Search

The 2017 outbreak of Mycoplasma bovis in New Zealand deeply impacted rural communities, particularly cattle farmers. In 2018, the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) implemented an eradication programme that involved herd testing, stock culls, restriction of stock movements, decontamination of affected farms, and compensation to farmers for losses associated with the eradication programme. New Zealand news media reported widely on the emotional trauma experienced by affected farmers and MPI was criticised for poor management of the outbreak. We interviewed nineteen farmers and farming couples affected by M. bovis in Southern New Zealand to gain insight into their experiences of the outbreak. In this paper, we present the findings pertaining to one dominant thematic: that of farmers' interactions with the bureaucracy associated with the management of the outbreak. The farm appeared to quite literally represent a site of collision between farming values of stock welfare and practical and relational forms of knowledge; and policy, regulation, compliance and technical instrumental forms of knowledge. For these reasons, Habermas’ theory of lifeworld and system presented itself as a particularly salient framework for interpreting our data. Participants experienced the eradication programme as intrusive, impractical, and inhumane; while their situated local knowledge and pragmatism were ignored in favour of adherence to wasteful and inefficient bureaucratic processes that while compliant with policy, made no sense to the farmers. We suggest that biosecurity threats such as M. bovis might be more effectively managed when the bureaucracy is attentive to the rural lifeworld and responsive to the situated knowledge of farmers.

Este manuscrito proporciona una visión general sobre la vulnerabilidad de México, como región geográfica, a los impactos del cambio climático. Es en el dinamismo del sector primario donde los cambios climáticos globales climáticos globales tienen mayor influencia. Para reescalar las observaciones globales a escala local, regional y nacional, el INIFAP como centro público de investigación, aporta soluciones tecnológicas al alcance de los usuarios, tomadores de decisiones, investigadores, académicos y consultores. Desde su creación, el instituto mantiene líneas de investigación para estudiar los impactos del cambio climático en lo agrícola, pecuario y forestal. Esta la lleva a cabo a través de la organización de encuentros nacionales e internacionales de intercambio técnico-científico y la ejecución de proyectos de investigación y de servicios. A través de la integración y análisis de bases de datos, de la implementación de técnicas de máquinas de aprendizaje en arquitecturas de cómputo, series de tiempo de imágenes satelitales y datos de procesos de intercambio entre la cubierta del suelo y la atmósfera, el Laboratorio Nacional de Modelaje y Sensores Remotos oferta al usuario productos y servicios basados en TICs. Pronósticos numéricos de lluvia y sequía, conforman la oferta institucional para proveer de información útil para la mitigar los efectos del cambio climático en el sector primario. A través de estos productos y servicios se promueve un cambio de paradigma para el estudio de los impactos del cambio climático en México.

The primary sector plays a key role in any country, from both economic and social perspectives, as has been underscored by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In Europe, this sector is highly dependent on the aid provided under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Therefore, the distribution of this aid among the various recipients is crucial to maintaining a strong primary sector throughout the European Union (EU). This is especially true in light of the new funding for the period from 2021 to 2027 and the United Kingdom's departure from the EU. In this sense, the 93.5% of the first pillar of CAP aid consists of direct aid to farmers. The related literature has shown its effect on aspects such as sustainability and farmers' income, among others, and its distribution in specific geographical areas. In this vein, the present paper conducts a longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of the distribution of aid across EU countries. The results show that the CAP reforms and the incorporation of countries into the EU influenced the distribution of aid. Moreover, there is a clear division between Eastern and Western EU countries, with a more equitable distribution of aid in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Agricultural Economics / Zemedelska Ekonomika is the property of Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La nueva ruralidad, la descampesinización y la tercerización económica, constituyen tres nociones que evidencian una dura transformación económica, social y espacial en las concepciones tradicionales del mundo rural. A partir de la inserción en el sistema mundial bajo, la etiqueta de “Pueblo Mágico”, Chignahuapan, una comunidad rural mexicana del centro del país, ha dejado de lado las actividades del sector primario para impulsar al terciario y ha adoptado al turismo como eje rector del crecimiento económico. El objetivo de este trabajo es visibilizar cómo la transformación económica local, hacia el turismo, se ha dado a partir de mercantilizar un manantial de aguas termales con propiedades curativas, y a partir de la fabricación de esferas navideñas de vidrio soplado, una actividad económica que ha posicionado a la localidad en el imaginario nacional. Así, en Chignahuapan se ha generado una relación de dependencia hacia el turismo, asociada con las necesidades y demandas de las dos grandes ciudades del centro de México: la Ciudad de México y Puebla.

The potential of an area can be identified through the identification of leading sectors. The purpose of this study is to determine the shift in economic structure and patterns of economic growth in Parepare City, using several analytical approaches. This research seeks to analyze and provide information related to shifts in economic structure or solutions to increase economic growth and provide strategic and policy advice. This study is a quantitative descriptive study. The data used is secondary data. Data analysis techniques were carried out through literature studies and publications published by BPS. Then the data were analyzed using Location Quotient (LQ) analysis tools, Shift Share analysis, and Klassen Typology analysis. The results of the study indicate that there has been a shift in the economic structure from agriculture (primary sector) and industry (secondary sector) to the service sector (tertiary sector) while the economic sectors that are included in the developed sector and grow rapidly in the first quadrant are Electricity Procurement and Gas, Water Supply, Waste Treatment, Waste and Recycling, Transportation and Warehousing, Provision of Accommodation and Food and Drink, Financial and Insurance Services, Real Estate, Health Services, and Social Activities., Corporate Services. The results of the Shift Share analysis show that there has been a shift in the economic structure. from industry (secondary) to services (tertiary). Location quotient (LQ) analysis results show that the base sector includes fourteen sectors including four industrial sectors and nine service sectors, while the non-base sector has four sectors.

