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Recent advancements in technology, design and manufacture of equipment for small power generating sets have facilitated harnessing the resources of small hydro potential in India. Large number of firms are now manufacturing standard turbo-generating units to suit different head, discharge and other parameter requirements. Cavitation in water systems is due to the formation of cavitation bubbles, which results from local pressure falling below the vapour pressure of the flowing water. Cavitation occurs in areas of accelerated flow such as the gap between turbine blade tips and the turbine housing or on the suction side of runner blades. Cavitation can also occur in the gap between the blade roots and hub and in the hub vortex behind the turbine runner. In hydraulic machines, efficiency is reduced considerably due to cavitation and this alters the flow pattern. Loss of energy is caused due to vibration and noise. Pitting of the surface causes loss of material. In hydraulic turbines, the power output is reduced due to cavitation, since the force exerted by water on the turbine blades decreases.

In the traditional mobile ad hoc network (MANET) systems route rediscovery approaches; there exists route failure in all route discovery methods resulting in information loss and communication overheads. Thus, the routing must be completed inaccordance with mobility persona of the community. On this manuscript, an Improved Lion optimization algorithm (ILOA)-centered lifetime prediction algorithm for route healing in MANET has been proposed. This manner predicts the lifetime of link and node within the to be had bandwidth headquartered on the parameters like relative mobility of nodes and power drainfee, and so on. Utilizing predictions, the parameters are fuzzified and fuzzy ideas were shaped to select the nodefame. This expertise is made to alternate among the entire nodes. Accordingly, the repute of every node is verified earlier than knowledge transmission. Even for a weak node, the efficiency of a route recuperation mechanism is made in this type of means that corresponding routes are diverted to the robust nodes. With the aid of the simulated results, the minimization of information loss and communication overhead making use of ILOA prediction has been mentioned in element.

This paper describes how laser welding is increasingly applied in the automotive industry in order to assemble sheet structures because of its efficiency and reliability. However, the numerous material and gauge combinations pose a major challenge in characterizing and understanding the crash behavior of the welded joints. Body-in-white (BIW) structures normally have numerous laser welded joints along with other kinds of joints like adhesive bonding, spot welds etc. Owing to limitations in computing time, the structures with all these kinds of joints have to be modeled with coarse finite element meshes. Simplified or substitute joint models with just one or few elements but with correct representation of geometry and stiffness of the joint are largely desired in practice. This paper discusses such modeling techniques, including element selection, choice of material models for the weld etc. The type and dimension of the weld model is fixed and validated on experimental crash test results. An empirical relationship is then developed which covers the numerous physical effects like sheet thickness, static and dynamic strength and failure behavior of the joint. A general description of the model and some recommendations for application of the model where coarse meshes are involved for both welds and flanges are given as well.