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To review sleep related consumer technologies, including mobile electronic device "apps," wearable devices, and other technologies. Validation and methodological transparency, the effect on clinical sleep medicine, and various social, legal, and ethical issues are discussed.We reviewed publications from the digital libraries of the Association for Computing Machinery, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and PubMed; publications from consumer technology websites; and mobile device app marketplaces. Search terms included "sleep technology," "sleep app," and "sleep monitoring."Consumer sleep technologies are categorized by delivery platform including mobile device apps (integrated with a mobile operating system and utilizing mobile device functions such as the camera or microphone), wearable devices (on the body or attached to clothing), embedded devices (integrated into furniture or other fixtures in the native sleep environment), accessory appliances, and conventional desktop/website resources. Their primary goals include facilitation of sleep induction or wakening, self-guided sleep assessment, entertainment, social connection, information sharing, and sleep education.Consumer sleep technologies are changing the landscape of sleep health and clinical sleep medicine. These technologies have the potential to both improve and impair collective and individual sleep health depending on method of implementation.

Efficient and accurate computation of the scattered intensity pattern by the Mie formulas is now feasible for size parameters up to x = 50,000 at least, which in visual light means spherical drops with diameters up to 6 mm. We present a method for evaluating the Mie coefficients from the ratios between Riccati-Bessel and Neumann functions of successive order. We probe the applicability of the Airy approximation, which we generalize to rainbows of arbitrary p (number of internal reflections = p - 1), by comparing the Mie and Airy intensity patterns. Millimeter size water drops show a match in all details, including the position and intensity of the supernumerary maxima and the polarization. A fairly good match is still seen for drops of 0.1 mm. A small spread in sizes helps to smooth out irrelevant detail. The dark band between the rainbows is used to test more subtle features. We conclude that this band contains not only externally reflected light (p = 0) but also a sizable contribution f rom the p = 6 and p = 7 rainbows, which shift rapidly with wavelength. The higher the refractive index, the closer both theories agree on the first primary rainbow (p = 2) peak for drop diameters as small as 0.02 mm. This may be useful in supporting experimental work.

We have measured the differential scattering cross sections (phase functions I22) and the normalized extinction and scattering cross sections (efficiences) of composite spherical particles. The size parameter x = 2πr/λ was around 2π. Composite spheres consisted of nonabsorbing matrix containing a small amount (1.6 and 2.7% by volume) of highly absorbing inclusions. Such composite particles may represent a realistic model of fog or cloud droplets containing small amounts of carbon or a composite atmospheric aerosol particle. We have compared measured data with those calculated using seven different effective medium approximations. We have found that the approximations of Bruggeman and Maxwell Garnett, the generalization of dynamic effective medium approximation derived by Chylek and Srivastava, and the experimental waveguide method of determination of the effective refractive index lead to an acceptable agreement between calculated and measured values. The reduced χ2 values for these approximations ranged between 0.6 and 2.0. The remaining three approximations (volume averages of refractive indices or dielectric constants and the Maxwell Garnett relation with matrix and inclusion materials interchanged) lead to reduced χ2 values between 4.0 and 12.0 demonstrating a large disagreement between calculated and measured scattering characteristics.

A new algorithm for cylindrical Bessel functions that is similar to the one for spherical Bessel functions allows us to compute scattering functions for infinitely long cylinders covering sizes ka = 2πa/λ up to 8000 through the use of only an eight-digit single-precision machine computation. The scattering function and complex extinction coefficient of a finite cylinder that is seen near perpendicular incidence are derived from those of an infinitely long cylinder by the use of Huygens's principle. The result, which contains no arbitrary normalization factor, agrees quite well with analog microwave measurements of both extinction and scattering for such cylinders, even for an aspect ratio p = l/(2a) as low as 2. Rainbows produced by cylinders are similar to those for spherical drops but are brighter and have a lower contrast.

Results of experimental measurements and theoretical calculations concerning the scattering of plane wave radiation by a system of two interacting spheres are presented. In particular, the complex scattering amplitude of such a system and the phenomena of specular resonances are addressed. Preliminary calculations of the two-sphere Muller matrix are also considered.

Microwave measurements of scattering by a helix made from an acrylic rod are reported. All measurement results on extinction (0 = 0 deg) and angular scattering (10 deg less than or equal to theta (10 deg) less than or equal to 170 deg) are given in absolute magnitude and are displayed in comprehensive graphical form. emphasis on measurements/discussions is based on 3 principal orientations of the helix in the beam; i.e., with the helical axis parallel to the incident k, E, and H vectors. Analysis is based primarily on the accuracy of the data, comparisons to scattering by an equal-volume sphere, and some of the outstanding features noted from this experiment. keywords include: Electromagnetic Scattering, Nonspherical Particles, Microwave Scattering, and Helical Particles.

The light scattering properties of twenty-eight particles, spanning four sizes (near the resonance region) and seven related shapes (a 4:1 cylinder, 4:1 and 2:1 prolate spheroids, a sphere, 2:1 and 4:1 oblate spheroids, and a 4:1 disk), are presented for a common index of refraction, m = 1.61-i0.004, representing silicates. Microwave analog and theoretical methods were used to derive the scattered intensity and degree of polarization as a function of the scattering angle along with the extinction. All results refer to an ensemble or a cloud of identical particles because averages have been taken over random particle orientations. The degree of polarization, backscatter, and the radiation-pressure cross section are most sensitive to particle shape, implying that the use of Mie theory may be inappropriate for many applications.

A method for calculating the electric field scattered from a helical dielectric target is compared to an equivalent experiment. The wavelength of the incident light is 3.18 cm, and the right-handed helix has a radius of 1.83 cm and wire radius of 0.24 cm, a pitch of 0.553 cm, and seven turns. The index of refraction of, the target is 1.626-i 0.012. A brief description of the Shifrin theory generalized to this application is given along with a discussion of the experiment, and the experimental intensities are compared to the first-order theory.