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Indigenous knowledge (IK), a key component of knowledge, is considered crucial in any country’s knowledge system. However, despite the importance of indigenous knowledge in promoting the knowledge ...

The residues of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in forty-eight (48) composite fruit and vegetable samples (carrot, cucumber, tomato, and watermelon) were qualitatively and quantitatively determined using gas chromatography equipped with electron capture detector (GC-ECD). Safety indices such as the estimated average daily intake (EADI), cancer benchmark concentration (CBC), hazard quotient (HQ) and index (HI), and hazard ratio (HR) were also estimated. Results showed the predominance of HCH and its isomers in the fruits and vegetables as compared with the DDTs. The most predominant HCHs in all the fruits was α-HCH with mean concentrations of 2.704 ± 2.488 mg kg-1 (carrot), 1.536 ± 1.036 mg kg-1 (cucumber), 6.814 ± 2.967 mg kg-1 (tomato), and 9.241 ± 2.735 mg kg-1 (watermelon). The analysis showed that the levels of pesticide residues detected in 25 to 100% of the fruit and vegetable samples were above the UK/European Commission Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs). The non-carcinogenic health risk estimates showed that only α-HCH in tomatoes and watermelon had HQ > 1 which indicates the possibility of systemic health risk in children consumers. The carcinogenic health risk showed that only α-HCH and γ-HCH in children and α-HCH in adults had HR > 1 for tomato and watermelon which implies the possibility of carcinogenic health risk from its consumption. It is therefore paramount to institute a policy and regulatory framework for regular monitoring of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables in Nigeria in order to ensure food safety for consumers and protect human health.

Background: The world is currently experiencing a healthcare crisis caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at the forefront of controlling the spread of the disease; this response has resulted in a huge number of infections amongst HCWs and unfortunately some casualties. Infection prevention and control practices (IPC) are practical, proven methods that prevent avoidable harm to patients and protect health workers from contagious infection. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of IPC practices utilized in COVID-19 testing drive through facility in Lagos Nigeria. Method: The facility recruited 42 HCWs who were trained on IPC and use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPEs). Training on donning and doffing of PPEs, preparation of decontaminants and sample handling were done for relevant personnel. A daily log for monitoring COVID-19 symptoms was deployed to all HCWs; to help early detection of COVID-19 infection and prevent transmission amongst staff. Results: Of 42 personnel, 92.8% had a tertiary level of education while 71.4% had at least 5 years work experience. A total of 5 (11.9%) out of 42 HCWs were positive by week six of the study. All infected persons worked at the drive through centre. Most common symptom filled in the daily log tool was headache and fatigue. Conclusion: Despite all the measures introduced, 11.9% of HCWs became positive within 6 weeks, showing the highly infectious nature of the virus and the need to research into more effective measures in preventing the transmission of highly infectious pathogens to HCWs during outbreaks.

Chemical characterization of Portland limestone cement products collected across the nine existing cement manufacturing plants in Nigeria was conducted using Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer (EDXRF) with the aim of determining conformity with global and local standards and investigating likely variation in quality resulting from differences in the sources of major raw materials, especially limestone used in production. The cement samples are composed essentially of CaO, SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O, K2O and SO3 while P2O5, MnO and TiO2 were present in trace amount. In addition to oxide compositions, the mineralogical components: Alite (C3S), Belite (C2S), Celite (C3A), and Ferrite (C4AF), and other cement quality control variables such as Lime Saturation Factor, Silica Modulus and Alumina Modulus of all the nine cement samples analyzed in this study are in agreement with the specifications for Portland limestone cement published by the Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON), the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the British Standards Institution (BSI). The nine cement products also have their compositions in close proportion indicating none of the products is superior in quality irrespective of manufacturer or production site, a common misconception in the Nigerian cement market.

We earlier reported the protective effect of Solanum dasyphyllum against cyanide neurotoxicity. In furtherance to this, we investigated the protective effect of S. dasyphyllum against rotenone, a chemical toxin that causes brain-related diseases. Mitochondria fraction obtained from the brain of male Wistar rats was incubated with various solvents (hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and methanol) extracts of S. dasyphyllum before rotenone exposure. Mitochondria respiratory enzymes (MRE) were evaluated along with markers of oxidative stress. The inhibition of MRE by rotenone was reversed by treatment with various fractions of S. dasyphyllum. The oxidative stress induced by rotenone was also reversed by fractions of S. dasyphyllum. In addition, the ethylacetate fraction of S. dasyphyllum was most potent against rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. In conclusion, S. dasyphyllum is rich in active phytochemicals that can prevent some neurotoxic effects of rotenone exposure. Further study can be done in an in vivo model to substantiate our results.

