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How to evaluate replications is a fundamental issue in experimental methodology. We develop a likelihood-based approach to assessing evidence for replication. In this approach, the design of the original study is used to derive an estimate of a theoretically interesting effect size.A likelihood ratio is then calculated to contrast the match of two models to the data from the replication attempt: 1) A model based on the derived theoretically interesting effect size; and 2) a null model. This approach provides new insights not available with existing methods of assessingreplication. When applied to data from the Replication Project (Open Science Collaboration, 2015), the procedure indicates that a large portion of the replications failed to find evidence for a theoretically interesting effect.

Approximately 1.4% of emergency medical admissions are due to epileptic seizures. For the majority of such cases, computed tomography (CT) will not inform acute management and is unnecessary. Pseudonymised, routinely collected data from seven hospitals within the Cheshire and Merseyside area of the UK were analysed. All patients with emergency admissions to hospital due to seizures between 2014 and 2017 were included. Use of CT of the head was identified from routine coding. We identified 4,183 individuals with an acute seizure admission, of which over 30% received a CT of the head. There was significant variation in CT among hospital trusts. The rate of CT for patients admitted with seizures is high and CT is not being directed to those where they may be indicated. Integrated care pathways and guidelines are required to improve the management of patients presenting acutely with seizures.

The SNARC effect is the finding that left-hand responses are faster to small digits and right-hand responses are faster to large digits. I tested an episodic-retrieval account of the SNARC effect in which it is assumed that the response time varies as a function of the prior trial episodes available in working memory. Blocks of trials were constructed in which two digits were repeated 75% of the time; presumably, these two "focus" digits would be readily available in working memory. Under such circumstances, there was no overall SNARC effect. Instead, response times were faster when the stimulus-response mapping was consistent with most of the trials in the block. This means that the usual SNARC effect was obtained when the focus digits were consistent with that effect, and that a reverse SNARC effect was obtained when responses to those digits were inconsistent with it.

As the number, diversity, and complexity of endoscopic complications has increased, so too has the number, diversity, and complexity of operative interventions required to treat them. The most common complications of endoscopy in general are bleeding and perforation, but each endoscopic modality has specific nuances of these and other complications. Accordingly, this review considers the surgical complications of endoscopy by location within the gastrointestinal tract, as opposed to by complication types, since there are many complication types that are specific for only one or few locations, such as buried-bumper syndrome after percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and pancreatitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and since the management of a given complication, such as perforation, may be vastly different in one area than in another area, such as perforations of the esophagus versus the retroperitoneal duodenum versus the intraperitoneal duodenum. It is hoped that this review will provide guidance for gastroenterologists considering a particular procedure, either to assess the risks for surgical complications in preparation for patient counseling, or assist in assessing a patient who seems to be having a severe complication, or to learn what operation might be required to treat a given complication and how that operation might be performed. As with many operations, those for the treatment of endoscopic complications are typically performed only when less invasive, nonoperative strategies fail.

ObjectivesTo establish the appropriateness of a previously developed seizure care pathway by exploring to what extent patients valued the intervention and perceived it as being helpful or not.DesignQualitative descriptive study, using semistructured, in-depth interviews and thematic template analysis, theoretically informed by critical realism.SettingIn North West England, a seizure care pathway has been developed in collaboration with a specialist neurology hospital to support clinical management of seizure patients on initial presentation to the emergency department (ED), as well as access to follow-up services on discharge, with the aim of improving patient experience. Three National Health Service (NHS) EDs and a specialist neurology hospital provided the setting for participant recruitment to this study.Participants181 patients fulfilled the inclusion criterion with 27 participants taking part following their experience of an ED attendance and outpatient follow-up appointment after a seizure.ResultsFive main themes emerged from the data: decision to seek care, responsiveness of services, waiting and efficiency, information and support, and care continuity. Two integrative themes spanned the whole study: lived experience and communication. This paper reports on two of the main themes: care continuity, and waiting and efficiency. The average time between ED presentation and interview completion was 100 days.ConclusionsImplementation of a care pathway is a complex intervention, requiring long-term follow-up to assess its integration into practice and effectiveness in service improvement. The seizure care pathway has the potential to enhance the care of seizure patients in the ED and at follow-up by improving continuity and management of care. The study demonstrates good aspects of the seizure care pathway as observed by patients and also recognises shortcomings within current service provision and questions what the NHS should and should not be delivering. Our study suggests various ways to enhance the pathway at service level to potentially drive improved patient experience.

