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The tooth cavity is the common problem in the enamel surface due to the predominance of the demineralization process. It can be controlled with different factors like sufficient salivation in remineralization agents, antibacterial protection, and pathologic factor. Fluoride ion (F−) is the oral hygiene active ingredient and best choice for control caries, prevent decay, crumbling of the bone tooth. F−. In general forms fluorapatite (FA) on the enamel surface, which inhibits mineral loss during the demineralization process. However, recommended optimum deposition of FA on the enamel surface, otherwise, FA leads to inhibit full remineralization. However, regularly consume fluoride causes dental fluorosis during tooth development. Hence, need for an alternative non-fluoride agent for dental caries, which can include effective remineralization without risks associated with F−. This review described fluoride release and re-release ability with application of dental materials, remineralizing potential of fluoridated and non-fluoridated products in dentistry such as casein phosphopeptides, nanohydroxyapatite, tricalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate dehydrate, polyols, SensiStat, trimetaphosphate, and herbal products. Lastly, dental perspectives are described. Based on literature results and discussion, nanohydroxyapatite, fluoride, and tricalcium phosphate are best among toothpaste to enhance the remineralization process. Recently, the focus of restorative dentistry is shifted toward more conservative approaches. Hence, F− releasing filling materials with different fluoride-releasing abilities like GIC, giomers, cermets, compomers, and composite materials proved beneficial for the patient. The presence of fluoride anions in the oral cavity has added advantage of being a potent antibacterial and antifungal agent.

Background. The silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are the most acceptable and excellent nanotechnology-based product among all metallic nanoparticles (noble metals). They are novel in terms of good conductivity, catalytic, chemical stability, and most significant anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. Aim. This review is aimed at understanding the synthesis, mechanism, and applications of Ag NPs in dentistry and their qualities to aid clinicians and researchers. Materials and Methods. A electronic search for literature was performed on the Google Scholar, PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science databases for related articles using multiple keywords. The keywords used were antimicrobial properties, mechanism of action, and current uses of Ag NPs in dentistry. The search was limited to articles published in the English language; no deadline was set for publications. Results. About 185 articles were considered relevant to the reported research out of 6420 electronic search results. Only the publications that were required were received after all abstracts were assessed for relevance. After a final electronic and manual search, roughly 47 research publications were found to be helpful in this study. Conclusion. The Ag NPs, unlike other biomaterials used in dentistry, have unique biological features and could be used in endodontics, restorative dentistry, periodontology, prosthetic dentistry, implantology, and oral malignancies, because of their antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiviral effects.

Context First-time dental treatment for children is often sought due to carious, malformed, fractured, and discolored teeth. The strip crown represents a highly esthetic and popular option for the restoration of primary anterior teeth. However, there are limited data on the clinical success of these crowns based on the extent of surface area used for adhesion. Aims, settings and design This in vivo study aimed to assess the clinical, radiographic, and photographic performance of 66 composite strip crown restorations on primary anterior teeth for up to 15 months and compare the outcome based on the extent and surface area of tooth structure available. Materials and methods The amount of surface area available in each group after removal of affected enamel was evaluated through 3D scanning of study casts and digital measurements. The teeth were thus grouped into three categories: group I with crown structure involvement up to the incisal one-third, group II with involvement up to the middle of the middle third, and group III with involvement up to the cervical one-third. Statistical analysis used Kruskal–Wallis H test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for computation of mean scores for intra- and intergroup comparison, respectively. Scoring was done as per FDI clinical criteria on a scale of 1 to 5. Results Group III showed the highest mean scores at different time intervals and also the highest failure rate (52.38%), followed by group II (12%) and group I (5%). The overall retention rate observed for the strip crowns was 77.28% at the end of 15 months. Conclusion Strip crowns should be considered for teeth that offer a minimum of half to two-thirds of the healthy tooth structure remaining. Further, longitudinal studies are required to add to the results of the final outcome of these restorations. Key messages A critical surface area value of

Background In 2019, a reform of dental services for older adults was implemented in Israel to improve access and reduce barriers that stood in their way. The reform stipulated that preventive and restorative dentistry would be included in the basket of services of the National Health Insurance Law. The current study was conducted by the Myers-JDC-Brookdale Institute (MJB) and the Division of Dental Health of Israel’s Ministry of Health to examine the dental status and patterns of utilizations of dental services among the 65+ age group. This paper reports on the dental status of the 65+ age group in comparison with the same population two decades earlier. Goals To describe the dental status of Israel’s 65+ age group, and to identify the population at risk of dental morbidity. Methodology Telephone interviews were conducted with a representative sample of 512 older adults aged 65+, from February to April 2020. Main findings Some two-thirds of the 65+ age group assessed their oral health as good or very good. Twenty-four percent did not have natural teeth, while the rest had 19 teeth on average. Ten percent had not lost any teeth. In the 65–74 age group, 19% had no natural teeth and the rest had 20 teeth on average. In contrast, in the 85+ age group, 38% were edentulous and the rest had 13 teeth on average. Of the older adults who found it difficult to cover their monthly expenses, 39% were edentulous—twice the percentage of those who did manage to cover their monthly expenses (19%). Of the 65+ age group 44% had dentures—37% in the 65–74 age group, and 66% in the 85+ age group. Approximately 40% of the 65+ age group saw a dentist for preventive check-ups. The rest did not, mainly due to lack of awareness of the importance of doing so. Conclusions and recommendations The perceived status of oral health among the 65+ age group is currently better than it was 22 years ago. However, despite the improvement in oral health and health behavior, there are still barriers to the utilization of dental services. The main barriers are a lack of awareness of the importance of proper health behavior, and the cost of care for people with financial difficulty. This study provides decision-makers with data on the status of oral health, the utilization of dental services and the geographical disparities. The findings will help policy makers evaluate the effectiveness of the reform and fine tuning it in the future. Policies should be instated to increase awareness of constituencies and their access to the services, in addition to the entitlements the reform granted.

