are remarkable, more than half of the mothers having such symptom, and about 73% are of malnutritional disease.5) As to their economical status, it was very difficult to obtain the exact information, but evaluating their expenditure on foods from the market price, it was 103.9 yen per adult per day. It is lower than all-Japan average. So-called Engel's coefficient was as-high as 88%, though it was evaluated from the presumed incomes.

In the previous report the quantity and quality of fats and oils consumed by the ordinary households were surveyed in Tokyo and the neighboring cities. The survey was expanded on the patients of hypertension, and this time 18 elderly men and women who had been suffering from the hypertension were the subjects of the survey.Their daily fat intake calculated from the recipes recorded by them was on an average 32.5g, which was higher than that of all Japanese average(The National Nutrition Survey), and the ratio of fat calories to total calories was 17.3%, which was also higher than other surveys.Of all the fat intake the proportion of animal fat and vegetable oil was 6:4, and this ratio was reverse in case of Japanese average.The pure fats and oils were consumed about 10g a day a person, and vegetable oil occupied as much as 70%, but of the total ingested fat the animal foods were the main sources.The composition of the fatty acids of the fats and oils ingested by these patients was also investigated because the quality of the fatty acid is said to have much to do with hypertension and other heart diseases.The important saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic were 26%, whereas the unsaturated fatty acids, oleic, linoleic and linolenic were 22% in all.

The dietary intake of the firemen was investigated at the four fire-brigade stations in Tokyo in March, 1964.The average energy intake was about 2, 500 Cal., and protein intake was 81g. per head per day, which were over the all-Japan average. Calcium and vitamins, however, were less intaken than the Standard Dietary Allowances, and their diet was not always in good balance.Comparing the intakes of the four brigade stations with each other, there were some local differences, some being high in energy and others high in protein.When they were grouped according to their dwelling, those from home were in better dietary condition than those living in the dormitory, and accordingly the younger firemen's intake were inferior to the elder's.There was no distinct difference in their nutrient intake between the duty day and off-duty day though their activity in the duty day must have been much heavier than in off-duty day.There was no paralleled correlation between the energy intake and expenditure (which was reported previously by Suzuki, et al), but presuming from these data the firemen's average daily calorie consumption, including those of duty day and off-duty day might be 2, 500 Cal. or about, and this value well coincide with the average value of their intake.From the above results it is clear that the improvement of the firemen's nutritional status is an urgent problem, since their daily living schedule is very specific. For this purpose the employment of the system of group-feeding most appropriate to those brigades is desirable.

The dietary surveys were carried out once a year from 1962 to 1964, on the families selected from the villagers living in the secluded districts in the Yamanashi Prefecture. From the data of the surveys the following conclusion was elucidated.1. General nutritional deficiency which is prevalent in the provincial families in Japan was also seen in these surveys, their intakes of the animal protein, calcium and vitamins being, on an average, inadequate comparing with the allowance.2. It was recognized that the school feeding which was commenced immediately after our first survey was over gave some good effects on the nutrition intake of the school childen, but the dietary conditions of the families was little improved during those two years.

To survey an actual status of food intake of firemen, the dietary intake of 131 firemen was investigated during 4 days at Yotsuya, Kojimachi and Arakawa fire-brigade stations in Tokyo on Feb. and March, 1953.According to its results, it is considered that the it average daily nutrient intake, based on 4 days records, is nutritionally adequate except with respect to vitamins and calcium, as compared with the recommended dietary allowances. The nutrient intake of them of three fire-brigade stations was also compared with each other, and that of the Arakawa fire-brigade is most adequate for their needs among them.

An instrument called the Assimitron is developed for measurement of the flux of carbon dioxide in the atmospheric surface layer over crop field. The transistorized instrument is mobile and simple to operate in the field and is thus suitable for use by relatively unskilled personnel.The feasibility and the accuracy of this instrument is under investigation by comparing CO2 flux values from the Assimitron with those from the aerodynamical or the heat balance method. Detailed results of the investigation are to be published separately.