In this experiment, we investigated whether book covers can signal sub-genre information to knowledgeable readers. Self-identified science-fiction fans and mystery fans sorted 80 randomly selected book covers from each of those genres into groups of their own devising. The sorts were used to identify similarity among books, and that similarity structure was used to measure similarity among subjects. Cluster analysis was then used to find groups of subjects who sorted similarly. Linear models were demonstrated that group membership was related to the knowledge subjects reported about the genres. This pattern of results supports the view that book covers constitute an implicit signaling system between publishers and experienced readers of a fictional genre.

Kepler Energy is taking a different approach to tidal power, applying a design that can be used in benign sea conditions in a location closer to end-demand and which could generate utility-scale quantities of power, as Peter Dixon explains.

The task in the present experiments was to reach out and grasp a novel object that afforded two possible grips. Different versions of the object were created that biased subjects to use one grip or the other. The dependent variable was the repetition effect, the tendency to repeat the grip that was used on the previous trial. In Experiment 1, two qualitatively different objects were used, and it was found that the repetition effect was specific to the object being grasped: There was much less tendency to use the same grip as the previous trial if the object being grasped was different. Moreover, the effect lasted over intervening trials and was even present with more than five intervening trials. In Experiment 2, the global context was manipulated, so that in some blocks one grip was much more likely than the other. However, this manipulation had little effect on the choice of grip and did not interact with the repetition effect. In Experiment 3, the hand used to grasp the object was manipulated, and there was little change in the repetition effect. Thus, a grip was more likely to be used if it was used on the previous trial, regardless of whether the previous grasp was performed with the left or right hand. In Experiment 4, a similar result was found for a manipulation of object location and orientation. Our interpretation of these results is that subjects prepare for an action by retrieving action features from memory, and that the object to be grasped provides a critical cue for that memory retrieval. In this view, the repetition effect is essentially a memory recency effect.

Simply wearing a particular colour of socks could lead to a GP partner losing their job. This is a legitimate and legal approach within some GP partnership agreements, as a way of removing a GP partner. An increasing number of GP partnership contracts contain this legal caveat known as ‘the Green Sock Clause’.1–3 It was developed from similar clauses used in legal partnerships whereby a partner can be expelled without reference to their work but is instead described as due to their wearing of green socks 2,4–5. This can be helpful when the relationship between partners has irretrievably broken down4 and can make dissolving partnerships easier and less protracted.6 There has been no research into how aware GPs are of this clause, nor of their sock-wearing habits. However, we have attempted to address this slightly by undertaking a recent observational study last year. An online questionnaire was …

This research examined readers' knowledge of popular genres. Participants wrote short essays on fantasy, science fiction, or romance. The similarities among the essays were measured using latent semantic analysis (LSA) and were then analyzed using multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis. The clusters and scales were interpreted by searching for lexical neighbors in the LSA space. The results indicated that there were 4 main types of essays: those that described science and technology as a theme of science fiction, those that described women and courtship as a theme of romance novels, those that discussed narrative and plot structure, and those that discussed feelings depicted in the text or evoked in the reader. Reading experience with the target genre had little detectable effect on the type of essay written for fantasy and science fiction. A second study demonstrated that even self-selected science fiction fans wrote essays comparable to those written by inexperienced readers. However, reading exp...

Fifteen items in the Weekly Magazine have been attributed to Goldsmith. Our study uses traditional kinds of internal evidence (mainly verbal parallels) together with evidence from selected linguistic features. A preliminary analysis identifies features which best distinguish Goldsmith samples from those of a number of contemporary authors. Using this selection of features, we calculate the distances of the fifteen Weekly items from the cluster of Goldsmith samples; an item at too large a distance is unlikely to be his. A parallel investigation is based on sentence-length statistics. We conclude that seven essays may plausibly be assigned to Goldsmith, that he probably co-authored two pieces, and that in three cases he merely made minor additions to material from other sources.

We argue that in the course of narrative comprehension, readers construct a mental representation of the narrator – that is, the speaker of the words of the text – and assume that the narrator is being cooperative and coherent in communicating the story. Evidence for this perspective is obtained by demonstrating that readers attend to information and make inferences as a function of the attitude of the narrator to story world events. Readers were presented with short crime stories in which the narrator either did or did not mark critical information as important. When the critical information was marked by the narrator, readers better remembered the information and were more likely to solve the crime regardless of whether the narrator was a first-person, present narrator (Experiment 1) or a third-person, absent narrator (Experiment 2). These results were obtained even though there was no change in the presentation of the story world events in the text.

