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Drug preparations, a substance or a mixture of substances of synthetic or natural origin, are used for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various diseases. Along with the benefits, drug prepararions can also have adverse side effects, identifying the causes of which is quite problematic in the practice of a dentist because of the diversity of the clinical picture. The rational use and optimal choice of a drug among a wide range of drugs depend on the profile of its effectiveness and safety, drug interaction, individual characteristics of the patient (genetic polymorphism), and other concomitant diseases. Nowadays, the practice of a dentist is impossible to imagine without the use of drugs. Drug preparations allow doctors providing quality medical care that meets international standards, but do not forget that when prescribing a drug is extremely important to consider how rationally and necessary to use it to achieve a positive result in treatment. Therefore, the study of the prevention of the development of unwanted adverse reactions of drugs in dentistry is an important topic that requires close attention. Based on the analysis of the literature on the RSCI, Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine databases, the most commonly prescribed groups of drugs in dentistry were found to be as follows: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), topically anesthetizing, antimicrobial, antiseptic, and drugs. The aim of the study: On the basis of the analysis of modern information about undesirable reactions of drugs, often used in dentistry, to optimize approaches to rational use and prevention of undesirable side effects.

Introduction. When using personal protective equipment for respiratory organs of an insulating type in case of depletion of a regenerative cartridge, hypoxic-hypercapnic changes in the gas composition of the body occur, which have a negative effect on the tolerance of personal protective equipment for respiratory organs. The combination of additional respiratory resistance with hypoxia and hypercapnia further worsens the tolerance of respiratory protective equipment. The purpose of this study was to study the tolerance of personal respiratory protection when changing the gas composition of the alveolar air. Material and methods. The study was conducted on healthy subjects of both sexes (78 people), aged 20 to 36 years. To simulate the conditions for the use of personal respiratory protective equipment, inspiratory resistive respiratory loads of 20% of the maximum intraoral pressure were used during the Mueller test. The tolerance of respiratory protective equipment was evaluated using the Borg visual analog scale of dyspnea, which reflected the level of subjective discomfort occurring due to additional respiratory resistance is turned on. The methodology for changing the gas composition of the alveolar air in the subjects consisted of using a system that allowed adding oxygen from the line to the closed spirograph circuit and turning the carbon dioxide adsorber on and off. Results. The tolerance of personal respiratory protection is associated with the nature of the gas composition of the alveolar air. A minimum of subjective discomfort was observed in the presence of hyperoxic-hypocapnic composition of the pulmonary air; on the contrary, an increase in subjective discomfort on the Borg scale was observed with a reduced oxygen content and an increased concentration of carbon dioxide. The use of personal respiratory protective equipment against the background of hypoxia-hypercapnia negatively changes the functional state of the body: there was observed an increase in physiological expenditures by leading effectors. Normalization of the gas composition of the body under the use of personal respiratory protection did not lead to complete optimization of the functional state of the subjects. Conclusion. Hypoxia and hypercapnia arising from the depletion of regenerative cartridges of the respiratory protective equipment of an insulating type leads to a significant deterioration in the tolerance to additional respiratory resistance. The alleged mechanism of this phenomenon should be considered as an increase in fatigue of the respiratory muscles.

Introduction. The document analyzes the current state of issues of medical exposure of the population using methods of radiation diagnostics. Purpose of research is thr development of approaches to optimization of radiation doses to patients, taking into account radio-succeptibility and radioresistance of different age groups exposed to medical irradiation (MI), forming radiation doses and risks of induction of long-term stochastic effects in these groups. Material and methods. Analysis of factors affecting the formation of dose load approaches to the study of x-ray diagnostics at the present stage. Results. The paper gives a detailed review of modern scientific views on the effect of low doses of radiation, identifies controversial aspects of this problem, including the threshold of stochastic effects. The analysis of the main factors of MI dose formation is carried out. It is concluded that it is formed mainly in the field of diagnostic irradiation, while the restriction (1 mSv) applies only to preventive irradiation. This leads to a lack of systematic approaches to the reasonable limitation, optimization, and justification of diagnostic radiation procedures. The significant part of the dose load was shown to be formed due to unreasonable or erroneous directions to the study. Medical exposure is significantly different from other types - man-made and natural, and the risk of medical exposure competes with the risk of failure of radiation diagnostics. A number of measures aimed at reasonable limitation of medical exposure and reduction of risks of stochastic effects while ensuring high quality of diagnostics are proposed. The proposals are based on the provision to reduce radiogenic risks with increasing age. It is also proposed to develop “practical thresholds” of medical exposure for different age groups. Conclusion. The necessity of correction and approaches detailing on justification and purpose of studies in x-ray diagnostics, taking into account features of irradiated contingents, development on this basis of “practical thresholds” of MI at a priority of quality of clinical diagnostics is established.