In the present paper, the investigation on the relationship of urinary hydroxyproline (HOP) excretion to growth and nutritional status has been carried out in Japanese school children, consisting of 518 boys and girls aged 9 to 15 years in the city and farming regions, and 33 boys aged 14-15 years in mountain villages.The determination of urinary HOP was made by the method of Woessner.Results: (1) A peak of HOP excretion by age was seen at 12 years of age for the boys and at 11 years of age for the girls in urban children, and those at 1.3 years of age for boys and 11 years of age for girls in rural children, respectively, and afterwards the HOP excretion fell rapidly in each group of children (Fig. 1).The level of HOP excretion of urban children was higher till the age of 13 years in boys and up to the age of 11 years in girls as compared with rural children, and afterwards rural boys and girls maintained a slight higher level of HOP excretion than that of urban children (Fig. 2).HOP excretion of boys aged 14-15 years in a mountain village was higher significantly as compared with urban and rural boys (Fig. 3).These trends of the excretion of HOP by age, sex and regional groups well agreed with the curve of growth rate of Japanese children.The correlationship between HOP excretion and serum alkaline phosphatase was seen with the correlation coefficients of 0.66-0.77 in 14-15 years old children (Table 2).In the children aged of 9-10 years, significant correlations were seen between HOP/creatinine ratio and N/creatinine and UN/creatinine (Table 3).The correlations of HOP/24h. to HOP/cr.×body-weight, HOP/cr.×body-height and HOP/cr. ratio showed the coefficients of 0.81, 0.75 and 0.70 respectively (Table 4). Discussion was made about that indices of HOP/cr.×wt. or HOP/cr.×ht. based on the random urine specimen could be used instead of HOP/24h., however the HOP/cr. ratio was useful for the evaluation of the growth activity.

It is well recognized that the quantity and quality of fats and oils ingested have closely to do with so-called adult disease, such as hypertension or heart disease. Few reports have been found, however, about what kinds of fats or oils are generally consumed among Japanese people.This survey was done in order to know the above point, and 84 households in Tokyo and its neighborhood cities were selected for the subjects.The results of the survey showed that fat and oil consumption was 16.4g per head per day on an average, and soybean oil was used most frequently.Of all the consumed fats and oils, those from the vegetable sources were 67%, and from animal sources 19%, margarine being 14%.In this survey total fat intake including that from the all foodstuffs ingested was not investigated, but, presuming from the results of the National Nutrition Survey, the ratio of consumed vegetable oil to animal fat may probably be 4:6.Comparing the above results with the intake of U.S. people, the former is only one quarter of the latter, and an average Japanese intake calculated from the National Survey is almost one tenth of the U. S. intake.

It is a general trend among Japanese people that in summer the body weight is apt to decrease owing to the poor appetite. Especially in case of the students of the high school who are in the high-teen in age the weight loss in summer is of great concern from a viewpoint of nutrition.This paper is to report about a nutrition survey carried out through one year on 51 students of a certain high school in Tokyo.In their intakes of energy, fat and vitamin A, seasonal variations were considerably large, especially their calorie intake in summer was on an average about 12% lower than that in autumn and winter, both in boys and girls. Vitamin A intake showed also a significant difference between summer and winter.The body weight decrease was remarkable in summer in both the sexes, but they recovered the loss in autumn

Studies on daily living time was carried out on 487 pupils in the two middle schools of the farming villages in Chiba-Prefecture in October, 1951.According to the results, boys and girls in these villages sleep generally longer when compared with urban pupils, and boys spend considerably much time in playing, sports and reading, while girls have less time for these. And time for helping their parents in the housework and the farm-work is more spent by girls than by boys.

To know the dietary hadits and nutritional status of the families in straitened circumstances their food intake was surveyed together with time distribution of daily works of the housewives.Generally speaking their average daily intake of nutrients is not adequate, especially that of housewives, most of whom are engaged in considerably heavy works, is father lower than their energy expenditure calculated from their time for living.The ratio of food expenses to monthly income indicates 74.5% on an average.

Prototype neutral beam injector has been constructed aiming at confirming unit performance prior to construction of 14 injector units for JT-60(JAERI Tokamak-60). The unit has cryopumps and cryogenic systems for the cryopumps. Cryopanels are cooled below 3.7 K by the liquid helium. The liquid helium supply system is a completely closed-loop. The capacity of the refrigerator is 300 W at 3.7 K. The cryopumps and the cryogenic systems have been operated successfully since November, 1981. Pumping speed of the cryopumps was measured to be 1.43 × 1061/sec which is close to a design value of 1.37 × 1061/sec.

This paper deals with the evaluation of the life of insulation for the stator windings of large rotating machinery under high voltage application. Breakdown voltage test and voltage endurance test are widely used for evaluation of insulation life are regarded as the most reliable tests.