The objective of this study was to determine the biochemical and morphological changes in the liver and kidney as a result of the acute administration of tramadol and diazepam with classic soft drink Coca-Cola (Coke ). Method: Thirty-six (36) adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups: Group A-control (distilled water), Group B (Coke ), Group C (tramadol, 50 mg/kg), Group D (tramadol dissolved in Coke, 50 mg/kg), Group E (diazepam, 10 mg/kg) and Group F (diazepam dissolved in Coke 10 mg/kg). All administrations were done intraperitoneal. Twenty-four hours after administration, blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for evaluation of the liver (Aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and Alanine aminotransferase [ALT]), kidney (urea and creatinine [CREA]) function and the organs were excised and processed for histopathological examination. Result: A significantly increased in AST, creatinine and urea concentrations was observed in Tramadol and Coke Groups compared to control (P0.05), though it caused a significant increase in urea and CREA (P

BackgroundThis study investigated HLA Class I in Long Term Non-progressors (LTNPs) and plasma viral load in Sexually Transmitted and Reproductive Tract Infections (STIs/RTIs) associated with Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission among serodiscordant couples in Nigeria.MethodsA total of 271 serodiscordant and concordant couples (HIV positive and negative) were enrolled, blood samples were collected from the subjects by venipuncture. HLA class I (with specific primers), plasma viral load, CD4+ analysis was done. Endocervical/urethral swabs and early morning urine samples were collected by standard microbiological methods. These were screened by microscopy, culture, antibiogram, and biochemical tests with a view to identify aetiologic agents of co-infections with HIV.ResultsThe Participants age ranged from ≥ 21- < 50years. The index whose plasma viral loads were 10,001-100,000 copies/ml had STIs/RTIs 32(60.9% p=0.059). Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli (22.1%) were isolated from the index (HIV positive subject) while 14.5% of Staphylococcus aureus and 27.2% of E coli were isolated from their partners (HIV negative subject). Staphylococcus aureus and E coli are normal flora but because the patients are Immunocompromised as a result of positivity to HIV, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli in this context becomes opportunistic thereby, causing genital tract infections. Staphylococcus from the index showed more sensitivity to Amoxicillin/clavulanate (95.4%/90.4%) compared to the partners (55.1%/73.5%) and more resistant to Ceftazidime (81.4%) compared to the partners (68.9%). LTNPs were 28(8.51%) among the index. HLA-B alleles: B*5701 (9.2%), B*5703 (4.6%) and B*5801(12.5%) were identified for viral control at late stage of HIV infection while A*1 (4.6%), and C*0701 (29.1%) were protective alleles observed. HLA-B*0702 (33.3%), B*4201/A*2301(4.6%) respectively were susceptible alleles associated with seroconversion among LTNPs.ConclusionThe microorganisms isolated from the index were associated with high viral loads and are independent makers to HIV-1 transmission among serodiscordant couples. Individuals associated with HLA class I alleles identified among LTNPs were those significantly associated with resistance and susceptible to HIV-1 infections.

