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W Warszawie brakuje jednej generalnej mapy środków transportu publicznego o łatwo rozpoznawalnej formie graficznej. Prezentujący podejście kulturoznawcze i historyczno-kulturowe artykuł służy przyjrzeniu się współczesnym substytutom takiego schematu, jak również zawiera analizę dwóch dwudziestowiecznych przypadków publicznego wykorzystania planów miasta jako map sieci komunikacji zbiorczej. Ponieważ, jak dowodzi autor, są to praktyki chwalenia się sukcesami w modernizacji stolicy, a zarazem ukrywające mankamenty i kompleksy (zwłaszcza brak kilku linii metra), ich analiza tworzy pretekst do refleksji nad przestrzennym i infrastrukturalnym rozwojem miasta, m.in. w kontekście dziedzictwa modernizmu i zapoznanej krytyki transportu spalinowego w Karcie Ateńskiej.

This article explores how the global Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic impacted United States higher education over the course of the first year from Spring 2020?Spring 2021. Utilizing a case study methodology, blending proprietary, closely held, public use, and archival data, we find that political and institutional factors shaped the decision to return to in-person instruction or remain online in fall 2020, which in turn, influenced the enrollment and financial health of institutions in that semester and beyond. Although nearly every institution of higher education was impacted, we find that those most adversely impacted are 2-year public and 4-year private baccalaureate institutions. Despite considerable challenges resulting from COVID-19, we highlight several practices of how systems and institutions are innovating and how this work can be replicated to positively impact higher education for years to come.

To balance researchers’ need for detailed information with respondents’ confidentiality concerns, statistical agencies such as Statistics Canada commonly offer two versions of the same dataset: a public use file that is readily available and a master file with richer information but to which access is restricted. This article examines the choice of using public use versus master files of the Labour Force Survey (LFS). The article also provides researchers with a unified source of LFS information, including a thorough discussion of the structure of the LFS and its implication for research, such as the creation of mini-panels.

Objectives: Federal open data initiatives that promote increased sharing of federally collected data are important for transparency, data quality, trust, and relationships with the public and state, tribal, local, and territorial (STLT) partners. These initiatives advance understanding of health conditions and diseases by providing data to more researchers, scientists, and policymakers for analysis, collaboration, and valuable use outside CDC responders. This is particularly true for emerging conditions such as COVID-19 where we have much to learn and have evolving data needs. Since the beginning of the outbreak, CDC has collected person-level, de-identified data from jurisdictions and currently has over 8 million records, increasing each day. This paper describes how CDC designed and produces two de-identified public datasets from these collected data. Materials and Methods: Data elements were included based on the usefulness, public request, and privacy implications; specific field values were suppressed to reduce risk of reidentification and exposure of confidential information. Datasets were created and verified for privacy and confidentiality using data management platform analytic tools as well as R scripts. Results: Unrestricted data are available to the public through Data.CDC.gov and restricted data, with additional fields, are available with a data use agreement through a private repository on GitHub.com. Practice Implications: Enriched understanding of the available public data, the methods used to create these data, and the algorithms used to protect privacy of de-identified individuals allow for improved data use. Automating data generation procedures allows greater and more timely sharing of data., Comment: 19 pages, 4 figures, 1 table, 5 supplements

Background: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is one of the causes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). The increase in survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is closely related to early detection and shortening the first defibrillation time. The implementation of AEDs deployment plan in public places in Hangzhou City provides an opportunity to improve the survival rate after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, and the benefits and potentials are enormous. Aims and Objective: Placing AEDs in public areas can effectively treat patients with pre-hospital cardiac arrest, by evaluating the configuration and usage of public AEDs in Hangzhou during the past five years, to provide the basis for improving the public areas’ configuration AEDs network layout and related training management. Materials and Methods: The number of AEDs in public areas, the use of AEDs and the treatment effect in Hangzhou city from 2015 to 2020 were collected. Results: The number of AEDs in public areas, the use of AEDs and the treatment effect in Hangzhou city from 2015 to 2020 were collected. In 5 years, a total of 1201 AEDs were configured, Placed in densely populated areas such as transportation hubs, schools, and scenic spots as the main locations. 32 patients suffered prehospital cardiac arrest and used AEDs, the average age of the patients was 40.56 ± 17.20, and the ratio of male to female was 3.57:1, In 26 cases, the initial heart rhythm was ventricular fibrillation and defibrillation, Before the first aid personnel arrived, the first witnesses Implement rescue, 22 patients with ventricular fibrillation were resuscitated successfully, 10 cases failed to ROSC. In 6 patients with suspected cardiac arrest, there was no electric shock defibrillation, and the device correctly indicates that the problem is not caused by ventricular fibrillation, In 4 cases, there was no defibrillating rhythm. Conclusion: AEDs in public areas are effectively used to assist in the treatment of patients with cardiac arrest; It can increase the rate of main circulation recovery. We will further increase the number of AEDs in public places, promote first aid training programs for non-professionals, Improving the public health emergency network system is essential to improve the prognosis of patients with cardiac arrest.

It is an open question whether or not the sharing economy model—utilizing unused for-profit private resources by sharing them for public use through a digital intermediary—could be adopted for public utility and service delivery in the developing world. This article addresses the question using the electric power sector in India as a case study. Six major components of the sharing economy are taken up for analysis: suppliers/service providers; infrastructure facilities; customers; public policy/regulations; platform; and pricing structure. This article discusses the status, challenges, and possible future directions.

