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Cloud computing has become another age innovation that has colossal possibilities in undertakings and markets. Clouds can make it conceivable to get to applications and related information from anyplace. Organizations can lease resources from cloud for capacity and other computational purposes with the goal that their foundation cost can be diminished fundamentally. Further they can utilize expansive access to applications, in light of pay-more only as costs arise model. Henceforth, there is no requirement for getting licenses for singular items. Be that as it may, one of the significant traps in cloud computing is identified with upgrading the resources being dispensed. In view of the uniqueness of the model, resource allocation is performed with the goal of limiting the expenses related with it. Different difficulties of resource allocation are satisfying client needs and application necessities. In this paper, an optimization-based energy aware resource allocation is proposed for the allotting the resources in an improved way. An energy-aware particle swarm optimization method is proposed for the resource allocation in the cloud condition.

It is a well-established fact that banks occupy an important role in the economic development of India, through loans and investments for agriculture, industries and services sectors. India’s growth is predominantly bank-financed.

Developing a global hydrogen (H2) economy is driven by the rapid evolution of solid-state fuel cells for the automotive sector. Approximately 95% of the currently produced H2 is derived from fossil fuels, natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons, coal, and electrolysis. Depleting fossil fuels supplies, energy security, increasing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and climate change are major factors causing the development of carbon-neutral renewable energy supplies, such as ethanol, diesel, and H2. Technologies to produce H2 from carbon-neutral feedstocks and water are currently under investigation using biological and heterogeneous catalyst platforms. Biological H2 production processes utilizing carbon-based agriculture feedstocks and water are examined in this chapter. Feedstocks as well as pretreatment technologies for photofermentation and dark fermentation processes are discussed. Process biochemistry, microbiology, and reactor technology are reviewed for the biophotolysis and fermentation processes together with process economics, recent advances and challenges, current trends, process limitations, and finally, future outlook.

Risk management has become the ‘mantra’ for all segments of financial sector. The RBI has already positioned the risk management process for banks and the same has been introduced for NBFCs-D.

While it is globally accepted that the development of financial services is essential for growth of any economy, it is only recently that many nations including India have realized that benefits of growth might not trickle down to the lower strata of the society unless it is inclusive.

Investment plays a vital role in the agricultural production process. It induces production and savings, further investment helps in the development of the economy. It plays an equally important role in farm economy especially in the era of technological revolution. The study was attempted to assess the impact of farm finance and investment on profitability of farms in Annur block of Coimbatore district. This block was purposively selected for the study since it has the highest number of borrowers for agriculture purpose from commercial banks and it also has the highest loan amount given for agricultural purposes. From the selected block, four villages were selected randomly for the study. The tools of analysis included conventional percentage analysis, returns to investment, net cash income. The borrower farms depend more on the Commercial banks (55.00 %) to meet their farm investment and it was followed by Regional Rural Banks (15.00 %) and Co-operative Banks (15.00 %). The contribution of relatives and friends to the total farm investment was 12.50 per cent and the money lenders contributed about 2.50 per cent to the total farm investment in the borrower farm firms. The gross income was calculated for the borrower and non-borrower farms, the results revealed that borrowers had higher gross income (Rs. 314301.07) than that of the non-borrowers (Rs. 208116.40). The major contributor of income for the borrowers was crop income (45.04 %), which was followed by livestock income (34.90 %) and then by non-farm and off farm income (20.06 %). In the non-borrowers crop income contributed (57.82 %) of the total income, followed by livestock income (25.62 %) and then by non-farm and off farm income (16.56 %). Returns from the investment were higher in case of the borrower farms as the returns from investment ratio was 1.61, whereas in the non-borrowers it was 1.15. The net cash income obtained was also higher in the borrower farms (Rs. 154818.75) than that of the non- borrower farms (Rs. 92980.67).

Raised serum uric acid, a marker of oxidative stress, is known to increase vascular tone and depress myometrial contractility. A rise in serum uric acid levels has also been reported during labor, warranting its correlation with post-spinal hypotension and uterine tone.Serum UA sample was drawn from enrolled healthy, laboring parturients. Of these, 100 women who required emergency cesarean delivery were re-sampled prior to surgery. Following spinal anesthesia we recorded episodes of hypotension (MAP 80% of baseline), use of vasopressors and supplemental uterotonics. The primary outcome was maternal hyperuricemia (1SD appropriate for gestation age) and its correlation with post-spinal hypotension. Secondary outcomes were total vasopressors used, duration of labor and its effect on uric acid levels, uterine tone and neonatal outcome.Hyperuricemia was observed in 33% of parturients. On comparing with women showing normal uric acid levels, hyperuricemic parturients experienced significantly lower incidence of post-spinal hypotension (45.5% vs. 67.2%; p value = 0.04) and lower vasopressor usage (p value = 0.06). Clinically, an increased use of supplemental uterotonics in these parturients was noted (p = 0.20). The duration of labor had no impact on uric acid levels. Neonatal outcome was unaffected.In healthy, normotensive parturients undergoing emergency cesarean delivery, maternal hyperuricemia is associated with lower incidence of post-spinal hypotension and reduced need of vasopressors. Elevated serum uric acid levels may also be associated with decreased uterine tone, necessitating greater requirement of supplemental uterotonics. However, further prospective trials are needed to strongly establish this association.