Prosthetic rehabilitation in patients having prominent labial ridge with conventional complete denture is an uphill task. Severe labial ridge undercuts are commonly seen incompletely edentulous maxilla than in mandible. This may be attributed to the fact related to the proclined maxillary anteriors, indicated for extraction. Treatment approaches generally involve either a surgical or a non-surgical option. The non-surgical or the prosthetic option generally involves the fabrication of conventional complete denture, which may further compromise the esthetics due to excessive thickness of the labial flange. To challenge such situations, an unconventional approach is needed for fabricating a complete denture. This case report delineates a simple, economical, conservative and non-surgical treatment approach for fabrication of denture in a patient with excessive bulky maxillary ridge, to pronounce the final facial aesthetics of the patient. Keywords: Flangeless, Flangeless denture, Gumfit denture, Labial flange, Labial undercut, Open faced denture, Prosthodontics, Window denture

Background and Aim: Debonding of denture teeth from the denture base has posed a great problem to the clinician and patient. Chemical and mechanical treatments have been performed separately, but there are no studies performed using the combination of chemical and mechanical surface treatments. This study aims at evaluating and comparing the bond strength by using chemical and mechanical surface treatments. Materials and Methods: 60 maxillary right central incisor teeth were used in 5 groups for surface treatment on the ridge lap area: 1 untreated, 2-sandblasting, group 3- Heat cure monomer, 4- sandblasting+ monomer, 5- Dichloromethane. The acrylic teeth were attached to a wax block at an angle of 45o. These were flasked and dewaxed, followed by surface treatment and acrylisation. All cured specimens were loaded under a universal testing machine on the palatal surface at a cross head speed of 1mm/min till fracture occurred. Data obtained was statistically evaluated by one way ANOVA. Results: Surface treatment with dichloromethane showed the highest bond strength of acrylic teeth to heat cure denture base when compared with sandblasting and monomer application. On visual analysis of the fractured specimens, maximum amount of cohesive failures were noticed in the dichloromethane group. Conclusion: Dicholoromethane can be used as an effective and quick method to improve the bonding of acrylic teeth to denture base. Keywords: Dichloromethane, Universal testing machine, Cohesive

Maxillary central incisor is the most commonly affected tooth during trauma followed by maxillary lateral incisor and mandibular incisors. Trauma to the anterior tooth requires urgent care because of the essentiality of preserving the natural tooth. When a complicated crown a fracture takes place, it necessitates endodontic treatment and restoration of a fractured crown segment with post in the canal. This case report describes a patient with a broken central incisor and treated with a Richmond crown. Keywords: Cast Post & Core, Fracture Crown, Elastomeric Impression Material, Richmond Crown

The introduction of osseointegrated implants have revolutionized the art and science of modern dentistry giving a new lease of life to the restorative aspects in day-to-day practice. Immediate loading (IL) of dental implants can significantly decrease treatment time and thus increase patient acceptance. IL of dental implants has recently gained popularity due to several factors including reduced trauma as well as aesthetic and psychological benefits to the patient. The present case report describes the immediate replacement of partially edentulous maxilla using Nobel Active™ implant. It describes about the diagnosis, treatment planning and procedures involving the placement of single tooth immediate implant followed by uneventful healing. Keywords: Immediate loading (IL) implants, aesthetics, Nobel Active™ implant

The ability to successfully bond restorations to dentine is central to minimally invasive restorative dentistry. While dentine bonding agents have gone through a variety of ‘generations’, it is the purpose of this article to describe the latest clinical and laboratory research on universal adhesives. Results from the latest laboratory and clinical research indicates that universal adhesives are a step forward in the quest for the ultimate bond to tooth substance and ease of use of the adhesive. The wide variety of studies that indicates the effectiveness of universal adhesives are discussed, along with research that indicates that selective enamel etching is a beneficial procedure when using these materials. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Universal adhesives appear to hold promise in the quest for a reliable bond to dentine.

Glass-polyalkenoate cements, also known as glass-ionomer cements (GICs), are one of the most commonly used bio-interactive restorative dental materials, having been available since the 1970s. With the promotion of minimally invasive operative dentistry (MID), and the reduction in the use of dental amalgam worldwide, the popularity of these materials has grown significantly in recent years. This article outlines the basics and clinical importance of GIC material science, and provides an overview of their use in restorative dentistry. CPD/Clinical Relevance: GICs are versatile dental biomaterials that require correct case selection, material handling and placement technique to ensure optimal clinical success.

Reconstruction of the age-related anatomical and physiological features of the contact surfaces and contact points inherent in natural teeth in the treatment of caries of posterior teeth with a direct restoration with light-cured composite is one of the unsolved problems of practical dentistry. The study is devoted to the determination of age-related characteristics of the localization and shape of contact points of posterior teeth in permanent dentition. The assessment of localization and shape of 1224 contact points of posterior teeth in 236 patients aged 20 to 59 years was carried out. Comparison of data about the surface area, shape, vertical and horizontal positions of contact points related to teeth anatomic structures in the interdental space was performed. The analysis of interproximal intraoral radiography data, examination and measurement of the parameters of interdental contacts using dental floss, analysis of the display of contact points on dental impressions made according to a special technique were carried out. The localization of the contact areas of the posterior teeth with a displacement in the vestibular direction, the associated asymmetry of the buccal and lingual (palatal) interdental embrasures, as well as a gradual increase in the surface area of contact areas and a decrease in the depth of the occlusal interdental embrasures, correlated with the age of the patients, were recorded. The average numerical values of the listed parameters are derived, taking into account the age of the patients. Anatomical and topographic features of the interdental spaces of the posterior teeth in adult patients are characterized by the following features: the contact areas of the posterior teeth are displaced in the vestibular direction, the buccal and lingual (palatal) interdental embrasures are asymmetric; dynamics of the depth of occlusal interdental embrasures, linear dimensions and area of contact areas is expressed as average digital values for different age groups: 20-40 years: contact areas – 1×2 mm, S = 2 mm2, depth of occlusal interdental embrasure – 1.5 mm; over 40 years old: contact pads – 1.5 × 3 mm, S = 4.5 mm2, the depth of the occlusal interdental embrasure – 1.0 mm.

Background: The progress in the field of dental adhesion has shown great implications for restorative dentistry. Immediate dentin sealing is a technique that was introduced to improve the bonding of indirect restorations. The improvement of bonding techniques to both enamel and dentin promotes the practice of conservative dental treatment.Hencethe purpose of the current study was to search for the best available evidence concerning the clinical outcomes of immediate dentin sealing. Methodology: An extensive search was performed using different online databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar and Cochrane library). These search engines were searched for relevant articles by developing relevant search strategies. Three independent authors reviewed studies, collected data, and assessed risk of bias. Results: After reviewing 221 studies, duplicates were removed and inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Finally, three clinical studies were accepted in this review. Conclusions: Previous in vitro studies have shown improved outcomes, although there was no strong evidence in clinical studies to prove superiority of this clinical approach.