In the past 40 years, cultivated land has faced the continued anthropogenic interference, which has become a significant issue for cultivated land preservation during rapid urbanization. The purpose of this research was to reveal the spatio-temporal evolutionary characteristics of cultivated land and the correlation between rural population variation and farmland change in China. Fifty county-level administrative units in Zhejiang Province were selected as the study area wherein spatio-temporal evolution comparative analysis for every 5 years from 2000 to 2015 was conducted. This study used the pool method to estimate the impacts of the rural population variation, average slope, average elevation, rural residential disposable income, primary industry proportion, and road density on farmland utilization efficiency from the spatial perspective, which is represented by landscape metrics including the mean patch size, edge density, area weighted mean shape index, and area weighted mean patch fractal dimension. This study showed that the cultivated land landscape index continued to rise after 2000 and then started decreasing after 2010, indicating a reduction in human interference after 2010. The spatial variation of rural population of all county-level administrative units decreased from 2000 to 2010, and 62% of them began to increase after 2010. The regression analysis results showed that the spatial variation of rural population was significantly and negatively correlated with the cultivated land landscape while the rural residential disposable income, average slope and primary industry proportion were all significantly and positively related to the cultivated land landscape index. The results implied that the loss of the agricultural labor force and the difficulty of sloping farmlands adapting to mechanized farming were unconducive to farmland utilization efficiency improvement, and the increase in nonagricultural activities in rural areas would increase the difficulty of cultivated land preservation. Our analysis suggests that local governments should improve the production efficiency of fragmented land or strengthen the construction control of housing and facilities in rural areas according to their regional urbanization development situation.

Agriculture sector referred as primary sector. it is very important for economic growth of any country. It emerged as an essential-growing sector within the world economy. This sector contributes huge part of Indian GDP and occupy first place in employment provider. 58% of India’s population is depends upon Agriculture. Gross Value Added (GVA) by agronomy, forestry and trawling was estimated at Rs. 19.48 lakh crore (US$ 276.37 billion) in FY20 (PE). GVA Growth in agriculture and related sectors stood at 4% in FY20. Essential agricultural commodities export for the April-September period of 2020 enlarged by 43% to Rs. 53,626 crore (US$ 7.3 billion) over Rs. 37,397 crore (US$ 5.1 billion) in the same period last year. Its respectable share in foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows similarly as in total exports makes it the engine of economic process. Keeping in higher than scene, the current study makes an analysis of agriculture sector in Indian economy. The study shows that agriculture sector has achieved incredible growth over the year in Indian economy. Besides, their contributions in value, employment and exports are rising significantly. To take care and accelerate the expansion & contributions of this sector & to develop it as a real engine of economic process.

Globally we are experiencing a decline in aggregate natural capital. Many primary industries and enterprises are highly dependent on renewable and non-renewable natural capital, but there has been little focus on measuring and monitoring the flows benefits from natural capital. Natural capital accounting can help by potentially enabling the enterprise to better adapt and respond to risks in the future. To assist future implementation of natural capital accounting we assess the value proposition perceived by primary industry stakeholders. We use three primary industries in Australia as case studies (cotton, forestry and fisheries), and surveyed 140 stakeholders across the three industries. Interviewees generally suggested natural capital accounting is of public benefit by improving environmental outcomes. Private benefits are obtained through industry gaining social licence, greater market access and better business models. Although there was general agreement over improved environmental outcomes and access to premium markets, there were differences between industries and stakeholders. There were some concerns across the industries about the potential costs natural capital accounting may add to normal business operations and the lack of consistency in practices. Mainstreaming natural capital accounting across primary industries will mean that the value propositions and the implementation barriers need to be addressed. Overall the value proposition of implementing natural capital accounts at the enterprise level must stack up favourably against its costs.

International audience; In this paper, for the first time, we investigate the relationship between infrastructure and sectoral distribution of FDI inflow in China. We use the Estimating Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound testing and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) procedures of estimation. To unmask the shortcomings in the previous literature, we use a composite index of infrastructure with more than 30 indicators. The results show that there is a long-run relationship between sectoral FDI and infrastructure. A bidirectional causal relationship is confirmed by using VECM. However, we find unidirectional causality between the primary sector's FDI and infrastructure, and it is running from infrastructure to primary sector FDI. The inclusion of control variables, e.g., institutional quality, trade openness, and domestic investment, is robust in our analysis. The positive role of infrastructure in the sectoral distribution of FDI inflows is of utmost importance for policymakers and Chinese-government. Several policy implications are given in our study.

— The research objective to analyzes the contribution of the primary and secondary sectors to the GRDP of Madiun Regency, analyzes the direction of the relationship between the primary and secondary sectors toward economic growth and analyzes the effect of the contribution of the primary and secondary sectors on the economic growth of Madiun Regency in 2014 - 2018. The data used in this study are (1) Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) aggregate primary and secondary sectors/sub-sectors is the total value added (products) generated by various primary and secondary sectors/sub-sectors which has carried out business or activities in an area without regard to the selection of production factors for the data of 2014 - 2018 (2) GRDP based on the prevailing prices of the primary sector and the secondary sector of Madiun Regency based on the field of business data in 2014 - 2018. Research results that (1) The contribution of the primary sector which contributed the first is the agriculture, forestry and fisheries category, followed by mining and quarrying in Madiun Regency. (2) The contribution of the secondary sector which contributed the first is the construction category, followed by the processing industry, water supply and the lowest is electricity, gas procurement in Madiun Regency. (3) The direction of relations of each sector is positive. (4) Partially, each sector does not significantly influence the rate of economic growth in Madiun Regency. (6) Simultaneously the primary and secondary sectors have a significant effect on economic growth variables in Madiun Regency in 2014-2018. Keywords—: Primary Sector; Secondary Sector; Economic Growth; Madiun Regency.

Agriculture is the primary sector in the Indonesian economy. Massive infrastructure development has an effect on the reduction of agricultural land. A lot of land is not used by the owner because of his inability in agriculture. On the other hand, many farmers who control agriculture but do not own agricultural land. This is the background of cooperation between land owners and farmers with an agreement to share the harvest. This cooperative practice is found in many regions in Indonesia. In Islamic law this practice is identical to the muzara`ah contract. This article discusses the theory of the muzara`ah contract in the study of Islamic law and its application in cooperation in the agricultural sector. Scholars have different opinions regarding the validity of the muzara`ah contract. Hanbali, Maliki, and Hanafi madhhab scholars state that this contract is valid in Islamic law. The application of the muzara`ah contract is ideally based on togetherness and openness between the two parties.Kata Kunci : muzara`ah, cooperation, agricultural, Islamic Law