The role of libraries in the lives of users changes depending on the trends encouraged by information technologies. Through cultural and professional development policies, many factors cause the status of public libraries to change, both in relation to normative instances and in relation to the community they serve. Dealing with the opinion of users is the first step in the professionalization of library activities.This paper analyzes the results of the survey Libraries through the Eyes of Users conducted among the users of the public libraries of Montenegro at the end of 2018. The survey is an integral part of the doctoral dissertation New Communication Paradigm in the Network of Public Libraries in Montenegro. According to the available documentation, this is the first survey of this kind conducted among the users of public libraries in Montenegro. The results of the survey indicate clearly that the situation in the public librarianship of the country can be changed only by introducing a new communication paradigm based on the use of modern media and technological achievements.The digital environment has a direct impact on the organization of work in public libraries and the development of new customer services. The aim of the survey is to determine the current situation and give suggestions for improving and affirming the work of public libraries, based on the specific attitude of users about library products. Guidelines for the introduction and integration of modern technological innovations in the work of public libraries must be based on examples of good practice in library and information systems of more developed European countries.The aim of the survey was to measure the level of satisfaction of the users of Montenegrin public libraries with the quality of customer services. By summarizing the results of the research, for the first time, the professional public has gained accurate insight into the views of users on library products, as well as on the infrastructural, personal, and informative qualities of the libraries. The social goal of the research is that the National Library Đurđe Crnojevic, the Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sports, local governments, cultural representatives, and the professional public use its results in order to implement specific activities in the process of providing conditions for modern functioning of all public libraries in Montenegro.

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines PV as the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other possible drug-related problems (WHO 2004). In 1968, during the 16th World Assembly the 16.36 resolution called for “a systematic collection of information on serious adverse drug reactions during the development and particularly after medicines have been made available for public use”. This led to the formation of the WHO Programme for International Drug Monitoring (PIDM) in 1968. PV systems should include all entities and resources that protect the public from medicines-related harm (adverse reactions, poor product quality, medication errors, and therapeutic ineffectiveness), whether in personal healthcare or public health services. The PV system safeguards the public through efficient and timely identification, collection, and assessment of medicine-related adverse events and by communicating risks and benefits. The WHO has provided technical and normative leadership on PV since the development of the first voluntary notification scheme in 1961. As of January 2016, 123 countries have joined the WHO PIDM, and in addition 28 associate members are awaiting full membership. WHO has defined norms and guidelines for PV and has allowed information sharing among the participant countries. Another WHO PV-related activity is the work of the Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS) which was established jointly by WHO and UNESCO in 1949. Starting with the publication of the Suspect Adverse Reaction Report Form (CIOMS Form I) by the CIOMS working group II, other CIOMS publications have greatly shaped the direction of PV. CIOMS publications have also greatly influenced the development of International Conference on Harmonization of Technical requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) E2A-E2F guidelines in drug safety. The standard

Millions of older Americans receive nurse practitioner (NP)-provided home based primary care (HBPC). Little is known about how state scope-of- practice (SOP) laws may impact use of NP-home visits. Using 2017 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Provider Utilization and Payment Data Public Use File (PUF), we examined the impact of state SOP laws on the use of NP-home visits. The PUF file was merged with the 2017 American Community Survey to assess area-level median income. Over 4.4 million home visits were provided to 1.6 million Medicare beneficiaries. NPs represented the largest share of providers (47.5%). In states with restricted SOP laws, compared to NPs, physicians and physician assistants had higher odds of providing HBPC. In states with reduced SOP laws, compared to NPs, physicians and PAs had decreased odds of providing HBPC. Our study provides evidence that SOP restrictions are associated with decreased utilization of NP-provided HBPC.

Mobile phone big data can offer new opportunities for identifying weather impacts on recreational ecosystem services in protected areas. This could be useful to assess how climate change could affect recreational ecosystem services. To explore these opportunities, we utilize mobile phone data and examine impacts of tropical weather (temperature, rainfall, and wind) and holidays on visitor numbers and stay time in an urban protected area in Singapore. These impacts were analyzed by visitors’ home regions and ethnic groups as well. The study results showed that rising temperatures below 31.7 °C had positive impacts on visitor numbers, in contrast to the common perception that cooler temperatures would be always preferred for outdoor activities in a tropical region. Meanwhile, these rising temperatures reduced visitor stay time in the protected area. Rain and wind had limited impacts on visitors. Compared to the weather variables, holidays had bigger impacts on visitors, particularly the Chinese group and those visitors living not close to the protected area. The study results highlight several advantages of mobile phone data application to analyzing weather impacts on public use of urban protected areas.

This study analyzes library policies pertaining to the preservation of privacy on public use computers. A random sample of 1000 public libraries, selected from an initial population of over 8000 li...

We need to talk about this geographical spot we know as Baixada Fluminense. Baixada is located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro and as it is in all over the country it is surrounded by a multicultural diversity since its origin; the difference is that the real scenario consists on unhealthy, violence and extreme poverty, mainly in the further and/or rural areas, which causes certain dissatisfaction on the locals, whom, in majority, do not see the environment as a real thing to concern. In addition, in the intention of promoting the integration of public use to the natural heritage, in a literature review, in this article, we aim to discuss the interaction and the social participation under an environmental education in protected areas perspective in the chosen geographical site. Making it necessary to present a brief history about this region and the spots of preservation we found there, also describe possible measures which allow men to connect to the place they live, like the educational projects Learning and Preserving, Cleaning to Protect and The Zero Tolerance Operation described in the text, that the Nova Iguacu city hall already offer, in theory. Key Words: Baixada Fluminense, Environment, Men and Nature Relationsip.

