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This paper traces the possibility of East Asian integration through comparison with the early stage of European integration on three different levels: ideas, national interests, and international circumstance. Judging from the European experience, ideas always come first, then national interest contests, and eventually the international circumstance conditions the context. I compare the multilateral approach in Europe with the imperial hegemony competition in East Asia, Adenauer’s regionalization policy in Europe with the Yoshida line of Westernization detouring from Asia, and the US and Russia’s different roles in the two regions as external forces constraining the international order. My conclusion for the future of East Asia is located somewhere between views of procedural divergence and fundamental skepticism. I worry about integration for the sake of integration in which regional integration is presupposed as inherently good. Such discourse will easily be deteriorated and such a blind community simply collapses when circumstances change. For these reasons, there needs to be an adequate discussion regarding for what, by whom, and through which method integration is achieved.

This research outlines a new method for evaluation of shellfish production in Gamak Bay based on the concept of EMERGY. Better understanding of those environmental factors influencing oyster production and the management of oyster stocks requires the ability to assess the real value of environmental sources such as solar energy, river, tide, wave, wind, and other physical mechanisms. In this research, EMERGY flows from environment sources were 76% for shellfish aquaculture in Gamak Bay. EMERGY yield ratio, Environmental Loading Ratio, and Sustainability Index were 4.26, 0.31 and 13.89, respectively. Using the Emergy evaluation data, the predicted maximum shellfish aquaculture production in Gamak Bay and the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, U.S.) designated area in Gamak Bay were 10,845 ton/y and 7,548 ton/yr, respectively. Since the predicted shellfish production was approximately 1.3 times more than produced shellfish production in 2005, the carrying capacity of Gamak Bay is estimated to be 1.3 times more than the present oyster production.

The objective of this research is to apply more scientific, quantitative methods and procedures of environmental investigation to the development of the natural environment and the improvement of the human environment during the establishment of a sewage treatment plant and special facilities using environmental accounting. This research was performed to develop a method of strategic environmental assessment on the operation of sewage treatment plant and reuse of shellfish seeding areas through the use of environmental accounting based on EMERGY evaluation. The result was applied to marine environment policy in order to evaluate the real wealth of the regional environment and economy for both the present phase and the proposed developed phase. Using results from the comparison of EMERGY indices between the present situation and future scenarios, cost benefit analysis was performed for three different scenarios: (I) construction of a new sewage treatment plant, (2) relocation and recovery of the shellfish seeding area, and (3) relocation and re-seeding of shellfish area and construction of a new sewage treatment plant. Cost-benefit ratios of the three scenarios are 1.88, 0.94, and 1.38, respectively.

As forest land takes up 65% of the Korean peninsula, there have been continuing conflicts between the development and conservation of forest land. As the income level has changed over time, the usage of forest land in society has changed. There has been increasing demands for forest land for urban development and recreational use. On the other hand, a large proportion of the land is required to be preserved for the forest and the natural ecosystem in it. The existing management system for the forest land has been designed focusing on the management of the trees on the land, and not the land itself. Due to this limitation, the current management system of forest land has failed to protect the forest land from being developed indiscreetly, making it difficult to conserve and develop the forest land in an efficient way. A major question in forest land management is how to integrate economic use activities with the supporting ecosystems to maximize performance of the ecological-economic system. In order to promote sustainable use of forest resources, and to achieve efficient forest land management, it is prerequisite to evaluation on forest resources of natural ecosystems. Quantitative measures are needed that signify how necessary the services and products of forested ecosystems are to human endeavors. In this study, the natural wealth provided by forest land was quantified based on emergy synthesis. Emergy is a universal measure of real wealth of the work of nature and society made on a common basis. Thus, Calculations of emergy provide a basis for making choices about environment and economy following the general public policy to maximize real wealth. The goals of forest land management to achieve balance between the ecology and economy of its integrated system and to foster equity among the diverse outcomes of the forest land were assessed with emergy. Emergy was demonstrated to holistically integrated and quantify the interconnections of a coupled nature-human system allowing the goals of ecological balance and outcome equity to be measured quantitatively. Doing so will provide a better understanding of the basis of forest land wealth and the consequences of management decisions.

In this paper, we presents a fuzzy concept based histogram equalization approach. We use Kaufmann's metric of fuzziness concept for histogram equalization. The principal idea of this article is to utilize and evaluate degree of fuzziness. The presented histogram equalization approach is processed to Y component of YUV color space, which is transformed information from RGB image. The improved Y channel information is merged with color information signals I and Q, and re-transformed to generated RGB image. The subjective performance comparison is provided in simulation results section.

