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There is today a burgeoning discussion about how Romanian Naval Special Operations Forces (RNSOF) is supported in maritime operations by the conventional means of the Romanian Navy rotary-wing platforms. As part of this approach, we set out to analyze the regulatory framework for ensuring the support of naval aviation in the execution of NSOF missions. Thus, we will study the evolution of the cooperation of the ROU Navy Helicopter Group and NSOF from the perspective of regulations on cooperation, training, common standard operating procedures, references on standardization and safety in the execution of training and missions in the maritime environment. This research addresses an aspect of special operations that has yet to be explained adequately. To achieve this goal, we will describe how these operations are conducted in NATO countries, which have integrated maritime aviation in support of naval forces for special operations in the maritime environment. According to the specified causes to achieve our objectives, we will search for solutions to compensate or reduce the gap between necessity and reality. Through comparative analysis and documentation on the strategies used by foreign military forces, with similar roles and missions, we will provide solutions that will cover an area that can vary from adapting procedures to establishing the need to develop certain regulations. Our study is addressed to persons involved or interested in the military field and special naval operations and aims to highlight the importance of developing the NSOF capacity to cooperate with integrated maritime aviation and adjusted to the requirements of the execution of special maritime operations. Taking these recommendations into account will increase the effectiveness of NSOF maritime operations with the support of rotary-wing platforms while ensuring the transition to a robust/ real joint NSOF capability in response to existing threats in the Black Sea.

Purpose This paper aims to contribute to the debate of knowledge spillover by presenting a new application for the approach of the technological innovation system (TIS). Design/methodology/approach Based on the evolutionary economics of the TIS approach, a new framework for knowledge spillover is built and applied to a case. To collect data in studying the case, a mix of quantitative–qualitative methods are used. Findings TIS approach can help build a framework to analyze knowledge spillover from defense to the civil sector. This framework shows the direct relationship between the functional dynamics of the system and the spillover mechanism.. Research limitations/implications Sharing the same weakness as TIS, the suggested framework does not pay attention to the contextual factors. Practical implications This framework is an analytical tool. It could be used for educational and research purposes, but it has limited power to devise policy guidelines. Social implications This framework is an analytical tool. It could be used for educational and research purposes. But it has limited power to devise policy guidelines. Originality/value The paper deviates from the conventional literature of knowledge spillover which uses national level of system analysis. Based on TIS, it adds a new perspective to the literature which had suffered from a limited value of generalizability.

Léteznek olyan, a világ bármely pontján telepíthető és távoli területeken, mostoha körülmények között alkalmazható katonai csoportok, kisalegységek, amelyek úgy is képesek feladatot végrehajtani, hogy nincs rádiókapcsolatuk a parancsnoksággal. Ők a speciálisan felkészített és kiválasztott különleges műveleti katonák – a „zöldsapkások”. Szolgálatukat önként vállalják kemény, bizonytalan környezetben. Ők a katonai vezetők legfőbb eszközei a nem hagyományos hadviselésben. A különleges erők a múltban és a jelenben egyaránt létfontosságú műveleteket hajtottak, hajtanak végre. Tevékenységük támogatására azonban elengedhetetlenül szükség van a légierő speciálisan felkészített forgószárnyas egységeire. A tanulmány rövid áttekintést nyújt a különleges műveleti forgószárnyas képességről, illetve a szakirodalomról. Tárgyalja a magyar különleges műveleti légi képesség kialakításának körülményeit. Írása végén a szerző javaslatokat fogalmaz meg a nemzeti különleges műveleti légi képesség kialakítását biztosító kiképzéssel kapcsolatban. KULCSSZAVAK: különleges műveleti légicsoport (SOATU), különleges műveleti repülési program (MSAP), kiképzés, különleges műveleti erők regionális komponensparancsnoksága (R-SOCC), H145M helikopter, Zrínyi 2026 Honvédelmi és Haderőfejlesztési Program