The study attempts to show the impacts of agro tourism in environmental and climatic betterment of the state and nation. The results of this study will tell us that agro-tourism will help to improve environmental and climatic factors and also plays a great role as an additional income source for farmers and government. General public is now-a-day’s facing problem because of environmental instability and this can be cured if we consider agro tourism sector as a solution and incorporate this sector too like other tourism sector. Maharashtra was the first to understand this sectors demand and used this concept very well to improve its GDP and environment. Agro tourism help to create awareness among public about the environment by providing income source and environmental benefits both simultaneously. It creates knowledge about agriculture science. A modern style of development proposes rationalexploitation of agricultural resources together with the rediscovery of heritage both historical and naturalistic as a means to reach sustainable development. Agro tourism acts as the contact point between the tourist’s expectations of healthy environment, natural and fresh products, rediscovery of nature and best touristic services with an unforgettable experience. The study assumes the importance of environmental and climatic betterment to neutralize or reduce its harmful effects in near future. It helps to evaluate that how a sustainable development can be reached without causing damage to our environment. This synergy between agriculture and tourism capitalized on the combined benefits of development in agriculture as a primary sector and tourism as a service sector which further boost rural employment generation and environmental benefits. Thus, the paper suggests that agro-tourism has the potential for developing income opportunities and creates new ways for environmental and climatic betterment

As a vital resource endowment area and ecological barrier area in China, low‐carbon development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River is of great significance. This paper compiled the emission inventory in the Upper Yangtze River Economic Zone in the IPCC regional emission accounting method framework and used the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model to evaluate economic development and carbon emissions. Finally, this paper used the time series method to predict carbon emissions to 2030. We find that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions increased rapidly from 2004 to 2012. The average annual growth rate reached 9.16%. After 2012, carbon emissions in the region no longer grow steadily but fluctuate or even decline. The secondary industry contributed 79.77%, the tertiary industry contributed 17.78%, and the primary industry only 2.45% from 2000 to 2015. From the industrial sector and energy consumption, thermoelectricity production and supply division and nonmetallic mineral products industry are the sectors with the most CO2 emissions, accounting for 35.54% and 13.34%, respectively. Raw coal and coke are the main factors causing emissions. Nearly 61.32% of the carbon dioxide produced by raw coal comes from the electricity production sector. However, from 2011 to 2015, the CO2 emissions of raw coal decreased year by year, down by 23.32%. The impact of economic growth on carbon dioxide emissions supports the EKC hypothesis. The CO2 emissions in the Upper Yangtze River Economic Zone will decline after 2020, but Chongqing has shown an upward trend. With the above results, provinces and cities can optimize the regional industrial structure based on sectoral carbon emissions. The study area needs to develop clean energy to optimize the coal‐led energy consumption structure. Provinces and cities in the district can learn from each other's advanced emission reduction experience. © 2021 The Authors. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Background: New Zealand’s Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) manages the “declare or dispose” biosecurity border compliance social marketing program. Its aim is to protect the country’s important horticulture and agriculture industries from imported pests and diseases, and its environment. The program encourages visitors to New Zealand to leave potential biosecurity risk items at home or dispose in specially marked bins on arrival. An important part of this is having New Zealand ethnic communities advocate on MPI’s behalf to friends and family overseas to follow the biosecurity rules. To fully engage the community to be advocates, it was felt that the community should be involved in the creation of this aspect of the program. Focus of the article: The article is a case study explaining how MPI used co-design methodology to create an advocacy program with a local community to assist behavior change in overseas visitors. The article focusses on the process and planning (including following a six-step co-design model) from a practitioners’ perspective to develop a program co-created with the target audience, rather than the final interventions developed. Program design/approach: The “declare or dispose” program had been solely “expert led” and designed by social marketers and researchers. The program is heavily influenced by a mix of quantitative and ethnographic research. These feed into customer journey mapping where interventions are inserted to influence audiences’ behavior. To assist in advocacy from the New Zealand Indian community to friends and family overseas, a customer led co-design process was developed to create community engagement and advocacy. Methods: MPI ran three co-design sessions involving members of local Indian community groups. The sessions used a mixture of card sorting and open discussion within small groups. The card sorting was used to review, and rate current interventions used in the behavior change program (including interventions both overseas direct to visitors and locally to community members). The open discussion asked participants to generate new ideas for potential new interventions to reach visitors. Results: Through the ranking of existing tools and participant suggestions of new ideas—MPI has developed an advocacy program that spans expert-led and user-led interventions. As hoped, the user-led suggestions were at a community-based level, resulting in a stronger buy-in from the community to deliver advocacy messages to overseas friends and family. Recommendations for practice: The article is useful for practitioners by detailing how to not only use co-design for creating new ideas, but also to evaluate existing ones to create a program blending both expert- and user-led interventions. MPI followed a six-step co-design process to organize its co-design program. This ensured that the right preparation was followed, sessions were effective, and the desired results of the program were achieved.

Az élelmiszeripar kiemelt jelentőségű iparág, mely fontos stratégiai ágazat a magyar gazdaságpolitikában. Az ágazat előtt új lehetőségek és források nyílnak a következő időszakban a támogatások terén. A tanulmány összegzi a támogatási rendszer változásait, általános képet ad az iparágról makrogazdasági szinten. 2018-as vállalati beszámolók alapján több szempontból megvizsgálja a mikro-, kis- és középvállalkozások helyzetét. A bruttó hozzáadott érték kiszámításának segítségével azonosítja a tanulmány a jól teljesítő élelmiszeripari ágakat, területi és különböző kategorizálási szempontok szerint elemzi azokat. A tanulmány eredményei alapján az élelmiszeripari vállalatok képesek jelentős hozzáadott érték előállítására, de ez területileg nagyon heterogén. Az iparágban érvényesül a méretgazdaságosság elve, jelentős potenciál főként a kis- és középvállalkozások esetén azonosítható. Agriculture is an important sector and has strategic role in the Hungarian economic policy. The changes in the subsidy scheme open up new opportunities and financial sources in agriculture. The paper summirizes these changes and gives a comprehensive picture of the primary sector relying on annual company reports and gross added value calculations. The results show that there is a territorial heterogeneity regarding gross added value in the Hungarian agriculture and economies of scale occurs, but the contribution of SMEs is well below its potential.

It is worthwhile to carry out carbon emission reduction of transportation, which is an important sector of energy consumption. Thus, we used the expanded structural decomposition analysis model and input–output analysis to investigate the structural emission reduction of transportation in China. The results reveal that within the research interval, (1) the energy intensity effect (EIE) was a major factor for reducing carbon emissions from China’s transportation sector, which is caused by the improvement of energy efficiency. However, the input structure effect (ISE) on emission reduction is not apparent. Therefore, the utilization efficiency of transportation in various industries has not been significantly optimized. (2) The final demand effect (FDE) is the main determinant of carbon emission growth in transportation sector due to the steady growth of demand for transportation across all industries. Simultaneously, secondary industries play a major role in the FDE, followed by tertiary and primary industries. However, the direct consumption coefficient of primary and tertiary industries to the transportation sector demand is lower than that of the secondary industries (e.g., heavy industry). Therefore, the dynamic optimization of industrial structure is conducive to reducing carbon emissions caused by FDE. (3) The energy structure effect (ESE) is shown to restrain the growth of carbon emissions with an increasing trend, caused by the increase and decrease in the proportion of low-carbon and high-carbon energy consumption structure, respectively, in the energy supply side of transportation sector. Diesel oil, gasoline, kerosene, and liquefied natural gas were the main contributors to carbon emission reduction in ESE, while raw and cleaned coal did not play a role in reducing carbon emissions in ESE. This study can provide practical guidance for China’s transportation sector to implement emission reduction more accurately based on the energy type and industry level.