O uso público em unidades de conservação (UC) pode trazer inúmeros benefícios diretos e indiretos à sociedade, além de representar um grande potencial para incrementar os recursos econômicos das UCs, aproximar a sociedade da natureza e fomentar sua conservação e utilização sustentável. Desta forma, tem se tornado num dos temas mais importantes no que se refere à gestão de áreas protegidas no país. Uma das principais contribuições para a discussão desse tema tem surgido nas instituições de ensino superior, que têm agido fortemente para a construção de uma cultura de valorização dessas áreas protegidas. O Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul (IFRS), através do seu Campus Porto Alegre, tem desenvolvido inúmeras ações neste sentido, sendo que recentemente, a partir da iniciativa de estudantes, estabeleceu um programa de extensão voltado ao fortalecimento do uso público ordenado em unidades de conservação, o GAUPUC. Inicialmente utilizando a metodologia de um grupo de estudos, na atualidade o coletivo desenvolve ações de extensão direcionadas aos principais atores envolvidos no uso público de UCs: os gestores das áreas naturais, os prestadores de serviços que estão associados à visitação e os visitantes. Neste ano, em função da pandemia causada pelo vírus SARS-COVID, o grupo desenvolveu apenas ações remotas, entre as quais um ciclo de webconferências sobre uso público em UCs e um projeto de divulgação científica nas redes sociais. As reflexões realizadas em relação à trajetória do grupo evidenciam que as atividades práticas desempenharam um papel fundamental na geração de interesse dos estudantes pelo grupo, assim como a autonomia deles na realização das tarefas é um princípio que estimula a sua continuidade no coletivo. Os próximos passos do Programa apontam para a necessidade do estabelecimento de parcerias institucionais com as UCs, visando ações articuladas em programas de voluntariado.

O artigo tem como questão a territorialização da desigualdade socioeconômica no Brasil. O objetivo é verificar a dinâmica das desigualdades nas territorialidades urbana e rural tendo como questão central a distribuição de redes de infraestrutura, serviços e equipamentos de uso público. Tais redes, serviços e equipamentos são insuficientes no território rural e assim associados ao crescimento das desigualdades e das migrações no território nacional. Em termos de método, indicadores socioeconômicos são relacionados à distribuição espacial e quantitativa de equipamentos, serviços e infraestrutura. Aborda-se a questão da função do Estado na territorialização das áreas urbanas e rurais, na medida em que a área rural está institucionalmente incorporada ao planejamento urbano a partir do Estatuto da Cidade. Conclui-se que as desigualdades entre as territorialidades urbana e rural se relacionam com as centralidades urbanas e a polarização das cidades. The article has the issue the territorialization of socioeconomic inequalities in Brazil. The objective is to verify the dynamics of inequalities in urban and rural territorialities with the central issue of distributing networks of infrastructure, services and equipment for public use. Such networks, services and equipment are insufficient in rural areas and, therefore, are associated with the growth of inequalities and migration in the national territory. In methodological terms, socioeconomic indicators are related to the spatial and quantitative distribution of equipment, services and infrastructure. The approach the role of the State in the territorialization of urban and rural areas, since the rural area is institutionally incorporated into urban planning based on the City Statute. It is concluded that the inequalities between urban and rural territorialities is related to urban centralities and the polarization of cities. El artículo se ocupa de la territorialización de la desigualdad socioeconómica en Brasil. El objetivo es verificar la dinámica de las desigualdades en áreas urbanas y rurales con la distribución de redes de infraestructura, servicios y equipos de uso público como tema central. Tales redes, servicios y equipamientos son insuficientes en las zonas rurales y, por lo tanto, están asociados al crecimiento de las desigualdades y la migración en el territorio nacional. En términos de método, los indicadores socioeconómicos están relacionados con la distribución espacial y cuantitativa de equipos, servicios e infraestructura. Se aborda la cuestión del papel del Estado en la territorialización de las zonas urbanas y rurales, en la medida en que la zona rural se incorpora institucionalmente a la planificación urbana con base en el Estatuto de la Ciudad. Se concluye que las desigualdades entre territorialidades urbanas y rurales está relacionado con las centralidades urbanas y la polarización de las ciudades.

To significantly reduce the occurrence of severe traffic accidents, reducing the number of vehicles in urban areas should be considered. Personal mobility is essential for realizing this reduction, which requires consideration of the last-/first-mile problem. The overall objective of our research is to solve this problem using standing-type personal mobility vehicles as transportation devices; however, to evaluate the feasibility of such vehicles as future mobility devices, it is necessary to evaluate their operation under real-world conditions. Therefore, in this study, experimental and survey data relating to the velocity, stability, safety, and comfort of a standing-type personal mobility device are obtained to evaluate its performance in three different scenarios. The results show that the personal mobility vehicle is socially well received and can be safely operated on sidewalks, irrespective of the gender or age of the driver; moreover, the results suggest that subjects who routinely use a bicycle are adept at avoiding and absorbing the impacts of small holes and bumps, thereby yielding reduced acceleration values (in all directions) and pitch, roll, and yaw rates. This is anticipated to benefit the future development of personal mobility devices and help realize effective and accessible public transport systems, as well as reduce the number of vehicles in urban areas.

The idea of the e-health project assumes the public use of effective information and communication technology systems, as well as the participation of patients and medical staff in the treatment process. The article’s aim is the analysis of the impact of the e-health project on the functioning of the Polish healthcare system which is currently implemented as part of the digitization of health care. It has been hypothesized that the implemented e-health project has been positively received by Polish society. In order to verify this, a survey was conducted on a sample of 305 respondents, including patients, doctors and people who had never had contact with e-health. The purpose of the survey was to recognize the attitudes, opinions and experience of beneficiaries of e-health regarding the functioning of the project in question. The article also contains secondary research presenting the current scientific achievements in the field of e-health.

