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This paper models and investigates risk and security perception of metro travelers, in cases of malevolent, man-made incidents. Data is collected through an extensive survey in Athens, Greece; the survey includes an image-based stated-preference experiment, depicting different risk and security conditions. Econometric models are developed for estimating willingness to pay for mitigating perceived risk and for improving security in the Athens metro system. Results highlight the value that travelers attribute to improving security and avoiding threatening conditions in the Athens metro system, which is estimated to a 25%–30% of the system’s fare level. The paper provides useful insights on acceptable fare changes for improving security and risk perception in the Athens metro system.

Microscopic modeling of driving behavior is the basis for traffic design and traffic simulation studies and can be applied to automated driving systems to provide human-like decision making. Previous modeling methods can be mainly divided into scenario-based modeling methods and field theory-based modeling methods. Scenario-based models are based on behavior theories that can explain behavioral mechanisms and field theory-based models are convenient for application to different scenarios. Combining two behavior theories and field theory, this paper aims to present a novel method to uniformly model the driving behavior in different scenarios. Risk homeostasis theory and preview-follower theory are used as the theoretical foundation, and field theory is utilized to connect the two behavior theories. A new risk field model is constructed for better coupling these behavior theories. Integrating these theories, this study then develops a subjectively perceived risk quantification method and a trajectory and motion planning model, which are validated using naturalistic data in car-following scenarios. Results show the effectiveness of this method and this model with reference to an effective risk quantification index (safety margin) and in comparison with the classical models (desired safety margin model and intelligent driver model) using naturalistic data in car-following scenarios.

For nearly a century in the United States, visitor capacities have served as a means of preserving resources and the visitor experience on public lands. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased interest in implementing visitor capacities that could potentially limit use on public lands, suggesting a need to understand public support for their use in a timely manner. Risk and trust have been used in previous research concerning support for natural resource and outdoor recreation decision-making. Research in this realm includes investigation at the intersection of outdoor recreation and public health, specific to chronic wasting disease. Following this previous research, this study utilizes the constructs of risk and trust to examine support for visitor capacities that could potentially limit use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Specifically, this theory-driven research relies on the cultural theory of risk and social trust theory. Using structural equation modeling and a sample of avid outdoor enthusiasts, we examine how well 1) perceived individual risk, 2) perceived community risk, 3) trust in public health agencies, and 4) trust in public land agencies predict support for visitor capacities that could potentially limit use. An email-distributed online survey was available for 48 hours beginning on April 30, 2020—during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Measurement of perceived risk and trust followed previous research relating to outdoor recreation and public health. Results indicate that outdoor enthusiasts are concerned about their individual and community health and reported higher levels of trust in data coming directly from public health agencies as opposed to state or federal land management agencies. Additionally, perceived individual risk and perceived community risk were significant predictors of support for visitor capacities. These findings can be used to improve the effectiveness of messaging intended to connect perceived risk to the management of parks and protected areas, thus providing credibility to management actions implemented during the pandemic. Additional implications from this research include the need for additional research examining support for management actions that could potentially limit use on public lands, the multidimensionality of trust in outdoor recreation, and individual risk in frontcountry outdoor recreation settings.Subscribe to JPRA

Objectives Opioid prescription rates worldwide suggest miscalibrated risk perceptions among those who prescribe, dispense, and take opioids. Findings from cognitive science show that risk perceptions can differ systematically depending on whether people learn about risks by description or experience. We investigated the effects of descriptive and simulated experience risk formats on patients’ risk perceptions and behavior regarding long-term strong opioid use. Methods 300 German patients with chronic noncancer pain were randomly assigned in an exploratory randomized controlled trial to either a descriptive format (fact box) or a simulated experience format (interactive simulation). Primary endpoints were subjective and objective risk perceptions and intended intake behavior. Results Both formats significantly improved patients’ objective risk perception; patients who saw the fact box estimated some outcomes more accurately (p = .031). Formats were equally effective in improving patients’ subjective risk perception in terms of opioids’ harms; however, patients receiving the simulation showed a greater reduction and termination of their opioid intake (p = .030) and a higher uptake of alternative therapies. Conclusions Descriptive and simulated experience risk formats improve risk perceptions and behavior regarding potent but highly risky drugs. Practice implications To eliminate risky behavior, simulated experience formats may be superior to descriptive formats.

Background: Risk perception for a disease significantly influence practice related to it. The study examined the perceived risk of tobacco use in COVID-19 disease causation and severity among healthcare professionals (HCPs) of India. Methods: We carried out this explorative cross-sectional online survey among 687 HCPs across India during December 2020 using a self-administered, structured ‘google form’ (an online data collection tool). The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: Educational stream (Dental) [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 3.25] [Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH)] [AOR: 3.00], marital status (currently married and staying with spouse) [AOR: 0.43], perception of tobacco form that increases risk (only smoking) [AOR: 11.64] (both smoking and smokeless) [AOR: 22.25] and current tobacco user [AOR: 1.59] were significant multivariable attributes of perception of tobacco use as risk factor for COVID-19 disease causation (63.0%). Marital status (currently married and staying with spouse) [AOR: 0.50 and perception of tobacco form that increases risk (only smoking) [AOR: 12.93] (both smoking and smokeless) [AOR: 27.78] were identified as independent multivariable attributes of perceived risk for COVID-19 disease severity (77.9%). Perceived risk of tobacco use in COVID-19 disease causation and severity were significantly associated with their tobacco cessation advice-giving behaviour to patients (73.9%) and family members (66.7%). Conclusion: Three in every five HCPs perceived that tobacco increases risk of COVID-19. Sensitization workshops on several aspects of tobacco control need to be organized for HCPs.