In New Zealand the primary sector together with central and local government agencies have been promoting measures to mitigate the adverse effect of farming practices on water quality over the last...

This paper introduces an agent-based computational economic modeling approach into an input–output analytical framework and proposes diffusion of technological innovation behavior into the simulation models. A large number of heterogeneous firms with macro-regional economic frameworks are included to perform policy simulation scenarios to investigate the impact of diffusing technological innovations on the dynamic changes in the regional economic structures of major global economies (i.e., China, Japan, the United States, Russia, India, and the European Union). This study reveals that process innovation may be more conducive to promoting the transfer of resource elements between regions for China, the EU, Japan, India, and Russia. However, for the U.S., product innovation may facilitate upgrading its industrial structure. Furthermore, from 2012 to 2030, for these six economies, the output share of the primary industry will likely decline by varying degrees, while the output share of the tertiary industry will show an uptrend. The employment share in the tertiary industry in these six economies decreased. Another important finding is that differentiated technological innovation-driven policies must be adopted within the context of global economic governance. Moreover, each economy should choose a technological innovation mode that is suitable for its economic development. Thus, these findings provide an important theoretical basis for formulating global economic governance policies in the future.

The Chinese economy has developed rapidly since the reform and opening up, but economic growth in Northeast China has declined dramatically after the 21st century. In this context, exploring the characteristics of economic and industrial fluctuations in the northeast of China and their relationship is beneficial to alleviating economic fluctuations and promoting stable economic development from the perspective of industrial development. The relationship between economic and industrial fluctuations in the three provinces of Northeast China was reexamined from the angle of fluctuation components with the complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition with adaptive noise (CEEMDAN) algorithm. The results obtained are as follows: (1) In the three northeastern provinces of China, economic fluctuations were almost free from the influence of the primary industry, most affected by the secondary industry, and gradually influenced by the tertiary industry after the 21st century. (2) Regarding the short-term business cycle of each province, economic development was the most stable when the market and government participated in the development of the secondary industry simultaneously. (3) The midterm business cycle of Jilin Province was affected by the investment of equipment in secondary and tertiary industries, while that of Liaoning Province was affected by the investment of equipment in the secondary industry. (4) Investment in the equipment of the secondary industry and the construction of secondary and tertiary industries was the key to maintaining the stability of long-term business cycle in Heilongjiang Province, and that in the construction of secondary and tertiary industries was the key to maintaining the stability of long-term business cycles in Jilin and Liaoning Provinces.

Regional economic development describes the total social and economic activities in a given time and space. An objective understanding of the real regional economy is beneficial for healthy, sustainable societal development. Generally speaking, the understanding of the regional economy is mainly based on social surveying, which incurs time and energy costs and lacks objectivity. Therefore, this study proposes a seamless economical feature extraction method using the advantages of Landsat time series based on the morphologic changes of the earth’s surface caused by regional economic development. First, the land-use/cover changes of the earth’s surface were collected using Landsat time series; second, the correlations between land-use types and regional economic indices were analyzed and the optimal sensitive factors were selected. Third, a regional economic development model was constructed from the perspective of the land-use/cover change observed by remote sensing technology. Finally, the accuracy was evaluated in order to assess the validity and applicability of the model. The Zhoushan Islands of China were chosen as the research area for the verification experiment. From the results, the construction land is the most significant sensitive factor that correlates closely with various economic indices, and its correlation coefficients R with gross domestic product (GDP), value-added of primary industry (VPI), value-added of secondary industry (VSI), and value-added of tertiary industry (VTI) were 0.9591, 0.9390, 0.9546, and 0.9573, respectively. The regional economic development model constructed is simple, clear, and highly accurate; the determination coefficient R2 was 0.9884. This study opens up unique opportunities for the objective, seamless understanding of regional economic development from the perspective of land-use/cover change using Landsat time series, as well as the correction of economic survey data, both with a high degree of accuracy.

The Primary Innovation programme investigated co-innovation to solve complex agricultural problems in five New Zealand primary sector projects. The projects engaged diverse stakeholders using a col...

Background: Nowadays, existence of self-motivated and efficient human resource is a key issue of great importance in the telecommunication industry. Considering that human resource in an organization is significant resources, steps should be taken to find the strong and weak points in enhancing the operation of increasing efficiency in the firm. Moreover, job satisfaction has been considered one of the important factors in the provision of superior performance and high quality services at the telecommunication industry. Problem: Considering the telecommunication industry that is one of the primary industries in the poor performing sector of Cameroon. An industry is growing at high speed by adopting unfair practices. Operators are not satisfied with the current government regulations towards issuance of SIM’s and the imposition of XAF 3.5 billion fine. Purpose: This study aimed to explore the impacts of job stress (JS), work environment (WE), overall compensation benefits and pay (OCS), leadership, and moderating role of leadership on employees’ job satisfaction (EJS). Method: A quantitative method was employed in the sample size of 515 responses. A technique of random sampling was used to select the respondents. Data was collected through a field survey by using a closed-ended questionnaire. The analysis was done through SmartPLS 3.0. Results: The results have supported the hypothesized model. Indeed, findings proved a significant relationship between JS, WE, OCS, leadership, and EJS. Leadership significantly moderates the relationship between JS, WE, OCS, and EJS. In particular, job JS has adverse effects on EJS. Originality/Value: This paper helps the executives of telecommunication industry how to lessen the job stress and increase the level of job satisfaction. This paper has implications for practitioners and researchers interested in examining the moderating role of leadership on employee’s job satisfaction. As well as work environment plays a critical role in the satisfaction of employees.