Communication with several ground nodes (GNs) is enabled through wireless communications by means of a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). For every GN, the requirements of communication throughput is satisfied while minimizing the communication and propulsion related energy thereby reducing the total energy consumption of the UAV. The total completion time of the mission, the GN time allocation for communication as well as the trajectory of UAV are optimized jointly to formulate the problem of energy minimization. The UAV rotary wing model of power consumption for propulsion power in a closed-form is also derived. The complexity of the problem increases with the involvement of several variables infinitely over time and the non-convex variables, making it challenging to be solved optimally. The hovering location sets are visited by the UAV and at each location, communication is established with the corresponding GNs. This simplified design for fly-hover-communicate is established for tackling the underlying issue. Convex optimization techniques and travelling salesman problem with neighborhood (TSPN) are leveraged for optimization of the trajectory that connects the hovering locations and the duration of hovering by means of the proposed algorithm design. Communication of the UAV during operation is considered as a general scenario. Discretization of the problem to its equivalent is done in the proposed novel path discretization technique by means of optimized variables of finite number. Further, a successive convex approximation (SCA) scheme is applied for obtaining a solution that is locally optimal. A comparison of the proposed design is performed with the benchmark schemes and it is found that they are outperformed based on numerical results.

A novel method to determine probabilistic operational safety bound for rotary-wing unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) traffic management is proposed in this paper. The key idea is to combine a determi...

A tervezők képzeletét a merevszárnyú repülőgépek fejlődésével párhuzamosan a forgószárnyas repülés lehetősége is megmozgatta. Bár négy évvel a Wright fivérek repülése után, 1907-ben felemelkedett az első helikopter is, még hosszú időnek kellett eltelnie az első gyakorlatban is használható helikopterek megszületéséig. Ennek fő oka az volt, hogy a helikopterrepülésre jellemző aszimmetrikus áramlási viszonyok, a forgószárny vezérlésének bonyolultsága és a reakciónyomaték kiegyensúlyozásának nehézségei sokáig megoldhatatlan feladatot jelentettek a tervezőknek. Az 1930-as években azonban az autogirókkal szerzett tervezési és repülési tapasztalatokkal egyre közelebb kerültek a helikopterrepülés gyakorlati problémáinak megoldásához. Az 1940-es években ezzel megkezdődhetett a repülés forgószárnyas korszaka, amit szélsebesen követett nagyszámú megjelenésük és széles körben való alkalmazásuk mind a polgári, mind a katonai repülés területén. Ebben a cikkben ezt a folyamatot szeretném bemutatni. A téma nagysága miatt természetesen csak egy-egy szelet bemutatására, a jelentősebb mérföldkövekre kitérve.

In this letter, we study unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) enabled Internet-of-Things (IoT) system, where a rotary-wing UAV is employed to collect data from a set of IoT devices. By introducing the propulsion energy model for rotary-wing UAV, we aim to minimize the maximum energy consumption among all devices, while satisfying the UAV energy budget. The problem is formulated with a non-convex programming by jointly optimizing the communication scheduling and transmit power allocation for devices as well as the UAV trajectory. An efficient solution is proposed by applying the alternating optimization and successive convex approximation techniques. Simulation results show that the proposed solution can achieve significant gains over benchmark schemes for data collection over IoT system.

A novel passive flow control concept for transonic flows over airfoils is proposed and examined via computational fluid dynamics. The control concept is based on the local modification of the airfoil's geometry. It aims to reduce drag or to increase lift without deteriorating the original lift and/or drag characteristics of the airfoil, respectively. Such flow control technique could be beneficial for improving the range or endurance of transonic aircraft or for mitigating the negative effects of transonic flow on the advancing blades of helicopter rotors. To explore the feasibility of the concept, two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations of a NACA 0012 airfoil exposed to a freestream of Mach 0.7 and Re = 9 × 106 as well as of a NASA SC(3)−0712(B) supercritical airfoil exposed to a freestream of Mach 0.78 and Re = 30 × 106 were conducted. The baseline airfoil simulations were carefully verified and validated, showing excellent agreement with wind tunnel data. Then, 32 various local geometry modifications were proposed and systematically examined, all functioning as a trapped-vortex generator. The surface modifications were examined on both the upper and lower surfaces of the airfoils. The upper surface modifications demonstrated remarkable ability to reduce the strength of the shockwave on the upper surface of the airfoil with only a small penalty in lift. On the other hand, the lower surface modifications could significantly increase the lift-to-drag ratio for the full range of the investigated angles of attack, when compared to the baseline airfoil.