Introduction With concerns about tobacco use being a risk factor for severe disease from COVID-19, understanding nicotine- and tobacco-use patterns is important for preventive efforts. This study aims to understand changes in combustible cigarette and E-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Methods In August 2020, a cross-sectional survey of a nationally representative sample of adults aged ≥18 years in the National Opinion Research Center's AmeriSpeak Panel who reported past 6–month use of combustible cigarettes or E-cigarettes was conducted. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the factors associated with increased product use and quit attempts since hearing about COVID-19. Results A total of 1,024 past 6–month cigarette smokers/E-cigarette users were surveyed. Among cigarette smokers, 45% reported no change in cigarette smoking, and 33% reported increased cigarette smoking since hearing about COVID-19. Higher stress was associated with increased cigarette smoking. Among E-cigarette users, 41% reported no change in E-cigarette use, and 23% reported increasing E-cigarette use. A total of 26% of cigarette smokers and 41% of E-cigarette users tried to quit because of COVID-19. Higher perceived risk of COVID-19 was associated with attempts to quit combustible cigarettes (AOR=2.37, 95% CI=1.59, 3.55) and E-cigarettes (AOR=3.14, 95% CI=1.73, 5.70). Conclusions Cigarette and E-cigarette use patterns varied in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Most cigarette smokers and E-cigarette users perceived product use as increasing COVID-19‒related health risks, and this was associated with attempts to quit. Some cigarette smokers, especially those reporting higher stress, increased product use. Proactive provision of cessation support to smokers and E-cigarette users may help mitigate the stress-related increases in product use during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nuclear power plant (NPP) is currently considered as one of the most reliable power sources. However, 182 of them are considered decommissioned and inactive including the one in Bataan, Philippines. The aim of this study was to investigate the acceptance of the reopening of Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) by integrating the Theory of Planned Behavior and Protection Motivation Theory. A total of 815 Filipinos answered an online questionnaire which consisted of 37 questions. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicated that knowledge towards nuclear power plants was the key factor in determining people's acceptance towards NPP reopening. In addition, knowing the benefits would lead to positive perceived behavioral control (PBC) and attitude towards intention. Results showed that PBC and attitude are mediators towards the acceptance of people regarding the reopening of BNPP. If an individual's knowledge gravitates towards the perceived risk, then this can lead to the negative acceptance of the NPP reopening. On the other hand, if an individual's knowledge gravitates towards the perceived benefits, then this will lead to positive acceptance. This study is the first study that explored the acceptance of the reopening BNPP. Finally, the study's model construct would also be very beneficial for researchers, government, and even private sectors worldwide.

Social media and crowdsourcing (SMCS) are increasingly proving useful for addressing the effects of natural and human-made hazards. SMCS allow different stakeholders to share crucial information during disaster management processes and to strengthen community resilience through engagement and collaboration. To harvest these opportunities there is a need for better knowledge on SMCS for diverse disaster scenarios. These challenges are being addressed within the LINKS Horizon 2020 project. The project aims at strengthening societal resilience by producing advanced learning on the use of SMCS in disasters. This is done through an in-depth study across three knowledge domains (disaster risk perception and vulnerability, disaster management processes, disaster community technologies), the establishment of an interactive Framework, and an online platform in which a community of relevant stakeholders can learn and share knowledge and experiences. This paper provides an overview of the project objectives and approaches and a summary of the initial results.

The growing ubiquity of wireless network and mobile devices has allowed mobile applications to flourish. Many firms have developed mobile membership applications to provide their customers with diversified and convenient services. To understand the factors influencing the intention to use mobile membership applications, the present study expanded on the technology acceptance model and devised a usage intention model. In this study, meta-analysis and structural equation modeling were used in the validation of the proposed model. The results indicate that both perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use had a significant positive effect on user attitude in decision making regarding whether to use a mobile membership application, whereas perceived risk significantly negatively affected user attitude. Furthermore, user attitude and the provision of reward program had significant positive effects on usage intention. Our research findings can help firms develop successful mobile membership applications to effectively implement customer relationship management.

Although tourism and hospitality have transformed to be much safer activities compared with the past with the developments in transportation and information technologies, they still involve many risks. This review paper explains and discusses the influence of the perception of risk on consumer behaviour in tourism and hospitality and strategies that can be used to reduce consumers’ risk perceptions. As eliminating or reducing consumers' risk perceptions help tourism and hospitality businesses attract more customers and maintain them, understanding concepts of risk and control may enable tourism and hospitality businesses to establish competitive advantage over their competitors. With this background in mind, the study introduces the concept of risk and the types of risks that may be associated with tourism and hospitality activities. The study also explains factors such as personality, personal characteristics which may influence customers' risk perceptions, and how these influences may take place in various contexts. Then, the study explains the theory of control and types of control which may be used to reduce consumers’ risk perceptions.

Background. Vaccination is an important health service that reduces the morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases. In our study, it was aimed to examine the knowledge, attitude, risk perception of parents about vaccine refusal, and the vaccination status of their children in a province of Turkey with a low socioeconomic level. Materials and methods. In the study designed in a cross-sectional type, 105 parents (participation rate: 80.2 %) who rejected the vaccine were reached. Results. The most refused vaccine by the parents is DaBT-İPA-Hib (90.5 %) and the least rejected vaccine is BCG (58.1 %). It was determined that who thought vaccines have no benefits (p = 0.003), those who were doubtful about the content of the vaccine (p = 0.001), those who did not want the vaccine due to their religious beliefs (p = 0.006), and those who believed in natural immunity (p = 0.002) were less convinced about vaccinating their children at a statistically significant level than the other group. The vaccine with the highest rate is HAV (35.0 %, n = 7), and the vaccine with the lowest rate is BCG (8.3 %, n = 1) in terms of the rate of vaccination that they declare to be convinced to have it. Conclusions. When evaluated on the causes of vaccine refusal and persuasion, the primary source of information is provided by health workers with scientific evidence through different communication methods (social media, etc.) should be reached., Актуальність. Вакцинація є важливою медичною послугою, що знижує захворюваність і смертність від інфекційних захворювань. Метою нашого дослідження було вивчення рівня обізнаності, ставлення, усвідомлення ризику батьками при відмові від вакцинації та статусу вакцинації їх дітей у провінції Туреччини з низьким соціально-економічним рівнем. Матеріали та методи. До перехресного дослідження ввійшли 105 батьків (частка участі — 80,2 %), які відмовилися від вакцинації. Результати. Найбільш часто батьки відмовлялися від вакцини DaBT-IPA-Hib (90,5 %), а найменш часто — від вакцини БЦЖ (58,1 %). Було виявлено, що ті, хто вважав, що вакцини не мають користі (р = 0,003), сумнівався в умісті вакцини (р = 0,001), не хотів вакцинації через свої релігійні переконання (р = 0,006) і вірив у природний імунітет (р = 0,002), були менш обізнані щодо вакцинації своїх дітей на статистично значущому рівні, ніж інша група. З огляду на частоту вакцинації, у необхідності якої вони переконані, вакцина проти гепатиту А має найвищий показник (35,0 %, n = 7), а вакцина БЦЖ — найнижчий (8,3 %, n = 1). Висновки. При оцінці причин відмови від вакцинації та переконання було виявлено, що основним джерелом інформації є надання медичними працівниками наукових доказів за допомогою різних методів комунікації (соціальні мережі тощо).

Safety of navigation is the important issue especially related to the dynamically developing container shipping. The main purpose of the article is to demonstrate the results of research on the perception of risk factors by seafarers working on container ships in terms of their professional experience. The ranking of risk factors considering their impact on the safety of container shipping has been created. An additional goal of the research was to acquire the knowledge on ships crews members' assessment of the impact of the human factor on the safety of navigation, including factors related to the organization of seafarers' work (systemic aspects) and those directly resulting from the operations carried out on ship. The assessment of risk factors affecting the navigation safety was performed from the perspective of Polish crew members working on container ships. The research was carried out with the use of an empirical study questionnaire. 161 seafarers' opinions were analyzed. On the basis of the created risk factors ranking analysis, it was found that seafarers perceive the human factor, and consider both the systemic and the work-related aspects having the greatest impact on the safety of container shipping. Moreover, the conducted non-parametric Pearson chi-square independence test proved the hypothesis that assessments of the five highest rated risk factors, reviewed by studied young and experienced professional groups of seafarers, didn’t differ significantly.

