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An increase in fat-free mass (FFM) improves athletic performance. The aim of this study was to determine if a decrease in the FFM, expressed as the AKS index, is associated with physiological alterations after a training period in swimmers between 8-15 years old. Forty-two swimmers participated in this study, after 15 weeks of training the swimmers were divided into two groups, those who decreased (A) and those who increased FFM (B). In group A there was a decrease in both, body weight and muscle mass, while in group B there was an increase in body weight. We found that group A showed a reduction in lymphocytes count, in addition to an increase in serum urea, a decrease in VO2, and a decrease in their 1 min recovery. We showed here that a reduction in FFM is positively associated with physiological alterations that reduce athletic performance.

According to the Iodine Global Network, Mexico is considered a country with adequate national iodine intake (297 mg/L), but some regions have not been studied. We aimed to evaluate urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and its association with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and the nutritional status in 307 children (aged 5 to 11 years) from three elementary schools of Monterrey, northern Mexico. UIC in spot urine samples and capillary TSH levels were measured to assess thyroid function, in addition to weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). We found a median UIC of 442 mg/L and a significant association between UIC and TSH levels by logistic regression when data were adjusted for (1) age and sex, (2) age, sex, and WC, and (3) age, sex, and weight status. UIC values were higher in 7-year-old children compared to 11-year-old children. High prevalences of overweight/obesity (41%) and WC &gt, 90 pctl (22%) were observed. This study identified higher UIC levels in children than those previously reported in the country. The UIC showed a positive and significant correlation between TSH levels in the three models evaluated. More studies are needed to assess the causes and possible outcomes of high UIC levels.

Although cognitive impairment (CI) is classically associated with aging, it has been proposed that neurological pathologies may increase the risk to suffer CI. Despite the evidence of an elevated prevalence of CI in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), it is not considered among standard clinical evaluations, due the lack of specialists and time required. The aim of this study was to evaluate if lipid profile is associated with cognitive performance in persons with MS. Twenty patients with MS were evaluated. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was employed to determine cognitive performance. CI was observed in 85% of patients, with memory recall and language as the most affected domains. Despite biomarkers were mostly found within reference values, several correlations were observed. MoCA total score was correlated with cholesterol (r = − 0.468, p = 0.037) and LDL (r = − 0.453, p = 0.045). Visuospatial domain was correlated with LDL (r = − 0.493, p = 0.027). Attention domain correlated with triglycerides (r = − 0.455, p = 0.044) and cholesterol (r = − 0.549, p = 0.012). When the person reaches borderline levels of triglycerides, LDL and cholesterol a decrease in cognitive performance can be observed. The mechanism underlying this association has not been established still, it has been proposed that it could be linked with neuroinflammation, alterations in synapses and in the metabolism of amyloid-β protein. This study settles the potential importance that lipid profile could have on cognitive performance in MS. Further studies are needed to establish optimal levels and implication of lipid profile in the diagnosis and monitoring of cognitive performance in Mexican people with MS.

Objective This investigation aimed to detect coincidences in the antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG) profiles between members of a group living in a household and to compare them between other groups in order to establish if an exchange of ARG occurs and if dental plaque microbiota can be considered as a source and reservoir of ARG that can be shared between humans and pets. Methods One hundred sixty dental plaque samples were obtained from four groups: Shelter dogs group (n = 20), adult pet owners and dogs group (AD group, n = 40), adult pet owners, children and dogs group (ACD group, n = 60), and adult non-pet owners and children group (AC group, n = 40). DNA was obtained, and specific primers with polymerase chain reaction for ARG detection were used. Results The AD group exhibited the most coincidences in their ARG profiles, 14 (70%) of the 20 profiles coincided in 100% followed by the ACD group with 9 (45%) coincidences. While the AC group was the less coincident group, only 7 (35%) of the 20 profiles coincided. tetM was the most prevalent with 53.1%, followed by tetQ with 52.5% and cfxA with 51.2%, while the less prevalent were tetW with 31.8%, blaTEM-1 with 27.5%, and ermC with 18.7%. Conclusion Dental plaque microbiota can be considered as a source and reservoir of ARG that can be shared between humans and dogs living in a household. The dogs seem to play an important role in the transference of ARG, and the children appear to be the most affected by carrying the most significant number of ARG.

