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Background: Collection of an abnormal quality and quantity of fluid in the pleural cavity is called pleural effusion. Cytological analysis of pleural effusions plays an important role in the diagnosis of various lesions. The objective of the study is to evaluate the utility of pleural effusion cytology as an attempt to diagnose the underlying etiology. Materials and Methods: A prospective study for one year duration from September 2018 - August 2019 was conducted in the Department of Pathology- S N M C and H.S.K hospital and Research Centre, Bagalkot. Pleural fluids received for cytological analysis from all the departments were included in the study. After a thorough physical examination, microscopic evaluation was done. The smears were stained with Giemsa, Papanicolaou stain and Hematoxylin and Eosin Stains. ZN stain was done in suspected cases of tuberculosis. Results: 65 cases of pleural effusion were evaluated out of which67% of patients were males and 33% were females. Out of 65 cases 53.8% showed right sided pleural effusion, 24.6% showed left sided pleural effusion and 21.5% showed bilateral pleural effusion. All the smears were screened for malignancy and resulted in 14% of positive cases. The 86% non-malignant cases were further classified based on the cytology findings; 46.1% lymphocytic predominant, 32.3% neutrophilic predominant, 4.6% reactive mesothelial cell predominant and 1.5% eosinophilic predominant. Conclusion: This study showed that meticulous evaluation of the pleural fluids for their cytological properties will help the clinicians in pointing towards the underlying etiological factor and to choose an appropriate management. Keywords: Pleural effusion, Non-Malignant Effusion, Malignant Effusion, Metastatic Adenocarcinoma, Lymphoma.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are malignant soft tissue tumors of uncertain origin. They usually occur in the deep soft tissues. PNET of the spine are rare. We herein report a case of PNET occurring in thoracic region in an adult male. A 44-year-old male presented with acute onset lower extremity weakness and urinary retention. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a mass lesion well defined moderately homogenously enhancing extradural lesion at D6. D7 and D8 level, extending into bony spinal canal and left neural foramina causing their widening at D6 and D7 level. On examination patient was conscious and oriented, higher mental functions are normal, cranial nerves normal. Paraplegia was seen with bowel and bladder fully involved. There was no sensation below D6 level. Deep tendon reflexes were absent. The patient’s neurological examination improved dramatically after the surgery. The histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations revealed PNET. Surgery remains the treatment of choice and immunohistochemistry is required for confirming the diagnosis. Keywords: Primitive neuroectodermal tumor, Extradural, Thoracic region, Paraplegia.

Premalignant lesions of prostate are characterized by abnormal changes in the epithelial lining of the acini and ducts. Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) are two commonly encountered premalignant lesions on histopathological examination. Early detection and treatment of these lesions can improve patient's prognosis. The objectives of this study were to identify the histomorphological features of various on lesions of prostate, to know the association of premalignant lesion with adenocarcinoma prostate and to study expression of p63 and AMACR markers in benign, premalignant and malignant lesions of prostate. This was a prospective study carried out for two years with a total of 175 cases included. Maximum number of cases was in age group of 60-69 years. Out of 175 cases, 101 cases of BPH, 22 cases of LGPIN, 26 cases of HGPIN, 11 cases of AAH and 15 cases of adenocarcinoma were noted. Immunohistochemistry with p63 showed partial or complete positivity in cases of BPH, LGPIN, HGPIN and AAH, while complete negativity noted in adenocarcinoma cases. Immunostaining with AMACR showed complete negativity in 100% cases of BPH and LGPIN. 69% cases of HGPIN and 72% cases of AAH showed positivity while rest of the cases were negative for AMACR, adenocarcinoma cases showed complete and strong positivity with AMACR. 60% cases of HGPIN, 26.6% AAH and 13.4% cases of LGPIN are seen in association with adenocarcinoma. To conclude, PIN, especially HGPIN is most often observed premalignant lesion, in association with adenocarcinoma, LGPIN and AAH showed a weaker association with adenocarcinoma. Application of IHC helps in differentiating benign, premalignant and malignant lesions of the prostate, thereby arriving at an early and accurate diagnosis. [J Med Allied Sci 2021; 11(1): 84-89]