To prospectively assess patient reported outcomes and risk management behavior of women choosing to receive (receivers) or decline (decliners) their breast cancer polygenic risk score (PRS). Women either unaffected or affected by breast cancer and from families with no identified pathogenic variant in a breast cancer risk gene were invited to receive their PRS. All participants completed a questionnaire at study enrollment. Receivers completed questionnaires at two weeks and 12 months after receiving their PRS, and decliners a second questionnaire at 12 months post study enrollment. Of the 208 participants, 165 (79%) received their PRS. Among receivers, there were no changes in anxiety or distress following testing. However, compared to women with a low PRS, those with a high PRS reported greater genetic testing-specific distress, perceived risk, decisional regret, and less genetic testing-positive response. At 12 months, breast screening and uptake of risk-reducing strategies were consistent with current Australian guidelines of breast cancer risk management. Reasons for declining PRS included being unable to attend the appointment in person and concerns over potential emotional response. The outcomes of the study provide insight into women's responses to receiving PRS and highlight the issues that need to be addressed in the associated model of genetic counseling.

Platform performance can be enhanced with efficient control; accordingly, control is a high-priority concern for information technology platforms. However, the influence of formal and informal controls on participation in platform governance continues to be undetermined. In this work, the participation of multiple participants in platform governance in shared accommodation platforms is empirically studied from the user and vendor perspectives. This research also investigates the role of governance intention in the value co-creation of these platforms. An online survey was carried out, which generated 343 user data and 134 vendor data. Results reveal that platform reputation and government regulation positively influence participation in platform governance through formal and informal controls. Meanwhile, the positive effects of management responses and online complaints on platform governance participation differ with the perceptions of groups. The moderating role of perceived risk partially influences platform governance participation and two forms of control (i.e., formal and informal). The outcomes of formal and informal controls vary depending on the perspective.

Background: Homeless women can provide valuable information about the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), especially human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, in Iran. However, they are not readily accessible for epidemiological studies and hence, there is limited information about HIV infection prevalence among them. Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of HIV infection and the perceptions of STIs among homeless women in Tehran, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2014. Participants were 241 homeless women who were recruited through quota sampling from twelve drop-in centers and night shelters affiliated to a local welfare organization in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using the perception of STIs Questionnaire as well as serological testing for HIV infection using DS-EIA-HIV-Ag/Ab-Screen kit (manufactured in Italy). Descriptive statistics measures and the independent-samples t-test were used for data description and analysis. Results: The prevalence of HIV infection was 8.3%. There were significant differences between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women respecting their overall STI risk perception (P = 0.003) and its two subscales, namely insufficient knowledge (P = 0.007) and inconsistent condom use (P = 0.030). Conclusion: Homeless women have low STI risk perception. Training and counseling programs are necessary to improve their STI-related knowledge, perception, and attitudes.

Digital transformation is increasing the number of tools available to the healthcare sector for innovative patient management. These include telemedicine, which extends the boundaries of care and creates new opportunities for relationships between patients and physicians. Despite widespread enthusiasm, at the heart of the process of recognizing these innovations is the patient. Consequently, understanding those variables and acceptance factors that promote good telemedicine practices is crucial. Using a qualitative research approach and relying on multiple case studies, our research demonstrates the role of telemedicine as a vehicle for social impact and translation of medical knowledge. Furthermore, by testing the technology acceptance model with the selected case studies, we find that telemedicine projects should include critical variables such as social influence, facilitating conditions, trust between physicians and patients, privacy, perceived risk technology anxiety, and resistance towards technology. Only by understanding and correctly designing acceptance factors, it will be possible to promote positive telemedicine experiences and obtain the proper cooperation from patients. Although pieces of research aim to have theoretical implications, we like to think that these results are intended for policy-makers, health care managers, medical doctors and nurses who aim to introduce technological advances in health care.

Purpose Using the theory of planned behavior as a theoretical base, this study aims to examine the effect of the personality attributes, risk-taking, creativity and locus of control on the entrepreneurial intentions of US business college students. The authors replicated previous studies from around the world but performed the research during the Covid-19 pandemic. Design/methodology/approach The authors surveyed 353 students, comparing those with entrepreneurial intentions (n = 213) versus those without entrepreneurial intentions (n = 140). Findings The authors found that risk-taking and creativity both significantly and positively predicted entrepreneurial intentions, but locus of control did not have a significant impact. Practical implications Contextually, the authors performed this study during the widespread complications of the Covid-19 pandemic. The authors advise business educators to initiate programs that encourage student entrepreneurship by nurturing creativity and offering educational resources that assist students in reducing the perceived risk of entrepreneurship. Originality/value The authors seek to increase awareness among business educators of the significance of entrepreneurship as a desirable career. The authors believe that one impact from the Covid-19 pandemic has been an expanded interest among students to start their own businesses. The authors propose that creative measures introduced into the business school curriculum by business educators will enhance students’ desire to take risks to create their own businesses.

After the occurrence of public health emergencies, due to the uncertainty of the evolution of events and the asymmetry of pandemic information, the public’s risk perception will fluctuate dramatically. Excessive risk perception often causes the public to overreact to emergencies, resulting in irrational behaviors, which have a negative impact on economic development and social order. However, low-risk perception will reduce individual awareness of prevention and control, which is not conducive to the implementation of government pandemic prevention and control measures. Therefore, it is of great significance to accurately evaluate public risk perception for improving government risk management. This paper took the evolution of public risk perception based on the COVID-19 region as the research object. First, we analyze the characteristics of infectious diseases in the evolution of public risk perception of public health emergencies. Second, we analyze the characteristics of risk perception transmission in social networks. Third, we establish the dynamic model of public risk perception evolution based on SEIR, and the evolution mechanism of the public risk perception network is revealed through simulation experiments. Finally, we provide policy suggestions for government departments to deal with public health emergencies based on the conclusions of this study.

PurposeRisk is part of corporate activity and a consequence of the businesses' demands, the market and the changes in companies and their surroundings. The way that risk is managed is different between family and non-family businesses. The paper aims to compare the different risk types experienced in the context of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic among family and non-family businesses and to analyze whether operational, legal, strategic and image risks influence financial risks.Design/methodology/approachThe nature of the study is quantitative and based on a questionnaire survey that analyses the perception of risks by 1,090 family businesses and 557 non-family businesses.FindingsThe results show the existence of statistically significant differences in the perception of financial and legal risks between family and non-family businesses, where the former being the businesses that give more importance to these risks. The perception of operational, legal, strategic and image risks have a positive influence on the perception of financial risk in family and non-family businesses.Originality/valueThe results obtained in the study are important because they allow an understanding about the differences in risk management between family and non-family businesses, which can lead to greater corporate sustainability and increased financial performance.