The replacement of teeth with osseointegrated implants is one of the significant advances in the field of restorative dentistry. The time interval between tooth extraction and the implant can be very short or long. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to collect and evaluate articles related to determining the effect of instant loading of dental implants are placed in the fresh socket initial stability on the clinical success of the implant compared to delay loading dental implants. In this study, all the available articles indexed in leading databases, including PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Embase, PsycINFO, PROSPERO, and Scopus, were searched. The full text of the articles meeting the primary criteria to be included in this research was obtained and appraised. Data of studies were extracted if they were scored as a high or moderate level of evidence. A total of 2258 published articles were found through electronic database searching. After screening the titles and abstracts, and full text of articles, 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results of this study revealed that regarding the success rate, although there was no significant difference between immediate and delayed of dental implants, immediate procedure showed a lower incidence of bone loss in single implants. Based on the results of this study, immediate loading of dental implant, under certain conditions, is a successful treatment process and is effective in reducing treatment time. Thus, immediate loading represents a valid alternative to the traditional delayed loading rehabilitation.

Objective To explore the achievement and perception of dental students in an international peer learning setting via the Global Citizenship in Dentistry (GCD) program. Methods In the GCD program, year-2 dental students from universities in Egypt, Hong Kong, Malaysia, UK, and the United States developed a portfolio of a restorative procedure in simulation laboratory and uploaded to an online platform (https://gcd.hku.hk/). Through the platform, the students left comments on each other's portfolios to share and discuss their knowledge and experiences on restorative dentistry. This study invited students from Hong Kong in 2018-2019 to complete an open-ended questionnaire to explore their experience on the GCD program. The feedback was compiled and analyzed. Results All 71 year-2 students completed the questionnaire. Their most dominant comments were positive feelings about learning different clinical principles and methods from universities abroad. The students also enjoyed the cultural exchange from the comfort of their own devices. Other recurrent comments included the improvement of the skills of communication and comments on the peers' work in a professional manner. The students were enthusiastic about being able to apply their critical thinking in evaluating their work. They shared their learning barriers, including the extra time needed for the program, some unenthusiastic responses from groupmates, and delayed replies from peers. They made suggestions to remove the barriers in the learning process of the GCD program. Conclusion Students generally welcomed the GCD program and benefitted from the global academic exchange, development of critical thinking, enhancing professional communication skills, as well as opportunities of cultural exchange.

This study is aimed to provide an insight into the types of treatment carried out by postgraduate students in the past 10 years. A retrospective study was carried out between November 2019 and February 2020 by deriving data from postgraduate students’ clinical logbooks of three different cohorts of Master of Clinical Dentistry (Restorative Dentistry in Conservative Dentistry) in 2010, 2013 and 2016. This retrospective data was systematically extracted from the records and tabulated categorically using an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Office Excel 2019). A descriptive analysis was carried out to further evaluate the results. Overall, the types of treatment carried out in the field of endodontics and fixed prosthodontics has changed in the past 10 years. An increasing trend is seen in the placement of all ceramic crowns and primary root canal treatment procedures, while a decreasing pattern is evident for secondary root canal procedures and placement of dental bridges.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitude of dental interns vs newly graduated dentists (NGD) towards recently introduced smart/bioactive dental resin composites (SDCs). Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Restorative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from March 2018 to June 2018. Methodology: An online questionnaire was distributed among randomly chosen interns and NGDs in multiple countries (n= 164). The questionnaire was formulated using Google Forms. Statistical analysis of the results was conducted using percentages and frequencies and compared using Chi-square test (P

In todays time implants are becoming the most promisable treatment modality in the replacement of missing tooth or teeth in the oral cavity. With the evolvement of newer techniques and better implant biomaterials, Implants become the prime most treatment option in day to day life.With the evolvement of new techniques, placement of implant in the fresh site of the extraction give different number of advantages that were significant to the patient as well as to the clinician. There are lot of evidence confirms that immediate implant placement provides excellent and good predictable results. Keywords: Immediate implant placement, Implant, Extraction site, Tooth extraction.

Oral cancer ranks among the top three in the country and is major health problem. In India, people affected generally belong to the low-income groups due to a prevalence of habits such as tobacco chewing and lack of awareness and capability to afford the diagnostic and treatment modalities Oral cancer is defined as the cancer of lips, mouth and tongue. The management of cancerous lesions in maxilla and mandible is difficult due to their proximity to vital structures, especially in cases of maxilla wherein due to its strategic anatomic location, comprising of the skull base and its related structures, any radical treatment is deferred. Moreover, the anatomic complexities and the cancellous nature of the bone make it very difficult to achieve wide and clear surgical margins resulting in poor prognosis. The comprehensive management comprises of multidisciplinary team effort comprising of surgical resection of the tumour along with the prosthetic rehabilitation to restore the lost form and function. It may also include chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Keywords: Oral cancer, Maxillectomy, Surgical resection, Weber Ferguson, Prosthetic rehabilitation.

The COVID -19 virus has emerged as a threat to human existence. It has become the only trending topic on social media websites these days. To fight against this virus, we need armamentarium, which is in shortage in developing countries such as India. In this article, we shall discuss some innovative ideas that can be useful to a dentist and prosthodontist in fighting this deadly disease. Keywords: COVID 19, Virus, Armamentarium, Pandemic, Dentist, Prosthodontist.

In a present scenario, dental implants are becoming very popular in day to day practice and is one of the most promising treatment modality in the procedure of replacement of missing tooth or teeth in the oral cavity. There are various factors over which the success of implant therapy depends, such as local as well as systemic factors, like age, bone availability in terms of height and width, bone density, any local infection present, systemic disease, and some other factors like implant design, implant surface, which plays an important role in the process of osseointegration. Keywords: Implants, Surface modification of implants.

Ameloblastoma is a rare, benign tumor of odontogenic epithelium that was recognized in 1827 by Cusack and renamed ameloblastoma in 1930 by Ivey and Churchill. Ameloblastomas can be found both in the maxilla and mandible with a greater predilection of about 80% in the mandible with the posterior ramus area being the most frequent site. While chemotherapy, radiation therapy, curettage and liquid nitrogen have been effective in some cases of ameloblastoma, surgical resection remains the most definitive treatment for this condition. Rehabilitation of residual mandibular defect post resection is a challenge due to long span compromised ridge condition and the absence of dentition. In such scenario, a fixed-removable prosthesis allows rapid return to excellent function by providing favorable biomechanical stress distribution along with restoration of esthetics, phonetics and ease of postoperative care and maintenance. This paper presents successful Prosthodontic rehabilitation of a patient with a large residual mandibular defect secondary to surgical resection for ameloblastoma using fixed-removable hybrid prosthesis. Keywords: Ameloblastoma, Mandibular defects, Hybrid prosthesis, Fixedremovable partial denture.

