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This paper presents the design and development of plastic waste extruding machine to provide 3D printing filaments. The motivation of this research is to create a 3D printer filament from plastic waste using simple machine components. In addition, another goal is to redesign an autonomous-extruding machine to manufacture 3D printing filament. The research process begins with design, needs analysis, machine rebuilding and electrical assembly, machine function testing, analysis of filament, and filament testing in a 3D printing machine. The categories of shredded plastic material were plastic cups (polypropylene, PP) and a mixture of plastic bottles (polyethylene terepththalate, PET) and plastic cups (polypropylene, PP). The analysis of the research was the capacity of the extrusion machine, the best temperature in producing filaments based on shapes and sizes, and testing of 3D printing filaments of plastic waste which was applied to the 3D printing machine. The result showed that 190°C was the greater temperature to heat the barrel, the machine capacity of each plastic waste category, and the characteristic plastic waste was almost similar compared to the market filament of polylactic acid (PLA) in terms of filament size and 3D printing machine parameter.

Hypertension is an increase in blood flow pressure that occurs in the human body which is one of the most common diseases found, according to the NHLBI (National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute), 1 in 3 patients suffering from hypertension have risk factors for myocardial infarction, stroke, acute kidney failure and also death. The purpose of this study was to determine the description of the characteristics of hypertension patients in Pertiwi Makassar Health Center. This research was conducted on all patients diagnosed with hypertension at the Pertiwi Puskesmas in September 2019. The study was conducted with a descriptive study using an observational approach to see a description of the characteristics of hypertensive patients at the Pertiwi Puskesmas. These characteristics include age, sex and body mass index. From 134 people it can be seen that the number of male patients with hypertension is 55 people (41.04%) and the number of female patients with hypertension is 79 people (58.95%). The number of patients aged 50 years old totaling 114 people (85.07%). The number of hypertensive patients who are underweight is 2 people (1.49%), the number of normal hypertension patients is 41 people (30.59%), the number of hypertensive patients who are overweight is 42 people (31.34%), the number of hypertensive patients who are Obese I is 48 people (35.82%) and the number of hypertensive patients who are Obesity II is 2 people (1.49%). Based on the results of the study it was found that women are more at risk of developing hypertension than men, aged> 50 years more than other ages and hypertensive patients are far more classified as obese I nutritional status.

Background: Chronic renal failure (CRF) is a clinical syndrome caused by a chronic decrease and gradual progression in kidney function. One of the complications of CRF can cause hypoalbuminemia. Hemodialysis can also cause hypoalbuminemia associated with inflammation and malnutrition due to loss of protein during dialysis. This study aims to analyze the albumin levels in pre and post hemodialysis CRF patients in Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar.Methods: A retrospective study with cross sectional study design using secondary data obtained from the medical record was conducted among 50 patients at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar. Pre and post hemodialysis serum albumin levels of CRF patients from the Medical Record Installation were collected during September 2017 – 2018 period. Variables assessed in this study were gender, age, albumin levels, and the comparison of albumin levels based on gender. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22 for Windows.Results: There were 52.0% male and 48.0% of female patients in this study. Most of the respondents were age 40-49 years old interval (30.0%). There was no significant difference in albumin levels between pre (3.07±0.63 g/dL) and post (3.05±0.54 g/dL) HD patients (p=0.665). Also, There was no significant difference in albumin levels in pre and post HD patients between male (p=0.434) and female (p=0.778).Conclusion: There were no significant differences between serum albumin levels pre and post hemodialysis in patients with CRF as well as based on gender.

Characterization of LED and laser is very important to know the specifications. An electrical and optical characteristic study has been conducted on LED and Laser. The LED used are Ultrabright red, blue, green, red, yellow and white colors and red color laser sources. Based on the results of the study stated that the current and voltage values are almost linear for voltages above 3 volts, the smallest dark current value on white LED lights, yellow LED, and laser. Yellow LED has the biggest energy loss. The optical characteristics included FWHM (Full width at half maximum) , relative intensity and angle radiated maximum. The red LED has a FWHM value and the largest angle θo, while laser has the smallest FWHM and angle θo.

Summary Background This study aimed to determine the relationship between Deficiency of vitamin D and hyperglycemia in children with obesity. Methods This cross-sectional study was carried out between February and April of 2020. This study's subject population consisted of high school students aged 11 to 17 who were obese. The 25 (OH) level of Vitamin D was determined using the Chemiluminescence Immune Assay method. Subjects were divided into 4 groups; vitamin D deficiency with hyperglycemia, vitamin D deficiency without hyperglycemia, normal vitamin D with hyperglycemia, and normal vitamin D without hyperglycemia. Results The prevalence of hyperglycemia was 28 (54.9%) in the vitamin D deficiency group and 17 (378%) in the normal vitamin D group, respectively. Statistical analysis revealed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p = 0.093). With p = 0.031, there was a significant difference in the mean value of fasting blood sugar levels between the two groups. The frequency of hyperglycemia was 54.9 percent in the vitamin D deficiency group and 37.8 percent in the normal vitamin D group. Fasting blood sugar levels were lower in obese children with vitamin D deficiency than in children with normal vitamin D. Conclusion Fasting blood sugar levels were correlated with vitamin D levels in obese children, but clinically insignificant. However, the research is ongoing, so, it is critical to conduct early screening for Vitamin D and fasting blood sugar levels in order to reduce the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.