The first case of COVID-19 in Nigeria was recorded on February 27, 2020, being an imported case by an Italian expatriate, to the country. Since then, there has been steady increase in the number of cases. However, the number of cases in Nigeria is low in comparison to cases reported by other countries with similar large populations, despite the poor health system prevailing in the country. This has been mainly attributed to the low testing capacity in Nigeria among other factors. Therefore, there is a need for innovative ways to increase the number of persons testing for COVID-19. The aim of the study was to pilot a nasopharyngeal swab self-sample collection model that would help increase COVID-19 testing while ensuring minimal person-to-person contact being experienced at the testing center. 216 participants took part in this study which was carried out at the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research between June and July 2020. Amongst the 216 participants, 174 tested negatives for both self-collected samples and samples collected by Professionals, 30 tested positive for both arms, with discrepancies occurring in 6 samples where the self-collected samples were positive while the ones collected by the professionals were negative. The same occurred in another set of 6 samples with the self-collected samples being negative and the professional—collected sample coming out positive, with a sensitivity of 83.3% and a specificity of 96.7%. The results of the interrater analysis are Kappa = 0.800 (95% CI, 0.690 to 0.910) which implies an outstanding agreement between the two COVID-19 sampling methods. Furthermore, since p< 0.001 Kappa (k) coefficient is statistically different from zero, our findings have shown that self-collected samples can be reliable in the diagnosis of COVID-19.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been ravaging Nigeria and the world with increasing morbidity and mortality. Despite efforts by the Nigerian government implemented through the Nigerian Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) to reduce the scourge of the disease through public enlightenment and regular updates, the number of new cases and mortalities from COVID-19 are still increasing. Family physicians (FPs) who are the first contact of care for most patients accessing private and public health facilities in Nigeria have been working tirelessly to reduce the scourge of the pandemic in Nigeria. They continuously update themselves through regular webinars and online resources and guidelines provided by the Society of Family Physicians of Nigeria (SOFPON). Measures adopted by FPs across the country in the fight against the scourge include triaging patients as they present to the family medicine clinics; health education and enlightenment of the populace; and ensuring social distancing, regular handwashing and compulsory use of face mask by both physicians and patients during clinical consultations. Other measures include incorporating family-focused behavioural interventions in their practice, home-based care to reduce the number of persons visiting the hospital, telemedicine and Hospice and palliative care services to the elderly and terminally ill. In conclusion, FPs in Nigeria are helping to reduce the scourge of COVID-19 through patient education and innovative healthcare delivery that does not put patients at increased risk of the disease whilst promptly recognising potential COVID-19 patients and referring them for early diagnosis and treatment.

Background: Maternal complication and death has been implicated in unintended pregnancy. The indicator for measuring the risk of unintended pregnancy is unmet need for family planning (FP). It is necessary to explore the current situation of unmet need for child spacing (UNCS) as well as its influencing factors among countries that are experiencing high maternal mortality ratio. We aimed to unveil the prevalence of UNCS and its associated factors in Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone.Methods: We analysed the data from DHS phase VII survey, a cross- sectional study conducted from year 2017 to 2018 across several countries. Total records of 25,539, 5,553, and 10,050 were extracted for Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone respectively. Explored variables were UNCS, demographic characteristics and husband’s partners profile. Data was analysed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics, test of association (chi-square) and binary logistic regression were used during the data analysis (α0.05).Results: UNCS was high in Nigeria (15.9%), Liberia (22.5%) and Sierra Leone (21.9%). In Nigeria, Liberia and Sierra Leone, 40%, 37% and 49.1% were uneducated respectively. The proportion of married women were 89% in Nigeria, 32% in Liberia and 70.2% in Sierra Leone. Also, female headship of household (OR: 1.29, 95%CI: 1.09-1.54) was associated with UNCS relative to male headship of household.Conclusions: UNCS was high in the three countries. Factors like educational status of women, age, as well as women as head of the households should be given much attention in the efforts to reduce UNCS as identified in this study.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a highly transmissible viral infection has spread worldwide causing exponential increase in morbidity and mortality. But so far, there is limited information available to describe the presenting characteristics, outcomes and treatment modalities of COVID-19 patients in Nigeria. This study aimed to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics, underlying comorbidities, treatment modalities and outcomes of patients isolated and treated in a repurposed COVID-19 isolation and treatment centre in Abuja, Nigeria.A retrospective study which reviewed the medical records of 300 confirmed COVID-19 patients isolated and treated according to the World Health Organisation and Nigeria Centre for Disease Control guidelines between 22Out of 300 patients studied, 61.0% were male. The mean age of the participants was 38.2 ± 14.7. Less than half of the patients (40.3%) had one or more underlying comorbidities with hypertension the most common co-morbidity. Majority (62%) of patients were mildly symptomatic, 33% were asymptomatic while only 2% were severely symptomatic. The most common presenting symptoms include cough 34.0%, fever 30.3%, anosmia 28.7% and dysgeusia 22.7%. Older age (P0.001), tertiary education and the presence of underlying comorbidity (P0.001) were significantly associated with symptomatic presentation of COVID-19. The median duration of time between positive laboratory testing and presentation for treatment was 5 days (0-29). All patients were treated with a combination of Ivermectin, Azithromycin, Zinc and Vitamin C with no recorded death. The median length of stay at facility was 9 days.Close attention should be given to patients with co-morbidities as an inefficient management of such co-morbidities could lead to mortalities which may not be directly attributable to COVID-19.