Loss of an eye can be physically and psychologically challenging for a patient. The purpose of the ocular prosthesis is to restore the appearance of the lost eye. There are many techniques for iris customisation which can be employed to fabricate the ocular prosthesis. This is a case report where in semi-customized method was employed to fabricate an ocular prosthesis in a simple, fast and satisfactory manner. Keywords: Enucleation ocular prosthesis, Rehabilitation, Semi-customized.

Pincus is credited for evolution of porcelain veneers. He attached the thin labial porcelain veneers temporarily with denture adhesive powders to improve dental esthetic appearance. Improvement of patient’s lost natural dental esthetics have become important goal of discipline of dentistry and credited for wide ranging applications from improving common man’s appearance to filmstars. Esthetic problems may be result of interplay of complex factors like color, shape, and structural and position abnormalities of anterior teeth. Laminate veneers are used for purpose of improving esthetic deficiencies and discolorations as well as existing abnormalities. Successful application of porcelain veneers depends on multiple factors such as the clinical and laboratory steps involved, along with the understanding of the scientific background of procedure. Conservative and esthetic approaches, such as direct and indirect laminate veneer restorations are most preferred way chosen by dentist across world to improve compromised esthetics of human beings. Technological advancements such as intraoral scanner for impression making have significantly improved the success of prosthesis. Keywords: Esthetic deficiencies, Indirect restoration, Smile analysis, laminate, Intraoral scanner.

Hoy en dia la necesidad de estetica se ha convertido en uno de los aspectos mas importantes de la odontologia restauradora, por tal motivo se han desarrollado diversos materiales y tecnicas para la solucion protetica definitiva de la Odontologia restauradora de los ultimos tiempos. La finalidad es describir las consideraciones generales de la protesis convencional, asi como las indicaciones, contraindicaciones, ventajas y desventajas. Una de las desventajas de una protesis convencional, es el desgaste de los organos dentales que son los pilares, a veces es una decision muy dificil en realizar este tratamiento si no tenemos otra alternativa de rehabilitacion. Nowadays, the need for esthetics has become one of the most important aspects of restorative dentistry. For this reason, various materials and techniques have been developed for the definitive prosthetic solution of restorative dentistry in recent times. The purpose is to describe the general considerations of the conventional prosthesis, as well as the indications, contraindications, advantages and disadvantages.One of the disadvantages of a conventional prosthesis is the wear of the dental organs that are the abutments, sometimes it is a very difficult decision to perform this treatment if there is no other rehabilitation alternative.

Since 2013, the Faculty of Dentistry of the University of Costa Rica has provided a preventive and restorative oral health program at Carmen Lyra Public School. The first generation of students that received dental care from this project were examined in 2019 for caries status. A total of 62 twelve-year-old schoolchildren were examined (31 boys and 31 girls). First, all teeth surfaces were cleaned with a brush and then rinsed. Subsequently, examination was performed in each person by a calibrated examiner using the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS). Prevalence of dental caries was 59.7%. ICDAS code 2 was the most prevalent (68.8%), followed by 1 (19.3%), 5 (4.5%), 3 (3.5%), 6 (2.5%), and 4 (1.4%). Regarding number of carious surfaces, the highest prevalence was observed in the occlusal surfaces (77.3%), followed by the vestibular (13.9%), mesial (4.2%), palatal/lingual (4,1%) and distal (0.5%). Of these carious surfaces, 7% were caries associated with restorations and were present only on the occlusal surfaces. Boys had more cavities than girls (54.1% compared to 45.9%), however, this difference was not significant. Regarding the condition of restorations in teeth, 92 dental restorations (resin or amalgam) were found in the population studied and were well adjusted. Most of these restorations were found on the occlusal surfaces (82.6%), followed by vestibular surfaces (8.7%,) palatal/lingual (5.4%) surfaces, mesial surfaces (3.3%), and no restorations were detected on the distal surfaces. Sealants were identified in 11.3% schoolchildren; 98% were identified on the occlusal surfaces and the other 2% were found on the palatal/lingual surfaces. DMFT Index was 1.6±0.71. The prevalence of dental caries in this sample was low compared to other studies in twelve-year-old schoolchildren in Costa Rica. This may suggest that the oral health program had a positive impact in the studied population. Desde el año 2013, la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Costa Rica ha brindado un programa de prevención y rehabilitación oral en la Escuela Carmen Lyra. La primera generación de estudiantes que recibieron atención dental por parte de este programa, fueron examinados en el año 2019 para determinar la prevalencia de caries. Se examinó a 62 escolares de 12 años (31 niños y 31 niñas). Primero, todas las superficies de los dientes se limpiaron con un cepillo y luego se enjuagaron. Posteriormente, el examen fue realizado en cada participante por un examinador calibrado utilizando el Sistema Internacional de Detección y Evaluación de Caries (ICDAS). La prevalencia de caries dental fue del 59,7%. El código ICDAS 2 fue el más prevalente (68,8%), seguido de 1 (19,3%), 5 (4,5%), 3 (3,5%), 6 (2,5%) y 4 (1,4%). En cuanto al número de superficies cariadas, la mayor prevalencia se observó en las superficies oclusales (77,3%), seguidas de las vestibulares (13,9%), mesiales (4,2%), palatinas/linguales (4,1%) y distales (0,5%). De estas superficies cariadas, el 7% eran caries asociadas con restauraciones y estaban presentes solo en las superficies oclusales. Los niños tenían más caries que las niñas (54,1% en comparación con el 45,9%), sin embargo, esta diferencia no fue significativa. En cuanto al estado de las restauraciones dentales, se encontraron 92 restauraciones dentales (resina o amalgama) en la población estudiada y se encontraban bien ajustadas. La mayoría de estas restauraciones se encontraron en las superficies oclusales (82,6%), seguidas de las superficies vestibulares (8,7%), superficies palatinas/linguales (5,4%), superficies mesiales (3,3%) y no se detectaron restauraciones en las superficies distales. Se identificaron sellantes de fosas y fisuras en el 11,3% de los escolares. El 98% de estos sellantes se identificó en las superficies oclusales y el otro 2% se encontró en las superficies palatino/lingual. El índice CPOD fue de 1,6±0.71. La prevalencia de caries dental en esta muestra fue baja en comparación con otros estudios en escolares de doce años en Costa Rica. Esto sugiere que el programa de salud bucal tuvo un impacto positivo en la población estudiada. Universidad de Costa Rica/[]/UCR/Costa Rica UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Odontología

Bronchiolitis obliterans is rarely described in the nonlung transplant anesthesia literature. This case report describes a 27-year-old female patient with idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans and dental anxiety who safely received intravenous deep sedation using diphenhydramine, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine in an ambulatory community dental clinic. This report outlines the anesthetic plan developed following a thorough preoperative assessment and review of the key anesthetic considerations of idiopathic bronchiolitis obliterans (eg, potential respiratory complications and appropriateness for the ambulatory dental environment) and discusses the careful anesthetic management of this patient using deep sedation to facilitate comprehensive restorative dentistry.

