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Background Antenatal depression carries significant adverse implications for the health and well-being of women, babies and their families. While prevalence of perinatal mental disorders in low-and lower-middle-income countries tends to be higher compared to high-income countries, rates tend to vary widely among countries in certain regions such as South Asia. This study estimated the pooled prevalence of antenatal depression in South Asia and examined variations in individual countries. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted on thirteen electronic databases and grey sources for articles published between 1·1·2007 and 31·5·2018 from South Asian countries including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. Studies reporting quantitative prevalence estimates of antenatal depression using a validated diagnostic/ screening tool identified, screened and appraised using a two-stage process. A meta-analysis was conducted using the proportion (%) of pregnant women identified as having antenatal depression as the primary outcome. Results Thirty-three studies involving 13,087 pregnant women were included in the meta-analysis. Overall pooled prevalence was 24·57% (95% CI: 19·34, 30·69). Prevalence rates for India (17·74%, 95% CI: 11·19, 26·96) and Sri Lanka (15·87%, 95% CI: 14·04, 17·88) were lower compared to the overall prevalence whereas the rates for Pakistan (32·2%, 95% CI: 23·11, 42·87) and Nepal (50%, 95% CI: 35·64,64·36) were higher. Conclusions While robust prevalence studies are sparse in most South Asian countries, one in four pregnant women is likely to experience antenatal depression in the region. The issue needs to be recognised in health policy and practice for resource allocation and capacity building at regional and national levels for prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Key messages One in four pregnant women is likely to experience antenatal depression in South Asia region. Targeted efforts are needed at national and regional levels for prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Background Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection among pregnant women has been associated with a number of adverse maternal and infant outcomes. Nigeria accounts for about 10% of the HIV/AIDS burden worldwide and has the second highest incidence of new HIV infections among women globally. This study estimated the overall prevalence of HIV among pregnant women in Nigeria and examined variations across the geo-political zones of the country. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. A comprehensive search was conducted using eight electronic databases and grey sources for studies published from 1·1·2008 to 31·8·2019. Primary studies reporting prevalence estimates of HIV among pregnant women diagnosed using a diagnostic/ screening test were identified, screened and appraised using a two-stage process. A meta-analysis was conducted with the primary outcome measure as proportion (%) of pregnant women identified as having HIV infection. Results Twenty three eligible studies involving 72,728 pregnant women were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of HIV among pregnant women was 7·22% (95% CI: 5·64, 9·21). A high degree of heterogeneity (I2=97·2%) and publication bias (p = 0.728) was reported. Prevalence rate for South-East geo-political zone (17·04%, 95% CI: 9·01, 29·86) was higher compared to the overall prevalence. Conclusions Findings imply that 7 out of every 100 pregnant women in Nigeria are likely to have HIV infection. The magnitude of the issue highlight the need for targeted efforts at local, national and international levels towards prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Key messages HIV infection among pregnant women is a major public health issue in Nigeria. Targeted efforts are needed at local, national and international levels towards prevention, diagnosis and treatment.

Background Awareness of feeding among mothers plays an important role in the growth and development of children with cleft lip and palate. Mothers’ increased awareness provides the right care and nutrition to these children in order to grow and achieve their developmental milestones. Objectives This study aimed at (1) assessing mothers' awareness on breastfeeding and formula-milk feeding, weaning, growth, and development of infants with cleft lip and palate and (2) the relationship of mothers’ awareness with their level of education and monthly household income. Methods This cross-sectional pilot study included all the mothers of infants aged up to one year who had cleft lip and/or palate attended Dental Teaching Hospital, Peradeniya between the years 2015 and 2016. Mothers of infants with oral clefts associated with other syndromic features and chronic illnesses were excluded. A pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was designed to collect data. To assess the clarity of the questions, prior to the study, the questionnaire was pre-tested in 10 mothers of infants with an oral cleft but not selected for the study. Frequency distributions and descriptive statistics were used to describe study variables. Spearman Rank test was used to determine the association of mothers’ awareness with their level of education and monthly household income with a 95% confidence interval. Results The sample consisted of 101 mothers who had infants born with a cleft and the response rate was 100%. Except one, all mothers reported that they have received overall feeding instructions either from a doctor, nurse, cleft center staff or a midwife. Over 65.3% of mothers were aware of feeding-related factors including; breastfeeding, formula-milk feeding, and weaning of infants with a cleft. Overall more than 80% of mothers were aware of factors related to growth and development of the child including urination, sleeping pattern, weight and growth charts. The education level of mothers was not significantly associated with mothers' awareness of any factors related to breastfeeding, formula-milk feeding, weaning and growth, and development. Further, mothers’ awareness of breastmilk as the best food for babies under 6 months (p = 0.028), weaning at 4–6 months (p = 0.024), replacing milk feeds by weaning foods (p = 0.02) and not providing junk foods to infants in between main meals (p = 0.01) were significantly associated with monthly household income. Conclusions The findings of this study suggest that mothers were aware of factors related to feeding infants with a cleft lip and palate and their growth and development. The awareness of mothers about certain factors related to feeding and weaning was significantly associated with monthly household income., Nutrition; Diet; Epidemiology; Dentistry; Pediatrics; Non-syndromic cleft, Awareness, Feeding, Weaning, Growth and development.