This study examines the effect of board attributes (board size, board composition and CEO duality) on the extent of voluntary disclosure using data for 237 firm-year observations from 75 firms listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange from 2009 to 2012. The study constructs disclosure index score comprising 36 items. Using random-effects regression model, the result shows that CEO duality is negatively related to voluntary disclosure. This study also finds that board size and board composition do not have any significant relationship with voluntary disclosure. This study has implications for future researchers, regulators, and investors. Future researchers may find it interesting to examine board behaviour in order to understand the complexities of board operations as it affects their monitoring role. There is no evidence that the introduction of Corporate Governance Code by the Nigerian Securities and Exchange Commission has led to improvement in the voluntary disclosure made by listed companies. There is therefore the need for regulators to improve their enforcement and compliance mechanism at ensuring that listed companies comply with the disclosure requirements. It may also be appropriate that certain disclosures be made mandatory, since the management may not have the incentives to make such disclosures.

The profitability of a cement plant depends largely on the efficient operation of the blending stage, therefore, there is a need to control the process at the blending stage in order to maintain the chemical composition of the raw mix near or at the desired value with minimum variance despite variation in the raw material composition. In this work, neuro-fuzzy model is developed for a dynamic behaviour of the system to predict the total carbonate content in the raw mix at different clay feed rates. The data used for parameter estimation and model validation was obtained from one of the cement plants in Nigeria. The data was pre-processed to remove outliers and filtered using smoothening technique in order to reveal its dynamic nature. Autoregressive exogenous (ARX) model was developed for comparison purpose. ARX model gave high root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.408 and 4.0199 for training and validation respectively. Poor fit resulting from ARX model is an indication of nonlinear nature of the process. However, both visual and statistical analyses on neuro-fuzzy (ANFIS) model gave a far better result. RMSE of training and validation are 0.28167 and 0.7436 respectively, and the sum of square error (SSE) and R-square are 39.6692 and 0.9969 respectively. All these are an indication of good performance of ANFIS model. This model can be used for control design of the process.

The current study was carried out to investigate the in‐vitrobial examination of microflora of wheat obtained from different locations in Kano state, Nigeria. Five samples of wheat were cultivated on six different selective culture media. The growth of Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp, Penicillium spp., Rhizopus spp and Hydrocrella rhombospora was recorded in varied proportion. The variation in growth and the species of fungi recorded in this study serves as indices of selec􀆟vity and inhibitory or growth factors present in the culture media appropriated.

Date palm progress derived from 60 crosses replicated twice, subjected to analysis of variance using nested design for the purpose of estimating fulsibs, broad sense and narrow sense heritability’s, genetic advance and genetic advance as percentage mean for the eight fruit traits. Positive estimates were recorded for fulsibs heritability for the traits. Broad sense heritability for the traits was high. Narrow sense estimates were low and negative indicating that the estimates were not different from zero or they were very small. Heritability indicates the effectiveness with which selection of genotype can be based on phenotypic performance, though it does not provide any indication of the amount of genetic progress that will result from selecting the best individuals. The relatively high estimates obtained for broad sense and medium estimates for fulsibs heritability suggest that variation in these traits may be attributed to a high degree of additive gene action and selection for these traits would therefore be effective and thus shows that the traits are under strong genetic control. Broad sense heritability estimate for any one trait is useful when high genetic advance in that trait is feasible, because high heritability coupled with high genetic advance is the true index for effective selection. It was necessary that expected genetic advance be estimated to know what level of improvement can be expected from selection of each of the characters examined. Pollen source has strong influence on fruits and seed characters of date palm. Among the palms used for this study, male 1R12 GPIII; 6R3 GPIII and 1R7 NCRP performed better than the rest. Mass, recurrent and backcross selection are recommended for further breeding programs in development of date palms in Nigeria.

A wide range of minerals are found in the soil as natural occurring and purposely added elements as well as by adventitious contamination. These mineral elements can generally be classified as nutritionally essential major elements, nutritionally essential minor and trace elements, and those regarded as toxic with an essential/toxic duality. An investigation was carried out regarding the concentrations of some of these nutritionally essential elements in the soil samples from Akanu Ibiam Federal Polytechnic, Unwana, Nigeria. The results revealed the presence of some of these mineral elements studied in moderate concentrations in the locations sampled. The study also showed that the institution soil is of low fertility and therefore recommend the use of fertilizers to improve its fertility and hence increase crops yield. Keywords: Unwana soil, mineral elements, fertilizers, nutrient deficiency, agricultural yield.

