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In various pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, the cellular redox balance can be disturbed and these alterations may persist even after blood glucose levels have returned to normal. Antioxidant therapies, including α-lipoic acid, are widely used to treat various systemic diseases including diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to measure the lipid metabolism parameters, as well as the activity of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense reactions, in men with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) during treatment with α-lipoic acid. Twenty-four reproductive-age T1DM males with an unsatisfactory glycemic profile were examined. Twenty-eight practically healthy men of similar age were used as the control group. Spectrophotometric, fluorometric, and enzyme-linked immunoassay methods were used. T1DM was characterized by increased values of lipid metabolism components, including total cholesterol, triacylglycerides (TG), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL). In the lipid peroxidation system, increased levels of the primary products (conjugated dienes), secondary products (thiobarbituric acid reactants), and final products (Schiff bases) were observed in T1DM patients compared to the control group. Retinol values were also increased. After treatment, there was a decrease in TG, VLDL, and Schiff bases levels and an increase in the retinol level compared to before treatment. These results expand our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of T1DM and suggest that α-LA treatment may be beneficial for type 1 diabetics.

The epidemic situation of HIV infection in the world today remains extremely difficult. In recent years, the virus has been increasingly affecting the so-called prosperous segments of the population. This is confirmed by the increase in the percentage of heterosexual transmission. Thus, in 2019, almost 60% of HIV infections were associated with this type of transmission. The determination of possible differences in the course of the infection by gender has been of interest to researchers from the very beginning of the epidemic. Undoubtedly, there should be differences in the course of the disease in men and women, especially taking into account pregnancy and childbirth in women, and this is the subject of numerous studies in various countries. In the world medical literature, the clinical course of the disease is adequately covered. However, at present, little is known about lipid peroxidation and the activity of the antioxidant blood system in HIV patients, including pregnant women. This article presents a review of the current state of the problem and analyzes studies of free radical oxidation in HIV-infected people. This study was aimed at the analysis and discussion of data on free radical and antioxidant system activities in HIV-infected people, including pregnant women.

Rapidly developing information technologies bring to crucial changes in different areas of student life activities - learning, communications, leisure – and have an impact on individuals’ activities. Empirical research aims to identify connections of activity and ontological security in communications, knowledge, learning, experiences, reflection. The assumption, that activity in communications and activity in learning have closer links with ontological security than activity in other areas of life, is put forward as a hypothesis. Theoretical basis of the research creates A.A. Volochkov’s concept of activity of an individual (subject), N.V. Kopteva’s theoretical construct of ontological security. The research involves 97 students of medical college at the age of 17-21. The empirical research applied the following methods: methods of “Diagnostics of activity of students” DAS-2 (A.Yu. Popov, A.A. Volochkov); questionary of ontological security (OS-PM); method of ontological security built up on the principle of semantic differential (OS-SD) (N.V. Kopteva). As a result of empirical research, it was stated that broad-spectrum activity of students is implemented and developed in connection with one of the basic grounds of human – ontological security. Out of three model components of activity structure: need in interaction - volitional regulation of interactions - satisfaction with interactions, the first two components are stronger connected with ontological security that the third component. Out of the life spheres where the activity is found, activity in communication and activity in learning have closer connections with ontological security that any other areas of life.

The chapter analyzes the problems of the theory and methodology of the formation of methodological approaches to improving the efficiency of small innovative enterprises. It also concerns creating the necessary conditions for effective functioning, improvement of the state, and competitive recovery of enterprises. The research is related to the identification of peculiarities and regularities of the development of enterprises in innovative small business in the conditions of global competition. It deals with the assessment of their status and interactions with external organizations, the determination of the ways of improving the state and conditions of development, selection of directions for improvement.

The aim of the study. To evaluate of parameters of lipid peroxidation - antioxidant defense changes in women of fertile age with chronic viral hepatitis (CVH) and with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection, depending on the degree of inflammatory process activity in the liver. Materials and methods. 99 women of reproductive age were examined, of them 44 patients with chronic parenteral viral hepatitis, 27 patients with HIV co-infection (HIV + hepatitis B and/or C) and 28 practically healthy women (control group). Results. Patients with CVH in combination with HIV-infection with the presence of minimal and low degree of inflammatory activity in comparison with patients with CVH-monoinfection had a higher content of lipid peroxidation products (an increase in the content of diene conjugates and ketodienes and conjugated trienes), reduced values of total antioxidant activity, superoxide dismutase activity, as well as the concentration of fat-soluble vitamins α-tocopherol and retinol. In the group with CVH and HIV with moderate and high degree of activity, similar, but even more pronounced changes in the system of lipid peroxidation were observed. Conclusion. The presence of co-infection - CVH in combination with HIV infection with minimal and low, as well as moderate and high inflammatory activity, is characterized by more intensive lipid peroxidation processes and a pronounced lack of antioxidant factors than with CVH-monoinfection.