NASA/Army UH-60A Airloads Program flight test and full-scale UH-60A Airloads wind-tunnel test data are investigated to better understand and predict the chord bending moments, one of the unresolved...

The main objective of this work is the evaluation of two nature inspired meta-heuristics, Genetic Algorithms and Ant Colony, for the development of an application that can generate optimized routes for aircraft, attending the requirements of the Brazilian Navy. This work presents the methods developed, complying with two main constraints: checkpoints mobility and limited aircraft autonomy. It also presents the results of tests performed with the methods developed and an evaluation of their performances.

Recently, an important NATO working group has completed its work. The panel was tasked with the identification and evaluation of existing or developing technologies in use by rotary-wing assets, including their impact on military organization, capabilities, and the planning and execution of joint-force operations. The author, drawing on his experience gained in the above mentioned working group, and also on the lessons learned as a helicopter pilot, commander, and in missions, gives an insight into what the operators, users, or designers of the currently very wide spread rotary wing assets focus on.

Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado melayani pergerakan pesawat 70-80 per hari, untuk fixed wing dan rotary wing yang terjadwal dan tidak terjadwal. Dalam pelayanan penerbangan memiliki 2 provider, yaitu PT Angkasa Pura I sebagai penyedia fasilitas sisi udara dan Perum LPPNPI sebagai penyedia layanan navigasi udara. Metode penelitian adalah metode analisis deskriptif, dengan menguji teori dan fakta di Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado terhadap prosedur dan ketentuan standar dalam dunia penerbangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji permukaan heliport untuk mengambil keselamatan, efisiensi, dan keamanan di Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kebutuhan heliport untuk operasi helikopter di Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado. Dimana heliport berada di permukaan tanah dan dilengkapi dengan marka dan fasilitas pendukung lainnya berdasarkan Lampiran 14 Heliport Volume 2 Aerodrome dan Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Udara Nomor: KP 40 Tahun 2015 Tentang Standar Teknis dan Operasional Peraturan Keselamatan Penerbangan Sipil Bagian 139 Standart CASR 139).

This paper presents recent works realized at ONERA the French Aerospace Lab., on an experimental project which involved multistatic passive radar. One particularity of this multistatic radar system is that a ground based passive radar is combined with a passive radar embedded on a rotary wing UAV.

Objective The overarching objective was to evaluate whether workload sensory-domain specificity could be identified through electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings during simulated rotary-wing operations. Background Rotary-wing aviators experience workload from different sensory domains, although predominantly through auditory and visual domains. Development of real-time monitoring tools using psychophysiological indices, such as EEG recordings, could enable identification of aviator overload in real time. Method Two studies were completed, both of which recorded EEG, task performance, and self-report data. In Study 1, 16 individuals completed a basic auditory and a basic visual laboratory task where workload was manipulated. In Study 2, 23 Army aviators completed simulated aviation flights where workload was manipulated within auditory and visual sensory domains. Results Results from Study 1 found differences in frontal alpha activity during the auditory task, and that alpha and beta activities were associated with perceived workload. Frontal theta activity was found to differ during the visual task while frontal alpha was associated with perceived workload. Study 2 found support for frontal beta activity and the ratio of beta to alpha + theta to differentiate level of workload within the auditory domain. Conclusion There is likely a role of frontal alpha and beta activities in response to workload manipulations within the auditory domain; however, this role becomes more equivocal when examined in a multifaceted flight scenario. Application Results from this study provide a basis for understanding changes in EEG activity when workload is manipulated in sensory domains that can be used in furthering the development of real-time monitoring tools.

Critical care transport organizations are nimble, operationally focused institutions that can aid in managing crises. Ornge provides air ambulance and critical care transport services to Ontario. From 12 bases, Ornge operates four PC-12 Next Generation fixed wing (FW) aircraft, eight AW-139 rotary wing (RW) aircraft, and four critical care land ambulances (CCLA) on a 24/7 basis. Ornge also contracts with private air carriers to provide lower acuity air ambulance services. Ornge performs over 20,000 patient-related transports annually. We discuss Ornge's approach to preparing for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and identify potential unconventional roles.