El uso público de las áreas naturales protegidas incluye los usos turístico, educativo, interpretativo, recreativo y de investigación, realizados por visitantes que participan en actividades que no extraen ni introducen elementos ajenos al área. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer una visión colectiva sobre las condiciones sociales y biofísicas deseadas para el Parque Nacional Islas Marietas, México. Esto se construyó mediante talleres participativos con actores clave, para promover el diálogo entre cerca de 200 participantes a través de la herramienta World-Café. Se discutió la problemática de la visitación y actividades recreativas. Establecieron las inquietudes y oportunidades, luego emitieron sus conclusiones con respecto a la problemática que jerarquizaron de acuerdo a su importancia y se consensaron. La problemática identificada y jerarquizada con respecto a la visitación del parque fue: concentración de visitantes en un mismo lugar que rebasa la capacidad de carga y disminuye la calidad de la experiencia; que, aunque los prestadores de servicios turísticos han mejorado su actitud, existen malas prácticas y violaciones a las reglas; que la promoción del parque es inadecuada; que la vigilancia es insuficiente; que las zonas frecuentemente visitadas han disminuido su atractivo para el buceo autónomo y se han deteriorado las comunidades coralinas en la zona. Con esta información se estableció una línea base socialmente acordada para el manejo del área, proceso que constituye la base para el uso público que todavía está en proceso y donde participan diversos actores.

The Supreme Court’s ruling in Kelo v. New London (2005) justified the use of eminent domain for redevelopment takings based on the anticipated spillover benefits to the community in the form of increased taxes and new jobs. This paper asks whether this is a coherent economic rationale for allowing expropriation of residential land for private development. We show that, in the absence of a market distortion, the answer is generally no. However, when there is a pre-existing imperfection in the land and/or labor market, it is possible, though not guaranteed, that allowing eminent domain will increase social welfare. The reason, however, is not because of the increased tax revenue or employment per se, but rather because eminent domain increases industrial/commercial land use above the inefficiently low level that arises in the presence of the distortions. Thus, setting aside questions about fairness or holdouts, we show that whether using eminent domain for private takings can be justified on the basis of economic efficiency hinges on the existence of market distortions and the relative values of residential vs. industrial/commercial land in that particular market.

Background The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention have declared that the United States is amidst a continuing opioid epidemic, with drug overdose–related death tripling between 1999 and 2014. Among the 47,055 overdose-related deaths that occurred in 2014, 28,647 (60.9%) of them involved an opioid. Methods To determine if there are specific trends in opioid prescribing practices of specific groups of surgeons to better describe any regional or subspecialty trends that exist, the Part D Prescriber Public Use File was used to evaluate all prescription drug orders for Medicare beneficiaries with a Part D prescription drug plan for the 2015 calendar year. Only those providers with the specialty description corresponding to a surgical specialty were included in this study, using the provider's Part B claims. Results A total of 65,277,932 claims made to Part D by 90,253 surgeons in the 2015 service year were analyzed in this study, demonstrating statistically significant differences in the opioid prescribing practices of surgeons from different states, cities, practice settings, and subspecialties (P, Highlights • A total of 47,055 overdose deaths occurred in 2014; 28,647 (60.9%) of them involved an opioid. • Medicare Part D was queried for information on prescription drug events. • A total of 65,277,932 claims by 90,253 surgeons in the 2015 service year were analyzed. • Prescribing practices differed from surgeons based on states and subspecialties. • Opioid medication claims cost the health care system $133,091,997.81 in benefits.

Ghanaian society and the world at large have shown a strong interest in the use of lampshades with evidence from hotels and residential dwellings. Table-top Lampshades direct the rays of light to make sight easier for reading whereas bedside lampshades provide romantic illumination and beautification in bedrooms. This art studio research sought to examine lampshades on Ghanaian market; their qualities, significance, shortcomings, etc. as the basis to design and produce inventive lampshades for private and public use. The study was conducted at an art studio condition using Practice-based research design method. Findings show that lampshades serve functional and aesthetic significance in public dwellings and the hospitality industry. Nonetheless, available lampshades on the Ghanaian market lack the multifunctional property as well as a local touch which arguably makes them misfit in Ghanaian context in terms of usage. The innovative results of the studio-produced lampshades revealed the possibility of creating symbolic and multifunctional lampshades which suit specific space and tradition. The study recommends the adoption of such innovative design approach in the creation of interior design and decoration artefacts for residential and public edifices.

Public transport is a shared passenger transport service available for public use. Increased population is accompanied by the increased demand for private vehicles. The exponential growth in the number of private vehicles will result in negative impacts such as air pollution, excessive noise, and traffic congestion. Additionally, customers’ perceptions on different aspects include safety, operation or time, comfortableness and cleanness of public transportation that are also essential in affecting their mode of choice when travelling. The public transport that is discussed in this paper is light rail transit. This paper intends to investigate the main purpose of using light rail transit and elucidate the public perspective of the light rail transit via factor analysis and correlation analysis. A questionnaire with five-point Likert scale was designed, and data were randomly selected from 200 light rail transit users in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The results revealed that the majority of the customers use light rail transit to school or university. Moreover, most of the users satisfy with the safety, operation, cost, comfortableness and cleanness of the light rail transit. This can be concluded that light rail transit provides mobility and choice for everyone in the context of efficiency, health and safety, affordability, accessibility, and environmental friendliness. © 2019 by authors, all rights reserved.

Background COVID-19 continues to disturb nearly all aspects of life, leaving us striving to reach herd immunity. Currently, only weekly standardized incidence rate data per age group are publicly available, limiting assessment of herd immunity. Here, we estimate the time-series case counts of COVID-19 among age groups currently ineligible for vaccination in the USA. Methods This was a secondary analysis of publicly available data. COVID-19 case counts by age groups were computed using incidence rate data from the CDC and population estimates from the US Census Bureau. We also created a web-based application to allow on demand analysis. Results A total of 78 weeks of data were incorporated in the analysis, suggesting the highest peak in cases within the 5–11-year age group on week ending 2021-01-09 (n = 61,095) followed by the 12-15-year age group (n = 58,093). As of July 24, 2021, case counts in the 5-11-year age group have expanded beyond other groups rapidly. Discussion This study suggests it is possible to estimate pediatric case counts of COVID-19. National agencies should report COVID-19 time series case counts for pediatric age cohorts. These data will enhance our ability to estimate the population at risk and tailor interventions accordingly.