Millimeter wave communications technology is an essential component of the new radio (NR) standard for standalone 5G networks, i.e., frequency range 2 (FR2) bands. This technology provides contiguous bandwidth at the detriment of high path loss and blockage sensitivity. Hence beamforming architectures are leveraged to compensate for the channel impairments. However, beamforming introduces significant challenges in terms of initial beam access and beam adaptation requirements. Namely, the base station (BS) and mobile station (MS) are compelled to search the entire spatial directions to specify the pointing directions (optimum beamforming and combining vectors) that yield in the strongest impinged signal levels. This search process results in a high computational complexity, extended delay periods, high power consumption and energy inefficiency. Hence this paper proposes a novel sector (beam) prediction scheme that leverages the synergistic combination of convolutional neural networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM). The goal is to propose ultra-low access times for FR2-bsaed 5G networks, thus enhancing mmWave bands to operate independently as a standalone network without reliance on Frequency Range 1 (FR1) bands, e.g., dual-connectivity. The proposed scheme here predicts the primary sector with the highest popularity class at the BS, which is affiliated with the mostly used beamforming vector. This retrieves information about the sector locations with the highest MS traffic, thereby the BS can eliminate the spatial search over locations of scarce MS densities. Consequently, this process reduces the beam scanning search at the BS, while performing conventional search at the MS. The proposed scheme yields in reduced complexity and access times as compared to prominent existing methods.

The relevance of the study: Several factors combine to explain this situation, including the poor equipment of farms and the lack of supervision and strong support from the public authorities. In addition to these factors, the lack of security of land tenure is a major problem facing farmers [1]. This problem of land rights is exacerbated by women's poor access to farmland despite the fact that they make up a very large part of the agricultural labor force. Mali is a country whose economic structure is strongly dominated by the primary and tertiary sectors. In 2017, the contribution of the primary sector accounted for 38.34% of GDP, with a large share for agriculture (19 % of GDP). In 2019, it is estimated at 38.43% of GDP [2]. Malian agriculture remains largely dependent on rainfall. It is characterized by low agricultural yields. Problem of the research. Low access to agricultural property rights is a source of demotivation for women who paradoxically constitute the main agricultural workforce. This lack of a consecrated and explicitly recognized right to land ownership reflects the lack of incentives for women and would explain in part the low productivity and low total agricultural production. Subject of the research: women's right of access to agricultural property and its impact on the country's production. The aim of this paper is to reveal the problems women's right of access to land. The following tasks: is to identify the legal arsenal relating to land law directly and to women's right of access to land ownership and to highlight the practical, social and customary difficulties encountered in the implementation of this right. Subsequently, it is necessary to highlight the link between this poor access to agricultural property rights and the low level of agricultural production in Mali. Methods. To deal with this theme we had adopted a feminist and critical posture. The novelty the adoption of the feminist posture helps us to understand women's discourse in a context marked in practice by the implicit denial of women's right to access agricultural land ownership. The paper concluded that he critical approach makes it possible to go beyond this observation to try to understand the relations of force and power between men and women in the particular context of the country. As the result women's right to access land ownership is a recognized and inalienable right in Mali. However, sociological, customary and religious constraints make the implementation of this right on the ground problematic. As a result, despite their significant weight in the agricultural labor force, women have little access to land, farms, inputs and equipment. The corollary of this situation is their low agricultural yield and their low contribution to agricultural value added.

This paper aims to investigate the feasibility offlood management based onthe concept of Integrated Watershed Management (IWM) via a literature review and field surveys. The investigationfocused on the primary industry of oil palm plantations in Malaysia. Although the country is promoting the palm oil industry, the impact of oil palm plantations on the local environment has been relatively disregarded because of the benefits and opportunities, such as subsidies, jobs, and amenities,which the local companies/people can obtain. Effective flood management inoil palm plantations entails the local peoples’ understanding and participation in the management activities, such as removing fallen leaves and weeding an area. Theflood management strategiessuggested inthis research provide new insights into local flood management, which usually focuses on the hydrologic aspects, by promoting the integration of the actual-local environment and local people’s actions for their environment within the framework of IWM.

Industrial structure can describe not only the structural relationships between industrial output capacities, but also the structural relationships between industrial economic outputs. Fixed-asset investment affects industrial structure through the formation of capital stock and contemporaneous demand. Based on VAR model, this paper utilizes Granger causality test and other econometric methods to analyze the hysteresis relationships between fixed-asset investment and industrial structure in China from 1991 to 2017. In addition, the contemporaneous relationships are identified by employing the Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) analysis. The results show that: The hysteresis relationships exist in primary and secondary industries between fixed-asset investment and their respective value added. The fixed-asset investment in primary and tertiary industries are the contemporaneous causes of positive effect to the value added of primary industry. And the value added of secondary industry is the contemporaneous cause of positive effect to its fixed-asset investment.

Purpose Innovation is a growing topic. The primary sector is also a subject that has great importance in the global economy. However, limited research has been conducted linking these two subjects. This paper aims to start bringing them together. Design/methodology/approach The method selected is a systematic literature review presenting a thorough analysis of the existing discussions and a summary of the findings to identify future research opportunities. Findings Innovation has played and will continue to play an essential role in the success of fisheries. The fishing industry is in crisis. A decline in wild fish stocks, regulations and quota management are some of the factors that drive the need to innovate. The discussions of innovation in this industry are non-technological, which is an emerging field with opportunities for further research. There is a strong focus on fisheries sustainability. The main theoretical frameworks discussed in the literature are common property theory, cooperation and competition theory and diffusion of innovation. Emerging environmental sustainability frameworks are also becoming an essential element in the primary sector. Research limitations/implications This paper focuses on peer-reviewed publications based on the results of the searches from selected keywords, recognizing that the literature evaluated may not cover the full spectrum of themes related to this subject. Originality/value Innovation is usually linked to high tech and fast-moving industries. This paper tries to broaden this paradigm and evaluate it from a different perspective, with a focus on the primary sector.

Whether agricultural insurance promotes primary industry production has been debated for decades. Our paper studies this question based on the agricultural insurance premium subsidy policy in China. We use this quasi-experiment to conduct difference-in-differences and event study estimations. We find that the development of agricultural insurance, induced by premium subsidies, significantly promotes primary industry production; per person, it increases by CNY 1430 in subsidised provinces compared to unsubsidised provinces. We use county-level data to address the aggregation problem in our province-level analysis and obtain the same conclusion. We also find that agricultural insurance primarily affects agriculture and husbandry among the four subindustries of the primary industry.