Purpose The immediate application of a dentin-bonding agent after tooth preparation and before impression-taking (immediate dentin sealing [IDS]) has been suggested to provide several advantages concerning bacterial microleakage, hypersensitivity, and bonding quality. We reviewed the literature and clarified certain aspects related to each step of IDS application. Materials and Methods The search strategy comprised an electronic research in MEDLINE, Cochrane, Ovid and Scopus for studies published from January 1990 to December 2020 regarding the IDS technique and including both in vitro and clinical studies. Results After exclusion of irrelevant or duplicate articles, 88 articles focusing on aspects of the IDS technique were assessed. IDS seems to be advantageous with regard to bond strength, gap formation, bacterial microleakage, and dentin hypersensitivity. However, issues arising from interaction with impression materials, the provisional phase, and conditioning methods before cementation require further investigation. Conclusion There are no documented reasons preventing clinicians applying IDS in their everyday practice. On the contrary, the presented technique seems to be beneficial in certain aspects regarding indirect restorations.

This review highlights the importance of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) as a minimal intervention procedure for managing dental caries (pit and fissures caries) and restoring cavitated dentin carious lesions using restorative materials such as glass-ionomer cement. ART technique uses only hand instruments and requires no electricity. Its low cost and simplified protocol makes it more convenient and suitable for use in remote areas as well as underdeveloped nations with insufficient resources to provide the adequate restorative care. This technique can be used in all population groups including children, older people, and disabled. In the present scenario of the COVID-19 pandemic, the dental profession is facing a challenging task in managing restorative needs of the patients all over the world. ART technique is a safe and effective approach to manage the progression of carious lesions. As this technique involves no aerosol generation during the procedure, it should be well adopted in our routine practice by taking necessary precautions. The survival and retention rates of ART also appear to be fairly acceptable based on various studies.

Introdução: Devido à crescente demanda estética, a odontologia restauradora se renova na intenção de alcançar melhores resultados na harmonia do sorriso. Entretanto, a atenção deve voltar-se também aos tecidos periodontais, visto que há uma integração entre material restaurador e os tecidos. Objetivo: Descrever e discutir as etapas clínicas para a confecção de laminados cerâmicos, atentando-se a preparos minimamente invasivos, contorno cervical e fatores que podem intervir na longevidade do procedimento. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo masculino, 28 anos de idade, compareceu a Associação Brasileira de Odontologia – ABO, seção de Alagoas, relatando insatisfação em relação ao tamanho dos seus dentes. Os arcos superior e inferior foram moldados para a obtenção dos modelos de estudo e enceramento diagnóstico. Ao início do tratamento foi orientado ao paciente clareamento dental pela técnica combinada. O preparo dos dentes foi guiado por uma matriz de silicone, sendo estes uniformes e conservadores, seguido de moldagem, fase laboratorial e cimentação final. Finalizado o caso foi realizado o ajuste oclusal solicitando ao paciente que realizasse movimentos de lateralidade e protrusão. Conclusões: A técnica do preparo influência na longevidade dos laminados cerâmicos, por relacioanar-se à adesão e a saúde periodontal. O preparo deve ser mínino e limitado ao esmalte dental sempre que possível, determinando assim um maior e melhor prognóstico.

Este estudo teve como objetivo, apresentar por meio de um relato de caso a interação entre odontologia restauradora e prótese dentária, orientando ao clínico uma opção de conduta clínica minimamente invasiva no tratamento de reabilitação oral. Paciente do sexo masculino, 49 anos, com queixa principal de mobilidade nos dentes anteriores superiores que sustentavam uma prótese fixa e insatisfação estética do sorriso. O exame clínico foi realizado e constatou-se situação periodontal comprometida de todos os dentes superiores, periodontite com grau 2 de mobilidade e reabsorção óssea vertical severa nos dentes 31, 32, 37 e 42, ausência dos elementos 36 e 41 e mobilidade grau 2 nos demais dentes inferiores em função da má oclusão. Foi planejada extração dentária dos dentes superiores, seguida de levantamento de seio bilateral e instalação de seis implantes para prótese do tipo protocolo de Banemärk. No arco inferior, raspagem e alisamento radicular, extração dos dentes 31, 32, 37 42, instalação de implantes nas regiões dos dentes 32, 36 e 42 e instalação de prótese implantosuportada. Considerando a necessidade de reestabelecer a oclusão, a condição periodontal comprometida dos dentes inferiores posteriores e a necessidade de melhorias estéticas, foi optado pela realização de restaurações em resina composta do tipo BulkFill® através da técnica do carimbo modificado, reproduzindo a anatomia oclusal dos elementos. Dessa forma, podemos concluir que a interação da odontologia restauradora e a prótese dentária pode ser uma alternativa interessante para casos em que há necessidade de tratamento reabilitador conservador, visando obter resultado de excelência na reabilitação oral

Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/ CAM) is a pair of often interdependent industrial computer applications that have greatly influenced the chain of processes between the initial design and the final realization of a product. It refers to the computer software that is used to both design and manufacture products.It is to improve the design and creation of dental restorations,especially dental prostheses, including crowns,crown lays,veneers,inlays and onlays, fixed bridges, dental implant restorations, dentures (removable or fixed), and orthodontic appliances. These are systems that can design and produce restoration out of blocks or blanks of ceramics. CAD/CAM is one of the highly competent dental lab technologies. Without this technology we wouldn't have the range and quality of products available.Hand-building and manual techniques still very much have their place and design education needs to treasure and foster these skills so that future generations will have the 'hands-on' skills to understand the man-made world and provide the next generation of engineers,designers and technicians. CAD/CAM was first introduced to dentistry in the mid-1980s. Both chair side and chair side-laboratory integrated procedures are available for this restoration fabrication.In selecting which procedure to follow,consideration should be given to aesthetic demands, chair side time, laboratory costs, number of visits and convenience and return on investment associated with CAD/CAM equipment. Depending on the method selected, CAD/CAM ceramic blocks available for restoration fabrication include leucite-reinforced ceramics, lithium di silicate, zirconia, and composite resin.In order to determine which type of ceramic to use,the practitioner must take into account aesthetics,strength,and ease of customizing milled restorations. It gives both the dentist and the laboratory technician an opportunity to automate fixed restoration fabrication and to offer patients highly aesthetic restorations in just one or two visits.These technologies are responsible for massive gains in both productivity and quality,particularly since the 1980s.This article is to provide information on restorative procedures and ceramic materials using CAD/CAM technology.