With 69,000 newly diagnosed cases every year, breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent cancer disease among women in Germany. Familial clustering is seen in about 30% of newly diagnosed cases. Besides the high-risk genes BRCA1/2, there are also moderate-risk BC genes (MBCG) that are associated with a 20%-50% risk of BC, such as CHEK2, ATM, and PALB2. In Germany, carriers of pathogenic variants in MBCG receive specific information on their test results, individual risks, and preventive options during genetic counseling for the disclosure of the results in a specialized center. Little is known about the medical knowledge that women have after attending counseling. This study aims to identify the medical knowledge, further information needs, and the possible impact of a lack of information on dealing with everyday life for women with pathogenic variants in MBCG who have attended genetic counseling at an academic hospital in Germany. Problem-centered, guided, individual interviews were conducted with twelve women carrying pathogenic variants in MBCG. The interview guide was developed based on the methods of the problem-centered interview according to Witzel. The interview analysis was based on Mayring's qualitative content analysis. The women were between 29 and 59 years old and carried pathogenic variants in the risk genes CHEK2 (n = 8), ATM (n = 1), or PALB2 (n = 3). Several medical uncertainties and information needs emerged from the data, concerning (a) medical terms, (b) risk perception, (c) BC therapy for hereditary BC, (d) lifestyle advice and risk factors, and (e) family planning and risk-reducing mastectomy. Women with pathogenic variants in MBCG might develop their own conceptions regarding the onset of disease and inheritance. In order to meet the need for information and address the uncertainties that may still exist after genetic counseling, structured, evidence-based and comprehensible written information in German should be developed for this group.

When the rationality and importance of cultural education in colleges and universities have been confirmed, the key question is how to better realize cultural education. This requires an in-depth understanding and grasp of the cultural education work of colleges and universities, analyzing the internal logic contained in this education system and then discussing its practical rationale. This paper proposes a multiobjective Support Vector Machine (SVM) image recognition method for college cultural and educational behaviors based on three decision-making theories. Aimed at the problem of classification errors caused by image segmentation in image recognition of cultural and educational behaviors in colleges and universities, it is found that the reason that causes the same target to be divided into different subblocks is that the ordinary SVM classifier has only two choices of “yes” and “not” in classification. It is impossible to set the conditions for the classification of cultural and educational behavior images to satisfy all the existing conditions. In order to solve the above problems, this paper combines the three decision-making ideas with the image recognition of university cultural education behaviors and designs a multiobjective SVM image recognition method of university cultural education behaviors based on the three decision-making theories. We establish a higher education service quality structure model and use LISREL to explore the causal relationship among students’ perceived service quality, university image, student’s perceived service value, student trust, student satisfaction, and student behavior intentions in the field of higher education. The empirical results show that student satisfaction has a significant direct and positive effect on student behavior. Service quality has a significant direct and positive impact on perceived value and student trust. The perceived risk of higher education services determines the image of colleges and universities, and student trust plays an important role. The image of colleges and universities acts on student satisfaction through perceived value and student trust. The image of colleges and universities has a direct impact on students’ behavioral inclination, and it acts on students’ behavioral inclination through student trust and student satisfaction. Among the influences on behavior tendency, the direct positive effect of student trust is the largest, followed by the image of colleges and universities and the quality of service.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of a web-based, Protection Motivation Theory (PMT)–informed breast cancer education and decision support tool on intentions for risk-reducing medication and breast MRI among high-risk women. Women with ≥ 1.67% 5-year breast cancer risk (N = 995) were randomized to (1) control or (2) the PMT-informed intervention. Six weeks post-intervention, 924 (93% retention) self-reported PMT constructs and behavioral intentions. Bootstrapped mediations evaluated the direct effect of the intervention on behavioral intentions and the mediating role of PMT constructs. There was no direct intervention effect on intentions for risk-reducing medication or MRI (p’s ≥ 0.12). There were significant indirect effects on risk-reducing medication intentions via perceived risk, self-efficacy, and response efficacy, and on MRI intentions via perceived risk and response efficacy (p’s ≤ 0.04). The PMT-informed intervention effected behavioral intentions via perceived breast cancer risk, self-efficacy, and response efficacy. Future research should extend these findings from intentions to behavior. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03029286 (date of registration: January 24, 2017).

The uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine will determine the trajectory for improved population health and economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Identifying factors associated with vaccine acceptance is imperative as public health officials strategize to improve uptake. In this study, we identified predictors of vaccine willingness and acceptance using univariate logistic regression to model predictors and calculate odds ratios. Participants (N = 946) who reported greater vaccine willingness were male, older, and had a higher level of education and income. Behaviors indicative of reducing the spread of COVID-19 (e.g., testing) and perceived risk of COVID-19 infection were associated with vaccine willingness, as were participants who believed they were “highly likely” to be infected (by a factor of 8). Education tailored to demographic groups with low vaccine uptake should focus on the high degree of communicability associated with COVID-19. Implementing mobile healthcare screenings could remove barriers to healthcare, thereby improving health equity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10935-021-00653-0.

SYNOPSIS This paper evaluates the associations between credit default swap (CDS) spreads and risk disclosure characteristics, especially the expected qualitative and the expected quantitative impacts of risks on companies' future performance and information on risk management. We find that CDS investors can benefit from information on expected risk impacts and from information on risk management, which is important for the current discussion of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on risk disclosure regulation. However, for companies, the disclosure of such information can be either beneficial or costly, depending on the initial risk perception of CDS investors prior to the publication of risk disclosures and on the disclosed risk factors. Furthermore, we expand the literature by automatically measuring the mentioned risk disclosure characteristics using dictionary-based approaches.