Agroforestry is defined as a dynamic, ecologically based, natural resource management system that, through the integration of trees on farms and in the agricultural landscape, diversifies and sustains production for increased social, economic and environmental benefits for land users at all levels (Leakey, 1996). Agroforestry has considerable potential to contribute towards solving some of these problems. Nitrogen-fixing trees, as substitutes or complements for chemical fertilizer, can increase smallholder incomes, conserve foreign exchange and improve regional food security. By providing a supply of fuelwood from the farm, agroforestry can help reduce pressure on forests and communal woodlands. Moreover, agroforestry trees can supply farm households with a wide range of other products, including food, medicine, livestock feed, and timber for home use and sale. Other services that trees provide, such as boundary markers, windbreaks, soil erosion barriers, beauty and shade, are difficult to quantify but are none the less of substantial importance to farm families and for natural resource protection. The present study is the outcome of socio-economic diagnosis of traditional as well as commercial agroforestry practices followed by farmers in north western parts of Tamil Nadu. Tree species like Texctona grandis, Tamarindius indicus, Casuarina equestifolia and Eucalyptus spp. were dominant species in traditional system whereas, Texctona grandis and Tamarindius indicus were the main species of commercial agroforestry. The net return from tree produce ha -1 per annum in commercial agroforestry system was Rs. 432773, Rs. 886711, Rs. 457998 and Rs. 908226, respectively for Teak growers, Tamarind growers , teak + maize and tamarind + sorghum, respectively. In commercial agroforestry, B:C ratio has been found higher (6.59) for tree based crop than tree crop (5.90). Although traditional agroforestry seems less promising as compared to commercial agroforestry, but it is also relevant to the farmers livelihood.

The CAMEL rating is a well-established technique to compare the performance of banks and financial institutions. The Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is a very useful growth measure. We compare the top five private sector banks in India, ranking them via the CAMEL rating based on the CAGR of CAMEL parameters. Of the banks chosen for the study, IndusInd bank ranked first in capital adequacy, asset quality and earnings quality. HDFC bank ranked first in management efficiency and Axis bank ranked first in liquidity. The bank with the best overall CAMEL rank proved to be IndusInd bank. By providing a basis of comparison for different banks, the CAMEL rating can yield valuable insight to several stake holders of banks such as top management, investors and regulators.

