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Background: Food drug interactions occur due to interaction between the drug and food products leading to decreased efficacy of the medication by bringing about change in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics of the drugs. Objectives: To evaluate the knowledge attitude regarding the food and drug interactions among the second year medical under graduate students. Materials and Methods: This was a questionnaire -based, cross-sectional study in which a self developed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used. Respondents were 152 second year medical students. Questions were framed to obtain information about various issues concerned with knowledge about food and drug interactions. Results: It was seen that majority of 82% of the students were aware about food and alcoholic beverage interfering with drug in the body. 64% of the students had the knowledge about impact of food drug interaction depends on a various factors like drug dosage, person’s age, & health status. Conclusion: Sound knowledge about food and drug interactions is a vital part to accomplish the therapeutic efficacy in the medications in the patients. In this regard, students are future doctors and their knowledge to regarding food and drug interaction needs to be upgraded. Keywords: Food and drug interactions, Questionnaire, Medical students, Knowledge.

PRESENTATION OF THE CASE Peripartum cardiomyopathy is an uncommon but lifethreatening disease that affects women in the last few months of pregnancy or within the first five months after delivery, without previous evidence of heart disease & with no other definable cause of heart failure.1 We present a case report of a 37-year-old patient with gestational hypertension & anterior placenta previa who developed pulmonary oedema intraoperatively and was managed postoperatively in the ICU and was diagnosed as peripartum cardiomyopathy on Echocardiography.

Background: In India, many of the drugs which are to be purchased only with the prescription by the registered medical practitioners, that is, drugs (Schedule H) are available to the patients without the doctors prescription leading to unwanted side effects. It is extremely important to create the awareness in health-care professionals and country men to counter this ignorance. Aim and Objective: This study aims to assess the knowledge among undergraduate medical students in a government medical college in South India regarding drug schedules. Materials and Methods: The 2nd year medical students (n = 150) were recruited in this current study. We have used pilot tested validated questionnaire to know the concept of different drug schedules among the 2nd year medical students. Results: Nearly 65% of the students have the knowledge regarding Drugs and Cosmetics Act 1940, and all the drug schedules. It was interesting to find that 60–70% of students were aware about schedule H drugs and category X drugs, respectively. Conclusion: The knowledge of different drug schedules acquired by the 2nd year medical students in their pharmacology curriculum will certainly help the budding doctors to apply the knowledge relevantly in their future practice and guide other health-care professionals and counter the ignorance of drug schedules among the public.

Background: Use of antibiotics in special population like children is not same as adult. Pediatric age group will have difference in pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of drugs. In children, the maturity of major organs will be in developing stage which would affect the absorption, metabolism, distribution, and excretion of drugs. Hence, irrational prescription of drugs may lead to many adverse effects ranging from mild to severe. In developing countries like India, we do not have much unbiased information on the currently used drugs. Hence, the current study focused on antibiotic use among pediatric population using data from a tertiary care teaching hospital. Aim and Objectives: The objectives of the study were as follows: (i) To observe antibiotic prescription trends in in-patients of pediatric ward and (ii) to analyze rationality of antibiotic prescription. Materials and Methods: It is a prospective observational study which was conducted over a period of 1 year. Institutional Ethics Committee approval was taken before conducting the study. The data of inpatients of pediatric ward were collected in a separate well-designed preform. Inpatients with age group of 0–14 years were included in the study. Results: Out of 1050 patients, 471 were below the age group of 1 year, 220 patients were between 1 and 5 years, and 359 patients were above the age of 5 years. The percentage of patients with antibiotic prescribed was 92.1%. Respiratory tract infections were predominantly seen among children, especially bronchopneumonia was seen in 6.6% of the patients. Among the antibiotics, amikacin (483) was most commonly prescribed followed by cefotaxime (414) and ceftriaxone (301). Conclusion: In our study, we have found that antimicrobials were most commonly used drugs in the form of injectable. To prevent development of antimicrobial resistance, there is necessary of antibiotic policy in each and every hospitals of India.