Recent wastewater analyses performed in care homes for the elderly showed high levels of water pollution resulting from pharmaceutical waste. The way people perceive the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals can contribute to reversing this problem, but the factors that influence risk perception remain relatively unknown. The aims of the study are two-fold. We first focused on exploring the levels of knowledge regarding environment/water pollution due to pharmaceutical residues from the groups responsible for prescribing (health professionals), handling (staff), and consuming pharmaceuticals (residents) in care homes for the elderly. Second, we assessed the environmental risk perception of pharmaceuticals based on two main factors: prescription medication (nonprescribed versus prescribed) and disease severity (milder versus severe disease), accounting for their level of knowledge (deficit versus sufficiency of knowledge). The study was designed based on correlational research. Data were collected in homes for the elderly located in three Southwestern European countries (N = 300), using self-report surveys. Current knowledge was perceived to be low and the need to know more was perceived to be high, across all groups. As hypothesized, results indicated that to assess the environmental risk, participants made use of information that was unrelated to pharmaceutical persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT). Prescribed pharmaceuticals and/or medication used to treat severe diseases were perceived as being more hazardous for the environment. Simple main effects analysis comparing between knowledge levels confirmed that this effect occurred mostly when participants had knowledge deficit for disease severity but not for prescription medication. These misconceptions might discourage taking an active role in reducing the impact of pharmaceutical residues in the environment. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

It is increasingly recognized that stakeholder views can be essential to ascertain the credibility of those entrusted with protection of the public and workers against radiation risks, the robustness of the approaches to protection and the relevance of research underpinning radiation protection. The CONCERT European Joint Programme of radiation protection research included consideration of stakeholder views. These were surveyed by means of a publicly available survey that was made available in fifteen languages to help encourage responses from a wide range of European countries. The survey ran in 2017 and received some 1961 responses over many countries, though response rates varied widely between countries. The survey respondents were largely highly educated with many having a professional connection to radiation protection or the use of radiation in medicine or industry. Survey results indicated a high level of scientific/technical knowledge relevant to radiation protection and indicated a general trust of most actors involved in the radiation protection field, perhaps unsurprisingly given the nature of the sampled population. Most expressed a reasonable level of satisfaction with the information available to them on radiation risk, but there is clearly room for improvement. Additionally, the survey identified potential training needs amongst the groups responding. It is concluded that, while the survey results are limited by the non-representativeness of the respondents by comparison with the EU population as a whole, it has been successful in gaining insights into areas where communication could be improved, where professional training gaps are present and where research could help to build wider trust in radiation protection.

The tourism and hospitality industry has been deeply disrupted by the COVID‐19 pandemic since its inception in December 2019. Many tourists are too anxious to travel. Thus, understanding how travel constraints and perceived travel risk influence travel intention is crucial for many destinations in their post‐crisis recovery. Drawing upon 357 Malaysian respondents, this study finds that structural constraints initiate tourists' negotiation process for travel decisions, which is inconsistent with the original Leisure Constraints Model. Nevertheless, it is reaffirmed that intrapersonal constraints remain the centrality of the negotiation process as they mediate the relationship between structural constraints, perceived travel risk and travel intention. These findings provide some theoretical contributions with regard to the Leisure Constraints Model and perceived travel risk in the context of the COVID‐19. Based on the theoretical contributions, this study also sheds light on tourism revival from a practical perspective. Tourism authorities, destination marketing organizations, and business operators are suggested to take measures to restore tourists' confidence toward travel by reducing structural constraints and mitigating tourists' risk perception in a cooperative manner.

The land application of biosolids can be subject to questions and concerns, suggesting a gap exists with public perception of biosolids. There is opposition amongst a segment of the population regarding the land application of biosolids in the Southern Interior of British Columbia in Canada. Kamloops and Merritt communities were assessed through a mailout survey to understand better public perceptions of biosolids risks and factors that influence attitudes towards biosolids management. Two thousand surveys were distributed proportionately between the communities. Response rates for Kamloops and Merritt were 22 and 24 percent, respectively. Kamloops and Merritt respondents generally identified differing risk perceptions around biosolids management. Kamloops respondents relative to Merritt were more accepting of the risks associated with biosolids. This acceptance is a likely result of Merritt residents' recent experience with application sites and proximity to biosolids projects, and the associated negative local media attention. Results from Kamloops highlighted that there is general support to find a productive use of biosolids. This research supports the notion that the 'beyond compliance' approach of conducting early engagement to obtain community support proactively may be valuable for any potentially controversial natural resource project, such as with biosolids land application projects.

Eco-friendly smart home services (ESHS) play a significant role in environmental protection. The study aims to investigate consumers’ intention to adopt ESHS and employs the theory of technology acceptance model as the theoretical research framework. The model was further extended by incorporating the constructs of knowledge, perceived risk, and environmental consciousness. Data were collected from 643 respondents through a self-administered questionnaire survey and analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results confirmed that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, knowledge, and environmental consciousness significantly and positively influence consumers’ intention to adopt ESHS. Consumers’ perceived risk negatively influences perceived usefulness, and consumers’ perceived risk also reduces their intention to adopt ESHS. Moreover, consumers’ knowledge has a positive effect on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness but has a negative effect on perceived risk. Based on these results, implications from the perspectives of policy makers, ESHS companies, marketing professionals, and practitioners are provided for motivating other consumers to adopt such eco-friendly services.

PurposeLack of access to credit is commonly held responsible for slow agricultural and rural development in low- and middle-income countries. This paper aims to investigate the contribution of demand- and supply-side factors, particularly the role of risk rationing, on credit application and uptake in the case example of Kyrgyzstan.Design/methodology/approachToward this aim, the study explores the determinants of credit behavior of 1,738 Kyrgyz sample farm households from 2013 to 2016 waves of the nationally representative “Life in Kyrgyzstan” (LIK) dataset along a hierarchical regression model, differentiating between factors influencing individual demand for credit and factors influencing supply for credit.FindingsThe results of our analysis indicate the relative importance of demand-side factors for credit applications, reflecting farmers' perceived risk of credit default and loss of collateral. Meanwhile, supply-side factors, such as real credit constraints and collateral requests, have a stronger influence on credit uptake rates and overall loan sums. These findings highlight the role of risk rationing for agricultural investment, suggesting a stronger focus of development policy on improving risk-sharing mechanisms for farmers, e.g. by developing the agricultural insurance sector.Originality/valueThe paper contributes novel evidence on the role of risk rationing in shaping the demand for formal credits for increasing agricultural and rural investment in low-income transition economies. Previous research has mostly focused on the role of credit supply, thus underrating the potential contribution of individual risk attitude, risk experience and risk sharing.

To conserve wide-ranging species in human-modified landscapes, it is essential to understand how animals selectively use or avoid cultivated areas. Use of agriculture leads to human-wildlife conflict, but evidence suggests that individuals may differ in their tendency to be involved in conflict. This is particularly relevant to wild elephant populations. We analysed GPS data of 66 free-ranging elephants in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem to quantify their use of agriculture. We then examined factors influencing the level of agricultural use, individual change in use across years and differences in activity budgets associated with use. Using clustering methods, our data grouped into four agricultural use tactics: rare (0.6% time in agriculture; 26% of population), sporadic (0.6%-3.8%; 34%), seasonal (3.9%-12.8%; 31%) and habitual (12.8%; 9%). Sporadic and seasonal individuals represented two-thirds (67%) of recorded GPS fixes in agriculture, compared to 32% from habitual individuals. Increased agricultural use was associated with higher daily distance travelled and larger home range size, but not with age or sex. Individual tactic change was prevalent and the habitual tactic was maintained in consecutive years by only five elephants. Across tactics, individuals switched from diurnal to nocturnal activity during agricultural use, interpreted as representing similar risk perception of cultivated areas. Conversely, tactic choice appeared to be associated with differences in risk tolerance between individuals. Together, our results suggest that elephants are balancing the costs and benefits of crop usage at both fine (e.g. crop raid events) and long (e.g. yearly tactic change) temporal scales. The high proportion of sporadic and seasonal tactics also highlights the importance of mitigation strategies that address conflict arising from many animals, rather than targeted management of habitual crop raiders. Our approach can be applied to other species and systems to characterize individual variation in human resource use and inform mitigations for human-wildlife coexistence.