Problem statement: Whether it is a surgical site or medical treatment at a hospital site, the nurses in particular and the entire medical team including surgeons/physicians in general undergo a risk of being infected ironically by the patients whom they intend to disinfect. There are 2-tiers of patients at the site. One type consists of patients who are internally and well pre-disinfected, not to be sourced for infecting the medical team. The second type consists of patients who are influx to the hospital site and are not well pre-disinfected enough. It is the second type which is a source of hospital site infection for the medical team in general and for the nurses in particular. In other words, the nurses who have to deal with the second type of patients get more exposed to the virus from the patients themselves. This is named the nurses’ exposure exposure rate. Independently, there is an inactivity rate in general for anyone. To reduce such an infectivity, the hospital management makes an intervention with preventive efforts to reduce the infection rate and the impact of such preventive intervention efforts is captured by a parameter in our model. Using a maximum likelihood estimate of the intervention parameter with the data information, we assess the significance of the intervention efforts. Approach: For this concept to work, there is a need to develop an appropriate model as none exists in the literature to be suitable. The model is an abstraction of the reality in the hospital set up. Such a needed, new probability count model is introduced. It is named an Intervened 2-Tier Poisson (I2TP) distribution in this article. Several statistical properties of the I2TP distribution are derived and illustrated to explain the inactivity rate, θ>0 during the treatments of contagious patients in a hospital. Not all nurses are exposed to the virus, while 0 (π≤1 is their exposure rate towards infection. The physicians/surgeons, nurses and staffs undergo a risk of being infected during their treatment of infection or surgery on patients in spite of precautions to avoid infection. The hospital management intervenes with several precautions to minimize, if not eliminate the health care personnel’s risk of being infected. In this article, a statistical methodology is developed to estimate and test the significance of the management’s intervention effect, ρ≥0. Results: The methodology is illustrated using the number of exposed and infected nurses during their healthcare of SARS patients in a Toronto hospital as reported in http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/. There were 32 nurses in the Toronto hospital working with the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) patients. The sixteen activities of the nurses included in our analysis are administration of medication, intubation, bathing, manipulation of bipap mask, radiology procedures among others. In all these activities, the nurses are well trained to use disinfected gloves, nasal masks. As part of the preventive measures to avoid infection from the SARS patients. The exposure rates for the nurses in these activities to SARS patients varied from 0.13 to 0,81. The infectivity ranged from 1.26 to 8 in these activities. The impact of the intervention efforts ranged from 0.25 to 206.3 in all these sixteen activities. The impact of the intervention efforts was insignificant in the activities: endotracheal aspirate, integration of a peripheral,, intravenous catheter Intubation, manipulation of bipap mask, Manipulation of bipap mask, manipulation of commodes or bedpans, Nebulizer treatment and Suctioning before intubation. The impact of the intervention was significant in the activities: administration of medication, assessment of patient, bathing or patient transfer, manipulation of oxygen mask, mouth or dental care, performing an electrocardiogram, radiology procedures, suctioning after intubation and venipuncture. Conclusion/Recommendations: It is interesting to notice that the preventive intervention efforts by the hospital management for the nurses to be disinfected from the SARS patients worked in some activities but not in others. This distinction could be made because of the intervened 2-tier Poisson distribution which is introduced in this article. Clues for successful intervention in some but not in other activities perhaps hid in covariates. Currently, the author is not able to access such data on covariates. The future research work would proceed in this direction using regression concepts.

Wear has drastic effects on flank wear during the turning process, which affects tool life and the surface roughness of the finished component. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of factors such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut on flank wear of a highspeed steel (HSS) cutting tool during the turning process of a mild steel component. A mathematical model was developed relating flank wear and the main factors such as cutting speed V, feed rate F, and depth of cut T. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to develop the mathematical model and the model was checked for adequacy by regression analysis. Main and interaction effects of the control factors on flank wear are presented in graphical form, which helps in selecting quickly the process parameters to achieve the desired quality of machining surface by way of controlling the wear of the cutting tool. It is a very important technique to measure the tool wear on-line, so that the tool can be changed when its profile is lost or it produces a poor quality, which is not acceptable.

Background No standard therapy exists for post-docetaxel castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients. This trial aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of pemetrexed in post-docetaxel CRPC patients. Materials and methods CRPC patients with progression after docetaxel (Taxotere) therapy received pemetrexed (500 mg/m2) i.v. every 3 weeks. The primary end point was prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response. A pharmacogenetic analysis of the reduced folate carrier-1 gene (RFC1) G80A polymorphism was also carried out. Results Forty-nine patients were enrolled: median age 68 years, median baseline PSA 72 ng/ml, and median Karnofsky performance status of 90. Grade 3 or 4 toxicity occurred in 20 (43%) and four patients (8%), respectively. Confirmed >50% PSA decline occurred in four patients (8%), stable PSA lasting at least 12 weeks in 10 patients (20%). A significant relationship was observed between time from prior docetaxel therapy and overall survival. Pharmacogenetic analyses of RFC1 G80A genotype frequencies showed no relationship between genotypes and clinical efficacy. Conclusions Pemetrexed treatment of CRPC patients after docetaxel therapy was associated with only modest clinical activity. Further investigation of pemetrexed as a single agent in a nonenriched CRPC population is unlikely to add significant clinical benefit over that seen with traditional second-line chemotherapy agents such as mitoxantrone.

Coal-based thermal power stations are the leaders in electricity generation in India. This study employs the stochastic frontier production function methodology for panel data to measure the technical efficiency (TE) of coal-based thermal power plants in India during 1994-1995 to 2001-2002. Efficiency varies widely across plants and regions, while the TE is time-invariant. The average TE is approximately 73%, indicating a substantial scope for increasing thermal power generation in the country, with improved application of existing technology and without employment of additional resources. The western region is technically more efficient than other regions and young plants are more efficient than their old counterparts. We hope that the findings will prove useful to development agencies and policy-makers in devising appropriate strategies to improve electricity generation in India.

A statistical analysis of the increasing inflow of data with which astronomers are confronted from different modern facilities. This book stems from a meeting held in September 1989 at the International Stellar Data Centre in Strasbourg.