Childhood overweight and obesity are worldwide public health problems and risk factors for chronic diseases. The presence of SNP in several genes has been associated with the presence of obesity. A total of 580 children (8–13 years old) from Queretaro, Mexico, participated in this cross-sectional study, which evaluated the associations of rs9939609 (fat mass obesity-associated (FTO)), rs17782313 (melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)) and rs6548238 (transmembrane protein 18 (TMEM18)) SNP with obesity and metabolic risk factors. Overweight and obesity prevalence was 19·8 and 19·1 %, respectively. FTO, MC4R and TMEM18 risk allele frequency was 17, 9·8 and 89·5 %, respectively. A significant association between FTO homozygous and MC4R heterozygous risk alleles and obesity was found (OR 3·9; 95 % CI 1·46, 10·22, and OR 2·1; 95 % CI 1·22, 3·71; respectively). The FTO heterozygous subjects showed higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures, compared with the homozygous for the ancestral allele subjects. These results remain significant after considering adiposity as a covariate. The FTO and MC4R genotypes were not significantly associated with total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and insulin concentration. No association was found between TMEM18 risk allele and obesity and/or metabolic alterations. Our results show that, in addition to a higher BMI, there is also an association of the risk genotype with blood pressure in the presence of the FTO risk genotype. The possible presence of a risk genotype in obese children must be considered to offer a more comprehensive therapeutic approach in order to delay and/or prevent the development of chronic diseases.

Mexico is considered as a nutritional transition country with a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, and recent studies have reported a high iodine intake in children. Both high iodine intake and obesity have been associated with thyroid dysfunction. Our aim was to assess iodine and salt intake and thyroid function in Mexican schoolchildren with normal weight and obesity. A cross-sectional study was performed during 2012–2013 in schoolchildren from Queretaro, Mexico. Six hundred seventy-eight schoolchildren were evaluated to obtain nutrition status, urinary iodine concentration (UIC) and thyroid volume (TVol). The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 47.3 %, the median UIC was 428 μg/L and TVol was normal in all schoolchildren; however, obese girls had a higher TVol than normal weight at the age of 8, 10 and 12 years. A subsample of schoolchildren was divided in 6–8 and 9–12-year-old groups, in order to compare thyroid function (thyrotropin, free T4, and anti-thyroid antibodies); iodine and salt intake were estimated with 24-h urinary samples. No differences in thyroid function were observed in both age groups. In the 6–8-year-old group, obese schoolchildren had higher iodine intake than normal-weight children (415.5 vs. 269.1 μg/day, p

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the principal causes of non-traumatic neurological disability among young adults. The unpredictable and progressive evolution of multiple sclerosis is associated with a decline in physical and psychological health, affecting quality of life, which may be influenced by additional physical and psycho-social factors. Objective The present investigation aims to evaluate the quality of life (QoL), use of coping strategies and their relationship with other physical and psycho-social factors among 26 Mexican persons with MS. Methods Eight questionnaires were administrated for evaluation of the additional psycho-social and physical factors, including quality of life, coping strategies, social support system, family functionality, depression and anxiety prevalence. Results Results showed that the use of positive coping strategies (84.6% of our population) improve QoL perception (r = 0.396, p = 0.045) and the following domains: physical health (r = 0.514, p = 0.009), psychological health (r = 0.516, p = 0.008), social relationships (r = 0.654, p = 0.000) and environment (r = 0.600, p = 0.002). Negative correlations were observed between QoL and the presence of symptoms of both depression (r = −0.557, p = 0.003) and anxiety (r = −0.517, p = 0.007). A multiple linear regression model showed that QoL can be explained by physical and psycho-social factor in 54.6% of the cases that were evaluated. Conclusion The use of positive coping strategies in conjunction with a suitable psycho-social environment and good physical health result in a better perception of QoL in Mexican patients living with MS. Still, the negative factors are ineffectively diagnosed and hence generally under treated in medical MS monitoring. An interdisciplinary evaluation will provide the adequate tools to confront the diagnosis and the uncertainty of multiple sclerosis evolution, benefiting the QoL of Mexican patients with MS.