This article describes the current situation in the area of electronic warfare. Aircraft protection can be greatly utilised not only in military but also in civilian applications. Active radar signal jamming methods are costly and therefore, aircraft protection using Chaff jamming increases efficiency, application variability and makes aircraft protection affordable. The article describes Chaff and the initial set of measurements designed for measuring aerodynamic pressure around a stationary helicopter model. This data lays foundations for the direction of further development, which is introduced at the end of the article.

The increasing usage of low-Reynolds-number (10,000–100,000 tip Reynolds number) scale quadrotors for civilian and military applications provides the impetus for the development of reliable design ...

Flapping rotary wing is a novel aerodynamic configuration proposed in recent years for micro air vehicles. To understand the aerodynamic characteristics of this wing layout, a computational fluid d...

A distributed guidance law is proposed to intercept multiple intruding targets by using multiple rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The proposed distributed guidance law is based on the integration of the classic parallel navigation and a velocity feedback. Direction-based potential functions are applied to avoid inter-agent collisions and mis-interceptions. It is proved that, with the proposed distributed guidance law, each UAV is capable of intercepting its specific target within finite time and with nonzero hitting velocity, and there exist neither inter-agent collisions nor mis-interceptions. Task allocation strategies are proposed to allocate targets to UAVs for optimal time efficiency. Theoretical results are illustrated by simulations and a semi-physical experiment.

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based geophysical surveys are attractive for land mineral exploration and are gradually opening extraordinary opportunities in providing high-resolution definition of geologic structures and for direct targeting of mineral deposits. There are, however, challenges such as electromagnetic noise from the UAV, limited load capacity, and short flight times. If these are overcome, there will be a new era in using UAV-based geophysical systems for mineral exploration and for a number of mining-related purposes. In this study, we have tested the potential of rotary-wing UAV systems, given their flight flexibility and robustness for direct targeting of iron-oxide deposits in central Sweden. A walking-mode high-precision Overhauser magnetometer was reassembled so that it could be lifted by the rotary-wing system. Successful backyard tests were performed, but during the real experiment several issues related to high UAV noise level and extreme magnetic field from the mineralization delayed data acquisition. At the end, within nearly three hours and 10 sorties, approximately 20 km-line total-field magnetic data were collected covering an area of about 2 km2. Flight lines were designed perpendicular to the strike of the mineralization to maximize data sampling. Two distinct mineralized zones, magnetite- and hematite-rich and only 50–100 m apart, are notable in the magnetic data due to the fine sampling spacing provided by the UAV survey. Historical low-altitude (30 m above the ground) fixed-wing aeromagnetic data are available from the study area and are compared with the UAV data. Both data sets are consistent in delineating the mineralization, therefore demonstrating the potential of UAV-based surveys for mineral exploration in geologically and logistically challenging areas.

This paper shows a methodology for the design and construction of an aircraft type Quadcopter. To do so, we describe the aerodynamic effects that often are presented in such vehicles, the mechanical considerations for the construction of the same and the instrumentation required for its operation. Also we are shown the criteria to be considered for the implementation of the PID controller and the results obtained from the application of the same to stabilize the Quadrotor in its vertical. Similarly, it shows the flight time obtained with the selected instrumentation for the vehicle.

Objective We examined the contribution of binocular vision and experience to performance on a simulated helicopter flight task. Background Although there is a long history of research on the role of binocular vision and stereopsis in aviation, there is no consensus on its operational relevance. This work addresses this using a naturalistic task in a virtual environment. Method Four high-resolution stereoscopic terrain types were viewed monocularly and binocularly. In separate experiments, we evaluated performance of undergraduate students and military aircrew on a simulated low hover altitude judgment task. Observers were asked to judge the distance between a virtual helicopter skid and the ground plane. Results Our results show that for both groups, altitude judgments are more accurate in the binocular viewing condition than in the monocular condition. However, in the monocular condition, aircrew were more accurate than undergraduate observers in estimating height of the skid above the ground. Conclusion At simulated altitudes of 5 ft (1.5 m) or less, binocular vision provides a significant advantage for estimation of the depth separation between the landing skid and the ground, regardless of relevant operational experience. However, when binocular cues are unavailable aircrew outperform undergraduate observers, a result that likely reflects the impact of training on the ability to interpret monocular depth cues.

During Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF), there were 375 non-combat rotorcraft losses from October 2001 to September 2009. Human factors issues accounted for 78% of these non-combat losses, with controlled flight into terrain (CFIT) and night/degraded visual environment (DVE) as the leading human factor loss causes. This high percentage is reflective of the low survivability rate of DVE/night-based mishaps. Normal human visual sensitivity has been shown to be highly variable under low luminance, low contrast conditions (Lattimore, 2017). Furthermore, Thibos et al. (2002) demonstrated significant structural aberration, with accompanying decreased image quality in a normal population of dilated healthy eyes. Additionally, Watson (2015) computed widely varied human optical point spread functions in normal, dilated eyes. Finally, Bartholomew et al. (2016) assessed visual sensitivity under varied luminance in 234 healthy collegians; only 4.1% of the photopic 20/20 acuity responders were predictive of mesopic acuity responsiveness. Based on these data, nearly all aviators may be at increased risk for poor DVE-related visual and flight performance. Therefore, the greatest risk factor that Army aviators are facing when confronted with DVE conditions is perhaps the visual performance status of their own eyes. Contrast sensitivity testing under mesopic naturally-dilated, night conditions using any of the contrast sensitivity tests available, could be used to determine one’s native or base-line capability under DVE conditions. The systematic compilation of such data could prompt the military services to re-evaluate their vision performance standards, and restructure awareness training.

Obtaining thermodynamic measurements using rotary-wing unmanned aircraft systems (rwUAS) requires several considerations for mitigating biases from the aircraft and its environment. In this study, we focus on how the method of temperature sensor integration can impact the quality of its measurements. To minimize non-environmental heat sources and prevent any contamination coming from the rwUAS body, two configurations with different sensor placements are proposed for comparison. The first configuration consists of a custom quadcopter with temperature and humidity sensors placed below the propellers for aspiration. The second configuration incorporates the same quadcopter design with sensors instead shielded inside of an L-duct and aspirated by a ducted fan. Additionally, an autopilot algorithm was developed for these platforms to face them into the wind during flight for kinematic wind estimations. This study will utilize in situ rwUAS observations validated against tower-mounted reference instruments to examine how measurements are influenced both by the different configurations as well as the ambient environment. Results indicate that both methods of integration are valid but the below-propeller configuration is more susceptible to errors from solar radiation and heat from the body of the rwUAS.

Modern designs of micro air vehicles (MAVs) are mostly inspired by nature's flyers, such as hummingbirds and flying insects, which results in the birth of bio-inspired MAVs. The history and recent progress of the aerodynamic mechanisms in bio-inspired MAVs are reviewed in this study, especially focused on those compound layouts using bio-inspired unsteady aerodynamic mechanisms. Several successful bio-mimicking MAVs and the unsteady high lift mechanisms in insect flight are briefly revisited. Four types of the compound layouts, i.e. the fixed/flapping-wing MAV, the flapping rotary wing MAV, the multiple-pair flapping-wing MAV, and the cycloidal rotor MAV are introduced in terms of recent findings on their aerodynamic mechanisms. In the end, future interests in the field of MAVs are suggested. The authors' review can provide solid background knowledge for both future studies on the aerodynamic mechanisms in bio-inspired MAVs and the practical design of a bio-inspired MAV.

This article presents a precise landing system that allows rotary-wing UAVs to approach and land safely on moving platforms, without using GNSS at any stage of the landing maneuver, and with a centimeter level accuracy and high level of robustness. This system implements a novel concept where the relative position and velocity between the aerial vehicle and the landing platform are calculated from the angles of a cable that physically connects the UAV and the landing platform. The use of a cable also incorporates a number of extra benefits, such as increasing the precision in the control of the UAV altitude. It also facilitates centering the UAV right on top of the expected landing position, and increases the stability of the UAV just after contacting the landing platform. The system was implemented in an unmanned helicopter and many tests were carried out under different conditions for measuring the accuracy and the robustness of the proposed solution. Results show that the developed system allowed landing with centimeter accuracy by using only local sensors and that the helicopter could follow the landing platform in multiple trajectories at different velocities. Unión Europea EC-SAFEMOBIL (FP7-ICT-288082) Unión Europea AEROARMS (H2020-ICT-644271)