The prevalence of heart diseases, such as coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure, increases with age. Optimal therapeutic interventions that antagonize aging may reduce the occurrence and mortality of adult heart diseases. We discuss here how molecular mechanisms mediating life span extension affect aging of the heart and its resistance to pathological insults. In particular, we review our recent findings obtained from transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of Sirt1, which demonstrated delayed aging and protection against oxidative stress in the heart. We propose that activation of known longevity mechanisms in the heart may represent a novel cardioprotection strategy against aging and certain types of cardiac stress, such as oxidative stress.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is increasing worldwide and a disproportionate burden of this increase is borne by developing economies. It is yet to be established whether dietary strategies and interventions which have been successful in the control of T2DM in Western nations will achieve the same effect in the African setting. We studied the effect of a formulated high caloric fibre diet on the glycemic and lipid profile of tablet treated type 2 Nigerian diabetics. We assigned 52 type 2 diabetics (26 men, 26 women) to either an intervention (35) or control group (17). Each subject in the intervention group consumed a diet providing at least 40g of fibre per day while subjects in the control group were fed a regular diet. The effect of both diets on glucose and lipid profile was then tested at 4 and 8 weeks. One way repeated measures analysis of variance for the follow up period showed a significant lowering of waist circumference p = 0.002, Fasting Blood Glucose, 2hr post prandial glucose, Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, and LDL-C (p = 0.000 in all cases) by the third visit in the intervention group. At the end of the third visit, the mean FBG decreased by 4.9 ± 2.7mmol/l 95% CI -5.8 to -3.9 in the intervention group and by 3 ± 2.8mmol/l 95% CI -4.5 to -1.5 in the control group p = 0.02. 23 (65.7%) intervention group subjects had attained FBG levels = 7.0 mmol/l by the third visit. None of the control subjects had their FBG lowered below 7.0 mmol/l by the third visit. Plasma glucose concentration 2hr after meal, plasma TC, TG and LDL-C decreased significantly more in th e intervention group than among those in the control group. By the second visit, all the patients in the control group had their Glibenclamide increased to10mg or their Chlorpropamide to between 375 and 500mg per day while 29 (82.9%) persons in the intervention group had their drugs increased in a similar fashion. By the third visit, 8(47.1%) control subjects had a further increase in the dose of their sulphonylurea while all but 2 (5.7%) patients in the subject group had achieved normoglycemia. Consumption of a high fibre diet provided mainly through soup thickeners and vegetables by newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients being treated with oral hypoglycaemic agents resulted in early attainment of normoglycaemi a and improved glycemic and lipid profile compared with a conventional diet. These findings underscore the need for our dietary guidelines to include specific recommendations on increased utilization of dietary fibre.

It is argued that large shareholders have enormous influence over their companies as their ability to monitor the executives can mitigate the agency problems. This paper examines how large shareholders are related to company performance after distinguishing domestic large shareholders from the foreign large shareholders. Using a panel of 58 companies listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange with 222 company-year observations from 2009 to 2012, firm-level fixed effects regression was used for analysis. We find evidence that domestic large shareholders are associated with better company performance while foreign large shareholders show a concave relationship with company performance with inflection point at 31.88%. The empirical result also shows that the joint presence of the both domestic large shareholders and foreign large shareholders in companies seems to make them pursue overall wealth maximization objective of the company. The result is consistent with the contention that concentrated ownership remains an effective corporate governance mechanism in an environment with weak investor protection rights. The study contributes to the corporate governance literature of the substitution effect of large shareholders for effective corporate governance practice. DOI: 10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n6p236

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major public health challenge especially in developing countries. This study was designed to determine the prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus type I (HTLV-I) among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic, in Ladoke Akintola University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, and South-Western Nigeria. One hundred and eighty two randomly selected pregnant women were screened for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV and HTLV-1 IgM antibodies using commercially available ELISA kit. Of the 182 blood samples of pregnant women screened whose age ranged from 15-49 years, 13 (7.1%), 5 (2.7%), 9 (4.9%), and 44 (24.2%) were positive for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV, and HTLV-1 IgM antibodies, respectively. The co-infection rate of 0.5% was obtained for HBV/HCV, HBV/HIV, HIV/HTLV-1, and HCV/HTLV-1 while 1.1% and 0% was recorded for HBV/HTLV-1 and HCV/HIV co-infections, respectively. Expected risk factors such as history of surgery, circumcision, tattooing and incision showed no significant association with any of the viral STIs (P > 0.05). This study shows that there is the need for a comprehensive screening of all pregnant women for HBsAg, anti-HCV, anti-HIV and HTLV-1 to prevent mother to child transmission of these viral infections and its attending consequences.