The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that support mutual funds investment decisions through overconfidence, risk perception, loss aversion, availability, and herding variables on the investment decisions of the residents of Batam City. Data were collected through questionnaires and processed using multiple linear regression. The results of testing and processing research data show that overconfidence, loss aversion, and herding significantly positively affect investment decisions, while risk perception and availability do not affect investment decisions.

The sharing economy provides short-term access to products without the risks associated with ownership. While extant research primarily examined it in the context of affluent consumer segments, the sharing economy may offer opportunities for consumers at the base of the economic pyramid, where ownership risks prevent access to products that could create societal benefits. Drawing from risk perception theory, we examine how access-based services, as an alternative to ownership, can mitigate perceived risk dimensions. An experimental study reveals that, in contrast to consumers with higher income, low-income consumers perceive access-based services to entail less financial risk, resulting in a greater inclination to access a good than to own it. In a second study, we explore these differences by comparing access with a risk mitigation strategy. We find that at the base of the pyramid, access is perceived to entail less financial risk than both ownership and ownership with a warranty. The results indicate the importance of the sharing economy for addressing the limited availability of resources for alleviating poverty. Based on our findings, we derive implications for consumers and service providers at the base of the pyramid, and discuss how the COVID-19 pandemic may be detrimental to the identified opportunities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)

Purpose HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) reduces HIV transmission and is approved for adolescents aged 12–17 years. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have modest PrEP uptake rates, while many receive reproductive health counseling. We sought to identify opportunities for incorporating PrEP education in contraceptive counseling delivered to AGYW. Methods We performed a secondary analysis of data from the Health Coaching for Contraceptive Continuation pilot study, which supported contraceptive use among AGYW. Participants were 14–22 years old, sexually active with males, and not desiring pregnancy within 12 months. Coaches were sexual health educators with ≥5 years’ experience providing contraceptive and PrEP counseling to youth. Participants completed a baseline visit within 30 days of contraceptive initiation and completed up to five monthly coaching sessions. Of 33 enrollees, this analysis includes the 21 who completed ≥4 sessions. Two coders deductively coded session transcripts for five themes: opportunities to discuss PrEP; HIV knowledge, risk perception, and testing attitudes; changes in HIV risk status; condom use knowledge and skills; and sexually transmitted infection knowledge and risk perception. Results Of the 111 transcripts coded, 24 contained opportunities to discuss PrEP and were inductively analyzed. Thematic analysis demonstrated three types of opportunities for PrEP discussions: failure to introduce information, and provision of incomplete information or misinformation. Analysis also revealed four opportunity contexts: sexually transmitted infection prevention strategies, HIV risk reduction, avoidance of adverse sexual health outcomes, and disclosures of condom nonprotected sexual behaviors. Only one transcript mentioned PrEP. Conclusions Multiple opportunities to introduce PrEP counseling exist within contraceptive counseling provided to AGYW.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate factors related to high stress levels among the general population in China during the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic when its containment measures were in place and to identify the most stressed populations. METHODS: A nationwide study was conducted online among 5,039 adults in all 31 provinces in mainland China between March 1 and March 16, 2020. Bivariate analysis and multivariate logistic regressions were performed to explore the related factors of high perceived stress. RESULTS: Among all respondents, 36.0% reported a high level of stress. Respondents in Hubei province (the epicenter) were more likely to report high stress levels than those in low epidemic areas. Respondents who went outside every day or every other day reported greater odds of experiencing a high level of stress than those who went outside every 8-14 days. People with higher risk perceptions were more prone to report high stress levels. Respondents aged 16-35 were more likely to report high stress than respondents aged 46 or older. Lower household income and lower health literacy were related to increased odds of reporting high stress levels. LIMITATIONS: We used a convenience sample and self-reported survey data. CONCLUSIONS: We identified risk factors for high stress levels related to the epidemic (epidemic intensity in residential areas, risk perception, and frequency of going outside) and other vulnerabilities (younger age, low household income, low health literacy). Our findings can directly inform interventions and policies for mitigating stress among the general population for this or future epidemics.

This paper examines the impact of two elements of the client's control environment on auditor's assessment of the risk of material misstatement: audit committee strength and CEO narcissism, the latter of which is a component of management philosophy, operating style, and tone at the top. We predict and find that auditors' risk assessments are adequately responsive to both elements; however, importantly, a strong audit committee decreases perceived risk assessments only when the client has a CEO with less narcissistic characteristics. In other words, our findings suggest that the presence of narcissistic CEOs' attitudes weakens the perceived audit committee effectiveness, leading auditors to rely less on a strong audit committee. Our findings contribute to the auditing literature by exploring auditors' responses to the complex dynamics between management boards and those charged with governance. From a practical perspective, our results suggest that auditing standards and practice guidance should consider making such complexities and the role of management attitudes and styles even more explicit.

Background During the 2014–15 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) epidemic, thousands of people in Sierra Leone were infected with the devastating virus and survived. Years after the epidemic was declared over, stigma toward EVD survivors and others affected by the virus is still a major concern, but little is known about the factors that influence stigma toward survivors. This study examines how key personal and ecological factors predicted EVD-related stigma at the height of the 2014–2015 epidemic in Sierra Leone, and the personal and ecological factors that shaped changes in stigma over time. Methods Using three waves of survey data from a representative sample in the Western Urban and Western Rural districts of Sierra Leone, this study examines factors associated with self-reported personal stigma toward Ebola survivors (11 items, α = 0.77) among 1008 adults (74.6% retention rate) from 63 census enumeration areas of the Western Rural and Western Urban districts of Sierra Leone. Participants were randomly sampled at the height of the EVD epidemic and followed up as the epidemic was waning and once the epidemic had been declared over by the WHO. Three-level mixed effects models were fit using Stata 16 SE to examine cross-sectional associations as well as predictors of longitudinal changes in stigma toward EVD survivors. Results At the height of the EVD epidemic, female sex, household wealth, post-traumatic stress, EVD-related fear and perceived infection risk are a few of the factors which predicted higher levels of stigma toward survivors. On average, stigma toward EVD survivors decreased significantly as the epidemic declined in Sierra Leone, but female sex, EVD fear, and risk perceptions predicted a slower rate of change. Conclusion This study identified key individual and psychosocial characteristics which may predict higher levels of stigma toward infectious disease survivors. Future studies should pursue a better understanding of how personal characteristics and perceptions, including psychosocial distress, fear, and perceived infection risk serve as pathways for stigma in communities affected by infectious disease.