In modern dentistry, nanomaterials have strengthened their foothold among tissue engineering strategies for treating bone and dental defects due to a variety of reasons, including trauma and tumors. Besides their finest physiochemical features, the biomimetic characteristics of nanomaterials promote cell growth and stimulate tissue regeneration. The single units of these chemical substances are small-sized particles, usually between 1 to 100 nm, in an unbound state. This unbound state allows particles to constitute aggregates with one or more external dimensions and provide a high surface area. Nanomaterials have brought advances in regenerative dentistry from the laboratory to clinical practice. They are particularly used for creating novel biomimetic nanostructures for cell regeneration, targeted treatment, diagnostics, imaging, and the production of dental materials. In regenerative dentistry, nanostructured matrices and scaffolds help control cell differentiation better. Nanomaterials recapitulate the natural dental architecture and structure and form functional tissues better compared to the conventional autologous and allogenic tissues or alloplastic materials. The reason is that novel nanostructures provide an improved platform for supporting and regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration. In restorative dentistry, nanomaterials are widely used in constructing nanocomposite resins, bonding agents, endodontic sealants, coating materials, and bioceramics. They are also used for making daily dental hygiene products such as mouth rinses. The present article classifies nanostructures and nanocarriers in addition to reviewing their design and applications for bone and dental regeneration.

Mineral trioxide aggregate is a biocompatible dental material consisting of thyroxide powder and hydrophilic particles. In addition to their dentinogenic and osteogenic potentials, it also exhibits good sealing properties. It has a wide range of areas of use in endodontic and restorative dentistry. In clinical practice, it is a material of choice in many applications such as repair of perforations, root-end fillings, apexhivation and regenerative endodontic treatment procedures, vital pulp treatments.

Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the number of patients in terms of departments of dentistry, who applied to Dicle University Faculty of Dentistry during the period of COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine their causes of application to the endodontics clinic. Material and Methods: Between the dates of 11 March 2020, the day COVID-19 was identified for the first time in Turkey, and 31 July 2020, the first clinic that the patients applied following the Department of oral diagnosis and radiology was taken as a basis. Additionally, patients applying to the department of endodontics were assessed clinically and radiologically, and their causes of visit were examined. Result: Applied departments are determined respectively as follows: endodontics (37,62%), oral and maxillofacial surgery (25,32%), pediatric dentistry (12,52%), periodontology (8,11%), orthodontics (7,02%), prosthodontics (5,3%), and restorative dentistry (4,04%). The reasons for applying to Endodontics are found respectively as follows: irreversible pulpitis (44,02%), pulpal necrosis with symptomatic apical periodontitis (22,33%), acute apical abscess (18,01%), symptomatic apical periodontitis or acute apical abscess in endodontically treated teeth (7,83%), chronic apical periodontitis (4,12%), chronic apical abscess (2,92%), and traumatic dental injures (0,72%) Conclusion: Most of the patients, who applied to Faculty of Dentistry at Dicle University, were directed to department of endodontics. The cause of application to endodontics is identified mainly as irreversible pulpitis.

Background Stainless-steel crowns (SSCs) are recommended for restorative treatment of young teeth severely affected by caries, fractures or dental developmental disorders (DDDs). However, despite recommendations and clinical evidence, SSCs are not widely used by general dentists, who favour extraction and more conventional restorations. The present study aimed to investigate the views of and use of SSCs among Norwegian and Finnish dentists. Methods The present study was a cross-sectional survey among Norwegian and Finnish dentists. An electronic questionnaire was sent to Norwegian and Finnish dentists asking whether they used SSCs and on which indications. In addition, the questionnaire assessed reasons for non-use and dentists’ perceptions regarding advantages and challenges in the use of SSCs, as well as the need for additional training. Distributions of background characteristics, use of and views on SSCs were calculated, and statistical significance of the associations between respondents’ background and their answers were evaluated. Results Of the 574 Norwegian and 765 Finnish respondents, only 12.0% and 12.9% reported to use SSCs, respectively. The most frequently reported barrier reported by those who did not use SSCs was lack of practical training. The most frequent challenge reported by those using SSCs was difficulties in crown adjustment followed by aesthetic issues, and the most frequently reported advantage was that SSCs maintain the function and occlusion. The majority of respondents reported a need for more information and practical training in the use of SSCs, with hands-on course as their most frequently preferred education type. Conclusion Although the value of SSCs for restoring young molars is recognized by Norwegian and Finnish dentists, SSCs are rarely used by general dentists. The majority of the respondents reported lack of training and materials and was interested in receiving more information and education.