Summary Objective Topiramate (TPM) is an antiepileptic drug that is also used for other indications (e.g., migraine). Adverse event (AE) data from epilepsy trials could be supplemented by data from trials in other indications. Combining data across trials and indications is a novel method for evaluating AEs. We conducted a multiple-indications review by systematically reviewing randomized placebo-controlled trials of TPM, to compare the nervous system AEs of TPM in epilepsy with those in other indications. Methods Randomized placebo-controlled trials of TPM including patients with any indication were included. We searched Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Issue 2, 2012) and MEDLINE (1966–February 2012). Two authors assessed eligibility and risk of bias, and extracted data. For each reported nervous system AE, we extracted event rates, applied random-effects inverse-variance meta-analysis (pooling within-indications then across-indications), and assessed within- and across-indication heterogeneity. Results Ninety trials, including 16 epilepsy trials, were included. A difference was detected between TPM and placebo for three events (i.e., drooling, dysgeusia, and hypoesthesia) that were not reported in epilepsy trials but were reported by other trials. A difference between TPM and placebo was detected for speech disorder using epilepsy trials but not when combining all trials. For two events (i.e., cognitive disorder and “language problems”), no difference was detected between TPM and placebo when using epilepsy trials alone, but a difference was identified using all trials. A difference was detected between TPM and placebo for six events (i.e., ataxia, disturbance in attention, dizziness, memory impairment, paraesthesia, and somnolence) when using epilepsy trials alone, and using all trials. Significance Including trials of any indication enabled detection of differences that would have been missed using epilepsy trials alone. Multiple-indications reviews can improve the synthesis of AEs for antiepileptic drugs.

Objectives About 100 000 people present to hospitals each year in England with an epileptic seizure. How they are managed is unknown; thus, the National Audit of Seizure management in Hospitals (NASH) set out to assess prior care, management of the acute event and follow-up of these patients. This paper describes the data from the second audit conducted in 2013. Setting 154 emergency departments (EDs) across the UK. Participants Data from 4544 attendances (median age of 45 years, 57% men) showed that 61% had a prior diagnosis of epilepsy, 12% other neurological problems and 22% were first seizure cases. Each ED identified 30 consecutive adult cases presenting due to a seizure. Primary and secondary outcome measures Details were recorded of the patient9s prior care, management at hospital and onward referral to neurological specialists onto an online database. Descriptive results are reported at national level. Results Of those with epilepsy, 498 (18%) were on no antiepileptic drug therapy and 1330 (48%) were on monotherapy. Assessments were often incomplete and witness histories were sought in only 759 (75%) of first seizure patients, 58% were seen by a senior doctor and 57% were admitted. For first seizure patients, advice on further seizure management was given to 264 (27%) and only 55% were referred to a neurologist or epilepsy specialist. For each variable, there was wide variability among sites that was not explicable. For the sites who partook in both audits, there was a trend towards better care in 2013, but this was small and dwarfed by the intersite variability. Conclusions These results have parallels with the Sentinel Audit of Stroke performed a decade earlier. There is wide intersite variability in care covering the entire care pathway, and a need for better organised and accessible care for these patients.

The sentence-lengths of sixteen essays by Goldsmith are examined in relation to data from ten essays (we call these 'doubtfuls') which have been attributed to him. Comparisons between the 'doubtfuls' and the known Goldsmiths are made with reference to the X 2 goodness-of-fit test, and the method of reciprocal averaging. The Goldsmith essays form a close group, with four of the 'doubtful' essays well outside, two less remote and four within the Goldsmith cluster. Comparison with fifty essays by nine of Goldsmith's contemporaries reveals the distinctiveness of his sentence-length patterns, and strengthens the probability that the four least doubtful essays are his. In the case of Goldsmith, then, sentence-length may be considered a reliable stylistic marker.

Past studies have shown that the effects of visual illusions on upper-limb movements can be modulated by the availability of current or recent visual information. The generality of this finding across body movements was examined by measuring the impact of the Müller-Lyer illusion on two types of lower limb actions. Subjects stood at one end of a Müller-Lyer figure, then either stepped or hopped to the other end. Visual feedback was manipulated through the use of visual closed-loop, open-loop, and open-loop three second delay conditions. For both stepping and hopping, effects of the illusion on movement accuracy were small in the closed-loop, moderate in the open-loop, and large in the three-second open-loop delay condition. These results were similar to those found in studies involving the Müller-Lyer illusion and upper-limb movements. The similar effects across different body movements suggests that a common visuomotor system subserves both upper and lower-limb movements, and that egocentric and allocentric reference frames make similar contributions for the two types of movements.