Background: Although nausea and vomiting are natural signs of pregnancy affecting about half the pregnant women during their first trimester of pregnancy, it is unpleasant and difficult symptom to deal with. Considering the fact that medication during pregnancy is not advised, we decided to study the efficacy of a natural product to control nausea and vomiting during early pregnancy. Our study was directed to estimate the efficacy of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) in pregnancy induced nausea and vomiting.Methods: A total of 30 women with pregnancy of 4-16 weeks, suffering from nausea and vomiting were included in this study (n=30). Subjects were given ginger extract 250mg, to be taken 3 times a day half an hour before food for 1 week. Severity of vomiting was assessed by Rhodes Index of Nausea and Vomiting by the patients. Baseline scores were compared with the score at the end of 7 day. The findings were analysed statistically.Results: Effect with the ginger extract in pregnancy induced nausea and vomiting was assessed at the end of treatment (day 7) and compared with the baseline values. Four patients reported symptoms of heartburn. Otherwise, there were no other reports of any adverse effects. The results showed significance (p

We are reporting a very unusual case of Bilateral upper limb gangrene in postoperative period in 3 day old neonate, who was admitted for the correction of congenital intestinal fistula with meckel's diverticulum in exomphalos minor. A negative sepsis screen, absence of evidence of hypercoagulable state prompted us to make the diagnosis of IDIOPATHIC BILATERAL UPPER LIMBGANGRENE in this newborn. Because of the rarity we are reporting this case with wide review of literature.

The term phyllodes tumour is recommended in World Health Organization (W.H.O) classification for the tumour previously called cystosarcoma phyllodes which means a large, fleshy tumour with a leaf like appearance on cut surface. (1) We report a case of phyllodes tumour in left breast of a 28 years old female patient. It was a huge tumour and resembled carcinoma clinically. A single left axillary lymph node was found to be enlarged. Fine needle aspiration was done and reported as phyllodes tumour which was later confirmed by histopathology. Lymph node cytology showed reactive changes. Though generally benign, phyllodes tumours have a tendency for recurrence. It can rarely become malignant too.

Chemical burns on the gingiva can be caused by the use of certain pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical products by patients or by injudicious use of caustics by the dental clinician. These lesions in the oral cavity, however, are rarely reported. Hence, information about the product and needful instructions is necessary to be given to the patients for prevention of the same. These burns can be caused by the way of self-infliction, allergic tendency toward certain products, or it may be iatrogenic. A detailed history is the key to diagnosing and managing these cases. Chemical burns are usually treated by eliminating the etiology and managed by palliative therapy.

Background: Self-medication practice is widespread in many countries and the irrational use of drugs is a cause of concern. It assumes a special significance among medical students as they are exposed to knowledge about diseases and drugs. To assess practice and perception of self-medication among undergraduate medical students.Methods: It is a descriptive study in which study population was comprised of 2nd year undergraduate medical students of Gulbarga Institute of Medical Sciences, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India. Total 134 students were included in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from each volunteer prior to the study. Students were given a questionnaire that included both open and close ended questions about self-medication practice. Data was analysed and presented as counts and percentages.Results: It was found that 72 (54%) students practiced self-medication. The principal morbidity for seeking self-medication was cold and cough as reported by 70 (53%) students. Antibiotics were most commonly self-medicated as reported by 55 (36%) students. Only 34 (25%) students opined that self-medication is part of self-care.Conclusions: Self-medication is widely practiced among under­ graduate medical students. In this situation, we should educate the students about advantages and disadvantages of self-medication.

