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Artificial intelligence is interpreted by a machine learning algorithm. Its realization is applied for a two-dimensional grid of points and depends on six parameters which determine the limits of loops. The outer loop defines the width of the grid, the most inner loop the number of scans, which result from the three-dimensional coordinate system for the $$x_i$$-, $$y_i$$-, $$z_i$$-coordinates of a laser scanner. The $$y_i$$-coordinates approximate the distances measured by the laser scanner. The minimal standard deviations of the measurements distorted by systematic effects for the $$y_i$$-coordinates are computed by the Monte Carlo estimate of Sect. 6. The minimum of these minimal standard deviations is found in the grid of points by the machine learning algorithm and used to judge the outcome. Two results are given in Sect. 7. They differ by the widths of the grid and show that only for precise applications the systematic effects of the laser scanner have to be taken care of. Instead of assuming a standard deviation for the systematic effects from prior information as mentioned in Sect. 1, the $$x_i$$-, $$y_i$$-, $$z_i$$-coordinates are repeatedly measured by the laser scanner. However, there are too few repetitions to fulfill the conditions of the multivariate model of Sect. 2 for all measured coordinates. The variances of the measurements plus systematic effects computed by the Monte Carlo estimate of Sect. 6 can therefore be obtained for a restricted number of points only. This number is computed by random variates. For two numbers, the variations of the standard deviations of the $$y_i$$-coordinates, the variations of the standard deviations of the $$x_i$$-, $$y_i$$-, $$z_i$$-coordinates from the multivariate model, the variations of the standard deviations of the systematic effects and the variations of the confidence intervals are presented. The repeated measurements define time series whose auto- and cross-correlation functions are applied as correlations for the systematic effects of the measurements. The ergodicity of the time series is shown.

The plate-screw interface of an angular stable plate osteosynthesis is very rigid. So far, all attempts to decrease the stiffness of locked plating construct, e.g. the bridged plate technique, decrease primarily the bending stiffness. Thus, the interfragmentary motion increases only on the far cortical side by bending the plate. To solve this problem, the dynamic locking screw (DLS) was developed.Comparison tests were performed with locking screws (LS) and DLS. Axial stiffness, bending stiffness and interfragmentary motion were compared. For measurements, we used a simplified transverse fracture model, consisting of POM C and an 11-hole LCP3.5 with a fracture gap of 3 mm. Three-dimensional fracture motion was detected using an optical measurement device (PONTOS 5 M/GOM) consisting of two CCD cameras (2,448 x 2,048 pixel) observing passive markers.The DLS reduced the axial stiffness by approximately 16% while increasing the interfragmentary motion at the near cortical side significantly from 282 microm (LS) to 423 microm (DLS) applying an axial load of 150 N.The use of DLS reduces the stiffness of the plate-screw interface and thus increases the interfragmentary motion at the near cortical side without altering the advantages of angular stability and the strength.

A new method for dealing with systematic effects in laser scanning and visualizing them by confidence regions is derived. The standard deviations of the systematic effects are obtained by repeatedly measuring three-dimensional coordinates by the laser scanner. In addition, autocovariance and cross-covariance functions are computed by the repeated measurements and give the correlations of the systematic effects. The normal distribution for the measurements and the multivariate uniform distribution for the systematic effects are applied to generate random variates for the measurements and random variates for the measurements plus systematic effects. Monte Carlo estimates of the expectations and the covariance matrix of the measurements with systematic effects are computed. The densities for the confidence ellipsoid for the measurements and the confidence region for the measurements with systematic effects are obtained by relative frequencies. They only depend on the size of the rectangular volume elements for which the densities are determined. The problem of sorting the densities is solved by sorting distances together with the densities. This allows a visualization of the confidence ellipsoid for the measurements and the confidence region for the measurements with systematic effects.

The global positioning system (GPS) model is distinctive in the way that the unknown parameters are not only real-valued, the baseline coordinates, but also integers, the phase ambiguities. The GPS model therefore leads to a mixed integer–real-valued estimation problem. Common solutions are the float solution, which ignores the ambiguities being integers, or the fixed solution, where the ambiguities are estimated as integers and then are fixed. Confidence regions, so-called HPD (highest posterior density) regions, for the GPS baselines are derived by Bayesian statistics. They take care of the integer character of the phase ambiguities but still consider them as unknown parameters. Estimating these confidence regions leads to a numerical integration problem which is solved by Monte Carlo methods. This is computationally expensive so that approximations of the confidence regions are also developed. In an example it is shown that for a high confidence level the confidence region consists of more than one region.

Background Locking compression plates are used in various configurations with lack of detailed information on consequent bone healing. Study design In this in vivo study in sheep 5 different applications of locking compression plate (LCP) were tested using a 45° oblique osteotomy simulating simple fracture pattern. 60 Swiss Alpine sheep where assigned to 5 different groups with 12 sheep each (Group 1: interfragmentary lag screw and an LCP fixed with standard cortex screws as neutralisation plate; Group 2: interfragmentary lag screw and LCP with locking head screws; Group 3: compression plate technique (hybrid construct); Group 4: internal fixator without fracture gap; Group 5: internal fixator with 3 mm gap at the osteotomy site). One half of each group (6 sheep) was monitored for 6 weeks, and the other half (6 sheep) where followed for 12 weeks. Methods X-rays at 3, 6, 9 and 12 weeks were performed to monitor the healing process. After sacrifice operated tibiae were tested biomechanically for nondestructive torsion and compared to the tibia of the healthy opposite side. After testing specimens were processed for microradiography, histology, histomorphometry and assessment of calcium deposition by fluorescence microscopy. Results In all groups bone healing occurred without complications. Stiffness in biomechanical testing showed a tendency for higher values in G2 but results were not statistically significant. Values for G5 were significantly lower after 6 weeks, but after 12 weeks values had improved to comparable results. For all groups, except G3, stiffness values improved between 6 and 12 weeks. Histomorphometrical data demonstrate endosteal callus to be more marked in G2 at 6 weeks. Discussion and conclusion All five configurations resulted in undisturbed bone healing and are considered safe for clinical application.

