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Chronic emaciation reflects the severity and duration of the aetiologies associated with a disease condition. The primary aim of this investigation was to determine the trend and most significant causes of chronic emaciation and cachexia in off-take cattle in Ibadan metropolis and to evaluate the clinico-pathologic findings. The study was a prospective one. In this particular study, causative factors of chronic emaciation were examined. The purposive sampling technique was used for this study which was carried out at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, between September, 2019 and December, 2019. Samples were collected from 100 chronically emaciated off-take cattle of different breeds, sexes and ages, not less than two years old. The diagnostic protocol of complete physical examination and comprehensive laboratory investigations such as parasitology, haematology, serum chemistry and urinalysis amongst others, were followed as well. The study revealed six major groups of aetiologies of chronic emaciation and cachexia. The haematologic parameters of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophil and platelet count were statistically significant (p

Report on epizootic lymphangitis, a chronic contagious zoonosis of Equidae caused by Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum characterized clinically by pyogranulomatous multifocal dermatitis with lymphadenitis, is rare in donkeys. This case reports a 6-year-old, 200-kg local male donkey at the University of Ibadan zoological garden with wounds on its dorsum which developed into ulcerative lesions on the left cranial thoracic region. The lesions were also along the lymphatic drainage of the left infrascapular area down to the girth with extensive nodular lesions on the skin, characteristic focal ulcers and fenestrations along the left flank. The ulcers were recurrent with blockage of the left lymphatic drainage causing ventral edema of the sternum extending to the prepuce and the left forelimb. The wound was managed for about 1 year but remained persistent with episodes of apparent healing, scarification and recurrence. Tentative diagnosis of epizootic lymphangitis was made. Blood sample, pus swab and aspirated exudate were collected for confirmatory diagnosis using light microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect and amplify a fragment of the internal transcribed spacer-2 (ITS-2) gene. These techniques detected Histoplasma capsulatum var. farciminosum, which informed the use of appropriate therapeutic agents, providone iodine wash, and griseofulvin cream and tablets for 3 weeks to treat the disease condition.

Background and Aim: The current vaccination for peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is stalled by myriad challenges and continuous endemicity of pneumonia due to fulminant bacterial complication in goats. The present study evaluated the protective effect of intranasal PPRV linage 1 and bacterine vaccinations. Materials and Methods: Twelve West African Dwarf (WAD) goats aged 6 months were randomly grouped and vaccinated within 2 weeks using a combination of PPRV lineage 1 vaccine (Nig/75), and bacterin from Mannheimia haemolytica (Mh) or Pasteurella multocida intranasally. The goats were observed for 3 weeks post-vaccination before comingled with a known infected WAD goat with apparent clinical signs of peste des petits ruminants and further observed clinically for 5 weeks post-infection (PI). Blood samples were taken for hematology while sera were assayed for antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione transferase, and superoxide dismutase) activities and pro-oxidants (malondialdehyde content, reduced glutathione, hydrogen peroxide generation, and myeloperoxidase) using spectrophotometric methods. Data were subjected to parametric statistics at α=0.05 using GraphPad Prism version 21. Results: Clinically, there were pyrexia, oculonasal discharge, diarrhea, anemia, leukopenia, and increased pro-oxidants in the unvaccinated goats, while moderate neutrophilia and leukocytosis were observed in PPRV and bacterin vaccinated goats. Two unvaccinated goats were weak and euthanized at 13 and 28 days PI. The goats vaccinated with PPRV and Mh showed better response clinically and biochemically. Conclusion: The mucosal vaccination of goats with PPRV vaccine and bacterine will protect against exposure and culminate in the development of protective mucosal, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses. This vaccination strategy will provide framework needed in the prevention and control of endemic caprine pneumonia in Nigeria.

Inflammatory reactions in the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastroenteritis in bovine helminthosis. This study determined the serum concentrations of cytokines induced acute phase proteins (Serum Amyloid A (SAA), Haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP)) and the levels of immunoreactive interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-6) in cattle naturally infected with helminths. We sampled a total of 480 slaughtered cattle of both sexes in a major abattoir in Ibadan, Nigeria. Sedimentation, floatation and modified McMaster techniques were employed to determine the degrees of helminth infections. Animals with eggs per gram (epg) less than 200 were adjudged to be apparently healthy. The serum concentrations of interleukins and acute phase proteins were determined using the Technicon AutoAnalyzer Model AA II. It was found that mean SAA (μg/l) and CRP (%) levels were significantly (P 0.05). Therefore, some acute phase proteins are involved in the pathophysiology of bovine helminthosis and are closely related to the inflammatory activation of the disease. In lieu of these findings, it is suggested that systemic markers of inflammation can identify subjects at high risk of natural bovine helminthosis and that IL-6 and SAA may be used as indicators for bovine helminthosis.

Many organizations today are engrossed with many problems amounted from human interaction, interrelationship and interdependence among its members. The nature and environment of work largely determine the intensity and extensiveness of the interaction, interrelationship and interdependence of each person or group of persons within each of the organization. Conflict, is an important concept in adjustment because it makes threat or frustration inevitable precisely the action designed to satisfy one goal necessarily threaten or frustrate the other. Conflict may be problematic to the success of an organization but it could also be instrumental to, evoking a new culture that will be more enduring, give opportunity for cooperation, resource discovery, conducive working environment, and attainment of the corporate goals of the organization (Ayodele, 2002). There is no completely satisfactory solution to conflict as long as the individual remains committed to both goals. Since conflict is a universal problem, how it is handled is of the utmost importance. This study attempts to examine the dimension of conflict resolution in the contemporary world of work.

Gastric lesions, especially ulceration, cause significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. The study was designed to assess its prevalence, distribution and pattern in pigs in south-western Nigeria. Slaughter house surveys were conducted on three government-established abattoirs in Lagos, Ogun and Oyo states. Stomachs from 480 pigs were assessed for gross lesions, which were graded using a modification of a standard technique. Tissues from different regions of the stomach were routinely stained to assess histopathologic changes. Data were presented as frequency counts and analysed using analysis of variance and chi-square technique. Significance was determined at p ≤ 0.05. Gastric lesions were encountered across the four regions of the stomach with a point prevalence of 57.29%. The prevalence of lesions in the non-glandular region was 32.9%, with severe hyperkeratosis (13.13%) being most frequently observed (p < 0.05). Erosions were significantly higher in the cardia (8.54%) (p < 0.05), followed by fundus (8.33%). Gastric ulcers were significantly higher in the fundus (19.58%) (p < 0.05). Scars of healed ulcers and lacerations were also observed in the fundus (5.42%) (p < 0.05). The gastric lesion distribution across the four regions of the stomach and the occurrence of ulceration in the fundus showed an unusual pattern, which is rarely reported in other parts of the world. The reason for these findings in pigs in Nigeria is not fully understood; therefore, further studies are required to identify and manage these factors for increased productivity, improved animal welfare and enhanced food security.Keywords: prevalence; gastric; lesions; fundic ulcers; pigs