Considering the need of the patients to receive dental services with less pain and more comfort, as well as the need for low-risk and non-pharmacological treatments, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency and acceptance of anesthesia induced by photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using an 810-nm wavelength laser in comparison to conventional injection of local anesthesia for restorative dentistry procedures. Each patient (45 participants) received two treatments: one by PBMT-induced anesthesia and one by injection of local anesthesia. PBMT-induced anesthesia was applied with an 810-nm diode laser. At the end of each treatment, patients scored the anesthesia according to the Wang-Baker FACES pain rating scale. The PBMT-induced anesthesia showed pain score values lower than those of traditional injection of local anesthesia in both jaws and both sides of the same jaw (split mouth) (P < 0.05). PBMT-induced anesthesia was well-accepted by the majority of the patients, which declared the preference for this type of anesthesia for their future restorative procedures. This study demonstrates that PBMT-induced anesthesia with the parameters described may be a good alternative to injection of local anesthesia for many patients in restorative dentistry. In fact, PBMT-induced anesthesia showed to be more effective than the traditional injection of local anesthesia for controlling pain and discomfort during cavity preparation.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is an inherited disease that expresses a disorder in the development of enamel structure. In its mildest form, it promotes tooth color change; and in more severe cases, it presents a loss of enamel structure initiated during the eruption phase. Different AI manifestations can coexist in the same patient or in the same tooth, both in the primary and permanent dentures. In addition, several subtypes are described, characterized according to the variety of phenotype and genotype. Successful treatment requires early diagnosis and therapeutic solutions involving different dental specialties. Although some professionals prefer to postpone permanent rehabilitation until the development of complete permanent dentures, the aesthetic and functional impact of this disease in childhood and adolescence requires that restorative treatment be started as soon as possible. The proposed therapies demonstrate numerous challenges such as extreme dentinal sensitivity, difficulties installing and maintaining the orthodontic appliance and the need for restorative and prosthetic intervention in malformed teeth. This work aims to demonstrate the interaction between Orthodontics, Restorative Dentistry and Prosthesis in the treatment of a patient with AI, reporting the success of treatment involving aesthetics, function and well-being and the long-term benefit of this interdisciplinary approach for patients with this disease. Keywords: Orthodontics. Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Mouth Rehabilitation. ResumoA amelogênese imperfeita (AI) é uma doença hereditária que expressa uma desordem no desenvolvimento da estrutura do esmalte. Na sua forma mais branda, promove alteração na cor dos dentes; e em casos mais severos, apresenta perda de estrutura do esmalte iniciada durante a fase de irrupção. Diferentes manifestações da AI podem coexistir no mesmo paciente ou no mesmo dente, tanto na dentadura decídua quanto na permanente. Além disso, são descritos diversos subtipos, caracterizados de acordo com a variedade do fenótipo e genótipo. O sucesso do tratamento requer diagnóstico precoce e soluções terapêuticas que envolvam diversas especialidades odontológicas. Embora alguns profissionais prefiram adiar a reabilitação definitiva até o desenvolvimento da dentadura permanente completa, o impacto estético e funcional desta doença na infância e adolescência exige que o tratamento restaurador seja iniciado o mais cedo possível. As terapias propostas demonstram inúmeros desafios como a sensibilidade dentinária extrema, as dificuldades para instalação e manutenção do aparelho ortodôntico e a necessidade de intervenção restauradora e protética em dentes com má formação. O presente trabalho tem como finalidade demonstrar a interação entre a Ortodontia, a Dentística Restauradora e a Prótese no tratamento de um paciente com AI, relatando o sucesso do tratamento envolvendo estética, função, bem estar e o benefício em longo prazo desta abordagem interdisciplinar para os portadores desta doença. Palavras-chave: Ortodontia. Amelogênese Imperfeita. Reabilitação Bucal.

Marginal integrity is one of the main factors that contribute to the outcome of a restoration and longevity of the restoration and cast restorations. An increased significance on the perio–restorative interface in restorative dentistry is essential to enable the utilization of the concept of biologic width in a practical manner. The goal, regarding the management of gingival tissues, is to ensure that the peridontium is in a healthy state. The oral cavity is a difficult to treat because of lips, cheeks, and tongue that hinders and makes it difficult to visualize and manipulate instruments in the area to be treated related. Gingival retraction is essential to perform better when the finish lines of the restoration is below the gingival margin. There are various gingival retractions that have been employed previously like mechanical, chemical, surgical and chemomechanical procedures. These methods not only provide an ideal working environment and ample vision, but also maintain hemostasis to certain extent.The choice of a retraction method depends on clinical situation and accessibility. The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the recent retraction materials and techniques. &nbsp

Introduction Restoring function and esthetics are essential aspects of periodontology and restorative dentistry. Depending on their extension and the tissues involved, the treatment of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) associated with gingival recessions may require a multidisciplinary approach, and different periodontal and restorative techniques have been described. Case presentation This case report presents an innovative approach to treat a deep NCCL combined with a gingival recession in a canine region of a female patient. A Computer Aided Design - Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) chairside ceramic restorations in combination with mucogingival surgery procedures are described. A comprehensive analysis of the selected approach and its clinical implications is presented based on a 60-month follow-up. Conclusions After 60-month follow-up, clinical condition maintained stable, and a successful esthetic outcome was accomplished. Complete root coverage was achieved and kept throughout the whole period of tracing.

Background: osseointegration of dental implants refers to direct structural and functional link between living bone and the surface of non-natural implants. It follows bonding up of an implant into jaw bone when bone cells fasten themselves directly onto the titanium surface.it is the most investigated area in implantology in recent times. Evidence based data revels that osseointegrated implants are predictable and highly successful. This process is relatively complex and is influenced by various factors in formation of bone neighbouring implant surface. Keywords: Osseointegration, Implant, Bone.

In the last few decades implant has emerged overall in all countries and there are different loading protocols for the placement of implants like early loading delay loading or conventional loading. Here in this article, we are going to give a review on loading protocols in implants for the better understanding of general dentist as well as for implantologists. Different protocols have been discussed briefly by us for the selection of loading technique in implant dentistry. Keywords: Clinical epidemiology and Prosthodontics.

Edentulism has been a long standing concern in the field of dentistry. Implant supported overdentures has been proved to be one of the best option in prosthetic rehabilitation of various cases of edentulismand satisfies patient’s expectations, improve quality of life with their long term serviceability and predictable outcomes. There are many practical advantages of the implant supported overdentures over conventional complete dentures and removable partial dentures. These advantages include decreased bone resorption, reduced prosthesis movement, better esthetics, improved tooth position, better occlusion, increased occlusal function and maintenance of the occlusal vertical dimension. The implant supported overdentureis much simpler, affordable and minimally invasive procedure to treat majority of the patients. In this current case report discussed the management of complete edentulous patient with implant supportedoverdenture is discussed. Keywords: Implant supported over denture, Prosthetic rehabilitation, Ball attachment.

Maxillary Inadequacies originate due to various aetiologies. Prosthetic restoration of the defect often includes use of a surgical obturator, interim obturator and definitive obturator. Prosthetic design has been discussed by many authors. A search of dental literature through April 2020 was undertaken by use of PubMed. The focus of the search was on occlusion concepts and schemes incorporated in the designing of a maxillary obturator prosthesis for partially edentulous hemimaxillectomy patients. In addition, some common textbooks on removable and maxillofacial prosthodontics were scrutinised for additional documentation. The significance of occlusion should be emphasized in the support of maxillary obturator prostheses. Till date there is no literature review on the the array of concepts of occlusion incorporated in maxillary obturator fabrication. Keywords: Occlusal schemes, Maxillary obturators, Occlusal concepts in Definitive obturators.