Agriculture is a backbone of the economy for any country. Being a part of primary sector, all the other major sectors and industries depend on it for their raw materials. It satisfies the basic needs of human like food, clothing and shelter. However, due to climate change and other related problems, it is becoming increasingly difficult for farmers to keep pace with rising demands. As per estimate by Food and Agricultural Organization of United Nations, around 55 percent of India’s total land area is used for agricultural produce. India is also a leading producer and exporter of some of the major crops. Still there are concerns regarding food security in India by United Nations. For overcoming the natural hurdles, involvement of technology is required for better analysis and decision-making. Through this paper, we plan to propose a visualization technique, which can help farmers to make better decision regarding crop selection. The study proposes a novel framework where farmers can get detailed information about the crops grown in any particular district and also area, production and productivity of any particular crop. This web-based agri solution will help farmers to take smart farming decision by resource optimization and smart planning.

El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el impacto económico de acciones en el sector agropecuario para mitigar las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero y, por tanto, contribuir a la política climática del país. Para ello, se hacen una serie de simulaciones de estas políticas con un modelo estático de equilibrio general computable para determinar el efecto en producción, consumo, y bienestar de distintos grupos poblacionales de acuerdo a su ingreso. La hipótesis de investigación es que las políticas agropecuarias elegidas que están siendo instrumentadas actualmente pueden a la vez impulsar el crecimiento económico y apoyar la política climática del país. Los resultados muestran que hay una alineación de objetivos entre las distintas Secretarías y programas, y que las acciones de política planteadas contribuyen al crecimiento económico, aunque de manera limitada. Existe un incremento potencial en el valor de la producción agropecuaria de 6.8%, con un aumento en el consumo de alimentos de casi 1%. Además, la renta de la tierra y los salarios incrementan su valor a partir de las políticas en el sector primario. Los resultados obtenidos están en línea con los de otros estudios citados a lo largo del trabajo.

La actual estructura socioeconómica de la isla de La Palma (Islas Canarias), dependiente en gran medida del sector público y de las ayudas institucionales, está generando un progresivo declive económico y pérdida de población a escala insular. Como respuesta a la crisis por la que atraviesa el sector primario y de la previsible reducción de ayudas al plátano –principal sector productivo en la isla– en la actualidad, desde la esfera política se trata de dinamizar el tejido productivo insular apostando abiertamente por un turismo vinculado al paisaje y al espacio rural, como sector estratégico en torno al cual construir un modelo de desarrollo equilibrado y sostenible.AbstractThe current socio-economic structure of the island of La Palma (Canary Islands), dependent to a large extent on the public sector and on institutional aid, is generating a progressive economic decline and loss of population on an island scale. In response to the crisis that the primary sector is going through and the foreseeable reduction of aid to bananas –the main productive sector on the island– nowadays, from the political sphere, it is about boosting the productive fabric of the island by openly betting on tourism linked to the landscape and the rural space as a strategic sector around which to build a model of balanced and sustainable development.

This research paper examines the causal relationship between India’s economic growth and sectoral contribution to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and vice versa, in the short-run and long-run, over a 10 years time period. Johansen’s method of cointegration is used to study the cointegration between the sectoral contributions to Indian GDP vis-a-vis India’s economic growth. Further, the route of interconnection between economic growth and sectoral contribution is tested by using Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model. Special attention was given for investigating impulse responses of economic growth depending on the innovations in sectoral contribution using time-series data from 1960 to 2015. This paper highlighted a dynamic co-relationship among industrial sector contribution and agricultural sector contribution and economic development. In the long run, one percent change in industrial sector contribution causes an increase of 3.42 percent in the economic growth and an increase of 1.12 percent in the primary sector contribution, while in the short run industrial and service sector contributions showed significant impact on economic development and agriculture sector. The changing composition of sector contribution is going to be an important activity for the policymakers to monitor and control where the technology and integration of sectors play a significant role in economic development.

Foreign seasonal migrants fill labour shortages in host countries if employers do not or cannot find available short-term labour from among the country-s own labour reserves In reality, it is difficult to find seasonal workers from among the native population ready to work in the primary sector, making the sector highly dependent on a foreign workforce Migration Letters as an international journal addresses the diversity of human migration and mobility, which includes a wide range of dynamic aspects affecting the modern world The current fifth issue of volume 17 of the journal includes multi-sided content on the topic from papers around the world It includes papers dealing with refugees, asylum seekers, displaced populations, migrant workers, job-education mismatch, the language proficiency of migrants, their personal networks and sex traffickers © 2020 MIGRATION LETTERS Transnational Press London

Although considerable research has developed exploring effective management of nonprofit boards of directors, there is limited understanding of the motivations of nonprofit board members to serve on boards. Using a sample of nearly 700 nonprofit board members, this study examines antecedent conditions and dimensions of public service motivation (PSM) as they apply to nonprofit board members and the differences in levels of PSM between board members who have worked primarily in the nonprofit, public, or private sectors. Board members with primary employment in the public sector show the highest levels of PSM. This study illustrates that nonprofit board members who work in the private sector exhibit fewer values associated with public service motivation. Other variables that predict public service motivation among board members include gender, level of education, and formal volunteering activity, among several others.

the economic structure of Bali Province is very specific and has its characteristics compared to other provinces in Indonesia. This can be seen from the contribution of value-added to the economic sector, which is largely dominated by the tertiary sector, especially the tourism services sub-sector which has become the backbone of economic growth followed by the primary sector and the secondary sector. The dominance of the tertiary sector has the potential to be very risky because the tourism sector is very vulnerable to various phenomena including the Covid-19 pandemic. The debate between the purpose of preservation and economic empowerment in cultural tourism with all its manifestations is still a heated debate among tourism experts and tourism businesses. While the development of Bali tourism from time to time has experienced many changes along with the social dynamics that exist in society Bali. This study uses method desk research by conducting a study of literature related to the problem being solved, through a study of scientific journals, opinions, and online articles, then comparing and finding similarities and differences so that it can be used to explain the problem you want to solve. In the discussion of this study, it was found that there was still dualism that needed to be integrated to create a balance between the goals of cultural preservation and economic development for Bali. There are several solutions offered; such as Picard offers solutions to the understanding and function of art and culture and its activities in tourism and religious life. While Max-neef offers Tourism community relationships, while other solutions are the need for stakeholder involvement, Blueprint, and Carrying Capacity

This study attempts to construct an econometric model using China’s natural disaster losses and macro-industry development data from 1980 to 2017 to explore the macroeconomic fluctuations caused by natural disasters. The structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) and the seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) models are employed in estimating the impact of natural disasters on China’s macroeconomy and how the disasters specifically affect the three sectors of the economy: primary, secondary, and tertiary. This study concludes that even though natural disasters in China do not significantly affect the overall real GDP, they have adverse impacts on the production in the primary industry, causing a sudden reduction in the means of production in the market and directly affecting various industries, but the impact on the secondary and tertiary industries is weak. This study also shows that the effect of natural disasters on the primary sector reduced significantly following industry restructuring after China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). The impact of natural disasters on the primary industry could be reduced by adjusting the industrial structure to deal with macroeconomic shocks caused by natural disasters in order to promote macroeconomic stability of both regional and national economies. Finally, national aid policy should focus on the primary industry since that sector is significantly affected by natural disasters shocks.