An understanding of the freedoms (or the lack of freedoms) and their economic consequences on early black Americans provides an informative understanding to the freedoms (or the lack of freedoms), and their economic consequences on other, modern ethnic groups. James Curtis Jr (2017) investigates the link between the social asymmetry and economic asymmetry among early blacks and whites in the United States of America. For the empirical study, James Curtis Jr (2017) uses cross-sectional variables from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Sample (IPUMS), developed informative conditional ratios, and employed least squares statistical analyses. Findings: This study finds that economic differences among ethnic groups, as measured by differences between early blacks and whites, are intertwined with asymmetrical freedoms, leading to statistically insignificant returns to education, as measured by literacy. One might conclude that the individual’s basic protection of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness must proceed any expectations of measured returns to schooling, particularly among individuals in disenfranchised groups. Furthermore, one might propose education policy such that modern higher education investment programs prioritize education entrepreneurs and/or state/social planners with academic research familiarity of differences in wealth.

Before the COVID-19 pandemic it was widely reported that, in the United States, over 40 percent of food produced was wasted During the pandemic, news reports have described unprecedented household food waste, up by 30 percent according to Republic Services, one of the largest waste management services in the US (Helmer 2020) But upstream, food waste was, and continues to be, equally problematic When institutions such as schools and universities, large businesses, restaurants, and other venues must shut down, so too must the food supply chain for those locations Farmers who produce food for large-scale public use have been unable to redirect their products for grocery markets, and so in many cases their harvests and dairy cannot be used Elsewhere along the chain, farm and other food laborers (e g , meat-packing workers, delivery workers) without access to protection and health care cannot continue to pack and deliver food at "normal" levels, and so potential food has been left in fields and warehouses (Evich 2020)

Many months after COVID‐19 vaccines were first authorized for public use, still limited supplies could only partially reduce the devastating loss of life and economic costs caused by the pandemic. Could additional vaccine doses have been manufactured more quickly some other way? Would alternative policy choices have made a difference? This paper provides a simple analytical framework through which to view the contours of the vaccine value chain. It then creates a new database that maps the COVID‐19 vaccines of Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, AstraZeneca/Oxford, Johnson & Johnson, Novavax and CureVac to the product‐ and location‐specific manufacturing supply chains that emerged in 2020 and 2021. It describes the choppy process through which dozens of other companies at nearly 100 geographically distributed facilities came together to scale up global manufacturing. The paper catalogues major pandemic policy initiatives—such as the United States’ Operation Warp Speed—that are likely to have affected the timing and formation of those vaccine supply chains. Given the data, a final section identifies further questions for researchers and policymakers.

Our data collection was driven by the goal of gathering a corpus of English-language tweets that would be informative of the online debate on COVID-19 vaccines worldwide. To that end, we used the Twitter API Search to collect tweets based on specific keywords related to COVID-19 vaccination. We built a list of such keywords that include terms related to both pro and anti-vaccine discourse as well as words related to the most well known COVID-19 vaccines available so far. Specifically, we consider the following list of keywords: vaccine, vaccination, anti-vaccination, antivax, anti-vaccine, anti-vax, anti-vaxxers, NoForcedVaccination, getvaccinated, pfizer, moderna, astrazeneca, covaxin, biontech, novavax, coronavac, sputnikv, bnt162b2. In total, we gathered over $12$ million tweets, covering 9 weeks, from December 1st, 2020 to January 31st, 2021. This is an important period that includes the launch of the first worldwide COVID-19 vaccination campaign (launched on December 8th in the United Kingdom), as well as several other important real-world events that influenced and dictated people's discussions. This dataset is aggregated by weeks and keywords. Only the tweets IDs are available following Twitter's Privacy Policy. Please cite as:MALAGOLI, L. G. ; STANCIOLI, J. ; VASCONCELOS, M. ; FERREIRA, C. H. ;SILVA, A. P. C.; ALMEIDA, Jussara. A Look into COVID-19 Vaccination Debate on Twitter. In: 13th ACM Conference on Web Science, 2021.

This article examines the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning, specifically, to create financial robo-advisers. These machines have the potential to be perfectly honest fiduciaries, acting in their client’s best interests without conflicting self-interest or greed, unlike their human counterparts. However, the application of AI technology to create financial robo-advisers is not without risk. This article will focus on the unique risks posed by deep learning technology. One of the main fears regarding deep learning is that it is a “black box”, its decision-making process is opaque and not open to scrutiny even by the people who developed it. This poses a significant challenge to financial regulators, whom would not be able to examine the underlying rationale and rules of the robo-adviser to determine its safety for public use. The rise of deep learning has been met with calls for ‘explainability’ of how deep learning agents make their decisions. This paper argues that greater explainability can be achieved by describing the ‘personality’ of deep learning robo-advisers, and further proposes a framework for describing the parameters of the deep learning model using concepts that can be readily understood by people without technical expertise. This regards whether the robo-adviser is ‘greedy’, ‘selfish’ or ‘prudent’. Greater understanding will enable regulators and consumers to better judge the safety and suitability of deep learning financial robo-advisers.

The use of social media and Web 2.0 platforms is proliferating and affecting different formal and highly structured organisations including public safety agencies. Much of the research in the area has focussed on public use of social media during an emergency as well as how emergency agencies benefit from the data and information generated by this process. However, there is little understanding of “what are the operational implications of this public use on emergency management agencies and how does social media either positively or negatively impact these operations”? In order to progress research into this topic, we chose an engaged scholarship framework to shape a research agenda with the active participation of stakeholders. Hence, we conducted a series of workshops primarily involving over 100 public safety practitioners working in the area of disasters and emergency management who work in public safety agencies, humanitarian organisations, volunteering online platforms and volunteer groups in addition to 20 academics working on this area of enquiry. The findings highlight six different challenges that emergency responding organisations currently face in relation to social media use. We conceptualise these challenges as creating six operational tension zones for organisations. We discuss these tensions and their implications for future research and practice.