Formulation of the problem. Taking into account that agriculture is the branch closest to natural landscapes on the type of material-energy relations, the main task of agroecology is search of management forms (specialization) that would not exceed natural capacity of a specific territory. The best management of the nature use at the agro-landscape level can be implemented only in case of complete confidence in the land property, as well as in the presence of small areas from farmers that would correspond to the grassroots levels of the landscape structure. It is under this condition that the farmer can be taken care of with the support of the natural fertility of the land. In addition, the determined ownership of land (not lease) will force the peasant to form specialization in order to work as self-sustaining as possible. Under such conditions, the revival of domestic livestock, as a guarantee of the maintenance of natural fertility of soils is just a matter of time. The purpose of the article. To develop the concept of environmentally protective farming for the forest-steppe zone. Method s . Approbation of the theoretical foundations of the proposed Concept allowed to develop a harmonious methodology: at the first stage, numerous methods of environmental monitoring of various components in the agricultural landscape are used, such as methods of biological indication of pesticide residues in soils, instrumental and laboratory methods for evaluating environmental parameters, express estimation of environmental impacts on soils of separate branches of agriculture, GIS-modeling of agricultural typology and landscape - ecological planning; at the second stage, comprehensive methods on vermiculture study, ecological and biological technologies of agricultural crops cultivation have been developed, as well as biodynamic technologies in growing crops and methods of assessing the impact of food industry enterprises on the state of the environment. Results. The authors’ concept, adapted to the conditions of the UA forest-steppe area, consists of serial blocks of research: "Ecological monitoring of agro-landscape components "; "Ecological conversion of agro-landscapes"; "Landscape-ecological planning". The main goal of this Concept is not to focus on large agroholdings, but on farmer farmers. The experience of conducting an industrial typology of agriculture in the regions of the UA forest-steppe zone suggests that modern specialization is not only far from optimal in terms of compliance with natural conditions but also in many cases is devastating to soils. Therefore, the assessment of the environmental impact of each type of agriculture, first in the forest-steppe, and, subsequently, throughout the territory of Ukraine, can be analogous to the modern "electronic declaration" and will help develop a strategy for environmentally sound management of agriculture. The developed technological methods of ecological conversion (vermiculture, biodynamics, etc.) are adapted to the conditions of the forest-steppe of Ukraine, and will help owners of peasant and farm enterprises implement this strategy in practice.

The purpose of the study dealing with the mechanisms for managing the formation of the individual financial culture of university students is to identify the optimal pedagogical conditions that contribute to the development of financially literate behavior of students studying under education agreements as rational consumers of educational services. The work performed allowed concluding that the attitude of students to mastering the chosen educational program, their academic performance, as well as social and labor activity allows predicting the nature of their financial behavior as market actors in their future daily life. The majority of students do not tend to treat their training as an investment in their own human capital due to the predominance of paternalistic attitudes associated with the imposition of costs for education on older family members.

Importance: Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) is a well-established treatment of respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. Suboptimal weaning from nCPAP may be associated with lung injury, pulmonary morbidity, and infant weight gain. To our knowledge, the best weaning strategy from nCPAP is unknown.Objective: To compare the effect of sudden wean and pressure wean from nCPAP in very preterm infants.Design, Setting, and Participants: A randomized, clinical, open-label, multicenter trial was conducted at 6 neonatal intensive care units in Denmark from September 2012 to December 2016 and included infants born before 32 weeks of gestation.Interventions: Sudden wean with discontinuation of nCPAP without a prior reduction in pressure. Pressure wean with gradual pressure reduction prior to the discontinuation of nCPAP.Main Outcome and Measures: The primary outcome was weight gain velocity from randomization to postmenstrual age 40 weeks. Secondary outcomes included other measures of growth, nCPAP and the duration of oxygen supplementation, postmenstrual age at successful wean and at discharge, successful wean at the first attempt, the number of attempts to wean, and the length of the hospital stay. Prespecified subgroup analyses by gestational age were performed.Results: Of the 372 randomized infants, 185 (49.7%) were randomized to sudden wean and 187 infants (50.3%) to pressure wean. A total of 177 infants in both groups completed the trial (median gestational age for sudden and pressure wean, 30 weeks [interquartile range, 29-31]; male: sudden wean, 89 [50%]; pressure wean, 96 [54%]). There was no difference in mean [SD] weight gain velocity from randomization to 40 weeks postmenstrual age between the 2 groups (22 [6] g/kg/day). No difference was found in any of the secondary outcomes. More infants born before 28 weeks of gestation were successfully weaned from nCPAP during the first attempt in the pressure wean group compared with the sudden wean group (risk difference, 31%; 95% CI, 13%-50%), but there was no difference in the duration of nCPAP and oxygen supplementation.Conclusions and Relevance: Overall, we found no difference in weight gain velocity or any of the secondary outcomes between very preterm infants who were randomized to sudden wean or pressure wean from nCPAP. However, among infants born before 28 weeks' gestation, infants from the pressure wean group were more often successfully weaned during the first attempt without a longer total duration of nCPAP treatment.Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01721629.

Background An evaluation of oxidative stress and antioxidant defense activity parameters in patients with HIV-infection is of great importance, especially for HIV-positive women of reproductive age planning to have children. The aim of this study was to identify antioxidant deficiency and frequency of reproductive disorders correlation in women with HIV-infection. Methods 53 women with HIV infection (mean age - 31.13 ± 4.49 years) were included in the investigations. They were divided into four groups depending on vitamins in blood plasma content (36 women - α-tocopherol level less than 12 μmol/L (group 1); 17 women α-tocopherol level in the range 12-24 μmol/L (group 2); 35 women with retinol level less than 1.05 μmol/L (group 3) and 18 women – retinol level in the range 1.05-2.8 μmol/L (group 4). Spectrophotometric and fluorometric methods used. Results Our study proved that women with HIV and α-tocopherol deficiency have higher level of the reproductive system disorders (incidence of menstrual disorders (63%), infertility (36.1%), and a high percentage of failure of the luteal phase) than in the group with normal vitamin content. Increased levels of primary lipid peroxidation products - diene conjugates (1.8 ± 0.9 μmol/L in group 1 patients than those in group 2 (1.3 ± 0.7 μmol/L) (p=0.043), with the absence of significant differences in the content of the thiobarbituric acid reactants in this group were registered. Conclusion The results obtained showed a close correlation of α-tocopherol deficiency and disorders of the reproductive system in women with HIV-infection. It is a significant reason to recommend including of antioxidant drugs in HIV-women patients of complex pathogenetic therapy to regulate adequately their reproductive function and possibly to preserve reproductive ability in these women.