Objective Occupational challenges in air transport domains make auscultation with traditional stethoscopes difficult. This study aimed to investigate two commercial off-the-shelf stethoscopes for use in high noise military patient transport environments. The stethoscopes were assessed by Aeromedical Evacuation providers in a simulated C-130 trainer on live standardized mock patients. Device 1 was a dual-mode stethoscope developed for rotary wing military airframes. Device 2 was an electronic stethoscope developed for high noise civilian environments. Twenty clinicians performed cardiopulmonary auscultation using the devices on the same two standardized patients in a simulated C-130 then completed a subjective questionnaire on their ability to identify heart and lung sounds. Results indicated the dual-mode stethoscope had limited utility with clinician likeliness of use rated as low (median = 2; interquartile range = 1.75-3.25), whereas the electronic stethoscope had potential utility with likeliness of use rated as good (median = 4; interquartile range = 3.25-5). We conclude that further examination of devices capable of auscultation in high noise military environments is needed. In-flight testing of device 2 for use by end users has been completed and will be reported in a separate manuscript.

The prediction of ultimate strength remains the main challenge in the simulation of the mechanical response of composite structures. This paper examines continuum damage model to predict the strength and size effects for deformation and failure response of polymer composite laminates when subjected to complex state of stress. The paper also considers how the overall results of the exercise can be applied in design applications. The continuum damage model is described and the resulting prediction of size effects are compared against the standard benchmark solutions. The stress analysis for strength prediction of rotary wing aircraft cabin door is carried out. The goal of this study is to extend the proposed continuum damage model such that it can be accurately predict the failure around stress concentration regions. The finite element-based continuum damage mechanics model can be applied to the structures and components of arbitrary configurations where analytical solutions could not be developed.

Background Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) therapy is widely used for the management of acute respiratory failure. The objective of this study was to investigate the current use of NIV during interhospital retrievals in an Australian physician-led aeromedical service. Methods We reviewed patients receiving NIV during interhospital retrieval at the Greater Sydney Area Helicopter Medical Services (GSA-HEMS) over a 14-month period. The main objectives were to describe the number of retrievals using NIV, the need for intubation in NIV patients and the effect of the therapy on mission duration. Results Over the study period, 3018 missions were reported; 106 cases (3.51%) involved administration of NIV therapy during the retrieval. The most common indication for NIV was pneumonia (34.0%). 86/106 patients received a successful trial of NIV therapy prior to interhospital transfer. 58 patients were transferred on NIV, while 28 patients had NIV removed during transport. None of these 86 patients required intubation or died, although 17/86 ultimately required intubation within 24 hours at the receiving centre. 20/106 patients required intubation at the referring hospital after a failed trial of NIV therapy. NIV was successfully used in all available transport platforms including rotary wing. Patients receiving NIV were found to have prolonged mission durations compared with other GSA-HEMS patients (222.5 vs 193 min). This increase in mission duration was largely attributable to NIV failure, resulting in a need for Rapid Sequence Intubation at the referring hospital. Conclusions With careful patient selection, the use of interhospital NIV is feasible and appears to be safe in a retrieval system with care provided by a critical care physician.

Recently, many studies have been conducted to use fixed-wing and rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, Drones) for topographic surveying in open-pit mines. Because the fixed-wing and rotary-wing UAVs have different characteristics such as flight height, speed, time and performance of mounted cameras, their results of topographic surveying at a same site need to be compared. This study selected a construction site in Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea as a study area and compared the topographic surveying results from a fixed-wing UAV (SenseFly eBee) and a popular rotary-wing UAV (DJI Phantom2 Vision+). As results of data processing for aerial photos taken from eBee and Phantom2 Vision+, orthomosaic images and digital surface models with about 4 cm grid spacing could be generated. Comparisons of the X, Y, Z-coordinates of 7 ground control points measured by differential global positioning system and those determined by eBee and Phantom2 Vision+ revealed that the root mean squared errors of X, Y, Z-coordinates were around 10 cm, respectively.