Mobile phones and social media can be potent tools for members of the public to circulate news and information during natural disasters. Using in-depth interviews, this study examines the case of a...

This article examines how elected officials, public administrators, and the public use argumentation tactics to influence policies in public meetings. We use Habermas’s communicative rationality an...

OBJECTIVES Early childhood caries (ECC) negatively impacts many child health outcomes and can lead to greater costs for medical and dental care as well as negatively impact future oral health wellness. ECC risk factors are rooted in many social determinants of health. Addressing ECC at the population-level is a national public health priority. The purpose of this study was to identify the South Carolina counties with the greatest risk for ECC. As policy-makers seek to address inequities stemming from early childhood caries, documenting its prevalence is essential. METHODS Since no county level ECC rates were published for South Carolina, we identified an opportunity to strengthen ECC surveillance through public use data, so as to properly equip policy-makers and pediatric providers with an evidence based understanding of the scope of the problem. As a result we sought to develop an overall county level prevalence measure for ECC risk through an ecological analysis of public use data. RESULTS Ten counties with the greatest overall risk for ECC were all rural as hypothesized. Additionally, seven of the 10 highest risk counties fell into what is often referred to as the "Corridor of Shame." CONCLUSIONS We have found an affordable way of measuring county level risk for ECC that allows pediatric advocates and policy-makers to develop population level interventions to reduce and measure risk with public-use data.

The paper presents experiences from the rapid introduction and deployment of a data crowdsourcing and data sharing system, motivated by an urgent civic need arising due to the appearance of jellyfish in the swimming coastal areas of western Greece during the summer season. The system was tailored for mobile use and although the pressing need for its deployment negated the time for thorough design, a rich set of lessons and findings emerge from its public use by 13,340 users, over a period of 2 months, reporting over 1,800 times on the condition of 189 local beaches, of which 157 were added to the system by the users themselves. This work touches on issues of usability, motivation, data reliability and public utility of mobile participatory systems and demonstrates that effective outcomes for public bodies may rise when systems are designed for the immediate benefit of citizens, by openly exposing the collected data. Most importantly, participation in mobile crowdsourced systems where the data is openly shared between participants is found to be strongly driven by altruistic motives and not by financial or ethical awards. Additionally, the altruistic motives behind participation overcome the added difficulty of participating from a purely mobile use context, and safeguard the quality of the contributed data, reducing the need for complex quality monitoring and safeguarding mechanisms. Finally, the paper identifies barriers and opportunities for the opportunistic participation in mobile crowdsourcing systems during leisure time.

The shortage of available land in densified metropolitan cities demands maximizing its utility. Public authorities are required to find creative solutions to satisfy the growing demand for the supply of public space. The allocation of public services in privately owned buildings constitutes one instrument to answer these challenges. This paper introduces this tool by looking at the phenomenon of Vertical Allocations; specifically we examine how municipalities in Israel appropriate floorspace in newly built multi-purpose structures, which are privately owned. While designating these floors for public use, such as schools and kindergartens, municipal bodies assume responsibility for these new public resources. We identified and analyzed 58 projects inclusive of floorspace allocations for public uses. Following, we conducted over 25 interviews with key Israeli practitioners. We find that the allocation of public floorspace goes hand-in-hand with the trend of high-rise construction, and is promoted mainly in core metropolitan areas where land is scarce, and land values are usually much higher than in non-core peripheral areas. The most common public use allocated is for educational services. We find that the floorspace allocated for public needs consistently constitutes but a fraction of the total floorspace allocated for use by private owners. In Addition, Vertical Allocation of public floorspace presents special challenges, among which are uncertainty and challenges from joint ownership; too flexible or unknown future public functions; potential friction and nuisances due to proximity of uses; disagreement over construction costs and complexity of management within mixed-use buildings. Given rapid population growth, scarcity of land, and other challenges surrounding Israel's implementation of Vertical Allocations, the Israeli experience with this type of mixed use can serve as a teaching model and a test case for the rest of the world.

Records held in Catholic archives offer unique value for scholarly research and public use. However, Catholic archives professionals have anecdotally expressed challenges in making religio...

The author offers a new paradigm of the library as a social institution in the period of the civilization transition from the information society to the knowledge society. The library functions and goals are defined, in particular encouraging and administering of free exchange of opinions and ideas between social strata and groups to solve their vital problems; providing space and tools (including acess to chargeable information content) to implement creative initiatives and to solve user everyday problems; designing training (educational) programs to adapt residents to continuously emerging innovations. Taking into account these new functions and tasks, the author defines the library as a social institution supporting cognitive and creative activities of the community being served through intellectual collaboration, educational and recreational programs, providing space, equipment hard- and software for public use and access to information sources.The author specifies the measures that would facilitate the RF libraries’ transition. He emphasizes that, to ensure success, the transformations are needed to be made both at the local (libraries) and at the federal level.

The design of public space often embodies the power and political representation of a specific regime. As urban architecture symbolizes and establishes the identity of a regime, authorities often use a top-down approach to implement urban architectural programs. As a result, the spaces constructed often display power and identity, but lack consideration of public use. Public spaces are often exclusionary for public use. They merely stand for the representation of the authority. Accordingly, many public spaces built by the government are abandoned soon after their launch. Big ceremonies and public space displays only last a few days before these spaces are then closed to the public or appropriated for different uses. Most top-down approaches focus on the physical development, overlooking the users’ inclusion in decision making. This research analyses the political representation of public space design in RPTRA Bahari located in the South Jakarta. It analyses the political reason behind the development of RPTRA in Jakarta and the way participative design approach is employed during the design process to get public engagement in public space. Therefore, it investigates how the political representation is perceived in everyday life by analysing how the public space has been used three years since its launch. Through observation and interviews, this paper interrogates the political representation in urban forms and how public spaces become an arena where the government’s intentions and everyday uses meet. It concludes that a participative, bottom-up approach leads to more public use and engagement.