The semantic meaning of a word label printed on an object can have significant effects on the kinematics of reaching and grasping movements directed towards that object. Here, we examined how the semantics of word labels might differentially affect the planning and control stages of grasping. Subjects were presented with objects on which were printed either the word "LARGE" or "SMALL." When the grip aperture in the two conditions was compared, an effect of the words was found early in the reach, but this effect declined continuously as the hand approached the target. This continuously decreasing effect is consistent with a planning/control model of action, in which cognitive and perceptual variables affect how actions are planned but not how they are monitored and controlled on-line. The functional and neurological bases of semantic effects on planning and control are discussed.

In this study, participants reached out and picked up a bar placed on a background grating that induced an illusion in the perceived orientation of the bar. The illusion had a large effect on the orientation of the hand early in the reaches, but this effect decreased continuously as the hand approached the target. This pattern occurred whether or not participants were allowed vision of the hand and target while reaching. These results are consistent with a "planning/control" model of action, in which actions are planned using a context-dependent visual representation but monitored and corrected on-line using a context-independent visual representation. The hypothesized neural bases of these representations are discussed.

This research investigated the effects of an orientation illusion on action, as well as the ability of the motor system to adapt to the illusion. Subjects reached out and picked up a small bar placed at various orientations. A background grating was used to induce an orientation illusion. When the direction of the illusion was reversed, the following seven trials revealed a large illusion effect in the early portion of the reach. In the subsequent seven trials, no effect of the illusion was present. This pattern of adaptation was similar to the pattern often obtained with displacing prisms, suggesting that the two types of visual distortions present the motor system with similar challenges that it meets in similar ways. These findings are consistent with a planning/control model that argues for separate visual representations underlying the planning and on-line control of reaching.

BACKGROUND Squamous cancers of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) are related to the use of tobacco and/or alcohol, and in North America they are more common among the poor. They are usually locoregionally confined at diagnosis, and local treatment with surgery and/or radiation therapy is often curative. This study compares the incidence and survival of this group of diseases in Canada and the U.S., two North American neighbors with many cultural similarities but significant differences in their health care and social programs. METHODS To describe and compare the case mix, incidence, and outcome of squamous cancers of the UADT in Ontario, Canada, and the U.S., we used the Ontario Cancer Registry (OCR) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries in the U.S. to identify all cases of cancer with International Classification of Disease (ICD) codes 141, 143-9, 160-1, and a subset of 140, which were diagnosed between 1982 and 1994. ICD-O histology codes were placed into clinically relevant groupings, and ICD-9 site codes were grouped into sites as defined by the International Union Against Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Age-adjusted incidence rates were calculated for each site. For the SEER registry, race specific incidence rates were also calculated. Observed and expected survival were plotted by site and registry, and from these, relative survival was calculated. Survival was compared during the first 5 years after diagnosis and during the next 5 years among patients who had survived the first 5 years. RESULTS Of the 16,577 and 42,990 cases identified in the OCR and SEER registries, respectively, squamous cancer was by far the most common histology (94.1% in OCR, 94.6% in SEER) and will form the main subject of this report. The distribution of squamous cancers by site, subsite, age, and gender were remarkably similar in the two populations. Overall, the incidence was about 17% higher in the U.S. than in Ontario, and this difference was seen for all sites except the nasopharynx, which was more common in Ontario. The higher incidence in the U.S. in part reflects the much higher rate for African Americans than for Americans of other ethnic backgrounds. During the first 5 years after diagnosis, when most deaths from UADT cancer occur, there was a significant relative survival difference in favor of the U.S. for cancer of the supraglottis, and in favor of Ontario for cancer of the oral cavity. There was a nonsignificant trend in favor of Ontario for cancer of the nasopharynx. Within the SEER population, for all sites except the nasopharynx, 5-year relative survival was considerably worse for African Americans than for Americans of other ethnic backgrounds. Examination of survival beyond 5 years after diagnosis for patients who had survived the first 5 years revealed that for all sites, the observed survival continued to diverge markedly from the expected survival. The excess mortality ranged from less than 20% for glottic and nasopharyngeal cancers to about 30−40% for oropharyngeal and supraglottic cancers. CONCLUSIONS Despite remarkable similarities in case mix between the two countries, UADT cancers were more frequent in the SEER population of the U.S. than in Ontario, and this was partly attributable to the much higher incidence among African Americans. Significant differences between the registries in 5-year survival were seen for several sites. African Americans with UADT cancers had much worse prognoses than did Americans of other ethnic backgrounds. Patients who survive their UADT cancer remain at a higher-than-expected risk of death even after they have been cured. Cancer 2000;88:1728–38. © 2000 American Cancer Society.