Aim of the study. To evaluate the effect of professional teeth whitening on the level of oral hygiene. Material and methods. A randomized controlled, prospective clinical trial was conducted in 2 groups of 30 people, in each. In group 1, professional oral hygiene and professional teeth whitening were performed using 25% hydrogen peroxide. In group 2, only professional oral hygiene was performed. Evaluated the dynamics of the hygienic index of Quigley-Hein in the modification of S. Turesky, 2 weeks, 1 month and 6 months after the procedure. Results. 6 months after the start of the study in group 1, the average value of the Quigley-Heine index in the modification of S. Turesky was significantly lower than before the at start of the study (1.24 ± 0.11 and 2.34 ± 0.14 respectively). In group 2, the index value after 6 months exceeded 2.0 and almost returned to the initial level (2.05 ± 0.06 and 2.44 ± 0.08, respectively). During the entire observation period in patients underwent professional teeth whitening, the level of oral hygiene was significantly higher than in the control group. Conclusion. Professional teeth whitening has a positive effect on the level of oral hygiene and is a significant motivating factor in maintaining oral health.

Introduction. The most of dental practitioners have some doubts about teeth bleaching safety in patients with teeth abfractions and gingival recession. Aim. Assessment of professional oral debridement and teeth bleaching safety in patients with teeth abfractions and gingival recession. Material and methods. Randomized controlled trial was done in two groups of 30 patients with teeth abfractions and gingival recession. In group 1 oral debridement and professional dental bleaching were performed. Abfractions and recessions were isolated with a liquid dam. In group 2 oral debridement was made. The vertical size of recession, Tooth Wear Index and Schiff air sensitivity index were evaluated. Results. After 12 months the enlargement of wedge defects was pronounced in 5 teeth in group 1 and in 7 teeth in group 2. The enlargement of the gingival recession was marked in 6 teeth in group 1 and in 8 teeth in group 2. No statistical difference between groups was seen. In group 1 after teeth bleaching the sensitivity was present in 240 teeth (40%), after 14 days amount of teeth with sensitivity reduced to 110 (18.3%). In group 2 after oral debridement, the sensitivity was present in 250 teeth (41.7%), after 14 days amount of teeth with sensitivity reduced to 239 (39.8%). Conclusion. The teeth bleaching has no effect on dental abfractions and gingival recession.

Introduction. A high level of tobacco use among medical workers is registered in Russia. The adherence to this bad habit can undermine the medical professionals’ authority and reduce the effectiveness of the preventive work with the population. The goal of this research was to determine the smoking prevalence among medical students, their level of awareness of health risks, and attitudes of smokers to this bad habit. Material and methods. The survey concerning the prevalence and attitudes towards smoking was conducted among the students of the medical faculty of the Sechenov University. Students were asked about biographical data, health status at the time of the survey, attitudes towards healthy lifestyles and smoking, the respondents’ awareness of the detriment of tobacco smoking, attitudes to the anti-smoking campaign. A separate block of questions was addressed to smokers (smoking experience, smoking intensity, reasons for initiation). Results. Of the 531 respondents, 18.0% were smokers at the time of the survey, 9.4% were former smokers, 72.5% never smoked. 59.6% of smokers had low smoking intensity. 3.2% of smokers had high smoking intensity. Smoking experience in both sex groups averaged 4.56 years. The main reasons for students’ initiation to smoking were curiosity (27.8%), the influence of the closest active smoking environment (21.5%), as well as existing problems in the family and the educational process (16.7%). Most of the students were informed about the negative effects of smoking and 82.7% of current smokers planned to give up smoking. 94% of smokers believed they to need professional help to stop smoking. Discussion. The prevalence of smoking among students at Sechenov University is comparable to the data of the Global Survey of Medical Students. Conclusions. Smoking is still common among medical students. The training of future health care workers in knowledge and skills to stop smoking should be carried out within an additional curriculum in a medical university.

Introduction. The article discusses the results of a general analysis of information on the radiation-hygienic passports of Moscow in the period from 2013 to 2016, providing objective and accessible information about the characteristics of all sources of ionizing radiation (man-made, medical, natural) and the resulting radiation doses for the population Moscow. Material and methods. A qualitative and quantitative assessment of doses for the population from natural sources, medical exposure of patients during X-ray examinations was carried out, the objects of Moscow using sources were studied. Results. The number of sources in Moscow has been established to be indicated inaccurately, as a result of which unaccounted sources are identified during control and supervisory measures. The leading role in the structure of collective doses of radiation to the population of Moscow according to the data of 2016 was shown to come from natural sources and medical research as much as 81.5 and 18.3%, respectively. A continuous increase in the dose from computed tomography and its significant contribution to the collective dose from medical exposure of Moscow residents was noted. In 2016, its contribution amounted to 59.9%. Discussion. To determine the qualitative and quantitative assessment of the doses to the population of Moscow from all sources, the radiation hygienic passports of the city of Moscow were studied from 2013 to 2016. Conclusions. On the basis of the study conducted to assess the doses of radiation to the population of Moscow, an underestimation of the effective doses of patients during medical research was established. There is a continuous increase in the dose from computed tomography, its significant contribution to the collective dose from medical exposure of the population of Moscow. In order to update the radiation hygienic passport of Moscow, it is necessary to achieve the presentation of complete information by objects using sources, as well as the relevance of legal acts, taking measures to prevent an unreasonable increase in doses of medical exposure to residents of Moscow while actively introducing highly informative diagnostic methods in medicine.