The revolutionary advances in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) are ushering in change in every aspect of life. Everything from business to governance is undergoing change. This report focuses on the deployment of Information Technology infrastructure in Ondo State, Nigeria as the nexus of the state e-Government programme with focus on (1) Central Base Station set up (2) Structured Local Area Network of Key Governmnet Offices (3) Fibre Optic Interconnectivity between central base station and governor’s office complex plus allied locations (4) Installation and configuration of servers in the main Data Center (5) Installation and configuration of servers in the Disaster Recovery Centre (6) Installation and Configuration of Secured Wireless Network for remote Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) (7) Installation and Configuration of State Surveillance System (8) Training of users, technicians and other personnel (9) Provision of second layer support services for users and first layer support-technicians, and; (10) Provision of hardware and infrastructure support services to content providers like Oracle Financials, the state Electronic Personnel Administration and Salary System (ePASS) and the state Automated Revenue-generation, Collection-administration and Accounting System (ARCAS).

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is a major cause of gynaecological morbidity globally. Complications from PID include infertility, ectopic pregnancy and chronic pelvic pain. Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a risk factor for the occurrence of PID.The aim of this study was to determine the association between SES of parents and the occurrence of PID among undergraduates attending Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua.The study was a hospital-based, descriptive cross-sectional study. Three hundred and sixty female undergraduates attending the hospital were consecutively recruited and clinically assessed for the presence of PID using the WHO and CDC MMWR 2010 criteria for the clinical assessment of PID. Their SES was determined by Oyedeji social class categorisation. Data were analysed using Epi Info 3.5.4. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the data, and Chi-square was used to test for association.There was a significant association between SES of parents and multiple sex partners (P0.02), previous sexually transmitted infection (STI) (P = 0.05), unprotected sex (P0.001), history of induced abortion (P0.001) and surgical termination of pregnancy (P0.01). There was also association between occurrence of PID among respondents and multiple sexual partners (P0.001), previous history of STI (P = 0.02), non-persistent use of condom (P0.001), history of induced abortion (P0.01) and surgical termination of pregnancy (P0.01). There was however no significant association between SES of parents and occurrence of PID (P = 0.14) though PID was highest among respondents from low SES.Occurrence of PID among undergraduates was not associated with their SES. However, identified risk factors for PID among study population such as multiple sex partners, previous STI, unprotected sex and history of induced abortion were associated with the SES.

Background: Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been proven to be the only effective treatment for HIV/AIDS worldwide. Good adherence to HAART might require good family support. Objective: To determine the family dynamics and social support of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and its roles on HAART adherence at an ARV treatment clinic in Osogbo, Nigeria Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study. Consenting PLWHA on HAART were interviewed using pre-tested semistructured questionnaire incorporating Perceived Social Support- Family Scale and Family APGAR. HAART adherence was measured using patient self report. Results: A total of 379 PLWHA were interviewed. Their mean age was 40.8 (SD=9.9) years. Most (60.7%) were females. More than half (55.7%) were currently married and the majority (72.1%) had secondary education and were Yoruba (86.3%). Most respondents (95.5%) were adherent to HAART. Over 90% were satisfied with support received from their family while 82.3% were treated like other family members. Most attributed their HAART adherence to the care and support received from their family. Conclusion: Most PLWHA had good social support and were adherent to HAART. Keywords: Family dynamics; HAART adherence; Nigeria African Health Sciences 2013; 13(4): 920 - 926

Rumour behaviour is an “instinctual behaviour” elicited in the workplace usually involving unverified information of uncertain origin that is transmitted by word of mouth. Examines the ways in which rumours spread and how organizations can stop them. To do so requires that practical sense be made be made of a potentially chaotic and complex set of factors which interact together to produce and elaborate rumours. With a better understanding of the nature of rumours and techniques of rumour rebuttal, organizations can prevent rumour build‐up among the staff.