With advancement in the technology & medical science there has been also increase in the various diseases & disorders due to lifestyle changes, dietary changes, etc. Due to increase in the aspect of dentistry, there is a need to know about the medical condition of patients because many dental procedures may cause stress to the patient and their proper management is required in case if patient health status is not so good. Also, in invasive dental procedures that involve implants, extractions or jaw surgeries also need a proper dental as well medical management depending upon different conditions likewise there is a risk of bleeding that could be fatal in bleeding disorders, overdose of LA may precipitate the epileptic attack and many more. Here in this article we are going to discuss briefly about dental management in medically compromised patients, and also it’s the duty of dentist to have the knowledge of such conditions and he should know how to manage those patients in his or her dental operatory. Keywords: COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Fractures and wear tooth, poor dental position, trauma and dissatisfaction with aesthetics are the major causes why patients seek for dental treatment. This work aims to present a technique for treating cases with aesthetic requirements using guides, to restore teeth with a G.V. Black’s Class IV restoration. The combination of rising patient aesthetic demands and the desire for conservative dentistry, has resulted in development of intricate direct composite layering techniques. Direct restorations have good predictability, resistance load, longevity and compared with indirect restorations have greater preservation of dental tissues, low cost and fewer clinical sessions. This case report describes a systematic system to rebuild the lost anatomy of a maxillary central incisor with dental composites. Keywords: Composite resin restoration, Dental esthetics, Lingual putty technique.

Background Despite the general guidelines for retreatment, differences in decision making exist for secondary endodontic treatment and may be related to many factors including education, clinical experience, dentist specialty, patient preferences and economic resources. Aim of the study was to evaluate the decision making of the Saudi Board in Restorative Dentistry (SBRD) senior residents in the endodontic retreatment of molar teeth as per the scientific guidelines of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) and also to identify the causes of retreatment and measure how far they become deviated from their taught retreatment principles and inter-individual variability. Materials and methods Case histories have been obtained from the files of cases treated in the SBRD Resident Comprehensive Case Archives in the SCHS from 2003 to 2015 in Riyadh region. The cases were only confined to Complex I and Complex II cases according to RDITN (Restorative Dental Index of Treatment Need), and seen by R3 and R4 residents only. Residents’ diagnosis was recorded as well as their treatment plan and any given notes regarding their decisions to retreat. Differences between the two groups (R3 and R4) residents and within the same group, regarding endodontic retreatment decisions and reasons for their treatment options were analyzed using Chi-Square test and Fisher’s Exact test. Results The majority of residents in both R4 and R3 groups followed the recommended guidelines. R3 residents preferred to retreat all cases while R4 chose ‘no to retreat’ in few cases. Although R4 residents preferred nonsurgical retreatment more than R3 residents, the difference was insignificant. R4 residents preferred ‘no therapy’ or ‘follow up’ more frequent than R3 residents. Members of the R3 residents agreed more or less with each other as did those of the R4 residents without significant inter-individual variations within each group regarding the choice of retreatment). Conclusions R4 residents appeared more likely, although not significant, to choose no retreatment or follow up than R3 residents. Conventional nonsurgical retreatment had the highest selection by both R3 and R4 residents. No significant inter-individual variations within each group regarding the choice of retreatment. There is a need to establish evidence based guidelines for more uniform management of failed root treated teeth.

Background: There has been a paradigm shift in the restorative dentistry practiced in the clinics with an increased share of resin-composites in contrast to dental amalgam due to various factors, however, this has not found its way into the Indian dental school curriculum. Aim: To evaluate the self-perceived competence of contemporary restorative practices of dental students in North India. Materials and Methods: 232 dental students from 4 colleges in North India completed a survey comprising 11 polar questions about their perception of contemporary restorative dental practice and their curriculum update regarding the same. Further, the collected data was tabulated and finally extracted data was subjected to descriptive analysis using Chi-square test. Results: All 11 questions showed statistically significant responses. Only 15.5% of students thought that the current curriculum of restorative dentistry was adequate. Moreover, only 20.7% of the respondents were confident about using rubber dam for isolation. About 93.1% felt that the quality of their composite restorations was not at par with those seen on social media. A clear majority of 91.4% felt that the maximum uploads of restorative dentistry involved composite restorations. A huge number of 91.45% did not use rubber dam for isolation in composite restorations. 79.3% students felt that the current curriculum is not teaching them about the various instruments, and developing their skills about instrumentation and operative procedures of composite restorations matching the trending composite practices. Conclusion: Considering the results of this study as the student’s mandate will help shape the guidelines for possibly a new curriculum of conservative dentistry in India.

AIM: This study evaluated the impact of two remineralizing agents containing casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) on white spot lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 90 freshly extracted upper premolars were divided in three equal groups (30 each): Group A: Control group, Group B: Varnish containing CPP-ACP, and Group C: Varnish containing TCP. The teeth were subjected to Diagnodent test after inducing white spot lesions to assess any surface changes present on the teeth. The readings were repeated post-demineralization and post-remineralization. RESULTS: Statistically significant difference was present in the mean values between the tested groups. CPP-ACP group recorded higher mean value at demineralization when compared to TCP group. Statistically significant difference (p < 0.00`01) was present between the baseline and the demineralization values. CPP-ACP group presented higher remineralization results when compared to TCP group. T-test proved a significant difference between the tested groups. CONCLUSION: CPP-ACP containing varnish had higher remineralizing effect when compared to TCP containing varnish. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, the focus of restorative dentistry has been directed toward a conservative approach. Prevention and non-restorative treatment of initial enamel caries is the main concern. Remineralization procedures are the most preferred way of regeneration of lost tooth structure.

Introduction: Different types of irreversible pulp diseases are the most commonly stated reasons for conducting root canal treatment. Data obtained from epidemiological studies are of great importance for a better understanding of endodontic pathology and for evaluating the need for this kind of treatment. Aim: The aim of this epidemiological study was to evaluate the structure of endodontic pathology among selected adult population of municipality of Pancevo, Serbia, indicated for endodontic treatment. Material and methods: Investigations were conducted on a sample of patients who referred for dental examination and treatment, at the Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry in Pancevo, during 2018. The study included 229 male and female subjects, aged over 18, who had at least one tooth indicated for endodontic treatment. Subjects were clinically examined by a standardized procedure, using visual and tactile inspection, percussion and palpation tests, periodontal evaluation and pulp vitality tests. Panoramic and retroalveolar radiographs were also analyzed. Data were statistically analyzed using Chi-Square test. Results: Endodontic treatment was indicated on 322 teeth from total number of 4911 (6.6%). Largest frequency of teeth indicated for treatment was recorded among subjects aged over 60 years (7.5%) and on frontal teeth (36.6%). The most commonly registered indications were asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis (32.3%) and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (19.9%). Irreversible pulpitis was the most common indication for endodontic treatment between all age groups of subjects, between both genders and between all three teeth functional groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Percentage of teeth indicated for endodontic treatment was higher than presented in other studies. Irreversible pulpitis was the most common indication for endodontic treatment. After conducting the study, it is clear that dental care and caries preventive programs should be strengthened and expanded, especially among people with less education and awareness regarding dental health.