Background Structural racism is a complex system of inequities working in tandem to cause poor health for communities of color, especially for Black people. However, the multidimensional nature of structural racism is not captured by existing measures used by population health scholars to study health inequities. Multidimensional measures can be made using complex analytical techniques. Whether or not the multidimensional measure of structural racism provides more insight than the existing unidimensional measures is unknown. Methods We derived measures of Black-White residential segregation, inequities in education, employment, income, and homeownership, evaluated for 2,338 Public Use Microdata Areas (PUMAs) in the United States (US), and consolidated them into a multidimensional measure of structural racism using a latent class model. We compared the median COVID-19 vaccination rates observed across 54 New York City (NYC) PUMAs by levels (high/low) of structural racism and the multidimensional class using the Kruskal-Wallis test. This study was conducted in March 2021. Findings Our latent class model identified three structural racism classes in the US, all of which can be found in NYC. We observed intricate interactions between the five dimensions of structural racism of interest that cannot be simply classified as "high" (i.e., high on all dimensions of structural racism), "medium," or "low." Compared to Class A PUMAs with the median rate of two-dose completion of 6·9%, significantly lower rates were observed for Class B PUMAs (5·5%, p = 0·04) and Class C PUMAs (5·2%, p = 0·01). When the vaccination rates were evaluated based on each dimension of structural racism, significant differences were observed between PUMAs with high and low Black-White income inequity only (7·2% vs. 5·3%, p = 0·001). Interpretation Our analysis suggests that measuring structural racism as a multidimensional determinant of health provides additional insight into the mechanisms underlying population health inequity vis-a-vis using multiple unidimensional measures without capturing their joint effects. Funding This project is funded by the Robert J. Jones Urban Research and Outreach-Engagement Center, University of Minnesota. Additional support is provided by the Minnesota Population Center, which is funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (Grant P2C HD041023).

Knowledge of how science is consumed in public domains is essential for a deeper understanding of the role of science in human society. While science is heavily supported by public funding, common depictions suggest that scientific research remains an isolated or ‘ivory tower’ activity, with weak connectivity to public use, little relationship between the quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This paper introduces a measurement framework to examine public good features of science, allowing us to study public uses of science, the public funding of science, and how use and funding relate. Specifically, we integrate five large-scale datasets that link scientific publications from all scientific fields to their upstream funding support and downstream public uses across three public domains – government documents, the news media, and marketplace invention. We find that the public uses of science are extremely diverse, with different public domains drawing distinctively across scientific fields. Yet amidst these differences, we find key forms of alignment in the interface between science and society. First, despite concerns that the public does not engage high-quality science, we find universal alignment, in each scientific field and public domain, between what the public consumes and what is highly impactful within science. Second, despite myriad factors underpinning the public funding of science, the resulting allocation across fields presents a striking alignment with the field’s collective public use. Overall, public uses of science present a rich landscape of specialized consumption, yet collectively science and society interface with remarkable, quantifiable alignment between scientific use, public use, and funding. Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.

This article presents different public uses of comics in representing difficult pasts on the basis of four case studies: the National Socialist and the German democratic Republic pasts in the German memory field, and the Fascist past and the terrorist/mafia massacres in the Italian memory field. The comparative analysis focus on three factors of influence: 1. the narratives and aesthetic forms culturally legitimated in the two national public memory spaces; 2. the cultural frames which define a specific past; 3. the cultural paradigms hegemonic in the transnational memory comics field. In the final analysis, the article contemplates not only the graphic representations of the past, but also the social actors (artists, publishers, political institutions, public intellectuals) involved in this process of collectively working memory, their symbolic and cultural resources, and their power relationships

Robots are increasingly used in social applications, which raise challenges regarding people's trust in robots. A modern conception of human-robot trust must go beyond the conventional notions of human-automation relations and better connect to the current understanding of human-human trust, without assuming that human-robot trust is identical. A review of the literature together with our recent empirical work suggests that trust is multidimensional, incorporating both performance aspects (central in the human-automation literature) and moral aspects (central in the human-human trust literature). A multidimensional conception can be applied to human-robot trust, even if only some of the dimensions will be relevant for any given interaction with a robot. In addition to proposing an integrative conception of trust, we offer a measurement instrument for public use: the Multidimensional Measure of Trust (MDMT). This measure captures two superordinate factors of trust (Performance trust, Moral trust) that each break into two subfacets (Reliable and Capable within Performance, and Sincere and Ethical within Moral). We are continuing to test this measure in follow-up research and encourage other researchers to join us in collectively validating it.

This chapter scrutinizes Burton Holmes’s term “travelogue,” which, by 1908, was already in full public use, thanks to the emerging commercial jargon of the recently christened cinema. Holmes’s lecture-shows began much earlier, however. In the fall of 1897 he made his first public appearance with realistic motion pictures he had shot in the piazza in front of St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome. This lecture and those that followed that season in Chicago are generally acknowledged to be the first time a realistic motion picture was included in a public lecture in the United States. Brownlow calls Holmes “a sort of a Baedeker of illuminated information.” Indeed, Holmes filled houses as large as 2000 seats on a daily basis, each attendee paying two dollars. He became a phenomenon. Throughout the chapter I make repeated reference to Grierson’s critical observation—historical by nature—of the word “travelogue.” I engage with his critique that “travelogue” is the first member of the documentary family tree, a position that leads Grierson to argue that the travelogue bears relations of origin and succession. That is to say, it is both essential and necessary to Documentary.