Issues: Quality-management systems (QMS) are uncommon in clinical laboratories in Nigeria, and until recently, none of the nation’s 5 349 clinical laboratories have been able to attain the certifications necessary to begin the process of attaining international accreditation. Nigeria’s Human Virology Laboratory (HVL), however, began implementation of a QMS in 2006, and in 2008 it was determined that the laboratory conformed to the requirements of ISO 9001:2000 (now 2008), making it the first diagnostic laboratory to be certified in Nigeria. The HVL has now applied for the World Health Organization (WHO) accreditation preparedness scheme. The experience of the QMS implementation process and the lessons learned therein are shared here.Description: In 2005, two personnel from the HVL spent time studying quality systems in a certified clinical laboratory in Dakar, Senegal. Following this peer-to-peer technical assistance, several training sessions were undertaken by HVL staff, a baseline assessment was conducted, and processes were established. The HVL has monitored its quality indicators and conducted internal and external audits; these analyses (from 2007 to 2009) are presented herein.Lessons learned: Although there was improvement in the pre-analytical and analytical indicators analysed and although data-entry errors decreased in the post-analytical process, the delay in returning laboratory test results increased significantly. There were several factors identified as causes for this delay and all of these have now been addressed except for an identified need for automation of some high-volume assays (currently being negotiated). Internal and external audits showed a trend of increasing non-conformities which could be the result of personnel simply becoming lax over time. Application for laboratory accreditation, however, could provide the renewed vigour needed to correct these non-conformities.Recommendation: This experience shows that sustainability of the QMS at present is a cause for concern. However, the tiered system of accreditation being developed by WHO–Afro may act as a driving force to preserve the spirit of continual improvement.

Heterotopic pregnancy (HP) is the co-existence of intrauterine and ectopic pregnancies; it is said to be rare. We report the case of a 22 year old woman with HP after unsuccessful attempts at abortion. This report illustrates the treatment difficulties encountered in a delayed presentation and the nature HP is assuming in rural practice. It also highlights the role of family physicians in reducing maternal mortality in resource-limited settings.

The study was carried out in order to provide local reference values of basal metabolic rate (BMR) by determining the BMR of healthy young adult males in Lagos and that of their female counterparts. A total of 80 students from the College of Medicine of the University of Lagos were studied. There were forty (40) males and forty (40) females. All the subjects fasted for at least 12 hours before determining the Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) from the rate of oxygen consumption by the subjects. Results obtained from the study showed that males had significantly higher BMR mean value of 52.36 ± 4.13 Kcal/hr as compared to the mean value of the females which was 36.28 ± 2.96Kcal/hr (P < 0.002). We conclude by presenting reference values of BMR young adults in Lagos: The young adult male has a BMR of 52.36 ± 4.13 Kcal/hr while that of this female counterpart is 36.28 ± 2.96Kcal/hr. Key words: Basal metabolic rate, Oxygen consumption, Nigeria, Energy expenditure. [Nig. Jnl Health & Biomedical Sciences Vol.1(2) 2002: 121-123]

Background : Family medicine is a young academic discipline in Nigeria. This study set out to determine the information needs and seeking behaviour of family physicians, sources used to meet the needs, the roles of public libraries and medical librarians in meeting the needs. Method : A structured, self administered questionnaire which had been previously pre tested and validated were distributed to all the 125 family physicians at the 25th year anniversary of the Faculty of Family Medicine in Nigeria. Result : A total of 94 out of 125 questionnaires were completed and analyzed for the study. Among the respondents, sixty (63.8%) are specialist family physicians. Fifty seven (60.6%) worked with the government specialist teaching hospitals while 17(18.1%) worked with the private hospitals. The information needs were: new developments in area of specialization (87.3%); drug information (74.2%); government regulations on health care (70.2%); and routine patient care (65.9%). The information sources frequently used were: Medical textbooks (85.0%); consultation with colleagues (85.0%); internet medical databases (80.9%) and journals (75.4%). Only 29.8% of the respondents were satisfied with the library services provided to meet their information needs. Conclusion : Family physicians in Nigeria, like their colleagues in other parts of the world, have their peculiar information needs and seeking behavior. Medical librarians as information managers needs to rise up to the challenges of meeting the information needs of these front line doctors in the overall interest of the community and the nation at large.