The United States Army has a vicrory which is has a Gulf War and Iraq War. What is the a victory reason about Gulf War and Iraq War? I thought about that a case study solve to a victory of Gulf War and Iraq War. That is a with a armored unit, a mechanized unit and rotary wing unit maneuver warfare. So I can begin a study on Future Maneuver Warfare and a Application to Rotary Wing Maneuver Warfare. A maneuver warfare is the maneuver has a decisive war to the victory or`` fail. That is not fight with the enemy``s equipment and personnel. But has a advantage of maneuver to decisive battle situation about the enemy direction. The maneuver has a decisive strike which is has a advantage area than the enemy has a advantage area. Also the maneuver could has a deep battle area. The reason has a about ``psychological or mental paralysis achievement``. Therefore maneuver warfare is very important. Also the scientific technique and weapon system is developed to the precision guided missle. And rotary wing weapon system``s speed and ability is better than any weapon system before. So rotary wing have been to the rotary wing revolution in 1980``s. The rotary wing can over front line to the enemy rear area than armored and mechanized unit. In the Middle East War, Gulf War and Iraq War the rotary wing weapons have to victory which is the maneuver go to rear in Iraq. Now the precision guided missle``s development and the urbanization is limited armored unit and mechanized unit to the maneuver. Therefore in the future war the rotary wing weapon which is will cary out important role and function than armored unit and mechanized unit. Also Helicopter maneuver could will be the multidimensional high speed maneuver warfare with armored and mechanized unit in the future war.

This paper describes the development of a methodology to assess the handling qualities requirements for vertical takeoff and landing-capable personal aerial vehicles. It is anticipated that such a personal aerial vehicle would be flown by a “flight-naive” pilot who has received much less training than is typically received even by today’s general aviation private pilots. The methodology used to determine handling requirements for a personal aerial vehicle cannot therefore be based entirely on existing best practice; the use of highly experienced test pilots in a conventional handling assessment limits the degree to which results apply to the flight-naive pilot. Using rotary-wing handling qualities methods as a start point, this paper describes both existing and newly developed alternative methods to subjectively and objectively analyze the performance and workload of flight-naive pilots in typical personal aerial vehicle tasks. A highly reconfigurable generic flight dynamics simulation model that has been...

Objective To measure sound and vibration in rotary wing air transport (RWAT) and ground ambulance transport (GAT), comparing them to current recommendations, and correlating them with physiological stability measures in transported neonates. Study Design This is a prospective cohort observational study including infants ≤ 7 days of age transported over an 8-month period. Infants with neurologic conditions were excluded. Sound and vibration was continuously measured during transport. Transport Risk Index of Physiologic Stability (TRIPS) scores were calculated from vital signs as a proxy for physiological stability. Results In total, 118 newborns were enrolled, of whom 109 were analyzed: 67 in RWAT and 42 in GAT. Peak sound levels ranged from 80.4 to 86.4 dBA in RWAT and from 70.3 to 71.6 dBA in GAT. Whole-body vibration ranged from 1.68 to 5.09 m/s2 in RWAT and from 1.82 to 3.96 m/s2 in GAT. Interval TRIPS scores for each infant were not significantly different despite excessive sound and vibration. Conclusion Noise levels during neonatal transport exceed published recommendations for both RWAT and GAT and are higher in RWAT. Transported infants are exposed to vibration levels exceeding acceptable adult standards. Despite excessive noise and vibration, levels of physiological stability remained stable after transport in both RWAT and GAT groups.

We present the results of a year-long effort to develop swarm tactics in the DARPA-sponsored Service Academies Swarm Challenge. Through the course of approximately 9 months, each Academy went from “zero to swarm” in capability and fielded swarms of 25 fixed and rotary wing small unmanned aerial systems. After a series of virtual scrimmages, teams competed in a live-fly swarm v. swarm aerial simulated combat competition. This paper provides an overview of the SASC architecture (i.e., hardware, software, simulation), swarm behaviors and tactics, testing, and the results from the competition.