Tirana National Theatre maintained its public use since the 1930s, documenting the changes of twentieth-century Albanian history. The construction was built during the Italian Protectorate as part of the Circolo Italo-Albanese Skanderbeg, a multifunctional architectural ensemble conceived for entertainment and Fascist propaganda. The structure was assembled with a prefabricated system representing the new building technologies and materials research developed under the autarchy restrictions imposed by the Fascist rule. It was used as cinema and theatre until its renovation under the Communist regime. After 2000, the building, then National Theatre, was included within the Tirana Historic Centre, put under preliminary protection status, and incorporated as part of the buffer zone. However, in 2018 the Government planned its demolition and replacement with one new construction. Despite the opposition of the local community and international associations for the protection of modern architectural heritage, the building was demolished in May 2020. In an ever-changing country like Albania, the difficulties in dealing with a layered urbanity can certainly be considered an issue. Despite its impact, the demolition of the Theatre left one void that, even if soon filled, added its own layer to the urban evolution of Tirana.

Recent innovation in the field of machine learning has been enabled by the confluence of three advances: rapid expansion of affordable computing power in the form of cloud computing environments, the accelerating pace of infrastructure associated with large-scale data collection and rapid methodological advancements, particularly neural network architecture improvements. Development and adoption of these advances have lagged in the health care domain largely due to restrictions around public use of data and siloed nature of these datasets with respect to providers, payers and clinical trial sponsors.

The Atlantic Forest is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, due to a long term process of deforestation that must be reversed. Financial resources are necessary to foster the protection of remaining forests and restore the native habitats. This paper presents some alternatives to finance the conservation of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil and some economic instruments to enhance sustainable development activities in the biome, combining public and private sector efforts. The mechanisms discussed in the paper are sustainable public procurement, fiscal incentives, concessions for forestry and public use in protected areas, payments for environmental services, funds to boost avoided deforestation projects that reduce carbon emissions, and tradable environmental reserve quotas (CRA). We conclude that the involvement of the private sector is crucial for financing conservation projects in the Atlantic Forest, but it is also imperative to strengthen the public sector capacity to enforce the environmental legislation and to coordinate the actions of the many stakeholders in order to fulfill the objectives of the biodiversity conservation policy.

Developers can use different technologies for different software development tasks in their work. However, when faced with several technologies with comparable functionalities, it can be challenging for developers to select the most appropriate one, as trial and error comparisons among such technologies are time-consuming. Instead, developers resort to expert articles, read official documents or ask questions in Q&A sites for technology comparison. However, it is still very opportunistic whether they will get a comprehensive comparison, as online information is often fragmented, contradictory and biased. To overcome these limitations, we propose the DiffTech system that exploits the crowd sourced discussions from Stack Overflow, and assists technology comparison with an informative summary of different comparison aspects. We found 19,118 comparative sentences from 2,410 pairs of comparable technologies. We released our DiffTech website for public use. Our website attracts over 1800 users and we also receive some positive comments on social media. A walkthrough video of the tool demo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ixX41DXRNsI Website link: https://difftech.herokuapp.com/

This paper introduces the first set of speech corpora released in 2019 by the Linguistic Data Consortium for Indian Languages (LDC-IL), a scheme under the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India. The datasets include a total of 13 scheduled languages of India, collected in various environments across length and breadth of the vast country, from a total of 5662 speakers of different age-groups with a total size of more than 1552 hours. The dataset is still growing as we prune them and make them ready for release. Unique language corpus is usually the largest available at present for these languages. Established in 2008, on the lines of the LDC of University of Pennsylvania, the LDC-IL has worked for over 10 years on various types language resources, including building the speech corpora. LDC-IL is a fully government funded project implemented by CIIL, Mysuru. Due to some restraints in the government business such as cost analysis and copyright issues, it took rather a long time to release the LDC-IL dataset for the public use. This paper gives a brief of the raw speech corpora now released and ready for public use (both commercial and non-commercial purposes). It also discusses how the two major bottlenecks of copyright and costing was addressed which held up the release of these datasets for several years.

Urbanization history tells us that the public open space first was observed in Greek where Agora served as central market for the community to assemble, debate, and converse diverse opinions (Madanipour, 2003:194), (Larbi Touaf and Soumia Boutkhil(ed)., 2008). Thus, public spaces are part of urban structure, where space and societies are in the dynamic harmony of historical changes. This research is conducted in selected sub-cities of Addis Ababa. The results have illuminated importance of open public spaces in one hand and disclosed how existing open public spaces are deteriorating. The problem is a manifestation of unplanned development of the city whereby the city has experienced haphazard and organic development. The evaluation of the quality of public open spaces in study area is done in view of internationally recognized standards. Concurrent mixed research method is followed employing qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Sample size was scientifically determined. Data analysis was done using different statistical tools. Study results have shown that significant number of open spaces exist in the city with significant size though their performance is reported unacceptably poor. Certain open spaces were found to be in excellent conditions but inaccessible. Conversely certain public open spaces are found in poor condition but they are openly accessible for public use. Conclusions are drawn from study results and recommendations are specified accordingly. Keywords: Open Public Spaces, Quality, Accessibility DOI: 10.7176/CER/12-10-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2020

This document makes a comprehensive analysis of the inequality of the water market in Chile, measured by the Gini coefficient method. The situation of water rights in Chile is of particular interest because it is a wholly privatized system, where rights are traded in the market and therefore water is presented as a commodity. This privatization of water in Chile occurred as part of the process of neo-liberalization since the 1981 Water Code. The results of this study indicate that both concentration and inequality in the distribution of water rights are very high, which undermines a just social development process and facilitates the economic exploitation of the environment. It proposes a profound revision of the application of a mercantile logic to a scarce essential resource for life such as water and explores the importance of its role as a national good for public use.