Background: Diabetes is a strong risk factor for stroke, it is unsettled stroke is different in patients with and without diabetes. Hyperglycemia has been observed after an acute stroke and is associated with poor prognosis. Stroke patients with diabetes mellitus appear to have a worse prognosis in term of both mortality and residual disability. Aims and Objective: The study aims to prospectively characterize stroke in the diabetic patients in stroke population. To determine the time course of recovery and prognosis in stroke patients with diabetes and the relation between non-diabetes, pre diabetes, and post diabetes. Materials and Methods: A total of 65 subjects were enrolled for the study from the Outpatient Department of ACS Medical College and Hospital. 30 patients after exclusion were subjected for the therapeutic session under 3 groups of 10 each, such as non-diabetic, diabetic before stroke and diabetic after the stroke, and each group comprising males and females. The treatment session of 3 months comprised aerobic exercises, neurological rehabilitation, and prescribed diet. Pre- and post-test using, Scandinavian stroke scale (SSS), Barthel’s Index (BI), and random blood glucose level. Data were analyzed using twotailed t-tests, delineated as a mean ±standard deviation and the level of significance was set at P < 0.01 for SSS, P < 0.005 for BI, and P < 0.005 for random glucose level (RGL). Results: Pre- and post-intervention data of SSS and BI of all the three groups of subjects recorded significant increase at P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively, indicating the positive impact of the treatment session on mitigation of disabilities. The RGL data of both diabetic groups recorded a significant reduction in the post-treatment estimation, confirming the effectiveness of the treatment regimen in regulating the blood glucose level as well. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the positive impact of physical activity; particularly the aerobic exercise and nutritional alterations in successful intervention of the disabilities of stroke survivors with and without diabetes.

Lorenz, M. et al., Oxide electronic materials provide a plethora of possible applications and offer ample opportunity for scientists to probe into some of the exciting and intriguing phenomena exhibited by oxide systems and oxide interfaces. In addition to the already diverse spectrum of properties, the nanoscale form of oxides provides a new dimension of hitherto unknown phenomena due to the increased surface-to-volume ratio. Oxide electronic materials are becoming increasingly important in a wide range of applications including transparent electronics, optoelectronics, magnetoelectronics, photonics, spintronics, thermoelectrics, piezoelectrics, power harvesting, hydrogen storage and environmental waste management. Synthesis and fabrication of these materials, as well as processing into particular device structures to suit a specific application is still a challenge. Further, characterization of these materials to understand the tunability of their properties and the novel properties that evolve due to their nanostructured nature is another facet of the challenge. The research related to the oxide electronic field is at an impressionable stage, and this has motivated us to contribute with a roadmap on ‘oxide electronic materials and oxide interfaces’. This roadmap envisages the potential applications of oxide materials in cutting edge technologies and focuses on the necessary advances required to implement these materials, including both conventional and novel techniques for the synthesis, characterization, processing and fabrication of nanostructured oxides and oxide-based devices. The contents of this roadmap will highlight the functional and correlated properties of oxides in bulk, nano, thin film, multilayer and heterostructure forms, as well as the theoretical considerations behind both present and future applications in many technologically important areas as pointed out by Venkatesan. The contributions in this roadmap span several thematic groups which are represented by the following authors: novel field effect transistors and bipolar devices by Fortunato, Grundmann, Boschker, Rao, and Rogers; energy conversion and saving by Zaban, Weidenkaff, and Murakami; new opportunities of photonics by Fompeyrine, and Zuniga-Perez; multiferroic materials including novel phenomena by Ramesh, Spaldin, Mertig, Lorenz, Srinivasan, and Prellier; and concepts for topological oxide electronics by Kawasaki, Pentcheva, and Gegenwart. Finally, Miletto Granozio presents the European action ‘towards oxide-based electronics’ which develops an oxide electronics roadmap with emphasis on future nonvolatile memories and the required technologies. In summary, we do hope that this oxide roadmap appears as an interesting up-to-date snapshot on one of the most exciting and active areas of solid state physics, materials science, and chemistry, which even after many years of very successful development shows in short intervals novel insights and achievements., This work has been partially supported by the TO-BE COST action MP1308. J F acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, through the ‘Severo Ochoa’ Programme for Centres of Excellence in R&D (SEV-2015-0496) and MAT2014-56063-C2-1R, and from the Catalan Government (2014 SGR 734). F.M.G. acknowledges support from MIUR through the PRIN 2010 Project ‘OXIDE’.

Background: To compare cervical epidural anaesthesia (CEA) technique with general anaesthesia in thyroid surgeries. Method: Fifteen patients were randomly selected to be operated under CEA for thyroid surgeries and their results were compared with 15 other patients who underwent the same surgery under conventional GA technique. Results: CEA was found to be comparable to GA in thyroid surgeries Conclusion: We conclude that cervical epidural anaesthesia can be safely used for thyroid surgery.