Within Nepal there remains an urgent need to develop strategies and policies aimed at reducing the spread of HIV infection amongst injecting drug users. Programmes currently operating within the country need to be evaluated and these programmes need to be expanded and strengthened and encouraged to work together in a more cohesive way. A programme for drug users in Pokhara, Nepal which was initiated in 1994 is attempting to provide an integrated and co-ordinated approach, and to give a comprehensive range of services to Nepali people which includes education, prevention, treatment, support, care and rehabilitation in a way which is both culturally appropriate and sensitive to the local scene.

More than twenty items in the British Magazine have been posthumously attributed to Goldsmith. A stylometric study of these doubtful pieces, based on samples from his authentic journalism, suggests that only four essays appear to deserve a place in the canon. We use a variety of statistical techniques - first, to identify, from a whole battery of tests, those tests which are sufficiently discriminatory as between Goldsmith and non-Goldsmith, and, secondly, to classify the doubtful texts across the range from 'very probably' Goldsmith's to 'very unlikely'to be his. Looking again at the Goldsmith essays, we were able to extract ten more large samples of material from them than were examined in our previous study. These extra samples enable a more unified treatment

Local knowledge (LK) cannot be assumed to be a necessary resource in development. The case must be argued successfully in the face of other development approaches which are indifferent or hostile to it. This paper identifies three distinct development approaches (or paradigms), the classic, neo-liberal, and neo-populist, which view the role of LK in the dynamics of technical change in different ways. Each approach often incorporates elements of various paradigms into strategy statements and policy or project documents. This paper focuses on the role of LK in natural resource (NR) research and development at the ‘development interface’. Here, stakeholders bring both local and scientific knowledge to the interface and, in relation to the dominant paradigm within which external actors operate, together produce an outcome termed ‘Knowledge-in-Action’ (KIA). Six ways in which KIA is produced are characterised, and it is recommended that priority be given to those likely to produce synergy. The paper also reviews the degree to which the ODA (UK) has so far integrated LK into natural resource development projects. The paper identifies a number of structural and behavioural barriers to a greater role for LK in natural resource research and development.

The role of prior knowledge in learning complex procedures was investigated in a transfer task in which subjects learned two related procedures in sequence. In Experiment 1, we manipulated the conceptual and structural similarity between the two procedures; in Experiment 2, we manipulated whether the order of the steps within subprocedures was the same or different during training and transfer, or whether the order of the subprocedures was the same or different. The results lead us to hypothesize that transfer in complex procedures is mediated primarily by a memory for specific steps rather than by conceptual understanding or problem solving. In particular, we were able to model the results precisely on the assumption that subjects use superficial similarity to retrieve the sequences of steps needed to perform segments of the procedure.

In two experiments, subjects responded to on-task probes while reading under dual-task conditions. The secondary task was to monitor the text for occurrences of the letter e. In Experiment 1, reading comprehension was assessed with a multiple-choice recognition test; in Experiment 2, subjects recalled the text. In both experiments, the secondary task replicated the well-known “missing-letter effect” in which detection of e's was less effective for function words and the word “the.” Letter detection was also more effective when subjects were on task, but this effect did not interact with the missing-letter effect. Comprehension was assessed in both the dual-task conditions and in control single-task conditions. In the single-task conditions, both recognition (Experiment 1) and recall (Experiment 2) was better when subjects were on task, replicating previous research on mind wandering. Surprisingly, though, comprehension under dual-task conditions only showed an effect of being on task when measured with recall; there was no effect on recognition performance. Our interpretation of this pattern of results is that subjects generate responses to on-task probes on the basis of a retrospective assessment of the contents of working memory. Further, we argue that under dual-task conditions, the contents of working memory is not closely related to the reading processes required for accurate recognition performance. These conclusions have implications for models of text comprehension and for the interpretation of on-task probe responses.