In this in vivo study a new generation of locking screws was tested. The design of the dynamic locking screw (DLS) enables the dynamisation of the cortex underneath the plate (cis-cortex) and, therefore, allows almost parallel interfragmentary closure of the fracture gap. A 45° angle osteotomy was performed unilaterally on the tibia of 37 sheep. Groups of 12 sheep were formed and in each group a different osteotomy gap (0, 1 and 3mm) was fixed using a locking compression plate (LCP) in combination with the DLS. The healing process was monitored radiographically every 3 weeks for 6, respectively 12 weeks. After this time the sheep were sacrificed, the bones harvested and the implants removed. The isolated bones were evaluated in the micro-computed tomography unit, tested biomechanically and evaluated histologically. The best results of interfragmentary movement (IFM) were shown in the 0mm configuration. The bones of this group demonstrated histomorphometrically the most distinct callus formation on the cis-cortex and the highest torsional stiffness relative to the untreated limb at 12 weeks after surgery. This animal study showed that IFM stimulated the synthesis of new bone matrix, especially underneath the plate and thus, could solve a current limitation in normal human bone healing. The DLS will be a valuable addition to the locking screw technology and improve fracture healing.

Two possible techniques for the measurement of erosion/redeposition in the new JET divertor have been assessed; colour fringe analysis (CFA) and speckle interferometry. CFA is a simple technique in which the target is viewed with a colour camera, and can study optically transparent deposited films up to 1 μm in thickness. Speckle interferometry is a powerful technique for following changes in surface topology, but its sensitivity of >1 μm makes it more ideally suited to the next generation of tokamaks.

A single-chip radio for quad-band GSM/GPRS applications integrates the RF, analog/mixed-signal blocks, DSP, application processor, RAM/ROM, and audio. It is implemented in a 0.13mum CMOS process. The RX achieves -112.5dBm/-110.5dBm sensitivity and the TX meets all the spectral mask requirements while using a 1.5V supply

Different types of present or future satellite data have to be combined by applying appropriate weighting for the determination of the gravity field of the Earth, for instance GPS observations for CHAMP with satellite to satellite tracking for the coming mission GRACE as well as gradiometer measurements for GOCE. In addition, the estimate of the geopotential has to be smoothed or regularized because of the inversion problem. It is proposed to solve these two tasks by Bayesian inference on variance components. The estimates of the variance components are computed by a stochastic estimator of the traces of matrices connected with the inverse of the matrix of normal equations, thus leading to a new method for determining variance components for large linear systems. The posterior density function for the variance components, weighting factors and regularization parameters are given in order to compute the confidence intervals for these quantities. Test computations with simulated gradiometer observations for GOCE and satellite to satellite tracking for GRACE show the validity of the approach.

More and more large ASICs require analog subsystems to interface to the real world--to wireless and wired networks, to sensors and transducers in embedded applications, to electrically complex high-speed interconnect. This is a major problem, since these analog subsystems break almost every assumption we know and love about digital systems. Analog circuits interact tightly with the technology, exploit rather than hide the physics of the fab, and manipulate precise electrical quantities rather than friendly binary abstractions. With respect to today's logic-centric CAD flows, analog blocks fit poorly and abstract badly. The digital side of SoC designs is addressed via a mix of cell-based logical and physical synthesis, commercially available soft and hard IP, and company-specific reuse methodologies for migrating complex functional blocks. On the analog side, “reuse” usually means hoping you still employ the person who designed the legacy analog block you are desperately trying to update.What is happening to help mixed-signal SoC designers in this difficult area? Analog synthesis tools that have been simmering in academia for the last decade are suddenly being commercialized. Mixed-signal IP companies have appeared, proffering a variety of commonly used core functions. Foundries themselves are augmenting their libraries to include portfolios of analog blocks. EDA methodology czars have started returning phone calls from annoyed analog designers. What can we hope for here? Analog synthesis? Mixed-signal IP? Practical reuse methodologies? Or will we continue to design analog the old-fashioned way--one transistor, one polygon at a time? Our panelists offer a mix of widely differing viewpoints on this important question.

This paper presents a CMOS buffer amplifier which achieves significant improvements in linearity and drive capability over previously reported "high swing" amplifiers /1-4/. The buffer operates from a 5 volt supply, is capable of rail to rail operation at both the input and output, and exhibits a remarkably high linearity of ·05% THD while driving 3 volts p-p into 100 ohms at 20 kHz.

A CMOS line driver for the ISDN Primary Access Transceiver IPAT is presented. Operating in bridge configuration a driver pair delivers. 7.2 V pp output voltage into a differential load of 22.8? at a data rate of 1.544 Mb/s (T1 application), using a single 5V supply voltage. The main feature of the single drivers is a control unit which stabilizes the quiescent current in the output stage at 20mA, while the peak output current is 180mA (T1). The circuit can also be logically configurated to deliver 6 V pp into a differential load of 60? with a quiescent current of 7mA and a data rate of 2.048 Mb/s (CEPT application). Because of its large output transistors, the driver pair occupies an area of 6500 square mils in a 2?m p-well technology.

The suitability of 3T-CIDs for high resolution imaging was investigated on a special device. Two different integrating readout techniques, giving low fixed pattern noise, were successfully tested.

Im folgenden mochte ich uber eine medizinale Kalium chloricum-Vergiftung berichten, deren Mitteilung aus mehreren Gesichtspunkten heraus zu rechtfertigen ist.