AIM To assess if the included vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms rs3025035, rs3025021 and rs2010963 are associated to proliferative retinopathy in a Mexican population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A case-control study was conducted in adult individuals with T2DM associated to proliferative retinopathy or non-proliferative retinopathy from Oct. 2014 to Jun. 2015 from the Retina Department of the Asociation to Prevent Blindness in Mexico. The selected patients were adults with a diagnosis of T2DM ≥5y. All subjects had a comprehensive ocular examination and the classification of the retinopathy severity was made considering the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) standardization protocols. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole fresh blood. All samples were genotyped by qPCR for selected VEGF polymorphisms. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was calculated by comparing Chi-square values between the expected and the observed values for genotype counts. RESULTS In total 142 individuals were enrolled, 71 individuals with T2DM and associated proliferative retinopathy and 71 individuals with non-proliferative retinopathy. One-sided Fisher's exact test was performed for rs3025021 [OR (95% CI)=0.44(0.08-2.2); P=0.25] and rs2010963 [OR (95% CI)=0.63(0.25-1.6); P=0.23]. The minor allelic frequencies obtained were 26% for rs3025021, 10% for rs3025035 and 61% for rs2010963. The pairwise linkage disequilibrium between the three SNP was assessed, and was as follows: rs3025021 vs rs3025035: D'=1.0, r2=0.1043, P≤0.0001; rs3025021 vs rs2010963: D'=0.442, r2=0.0446, P=0.149; rs3025035 vs rs2010963: D'=0.505, r2=0.0214, P=0.142. CONCLUSION This is the first analysis involving VEGF polymorphisms and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in a Mexican population. A major finding of the present study is that none of the polymorphisms studied was significantly associated with proliferative retinopathy. Based on these results, we can infer that different populations have different associations for the same polymorphisms.

Background: The antioxidant function of iodine and iodine deficiency as a risk factor of preeclampsia have been previously reported. Aim: To analyze the association between iodine deficiency, oxidative stress and antioxidant status with hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HPD). Method: Fifty-seven pregnant women were recruited in the last trimester of pregnancy; 20 were diagnosed with hypertensive disease (HPD) of pregnancy and 37 were normotensive pregnant women. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), TSH, free T4 (fT4), total antioxidant status (FRP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and oxidative stress (TBARS) were evaluated by colorimetric methods. Results: UIC median for all pregnant women was 151.9 µg/l. The UIC for pregnant women with HPD was 50-149 µg/l, compared to 150-249 µg/l in normotensive women. No significant differences in levels of TSH and fT4 in normotensive pregnant compared with HPD women were found. Pregnant women with HPD had significant high levels of TBARS, and significant low levels of FRP, SOD, CAT and UIC compared to normotensive pregnant. In addition, pregnant women with optimal levels of UIC had a higher SOD activity (r = 0.354, p = 0.011), while iodine deficiency was associated with HPD (r = -0,281, p = 0.039). Similarly, pregnant women with HPD had a significant negative association with SOD activity (r = -0.702, p = 0.005), CAT (r = -0.409, p = 0.002), and FRP (r = -0.624, p = 0.003), and a positive association with TBARS (r = 0.744, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Iodine contributes to redox balance during pregnancy; its deficiency is associated with HPD. This study shows the importance of iodine during pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: To estimate median urinary iodine concentration (UIC), and to correlate it with global nutrition indicators and social gap index (SGI) in 50 elementary state schools from 10 municipalities in the State of Queretaro, Mexico. RESULTS: 1,544 students were enrolled and an above of requirements of iodine intake was found (median UIC of 297 µg/L). Iodine status was found as deficient, adequate, more than adequate and excessive in 2, 4, 19 and 25 schools, respectively. Seventy seven percent of table salt samples showed adequate iodine content (20-40 ppm), while 9.6% of the samples had low iodine content (< 15 ppm). Medians of UIC per school were positively correlated with medians of body mass index (BMI) by using the standard deviation score (SDS) (r = 0.47; p < 0.005), height SDS (r = 0.41; p < 0.05), and overweight and obesity prevalence (r = 0.41; p < 0.05). Medians of UIC per school were negatively correlated with stunting prevalence (r = -0.39; p = 005) and social gap index (r = -0.36; p < 0.05). Best multiple regression models showed that BMI SDS and height were significantly related with UIC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: There is coexistence between the two extremes of iodine intake (insufficient and excessive). To our knowledge, the observed positive correlation between UIC and overweight and obesity has not been described before, and could be explained by the availability and consumption of snack food rich in energy and iodized salt. OBJETIVO E MÉTODOS: Estimar a concentração de iodo urinário (CIU) mediana e correlacioná-la com os indicadores de nutrição geral e com o índice de desigualdade social (IDS) de 50 escolas estaduais de ensino fundamental de 10 municípios do estado de Querétaro, no México. RESULTADOS: Utilizou-se um total de 1.544 crianças e encontrou-se uma ingestão acima das necessidades de iodo (CIU mediana de 297 µg/L). O nível de iodo determinado foi deficiente, adequado, mais do que adequado e excessivo em 2, 4, 19 e 25 escolas, respectivamente. Setenta e sete por cento de amostras de sal de mesa mostraram uma quantidade de iodo adequada (20-40 ppm), enquanto 9,6% das amostras tinham um teor de iodo baixo (< 15 ppm). As medianas de CIU por escola foram correlacionadas positivamente com as medianas do índice de massa corporal (IMC) usando o desvio-padrão da contagem (DP) (r = 0,47; p < 0.005), o DP da altura (r = 0,41; p < 0.05) e a prevalência de sobrepeso e de obesidade (r = 0,41; p < 0,05). As medianas de CUI por escola foram correlacionadas negativamente com a prevalência de desnutrição (r = -0.39; p = 005) e com o índice de desigualdade social (r = -0.36; p < 0,05). Os melhores modelos de regressão múltipla mostraram que a DP do IMC e a altura foram relacionados significativamente com a CIU (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Existe uma convivência entre os dois extremos de ingestão de iodo (insuficiente e excessiva). Em nosso conhecimento, a correlação positiva entre a CIU, o excesso de peso e a obesidade não foi descrita anteriormente e poderia ser explicada pela disponibilidade e consumo de alimentos ou refeições ricos(as) em energia e sal iodado.