Fixed-asset investment directly affects energy consumption through purchasing and upgrading energy-saving equipment on the one hand, and indirectly affects energy consumption by expanding output scale on the other hand. This paper analyzes the multiple effects of fixed-asset investment on energy consumption by three strata of industry in China during 1991-2017. The econometric methods based on VAR model such as Johansen co-integration test and Granger causality test (linear Granger causality test and non-linear Granger causality test) are utilized to explore the long-run stable equilibrium relationships and causal interactions between fixed-asset investment and energy consumption. And the mediation test is performed by employing the bias-corrected non-parametric percentile bootstrap method combined with causal steps approach to obtain the direct and indirect effects of fixed-asset investment on energy consumption. Our study indicates that there are long-run stable equilibrium relationships between fixed-asset investment and energy consumption by three strata of industry. Bidirectional causalities exist in secondary and tertiary industries between fixed-asset investment and their respective energy consumption, and a unidirectional causality exists in primary industry from fixed-asset investment to energy consumption. The fixed-asset investment in primary industry directly suppresses its energy consumption, while indirectly promotes its energy consumption through its value added. And the fixed-asset investment in secondary industry not only directly promotes its energy consumption but also indirectly promotes its energy consumption through its value added.

Primary Industry in New Zealand (NZ) generated $42 billion in export revenue and employed over 350,000 people in 2018. It is central to the national identity formation in the country but is implicated in some of our most contentious environmental issues as well as raising new and challenging issues around rural/urban tensions, environmental stewardship, and the varying economic prosperity of agricultural businesses and rural communities. The Ministry of Primary Industries prioritised “increased sustainable resource use” as a critical success factor to ensure the wellbeing of all New Zealanders. The challenge for a commercial vegetable farming operation is how to embed sustainable agricultural principles in their operations to ensure a thriving, financially sustainable business. This research aimed to explore the link between human wellbeing, plant health and soil health while maintaining profitability and business resilience...

The 21st century is the Century of the Ocean. As a resourceful trove for human society’s sustainable development, the ocean has been playing an important role for many coastal countries and regions on marine economic development. Nowadays, an increasing number of coastal countries and regions have been paying more attention to the development and utilization of marine resources and space, and marine high-tech industries in order to earn more shares in the international competition for marine resources and development. Recently, Marine economy has been playing a more important role in regional economic growth and social culture’s integrative development. Since the proposal of the 12th five-year plan from the state council, which adheres to the coordinated development of both land and sea, the outline of China’s marine economic development has been boosted vigorously in Qingdao after the approval of Shandong Peninsula Blue Economy Zone Development Plan. Based on the superiority industry theory and China’s marine economic researches, this paper makes comprehensive use of literature analysis, qualitative and quantitative analysis to discuss the current situation and characteristics of Qingdao’s marine economy and the tendencies of its marine industrial development. It then summarizes the role of the competitive industries in the development of Qingdao’s marine economic development. Lastly, this paper gives some constructive advice based on the policy-making perspectives from three dimensions which are the primary industry, the secondary industry and the tertiary industry.

one of the main economic policies of Indonesia government is to boost productivity in agriculture sector. This sector plays a vital role for sustainable development in the country, by providing food security to the people. Unlike previous studies, this paper investigates the impact of special allocated fund (DAK) in agriculture to economic growth in respected sector. Utilizing 38 municipals in East Java as the biggest rice producer province in Indonesia, this study arguea that there is a positive effect of DAK in agriculture to GDP Growth in agriculture. This sectoral research implies to maintain this specific grant scheme implementation in this particularly in primary sector fto create sustainable development in Indonesia.

Recently the driving force for economic growth in China's port cities is insufficient, and ports are suffering from the capacity surplus in the context of the global recession. To find out whether the problem could be relieved by adjusting port and city development strategy, the present study examined the relationship between economic indicators of the port city and the port throughput. Panel data regression models were estimated to examine the extent of impact between port throughput and city economy with the second-generation panel data analysis methods, with panel data for 16 port-city pairs in China over the period 2000–2016. Results suggest that port throughput imposes a non-negligible impact on GDP while it has an opposite effect on the amount of total retail sales of consumer goods (TRSCG). Regarding the economic structure indicators, the port throughput increases synchronously with the added value of the secondary industry (SI) but negatively with that of the primary industry (PI) and the tertiary industry (TI). The causality test confirms an interactive mechanism between the port city economy and the port throughput in the sampled city-port pairs. The underlying reasons were discussed, and several policy suggestions to respond to the research question were proposed.

Pakistan has one of the highest proportions of stunted children in the world, and the prevalence of stunting has been quite persistent over the years. This study aims to identify the factors behind the persistent prevalence of under-5 stunting in Pakistan, focusing on a child’s access to food, health, care, and environment and the synergies among them. This study uses the country-representative data from the Demographic and Health Survey (2012–2013) for Pakistan. The estimations of the econometric models are carried out using ordinary least squares in STATA software. Systematic synergies are found for the combination of food and environment when the sample is split into B40 (bottom 40%) and T60 (top 60%) wealth categories. For urban households, “food and environment” has a positive and significant coefficient under both definitions, showing the presence of synergies among food and environment sectors, as coefficients of their individual effects are insignificant. Under definition 2, synergies are also found for urban households in “care, environment and health”. Under definition 1, the four-way interaction is significant for rural areas and at 3.5 it is significantly higher than the sum of the individual components, i.e., 2.3. We can conclude from the results that simultaneous improvements in multiple sectors are likely to have a much stronger impact on height-for-age than improvements in individual components. Therefore, the interventions aiming at stunting reduction should target multiple sectors instead of isolated interventions targeting one of the components. In particular, the results show that interventions aiming at stunting reduction should simultaneously consider access to adequate food and the environment, even if the primary sector of intervention is related to care or health.