Motor imagery may use the same mental representations as overt actions, or it may be performed using a nonmotoric cognitive estimation strategy. These competing hypotheses were tested by having participants perform either simple overt pointing tasks or analogous motor imagery tasks while manipulating the visual context and the availability of visual information. In three pairs of experiments, visual illusions, word labels, and numeric labels were all found to have comparable effects on overt pointing and motor imagery. In each case, effects of the contextual variables on overt performance and imagery were larger when vision was removed and a delay imposed before movement initiation. These findings support the hypothesis that a common mental representation is used in both motor imagery and overt actions. In contrast, the results were inconsistent with the view that motor imagery is performed using a cognitive estimation strategy. Limitations in the ability of motor imagery to faithfully simulate overt actions are discussed.

Two brief sequential displays separated by a brief interstimulus interval (ISI) are often perceived as a temporally integrated unitary configuration. The probability of temporal integration can be decreased by increasing the ISI or (counterintuitively) by increasing stimulus duration. We tested three hypotheses of the relative contributions of stimulus duration and ISI to the breakdown of temporal integration (the storage, processing, and temporal correlation hypotheses). In the first of two experiments, stimulus duration and ISI were varied factorially, and estimates of temporal integration were obtained with a form-part integration task. The second experiment was a replication of the first at two levels of stimulus intensity. The outcomes were inconsistent with the storage and processing options, but confirmed predictions from the temporal correlation hypothesis. Whether two sequential stimuli are perceived as temporally integrated or disjoint depends not on the availability of visible persistence, but on the emergence of a neural code that is based on the temporal correlation between the two visual responses.

When processing sequences of rapidly varying stimuli, the visual system must satisfy two conflicting requirements. To maintain perceptual continuity, sequential stimuli must be integrated into a single, unified percept. On the other hand, to detect rapid changes, sequential stimuli must be segregated from each other. We propose that these conflicting demands are reconciled by a process that codes the temporal relationship between contiguous stimuli: Stimuli that are coded as coextensive are integrated and those that are coded as disjoint are segregated. This approach represents a conceptual departure from the more traditional "intrinsic persistence" view of temporal integration. The approach provides a parsimonious account of the results of two temporal-integration tasks in which the durations of the leading and trailing displays were varied over a broad range. The data were accurately fit by a quantitative model in which temporal codes were determined by the correlation in time between the visual responses to the leading and trailing displays

The SNARC (Spatial Numerical Association of Response Codes) effect is the finding that small numbers elicit faster left than right responses and large numbers elicit faster right than left responses. This effect suggests that numbers activate left-right magnitude-laterality codes and that these codes interact with the selection of left-right responses. In the present research, subjects made parity decisions for one-digit numbers (in Experiment 1) and two-digit numbers (in Experiment 2), and we examined the effect of stimulus repetition on the SNARC effect. With single-digit stimuli, responses were faster and the SNARC effect was eliminated when stimuli were identical on successive trials. With two-digit stimuli, responses were faster when the ones digit was repeated, but the SNARC effect was found regardless of whether the digit was repeated or not. We argue that magnitude-laterality codes are activated in the process of accessing number information in memory and that this process can be short circuited if the visual stimulus matches that on the previous trial. Thus, no SNARC effect is found in Experiment 1 when identical stimuli are presented on successive trials. However, this result is not found in Experiment 2 because successive stimuli do not match even if the ones digit is repeated.

While InGaAs-based SWIR imaging technology has been improved dramatically over the past 10 years, the motivation remains to reduce Size Weight and Power (SWaP) for applications in Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance (ISR). Goodrich ISR Systems, Princeton (Sensors Unlimited, Inc.) has continued to improve detector sensitivity. Additionally, SUI is working jointly with DRS-RSTA to develop innovative techniques for manufacturing dual-band focal planes to provide next generation technology for not only reducing SWaP for SWIR imagers, but also to combine imaging solutions for providing a single imager for Visible Near-SWIR (VNS) + LW imaging solutions. Such developments are targeted at reducing system SWaP, cost and complexity for imaging payloads on board UASs as well as soldier deployed systems like weapon sights. Our motivation is to demonstrate capability in providing superior image quality in fused LWIR and SWIR imaging systems, while reducing the total system SWaP and cost by enabling Short Wave and Thermal imaging in a single uncooled imager. Under DARPA MTO awarded programs, a LW bolometer (DRS-RSTA) is fabricated on a Short Wave (SW) InGaAs Vis-SWIR (SUI-Goodrich) Imager. The combined imager is a dual-band Sensor-Chip Assembly which is capable of imaging in VIS-SWIR + LW. Both DRS and Goodrich have developed materials and process enhancements to support these dual-band platform investigations. The two imagers are confocal and coaxial with respect to the incident image plane. Initial work has completed a single Read Out Integrated Circuit (ROIC) capable of running both imagers. The team has hybridized InGaAs Focal planes to 6" full ROIC wafers to support bolometer fabrication onto the SW array.