Iodine nutrition during pregnancy has become an important public health concern because of the deleterious impact of iodine deficiency on brain development during fetal and early postnatal life. Iodine nutrition status can be assessed in a population by the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC). World Health Organization, the United Nations Children's Fund, and the International Council for Iodine Deficiency Disorders have established that a median of UIC between 150 and 249 μg/L in pregnant women indicates an adequate iodine intake. The aim of this study was to assess iodine nutrition status in Mexican pregnant women.Two hundred ninety-four pregnant women receiving prenatal care in the Public Medical Units of the State Ministry of Health for each pregnancy trimester (first, n=60; second, n=103; and third, n=131) in Queretaro, Mexico, were enrolled to assess UIC by the Sandell-Kholtoff method.The median of UIC was 273, 285, and 231 μg/L in the first, second, and third trimesters of gestation, respectively. Globally, the median (range) of UIC was 260 (5-1320) μg/L, and the percentage of samples with UIC below 150 μg/L was 28%. There was no significant difference between the UIC of women using iodine-containing multivitamins compared with those who reported the consumption of noniodized multivitamins (p0.05). In addition, we found no difference between the UIC of women using iodized table salt compared with those who employed noniodized table salt, with those who did not know whether their table salt was iodized (p0.05).Based on the median UIC, iodine intake in Queretaro, Mexico, is slightly above requirements during the first two trimesters, and adequate in the third trimester. The wide Mexican universal iodized salt program seems to supply adequate dietary iodine to pregnant women without health insurance in this region. However, regular monitoring of iodine status is recommended during pregnancy throughout Mexico.

Several studies have demonstrated that moderately high concentrations of molecular iodine (I(2)) diminish the symptoms of mammary fibrosis in women, reduce the occurrence of mammary cancer induced chemically in rats (50-70%), and have a clear antiproliferative and apoptotic effect in the human tumoral mammary cell line MCF-7. Nevertheless, the importance of these effects has been underestimated, in part because of the notion that exposure to excess iodine represents a potential risk to thyroid physiology. In the present work we demonstrate that uptake and metabolism of iodine differ in an organ-specific manner and also depend on the chemical form of the iodine ingested (potassium iodide vs. I(2)). Further, we show that a moderately high I(2) supplement (0.05%) causes some of the characteristics of the "acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect"; namely, it lowers expression of the sodium/iodide symporter, pendrin, thyroperoxidase (TPO), and deiodinase type 1 in thyroid gland without diminishing circulating levels of thyroid hormone. Finally, we confirm that I(2) metabolism is independent of TPO, and we demonstrate that, at the doses used here, which are potentially useful to treat mammary tumors, chronic I(2) supplement is not accompanied by any harmful secondary effects on the thyroid or general physiology. Thus, we suggest that I(2) could be considered for use in clinical trials of breast cancer therapies.