Camber morphing aerofoils have the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of fixed and rotary wing aircraft by providing significant lift control authority to a wing, at a lower drag penalty than traditional plain flaps. A rapid, mesh-independent and two-dimensional analytical model of the fish bone active camber concept is presented. Existing structural models of this concept are one-dimensional and isotropic and therefore unable to capture either material anisotropy or spanwise variations in loading/deformation. The proposed model addresses these shortcomings by being able to analyse composite laminates and solve for static two-dimensional displacement fields. Kirchhoff–Love plate theory, along with the Rayleigh–Ritz method, are used to capture the complex and variable stiffness nature of the fish bone active camber concept in a single system of linear equations. Results show errors between 0.5% and 8% for static deflections under representative uniform pressure loadings and applied actuation moments (except when transverse shear exists), compared to finite element method. The robustness, mesh-independence and analytical nature of this model, combined with a modular, parameter-driven geometry definition, facilitate a fast and automated analysis of a wide range of fish bone active camber concept configurations. This analytical model is therefore a powerful tool for use in trade studies, fluid–structure interaction and design optimisation.

Background With the increasing role of point-of-care coagulation testing in trauma, we sought to test the reliability of the thromboelastography (TEG)6s machine in a simulated rotary wing environment. Method A two-arm study was conducted, running TEG6s quality control cartridges in a helicopter flight simulator with realistic vibration and in stable ground conditions. The flight conditions during testing included take-offs, landings and inflight emergencies such as engine failures. TEG values for R time, K time, α-angle and maximum amplitude (MA) were collected and compared with manufacturers’ normal ranges. Results 148 TEG samples were included for analysis (72 simulator arm, 76 ground arm). In the simulator arm, four of our K time values fell below the normal range and four MA values were above the normal range. All other values in both simulator and ground arms were in the normal range. Conclusion The TEG6s is a viable technology in the simulated rotary wing environment, and it is feasible to conduct further studies using human blood in live rotary wing conditions. Extreme flight conditions should be avoided during further testing.

This paper reports on the investigations made at Fraunhofer Institute for Non-Destructive Testing (IZFP) where different rotary wing micro UAS have been used to scan infrastructures including bridges and monuments at high resolutions for remote damage assessment and monitoring purposes. The aerial pictures taken at high speed and frequency have then been stitched together to obtain full 2D and 3D building reconstructions at a resolution allowing damages and cracking to be observed still in the millimeter range. With these ultra hi-res building reconstruction models a specific data base could be created for each object in order to provide extensive information for long term evaluation and life cycle management. The UAS also have been equipped with sensors for damage size estimation, which combined with an image processing software developed to allow automatic cracking pattern recognition could be used for further analysis.

This paper addresses the problem of deriving attitude estimation and trajectory tracking strategies for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) using exclusively on-board sensors. The perception of the vehicle position and attitude relative to a structure is achieved by robustly comparing a known pier geometry or map with the data provided by a LiDAR sensor, solving an optimization problem and also robustly identifying outliers. Building on this information, several methods are discussed for obtaining the attitude of the vehicle with respect to the structure, including a nonlinear observer to estimate the vehicle attitude on \(\mathcal {SO}(3)\). A simple nonlinear control strategy is also designed with the objective of providing an accurate trajectory tracking control relative to the structure, and experimental results are provided for the performance evaluation of the proposed algorithms.

This study investigates the potential of rotary wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to monitor the surfzone. This paper shows that these UAVs are extremely flexible surveying platforms that can gather near-continuous moderate spatial resolution and high temporal resolution imagery from a fixed position high above a study site. The rotary wing UAVs used in this study can fly for ~12 min with a mean loiter radius of 1–3.5 m and a mean loiter error of 0.75–4.5 m. These numbers depend on the environmental conditions, flying style, battery type, and vehicle type. The images obtained from the UAVs, and in combination with surveyed ground control points (GCPs), can be georectified to a pixel resolution between 0.01 and 1 m, and a reprojection error—that is, the difference between the surveyed GPS location of a GCP and the location of the GCP obtained from the georectified image—of O(1 m). The flexibility of rotary wing UAVs provides moderate spatial resolution and high temporal resolution imagery, which are highly suitable to quickly obtain surfzone and beach characteristics in response to storms or for day-to-day beach safety information, as well as scientific pursuits of surfzone kinematics on different spatial and temporal scales, and dispersion and advection estimates of pollutants.