We designed and fabricated a compact multi-mode interference (MMI) wavelength demultiplexer using the concept of `Improved Quasi-State` modes. The output power and extinction ratio were improved by utilizing modal phase error which is specially occurred in low-index contrast. For a designed demultiplexer, the mode propagation analysis with effective index approximation shows significant improvement of extinction ratio to -25 dB for both wavelength region and the split-length was reduced about 1/5 of other MMI devices. The fabricated device shows successful characteristics for both 1.31 and wavelengths. These results demonstrate the potential of low-index materials system and the embossing process for photonic integrated circuits.會ĀĀﶖ⨀⁄鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ僎ﶖ⨀顅鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ꣎ﶖ⨀ႎ鶴Ā᐀會Ā᐀Iﶖ⨀䂔鶴Ā᐀會Ā᐀壏ﶖ⨀⡢鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ냏ﶖ⨀쁢鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀ࣐ﶖ⨀遉鶴Ā會Ā惐ﶖ⨀큼鶴Ā搀會Ā搀룐ﶖ⨀お鶴Ā저會Ā저ბﶖ⨀졊鶴Āࠀ會Āࠀ棑ﶖ⨀桋鶴Ā저會Ā저샑ﶖ⨀ࡌ鶴ĀĀĀ會ĀĀᣒﶖ⨀針돐邰ﶖ⨀���⨀���⨀ﶖ⨀䄄돐თﶖ⨀쁖잖⨀ᣗﶖ⨀ᤄ덐Uﶖ⨀᠄紀棜ﶖ⨀

Received April 27, 2011 Revised June 27, 2011 Accepted July 1, 2011 Address for correspondence Byung Chul Park, MD Department of OtolayngologyHead and Neck Surgery, Kwangju Christian Hospital, 37 Yangnim-ro, Nam-gu, Gwangju 503-715, Korea Tel +82-62-650-5095 Fax +82-62-650-5090 E-mail 19961416@hanmail.net Background and ObjectivesZZThe study aimed to evaluate the long term efficacy of microdebrider assisted inferior turbinoplasty (MAIT) compared to coblation assisted inferior turbinoplasty (CAIT) for hypertrophic inferior turbinates. Subjects and MethodZZFrom January 2008 to December 2008 inclusively, 96 patients with persistent hypertrophic inferior turbinates mucosa refractory to medical therapy were enrolled into this study. All patients were suffering from nasal obstruction and related symptoms. Overall, 56 patients were treated with microdebrider assisted inferior turbinoplasty (MAIT group) and 40 patients were treated with coblation assisted inferior turbinoplasty (CAIT group). Postoperative changes in degree of nasal obstruction, sneezing, rhinorrhea, minimal cross sectional area (MCA), and nasal volume from the nostril to 7 cm posteriorly (V7), operation time, duration of crust formation, intraoperative bleeding and delayed bleeding were compared between the two surgical methods prospectively in the 1st and 6 months, and in the 1st and 2nd years after the procedure. Also patient’s satisfaction with procedure was evaluated. ResultsZZThe nasal obstruction and related nasal symptoms improved significantly in MAIT group and persisted within the periods of 2 years after surgery, while in CAIT group the significant improvements took place in the 1st and 6th months after surgery but no significant improvements from 1 to 2 years after were noted. Nasal patency (MCA and V7) also showed more improvement and persistence in MAIT group than CAIT group. There were no significant differences in operation time and intraoperative bleeding and delayed bleeding but the duration of crust formation was significantly shorter in MAIT group. And patient satisfaction in the MAIT group was higher than that in the CAIT group. ConclusionZZFrom the analysis of this study, it can be said that MAIT is more effective and satisfactory for the long term relief of nasal obstruction, related nasal symptoms and reduction of hypertrophic inferior turbinate mucosa than CAIT. Korean J Otorhinolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 2011;54:532-8

We have developed roll printing process for low cost TFT LCD fabrication. Pattern position accuracy which is the most important issue for successful printing process could be improved by remodeling the blanket structure and the physical property of PDMS. Through improving printing pattern accuracy, we were able to print all layers of TFT and CF on substrates and a 15 inch XGA TFT LCD panel adopting TN mode was successfully fabricated.

Recently, breakthrough technology for the low cost process in TFT-LCD and new process development for integrating it with flexible display fabrication has been studied importantly. As a way of achieving this goal, we have investigated roll printing process with etch-resist material as non-photolithographic patterning technique. We characterized the properties of patterns formed with roll printing process, derived the design concepts, and found the best way to fabricate the panel by this process. Thus, we were made the prototype of 15″ XGA TFT-LCD panel by using all printing processes.