Coherent directional motion is seen if a translated image is displayed in two sequential frames (F1 and F2). In a related paradigm—metacontrast masking—the mask (F2) reduces the visibility of the target (F1). Although strict temporal succession has been considered essential in both paradigms, we obtained both coherent motion and metacontrast masking with simultaneous onsets of F1 and F2, provided that F2 outlasted F1. Computational models of motion sensors are inherently capable of explaining these results, but inhibitory theories of metacontrast masking are disconfirmed.

L'A. expose les techniques statistiques utilisees pour determiner l'auteur reel de certains articles de periodiques parmi la centaine attribuee de facon posthume a Goldsmith : sur les onze cas examines, quatre semblent ouvoir sans aucun doute lui revenir

In the present article, I describe a new, hybrid approach to experimental control that combines the best features of general-purpose programs and specific-experiment programs. First, experimental control objects are developed in an object-oriented programming environment. Then, an XML file is used to select and arrange those control objects in order to carry out an experiment. A wide range of experiments can be implemented by specifying the arrangement of the control objects in the XML file, while, at the same time, the set of control objects can be easily extended for more demanding applications. An overview of a system using this approach is provided, along with some examples.

There are few choices when identifying detector materials for use in the SWIR wavelength band. We have exploited the direct-bandgap InGaAs material system to achieve superior room temperature (293°K) dark current. We have demonstrated sensitivity from 400nm through 2.6um with this material system and thus provide the opportunity to sense not only the visible, but also the J-band (1.25um), H-band (1.65um) and K-band (2.2um) windows. This paper discusses the advantages of our hybridized CMOS-InGaAs material system versus other potential SWIR material systems. The monolithic planar InGaAs detector array enables 100% fill factor and thus, high external quantum efficiency. We have achieved room-temperature pixel dark current of 2.8fA and shot noise of 110 electrons per pixel per second. Low dark current at +300K allows uncooled packaging options, affording the system designer dramatic reductions in size, weight (cameras

In this article, I describe a method for presenting multiple bit-mapped images on video displays under precise temporal control. The method makes use of the color-table animation technique that can be used with color-lookup-table display devices. The principal challenge in applying this technique to the display of multiple stimuli lies in dealing efficiently with the problem of overlapping displays. The solution described here is to allocate separate bit slices of screen memory to stimuli that overlap and to allocate sequential color-table indices to stimuli that are disjoint. Software is described that automatically computes the location of a stimulus on the screen, allocates color indices appropriately, transfers bit images to screen memory efficiently, and manipulates the color lookup table to present a given stimulus to the viewer. These operations are handled transparently; the user simply draws the stimuli and then turns them on or off under program control.

Object-oriented programming may provide a way in which programs for running experiments can be created with a minimum of effort without sacrificing flexibility or generality. In this approach, a new experiment is created by defining descendents of an object hierarchy that “inherit” most of the behavior common to some general paradigm, but “override” the methods that are specific to the new experiment. An object hierarchy for implementing common cognitive psychology paradigms is described as an illustration.

In two experiments we investigated the effect of prior knowledge of a given device on learning to operate a similar device. Two kinds of similarity were investigated: conceptual similarity, in which the underlying concepts of how the devices worked were the same, and operational similarity, in which the organization and structure of the operating procedure were the same. Experiment 1 used devices that were always physically the same, regardless of how they were described and the procedure used to operate them. Experiment 2 used devices that were always physically different but required the same logical sequence of steps. In both experiments there were substantial effects of operational similarity but no reliable effect of conceptual similarity. It was concluded that prior experience with similar devices often helps because similar devices have similar operating procedures, not because similar devices work similarly.