PurposeThis study examines consumers' channel attitudes and choices leading to webrooming and showrooming, and how product attributes (informational vs experiential and perceived risk) moderate the effects of channel attitudes.Design/methodology/approachA research framework is built upon the heterogeneity of channel attitudes, the lack of intrachannel lock-in and interchannel synergy. A questionnaire-based survey yields 868 multi-channel consumer responses in China. Simultaneous equation modeling and STATA 12.0 are used to test the hypotheses.FindingsConsumers webroom when buying high-risk informational products (e.g. personal computers or mobile phones). They webroom as well as showroom for high-risk experiential products (e.g. clothing or cosmetics). Moreover, a single channel is preferred to webrooming or showrooming for purchasing low-risk informational (e.g. books or stationery) and low-risk experiential (e.g. snacks or toys) products. The results also show that webrooming is more frequently used than showrooming by consumers.Research limitations/implicationsThis study extends current understanding on multi-channel and omnichannel shopping behavior and highlights the role of product attributes in customer journey mapping.Practical implicationsThis study offers retailers and other downstream firms a fresh perspective on multi-channel customer experience management and channel design.Originality/valueThis study offers a clear explanation on the commonalities and differences between webrooming and showrooming.

Electronic markets have grown substantially, and they are considered an effective form of retail in recent years. Despite such growth, lack of physical transactions between different parties, as well as users' concerns about their privacy and security of transactions in electronic commerce (e-commerce) platforms have jeopardized users' trust. Thus, trust as a key issue for reducing consumers' perceived risk and the successful promotion of e-commerce has motivated many researchers to study it. This paper created a comprehensive and up-to-date framework that synthesized the previous studies in the literature conducted on trust in e-commerce environments. A systematic literature review method was selected to achieve this aim. The initial search in 17 top-ranked information systems journals and conferences resulted in 129 papers that met the inclusion criteria. Then these studies underwent an in-depth examination to determine how trust had been conceptualized in e-commerce environments. Further, the theoretical bases in relation to trust in e-commerce contexts used in the literature were investigated. The study concludes with implications for practice and a critical agenda for future research.

Social security in Russian regions is determined by a complex of global and all-Russian threats and unique local dangers and risks arising from the peculiarities of geographic, social, economic and socio-cultural development, historically developed features of social interactions of members of the regional community. Border regions as buffer zones between economic, political and cultural boundaries, have their own characteristics relevant to examine in the context of modernization of the Russian society, and needed to develop a differentiated approach in the regulation of regional development. Based on the results of a complex scientific research, including psychosemantic experiments and sociological surveys in six border regions of Russia, the authors analyze the peculiarities of perception of actual risks and threats and their main dimensions, evaluate security conditions, present models of individual and institutional factors of social security, among which the key the role is played by socio-demographic factors, the level of material well-being and human capital, as well as generalized and institutional social trust. The authors conclude that there is a close relationship between the level of social security and social differentiation of the regional society, uneven distribution of risks and threats, and significant differences in the possession of resources (material and non-material) to overcome them both at the individual and regional levels. The unsatisfactory situation with the provision of social security in a broad sense leads to an increase in the dissatisfaction of the population and contributes to the "pushing" of the most active part of it from the regional spaces., Социальная безопасность в российских регионах определяется комплексом глобальных и общероссийских угроз и уникальными локальными опасностями и рисками, проистекающими из особенностей географического, социального-экономического и социокультурного развития, исторически сложившихся особенностей социальных взаимодействий членов регионального сообщества. Приграничные регионы как буферные зоны, находящиеся между экономическими, политическими и культурными границами, имеют свои особенности, актуальные для изучения в контексте модернизации российского общества, необходимости разработки дифференцированного подхода в регулировании регионального развития. Основываясь на результатах комплексного научного исследования, включающего психосемантические эксперименты и социологические опросы в шести приграничных регионах России, авторы исследуют особенности восприятия актуальных рисков и угроз и его основные измерения, анализируют оценки условий обеспечения безопасности, представляют модели индивидуальных и институциональных факторов социальной безопасности, среди которых ключевую роль играют социально-демографические факторы, уровень материального благополучия и человеческий капитал, а также обобщенное и институциональное социальное доверие. Авторы делают выводы о тесной связи между уровнем социальной безопасности и социальной дифференцированностью регионального социума, неравномерном распределении рисков и угроз и значимых различиях в обладании ресурсами (материальными и нематериальными) для их преодоления как на индивидуальном, так и региональном уровне. Неудовлетворительная ситуация с обеспечением социальной безопасности в широком смысле обусловливает рост неудовлетворенности населения и способствует «выталкиванию» наиболее активной его части из регионального пространства.

Purpose: The research purpose of this study is to identify and assess the impact of factors in the adoption of mobile banking services (MB) based on the example of data from Poland. Approach/Methodology/Design: The following research methods were used, critical analysis of the source literature, the diagnostic survey method and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The empirical data come from the survey research conducted in 2021 using the CAWI (Computer-Assisted Web Interview) method and covering a representative sample of 1.030 Poles. Findings: The research findings indicate the follows: a/ Self-efficacy shows a significant positive impact on the Perceived risk and Perceived ease of use of mobile banking, b/ Perceived risk presents a significant positive impact on the Perceived ease of use and a significant, however, negative impact on the Actual usage of mobile banking services, c/ Perceived ease of use has a significant positive impact on the Perceived usefulness and Behavioral intention associated with the use of MB, and d/ Perceived usefulness shows a significant positive impact on Behavioral intention, and the latter have a significant and positive impact on the Actual usage of the discussed distribution channel for banking services. Practical Implications: The practical implications of this study suggest that, the managers of Polish banks should design mobile banking services perceived by their users as friendly, timely, uncomplicated, and safe. Originality/Value: The originality and value of the research is based on two pillars: (1) this study fills in the research gap in terms of applying the TAM model to analyze the factors having impact on the adoption of MB services by Poles; (2) in this research we intend to use the factor associated with the consequences of this pandemic, which has not been included in the source literature as yet, and which is one of the elements influencing the Perceived risk variable.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has fundamentally changed the nature of day-to-day life in cities worldwide. In the transportation sector, COVID-19 appears to have impacted modal preferences. In particular, people seem to be less willing to use modes where they may encounter strangers (such as public transit) and modes that involve coming into contact with shared surfaces (such as ride-sourcing). Given the transformative impact that ride-sourcing services had on urban mobility before the pandemic, it is crucial to understand the effects of COVID-19 on the use of ride-sourcing moving forward. Using data from a web-based survey, this study combines descriptive analysis with the application of a two-stage ordered logit model framework to investigate the impacts of COVID-19 on the utilization of ride-sourcing services in the Greater Toronto Area, including how often ride-sourcing is used and the earliest stage of the pandemic that a person would consider using ride-sourcing. Generally speaking, the use of ride-sourcing has decreased since the start of the pandemic, however, there are also people who are using ride-sourcing more often than they did before the pandemic. The results indicate that the perception of risk, the tendency to take precautions when leaving home, and socio-economic factors influence the earliest stage of the pandemic where a person would consider using ride-sourcing. Overall, it appears that ride-sourcing usage will gradually increase as restrictions are lifted; however, it is unlikely to return to pre-pandemic levels until COVID-19 is no longer considered a public health threat.