En un mundo donde más de la mitad de la población habita en espacios urbanos, el conocimiento de la organización, el crecimiento, el orden jerárquico que conforman estos espacios, ha pasado a ser uno de los hechos geográficos de gran interés, por sus implicaciones políticas, económicas, sociales, culturales, espaciales (Bottino, 2009). De cierto, la mayoría de las ciudades han sido construidas basándose en las necesidades de espacios habitacionales y urbanos por parte de la población, sin embargo, desde hace unas décadas los intereses personales, políticos y financieros de muchas personas han primado de la construcción de una ciudad, especialmente, en los espacios habitacionales y de recreación.

Un elevado sector de la sociedad en México se desarrolla principalmente con actividades agropecuarias que tienen una alta participación en el PIB, permitiendo que el país a la vez tenga cierta autonomía y suficiencia alimentaria. El impacto positivo del sector primario tiene como base las diversas contribuciones que realiza a factores tales como el mercado, la producción y las divisas. Al transcurrir el tiempo, y con la tecnificación suficiente, las actividades de este sector definen el éxito del entorno económico de las Naciones.El presente texto tiene como objetivo describir los beneficios fiscales aplicables a los contribuyentes de negocios plataneros, los cuales se encuentran en el régimen de Actividades Agrícolas, Ganaderas, Silvícolas y Pesqueras ―AGASPES―. El estudio tiene alcances descriptivos de tipo cualitativo, detallando las ventajas de aplicar los beneficios fiscales a los contribuyentes del sector primario al utilizar ejemplos con cifras estimadas. El tipo de investigación es documental, ya que para el análisis se utilizaron fuentes impresas y artículos consultados en línea relacionados con las leyes y disposiciones fiscales emitidas para aquellos contribuyentes del sector primario. En suma, se puede deducir que la aplicación de los beneficios fiscales son un aliciente al empresario del sector platanero que les permite tener un mayor flujo de efectivo

Creative economic is a sustainable development strategy in addressing slow economic growth that occurred in Indonesia as well as in Fakfak, a natural resources richest region. Economic structure alteration from agriculture as primary sector to industry and information sectors indicated the need of innovation and creativity as a new source of sustainable economic growth. Creative economic can be a solution to impove regional economic in Fakfak which have slow economic growth, and high number of unemployement. Result of Hirarchy Process Analysis (HPA) shows that culinary is a potential creative economic sector apart from craft and tourism. This is caused by highest scores that achieved from several supported elements in culinary sector such as human resources, natural resources, cost, market access, technology and infrastructure and institutions. The HPA result also indicated that local government through its economic policies has played important role in supporting kuliner sector as well as economic development program of BP Tangguh, bank and universities or academics. Therefore, increase production and product diversification of local resources based culinary is still needed.

The agricultural sector has significant contribution to the economy in Indonesia. Nonetheless compared to the contribution of the non-agricultural sector, that of the agricultural sector is decreasing over year. In fact, the proportion of labor in the agricultural sector also has a downward trend over year. This indicates that there is a tendency that Indonesia experiences structural economic changes over time. This study aimed to (1) determine the structure of the macroeconomy in East Java Province, (2) determine the structural transformation of agriculture, population and employment in East Java Province. The data analysis methods were descriptive analysis and tabulation. The results of the study showed that (1) The economy of East Java Province is dominated by three main economic sectors, i.e. the agriculture sector, the manufacturing sector, and trade/reparation sector. (2) The pattern of the structural transformation of agriculture in East Java Province is in informal service sector (agriculture sector towards industry sector), while the structural transformation of the population and employment in this province is still in the primary sector or the agricultural sector.

Agriculture is the primary sector in many provinces in Indonesia. In fact, most of the rural communities work in the agricultural sector. Nevertheless, the poverty level in rural areas remains high. Therefore, this study was aimed at investigating the performance of the agricultural sector in reducing the rural poverty level in Indonesia, and to investigate factors that contribute as a determinant in reducing rural poverty level in Indonesia. This study was significant, considering that the result was to contribute to government policy evaluation in the agricultural sector, especially in reducing poverty in rural areas. This study used quantitative analysis through multiple regressions with data panel from 2014 to 2017 from 33 provinces in Indonesia. This study revealed that the increase of agricultural sector share and the widening of the income distribution had caused an increase in poor people in a rural area. This finding also revealed that the income distribution gap was a determinant to the severity of rural poverty. The growth in the agricultural sector to contribute toward the economy could reduce rural poverty level in Indonesia. Meanwhile, agricultural financing, economic growth, inflation, and the farmer exchange rate had not significantly contributed to reducing the poverty level.

Each region must have industries both primary industries, secondary industries, manufacturing industries, construction industries, service industries and the quarter industry. These industries must produce an output that will be used or consumed by consumers or the public. More and more industries in a region indicates that the region has a lot of market demand from the community and the more industries, the income in the industry of a region increases. In this study the data was taken from a government website namely BPS (Statistics Indonesia) - www.bps.go.id which is a website that presents various statistical data from each region. There are 2 clusters in this study, namely high level clusters (C1) and low level clusters (C2). This study stopped at the 2nd iteration and there were centroid data generated namely high level centroid (78177, 56543, 42610, 155596) and low level centroid namely: ((3513.3), (3448.8), (2390.9) ), (4568)). From the calculation process that has been carried out there are 2 high-level districts / cities namely (Deli Serdang and Medan) and 31 other low-level districts / cities. It is hoped that this research can be input to the government in each region to inform the output data generated from industry in each region, and then the data can be used whenever needed.

This study analyzes the effect of intellectual capital and firm performance in non-financial firms. The firm performance comprises of market performance and financial performance of the firm. This study also breakdown the non-financial firms between three sectors that are the primary sector, manufacturing sector, and service sector. The three sectors are the three main sectors in the economy. This study measures intellectual capital in different ways using the intellectual capital index. The data were analyzed with unbalanced panel data regression and multiple regression. This study found that intellectual capital positively affects market performance and financial performance in non-financial firms. This study also found that intellectual capital positively affects market performance and financial performance in manufacturing and service firms, but in primary sectors, this study found inconclusive results when analyzed and used two different measurements. This study contributes to the firms in non-financial firms about the development of intellectual capital in the knowledge-based economy because intellectual capital is an asset that can create market performance and financial performance. JEL Classification: G32, O34 How to Cite: Sofian, Dwijayanti, S. P. F., & Wijaya, H. (2020). Intellectual capital and firm performance in the Indonesian non-financial firms. Jurnal Keuangan dan Perbankan, 24 (1), 106-116. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26905/jkdp.v24i1.3574