Historically, the natural structure of Indium Gallium Arsenide backside illuminated FPAs has allowed them to detect light with wavelengths between 0.9 and 1.7 μm. However, new wafer growth and processing methods have allowed extended response InGaAs imagers to be used in high sensitivity cameras to detect light down to 0.7 μm. These extended response imagers hold many advantages over standard cut-on InGaAs. One of these advantages is being able to detect beacons, lasers, and illuminators in the 800-900 nm range, light sources that have historically only been detectable with I 2 CCD cameras or night vision tubes, while simultaneously being able to detect the longer wavelength convert illuminators and lasers. Another advantage is capturing any additional available photons with wavelengths between 0.7 μm and 0.9 μm. This improves overall imaging capability in most low light level situations. This paper will address the methods used to achieve stable, high sensitivity extended response imagers, as well expand on the applications of this breakthrough.

Extended wavelength InGaAs material is ideal for laser beam profiling applications from 1 micron to 2 microns wavelength. We report on a focal plane array and camera designed specifically for this application. The format of the camera is 320 x 256 pixels on a 25 micron pitch, and the operation is snapshot exposure with a 16 ms exposure time. The camera may be triggered for synchronization with laser pulses and has a 60 Hz maximum readout rate. Two challenges are encountered with extended wavelength InGaAs material compared to lattice matched material. The first is lower quantum efficiency at the shorter wavelengths due to transitional buffer layers that absorb at the shorter wavelengths. The second is the larger dark current caused by lattice mismatch between the InP substrate and the absorption layers. Neither challenge is a problem for laser beam profiling, since a large energy or power is available from the source. To accommodate the dark current, a gate modulated (GMOD) readout circuit is used, where the continuously variable capacity is increased to several million electrons. Both CW and pulsed illumination linearity are good, allowing accurate profiling. The temperature of the focal plane array is held near room temperature with a thermoelectric cooler for stability. To provide a corrected image, nonuniformity corrections for offset and gain are stored in the camera.

Although the effect of visual illusions on overt actions has been an area of keen interest in motor performance, no study has yet examined whether illusions have similar or different effects on overt and imagined movements. Two experiments were conducted that compared the effects of an orientation illusion on an overt posture selection task and an imagined posture selection task. In Experiment 1 subjects were given a choice of grasping a bar with the thumb on the left side or right side of the bar. In Experiment 2 subjects were instructed to only imagine grasping the bar while remaining motionless. Subjects then reported which side of the bar their thumb had been placed in imagined grasping. Both the overt selection and imagined selection tasks were found to be sensitive to the orientation illusion, suggesting that similar visual information is used for overt and imagined movements, with both being sensitive to an orientation illusion. The results are discussed in terms of the visual processing and representation of real and imagined actions.

We report on our 640x512 pixel InGaAs/InP focal plane array camera for visible and short-wavelength infrared imaging. For this camera, we have fabricated a 640x512 element substrate-removed backside-illuminated InGaAs/InP photodiode array (PDA) with a 25 mm pixel pitch. The PDA is indium bump bonded to a silicon read out integrated circuit. Removing the InP substrate from the focal plane array allows visible wavelengths, which would otherwise be absorbed by the InP substrate due to its 920 nm wavelength cut-off, to reach the pixels' active region. The quantum efficiency is approximately 15% at 500 nm, 70% at 850 nm, 85% at 1310 nm, and 80% at 1550 nm. Features incorporated into this video-rate, 14-bit output camera include external triggering, windowing, individual pixel correction, 8 operational settings of gain and exposure time, and gamma correction. The readout circuit uses a gate-modulated pixel for high sensitivity imaging over a wide illumination range. This camera is useable for visible imaging as well as imaging eye-safe lasers and is of particular interest seeing laser designators and night vision as well as hyperspectral imaging.

We report on the recent production release of our 320x240 pixel InGaAs/InP focal plane array and camera for visible and short-wavelength infrared light imaging. For this camera, we have fabricated a substrate-removed backside-illuminated InGaAs/InP photodiode array hybridized to a silicon read out integrated circuit (ROIC). Removing the InP substrate from the focal plane array allows visible wavelengths, which would otherwise be absorbed by the InP substrate due to its 920 nm wavelength cut-off, to reach the pixels’ active region. Quantum efficiency is approximately 15% at 500 nm, 70% at 850 nm, 85% at 1310 nm and 80% at 1550 nm. This focal plane array is useable for visible imaging as well as imaging eye-safe lasers and is of particular interest for day and low light level imaging as well as hyperspectral imaging.

This article discusses the intelligent supervisory control of submerged-arc furnaces. Various aspects of such a system are illustrated, relating the metallurgical and electrical parameters to the control loops of the furnace.