Purpose. The identification and hygienic assessment of main sources of natural exposure of the population of the city of Moscow. Ranking areas of the territory of the city according to the potential radon hazard. The elaboration of criteria for the radon hazard of the territory. Material and Methods. There are provided data of the radiation control of the territory of the city (g-spectrometry, the determination of the activity of natural radioactive substances, including samples of the soil and in lithological layers, the density of radon flux (DRF) from the soil), surveys of residential and public buildings for different purposes according to the content of the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon (EEVAR). Results. There is presented the analysis of materials concerning the evaluation of results of radiation control (the of 226Ra activity in different types of soils, the levels of the DRF from the soil, the concentration of radon in newly constructed and operated buildings, various premises) in administrative districts of Moscow. There was executed the comparison of the spatial distribution of the fields of DRF and EEVAR values in basements and premises of buildings exceeding 200 Bq/m3. There was performed the analysis of criteria of radon-dangerous of areas. Conclusion. There were substantiated criteria and zones of the aggravated radon danger within the city according to following indices: 226Ra content in soils, DRF on soil surfaces, EEVAR in premises, annual dose of the radiation. Performed long-term studies allowed to rank the territory of Moscow into various zones of the radon danger and allocate most dangerous areas (South-Eastern Administrative District, South Administrative District, South-Western Administrative District). There was obtained a map of the interrelationship of the spatial distribution of anomalous DRFs from the soil surface and elevated EEVA values in premises. Ranging of areas for the radon danger permits to significantly optimize the system of radiation control and measures for radiation protection of the population.

The purpose of the work was to study reactions of the immune system with the use of additional respiratory resistance arising from the use of personal respiratory protection. The inspiratory resistance to respiration of 20, 40 and 60% Pmmax was used. The study involved 26 male and female cases at the average age of 21,22,23 years. Based on the results of the study the short-term (3 minutes) effect of inspiratory resistive loads was shown to have a pronounced effect on the population and subpopulation composition of blood lymphocytes, practically without changing the level of secreted immunoglobulins. Different values of additional resistance to respiration were noted to statistically significantly change the level of biogenic amines: the concentration of epinephrine and norepinephrine with elevating values of resistive loads progressively increased; the serotonin concentration shows the opposite dynamics. The work demonstrates the additional respiratory resistance of 20% Pmmax fail to change the immunological status of the subjects. The resistive respiratory load of 40% Pmmax caused immunosuppressive changes in the population composition of lymphocytes and indices of nonspecific immunological resistance. An additional respiratory resistance of 60% Pmmax induced an immunostimulatory effect in the change in the population composition of lymphocytes and in indices of nonspecific immunological resistance. Based on the data obtained, a suggestion has been made that in designing individual respiratory protection devices it is advisable to limit the value of additional inspiratory resistance to respiration of 20% Pmmax.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the duration of training on the use of personal respiratory protective equipment on indices of pulmonary gas exchange. Simulation of conditions for the use of personal respiratory protective equipment was carried out at the inspiratory resistance of 40, 60, 70 and 80% Pmmax. The study included 38 healthy male subjects aged 20 to 36 years. According to the results of the study, under the use of personal protective equipment for the respiratory system, preliminary training was shown to be essential. In the subjects without preliminary training, the use of personal protective equipment was followed by a weak change in the nature of the respiratory pattern. After the preliminary training subjects had an adaptive rearrangement of the respiratory pattern, consisted of the decline in breathing movements as the respiratory resistance increased. Preliminary training to the exposure of additional resistance to breathing, altered pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base state of blood. The trained subjects had higher pCO2 blood values and lower values of pO2. They showed a greater deficit of buffer bases of plasma compared to untrained ones. This fact testified the preliminary training for the use of personal respiratory protective equipment (long-term adaptation) changed the gas composition and acid-base state of the blood to be a more economical mode of the discharge of buffer systems. On the basis of the data obtained, the preliminary training for increased respiratory resistance was suggested to be advisable before the using personal respiratory protective equipment.

Theoretical and experimental investigations were made of the influence of temperature and mechanical stresses on the coupling between coaxial waveguides. The condition of equality of the propagation constants of the waveguides was determined. Calculations and experiments indicated that a coaxial waveguide is a promising medium for the construction of temperature and stress sensors.