Preliminary steps of the progressive control pathway for foot-and-mouth disease (PCP-FMD), underscores information on risk areas and risk factors for FMD circulation, as essential in development and implementation of appropriate control and elimination strategies. Isingiro district in Uganda, suffers annual FMD outbreaks despite controls implemented by the Government. Using participatory epidemiology (PE) approaches, we determined risk factors perceived important for FMD occurrence in selected sub-counties of Isingiro district. The PE tools involved use of focus group discussions (FGDs), transect walks, interviews with key informants (KIs) and structured questionnaires. Data from the FGDs and KI interviews were subjected to thematic framework analysis and highlighted that communal grazing, porous border, uncontrolled livestock movement, and livestock markets as major risk factors for FMD occurrence. Linear regression analysis of questionnaire data showed that households closer to the international border and Lake MburoNational Park reported more FMD outbreaks (OR 7.9 and 5.5, respectively). Communally grazed cattle and those that grazed in other villages were 8 times more likely to get FMD (OR 8.3 and 8.4, respectively) in contrast to paddocked or zero grazed cattle. This study highlights factors and physical features substantial for strategic FMD control in the two sub-counties of Isingiro district. Key words: Farmers’ epidemiology perception, foot-and-mouth disease, interviews, Isingiro, Uganda, risk factors.

Managerial attitudes are often seen as critical to sustainable employee participation practices, yet very little is known about how managers act within employee voice fora. We examine managements’ decision to actively consult with employees, and by doing so contribute to industrial relations debates concerning the role of managerial prerogative and trust to better understand the attitudes of managers towards elected employee representatives. Using evidence from a 2-year longitudinal study of non-union employee representation, we report on how managements’ perception of risk about sharing information with employee representatives influences their decision as to how to consult with employees. The findings show that managers can be unwilling to share information with employee representatives, which constrains the depth and scope of consultation. The role of management decision-makers, typically the I&C fora Chairperson, is highlighted as champion for, or obstacle to, consultation. Lastly, the data illustrate that I&C is viewed by management as a lower strategic organizational priority, and how extending worker voice is constrained by the importance management place on maintaining their presumed prerogative of control. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Purpose This study aims to test the impact of technological acceptance and trust toward e-government (TTEG), as well as perceived risk (PR) on the attitude toward using (AT) and the actual use (AU) of social media. This study also intends to examine the theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model by adding two variables, namely, TTEG and PR. Design/methodology/approach A total of 125 social media officers (SMO) were asked to fill out the questionnaire. To analyze the data, the researcher used the partial least square method using WarpPLS 6.0. Findings The findings of this study indicated that perceived ease of use (PEOU) has a positive and significant impact on perceived usefulness (PU). In addition, while PEOU, PU and TTEG influence AT significantly and positively, this research found that PR has no impact on AT. Furthermore, the authors also confirmed the positive and significant influence on AT, TTEG and AU. Meanwhile, PR has a significant and negative effect on AU. Research limitations/implications This study first used non-probability sampling and as a consequence, that result could not be generalized. Another limitation is that this study used self-perceptual measures. Practical implications The study found that PR and TTEG are essential factors for increasing the use of social media by local government. Therefore, policymakers must create regional regulations to reduce risk and increase the trust of SMO. In addition, this study found that technology acceptance also had an effect on increasing activity on social media. For this reason, training in the use of social media is needed for SMO to increase the quality of content produced and citizen engagement. Originality/value Previous research has tried to look at the population’s characteristics, education levels, internet penetration and economic potential. Unfortunately, these studies did not highlight the capabilities of human resources, which in this case were the SMO.

Objective: Evidence suggests the increased prevalence of diabetes among South Asian (SA) adolescents is due to their genetic risk profile. The South Asian Adolescent Diabetes Awareness Program (SAADAP) is a pilot intervention for SA youth in Canada with a family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We sought to investigate changes in (1) diabetes knowledge and associated risk factors, (2) risk perception and (3) health behaviours among adolescents participating in SAADAP. Design: One-group pre-test, post-test design informed by a commitment to community-based participatory research (CBPR). Setting: Sixty-eight adolescents aged 13–17 years with a family history of T2DM participated in SAADAP in a clinical-community setting in Canada. Method: Pre–post questionnaires were administered to evaluate diabetes knowledge and associated risk factors, risk perceptions and health behaviours. Analyses were restricted to 49 participants who attended at least four diabetes education sessions. Results: The mean age of adolescents was 14.5 years, and 57.1% self-identified as girls. The difference in knowledge about the definition, symptoms and complications of T2DM from baseline to post-intervention was 3.32 out of 21 ( p Conclusion: SAADAP showed promising outcomes in raising knowledge and improving health behaviours in SA adolescents with a family history of diabetes. Larger controlled trials with longer follow-up are recommended to support and expand on the current findings.

The industrial sectors of Bangladesh mostly depend on the petroleum industry. Historically, risk and hazards are the common scenario in the petroleum industry occurring due to lack of efficient risk assessment, resulting in financial loss, injury, or harm for people, and the environment. To prevent these losses, it is essential to implement the best risk assessment plan. The objective of this research is to enhance the implementation of safety engineering systems in the petroleum industry through risk assessment. For this, purpose at first, the questionnaire survey for the perception of risk identification and safety system is performed to determine the current defects in the safety engineering system. Then, using SPSS software the risk analysis as well as ANOVA and reliability analysis of the collected data is accomplished to examine top risk factors. Concerning both interview and questionnaire analysis, an integrated risk assessment-based safety analysis has been performed to optimize the performance of the safety engineering system. The outcomes of this research expose the technical, procedural, and behavioral gap in the current risk assessment for the safe implementation of the safety engineering system of the petroleum industry of Bangladesh. &nbsp

Facing the rapid expansion of the sharing economy, it is essential to understand the trusting mechanism in the P2P sector and its consequence on the perceived risks. This study extends the elaborat...