Search

Introduction: the coronavirus pandemic disclosed the need for safe orotracheal intubation not only for the patient, but also for the professionals involved in the procedure. Therefore, training and technique reviews became necessary. Objective: this article aims to propose the application of the Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice (RCDP) strategy for the training of anesthesiologists in orotracheal intubation in people with confirmed or suspected COVID-19 and to present a guide for the application of this strategy in this situation. Method: This is a methodological study presenting the theoretical and operational aspects for the Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice application and a guide constructed from the search for evidence published in journals and official recommendations published by the institutions linked to the Brazilian and international health area. Results: the main theoretical aspects reported are related to the three principles on which Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice is based: maximizing time in deliberate practice, targeted feedback, and explicit psychological security. As for the operational aspects, it is highlighted that the training must be carried out with a maximum of six people. An error must be interrupted, prescriptive feedback must be given, and the task must be performed again until the participant reaches mastery. As for the procedure technical specificity, a guide to the application of the rapid cycle deliberate practice is presented with the sequence for the adequate airway management of hypoxemic patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Conclusion: it is concluded that the assessed instructional strategy showed to be promising for the training with mastery learning in all professionals who will perform the procedure of orotracheal intubation while facing the severe forms of COVID-19, minimizing the risk of contamination.

Portal-systemic encephalopathy (PSE) is caused by substances originating in the intestine that directly enter the general circulation without passing through the liver, as in extrahepatic portosystemic shunt (EHPS). This shunt is usually a sequel of cirrhosis and severe portal hypertension. It is seldom observed in neurological complications without portal hypertension and chronic liver disease. The aetiology of portosystemic shunt may involve other rare causes, such as congenital shunts, iatrogenic shunts (after abdominal operation or liver biopsy), trauma and idiopathic shunts. The literature includes only a few cases of portosystemic shunt not associated with portal hypertension, mostly in Western countries. The occlusion of shunts is sometimes indicated for PSE. Recently, good results have been reported for the percutaneous approach using interventional radiology in cases of EHPS occlusion, via the liver or the inferior vena cava. We report a case of a 54-year-old woman presenting with one episode of PSE 27 months after undergoing liver transplantation, without recurrence of cirrhosis or portal hypertension. The portosystemic shunt was diagnosed by abdominal colour-Doppler and magnetic resonance image angiography (MRIA). Spectroscopic cranial MR

The shortage of organ donors for low-weight liver transplant recipients, especially for small children, has led to the development of new surgical techniques to increase the donor pool. Almost all of these techniques use the left lateral segment (Couinaud's segments II and III), but even this graft could be too large for children under 10 kg. We report here the case of an 8-month-old boy, weighing 6.1 kg, who received a monosegmental graft (segment III) from his grandmother weighing 68 kg. The graft was reduced at the donor surgery, before clamping of the vessels. The donor was discharged on the fourth post-operative day; the recipient had an uneventful post-operative period and was discharged after 22 days.

In patients who underwent transplantation for familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy (FAP) type I, the explanted liver is normal except for the production of transthyretin met-30. In 1997, a new modality of liver transplantation was introduced: the sequential or domino liver transplantation.1 In this kind of transplantation, the FAP patients’ livers are used as grafts especially for recipients older than age 60 years. The obvious inconvenience is that the FAP liver will continue to produce variant transthyretin, with the potential for later development of neuropathy in the new recipient.2 The original technique used for transplantation in FAP patients has been changed to promote sequential transplantation. During the hepatectomy of FAP patients, the inferior vena cava (IVC) is not preserved,1,2 and in many cases, the venovenous bypass is used.2 Some investigators also report that the pericardium may be sectioned to lengthen the vena cava stumps.2 Recently, some complications of IVC anastomosis in domino liver transplantation were reported.3 The Achilles heel of domino transplantation remains the IVC length for both patients, the FAP patient and the domino recipient. In this case we describe the success of using a technique that permits the FAP hepatectomy to be performed with IVC preservation, in which it is not necessary to use venovenous bypass nor to open the pericardium sac. A 32-year-old man with FAP agreed to be the domino donor. A cadaveric graft became available and was harvested with standard technique. The inferior vena cava below the renal veins with both common iliac veins were taken to be used as vascular grafts. The native hepatectomy in the FAP patient was performed with IVC preservation, and venovenous bypass was not required. The cadaveric graft was implanted with laterolateral vena caval anastomosis. The pedicle element anastomoses were performed by the standard technique. The FAP patient did not require blood transfusion. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the eighth postoperative day. The FAP liver as a domino graft was harvested without vena cava; with right, middle, and left hepatic veins (Fig. 1A); and was perfused on the back-table with Belzer solution. The middle and left hepatic veins were joined together (Fig. 1B), and the venous graft of both iliac veins with a common cuff of the caval vein was anastomosed with right hepatic vein and the new common trunk of the middle and left hepatic veins using 5-0 polypropylene running suture (Fig. 1C and 1D). A 62-year-old woman with end-stage liver disease secondary to hepatitis C agreed to accept the FAP liver. The recipient’s hepatectomy was performed with preservation of IVC, and the liver was implanted in the standard piggyback fashion using the caval stump of the venous graft as the outflow from the FAP liver. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the patient was discharged on the 14th postoperative day. The Doppler hepatic vein waveform always showed triphasic waves, which means a good outflow from the FAP liver. Pena et al4 described this new technique for domino liver transplantation. The vascular outflow anastomosis in the domino recipient is performed with an iliac/caval vein graft from the cadaveric donor. For this reason, some technical difficulties such as short vena cava stump, pericardial effusion, and bad outflow in both patients are avoided. This technique also avoids the necessity of the venovenous bypass or the hemodynamic changes after caval clamping in FAP patients. In summary, this new technique may be considered From the Liver Transplant Unit, Clinical and Surgical Hepatology Program, Bonsucesso General Hospital, Public Health Assistance, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Address reprint requests to Lucio F. Pacheco-Moreira, Equipe de Transplante Hepatico, Hospital Geral de Bonsucesso, Avenida Londres, 616, 21041-000, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil. Telephone: 55-21-99144293; FAX: 55-21-31538553; E-mail: txhepatico@hgb.rj.saude.gov.br Copyright © 2003 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases 1527-6465/03/0906-0018$30.00/0 doi:10.1053/jlts.2003.50034