Digitization encourages journalism to transform. Since the development of digital media, communication and media scholars have predicted journalism to develop at two levels. First, journalism evolves along with technological developments and is involved in media disruption. Second, journalism sticks with professionalism and establish technology as a tool to realize social responsibility. Today we are dealing with the transformation in journalism that we get from disrupted contents, disrupted media companies, and collaboration among media institutions. Various digital journalism platforms have emerged as a manifestation of the diversity of content and diversity of media ownership. This was an exploratory study that aimed to explain collaborations among various media in the digital ecosystem. The focus of this study was to map media networks through media data distributed in various official media or regulators. The results of this study showed that in a digital ecosystem that promises many opportunities, digital journalism still has to deal with the dilemma between social responsibility and the political economy of media. On the one hand, digital journalism faces disruption which serves as a significant factor that encourages journalism to transform. On the other hand, digital journalism also deals with a natural selection that forces them to collaborate, i.e. a manifestation of the political economy of media. Keywords: D igital journalism, disruption, collaboration, social responsibility, media companies . https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2021-3701-10

This research aims to know and explain the application of the principles of good governance, namely the principles of transparency and participation and the constraints of applying the principles of transparency and participation in public services. The research method used is empirical research method, to achieve this goal, so this research uses data collection techniques through interviews, observations, document studies, and documentation. While the data sources used are primary and secondary data sources. The approach of this research is conceptual approach that is moving from the views or doctrines that develop in the science of law and the approach of the Law, namely the approach carried out by edilah regulation related to legal issues that are being studied. The results revealed that the principle of transparency has not run optimally because the SOP has not been informed to the public, the principle of participation has not run optimally because the management of complaints has not been good. Therefore, in the context of public services that are a very strategic part in measuring good governance needs to be optimized by providing SOP information on information boards, websites, brochures, opening complaints through social media or working with village officials, head of Cluster Area to directly socialize public service procedures and policies to the community.

Gangrene is the main reason why diabetes mellitus patient’s leg amputation should be done. Natural compounds which are contained in coffee grounds extract can actually act as antibacterial substances by inhibiting the growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) that resistant to several antibiotics. Coffee grounds become waste caused by people are underusing this material and the high production level of coffee grounds in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to examine the content of antimicrobial compounds from coffee grounds that can heal wounds caused by diabetes mellitus and to create a formulation of coffee ground based ointment for diabetes mellitus wound healing. Methods used in this research are narrative review from literatures, normality test, and T-test. The conclusion of this narrative review, natural compounds such a trigonelline, caffeine, and chlorogenic acid found in coffee grounds are capable of MRSA growth inhibition at concentration 44%. Coffee grounds based ointment with 1% (w/w) of ointment preparation is expected to reduce coffee grounds waste by developing new product as diabetes mellitus wound healer.

A considerable interest on Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has been growing in the field of English language teaching within a very short period of time. Indeed, ICT is such an essential part in the respective field, in the sense that its progress allows the development of language teaching and learning process through its innovations. This study proposes using video caption as a medium to teach listening skill through integrating the use of ICT with the teaching process. An example of the innovation is the creation of teaching media supported by a software or application called . A well-known subtitle editing program, offers source tools for creating and modifying subtitle in a video. This paper presents the procedures and steps to design video subtitle by using application. Teachers can use it as a reference in designing a teaching media using a video subtitling application which is aimed to make the students more motivated to learn English instructions. Last but not least, it is expected that learning with video caption can be an alternative and beneficial media for teaching, in particular, listening skill.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test hypotheses on the effects of native advertising on young media consumers. First, it aims to discover whether the young audience activates news-based schema or advertising schema when exposed to different themes of native advertising. Second, this research tests whether there is a relationship between the theme of native advertising and the credibility of the media in which it is placed and the ability of young media consumers to recognize the advertising. Third, it attempts to seek a possible relationship between the recognition of native advertising and the credibility of the advertiser. Design/methodology/approach An experimental study was carried out using 186 university students in the greater Jakarta area whose ages ranged between 18 and 22 years. Participants were randomly assigned to six groups (2 × 3 experimental design) and asked to respond to a set of questions related to their awareness of native advertising. They were also asked their opinions on the advertiser’s credibility before and after they were told that the content was native advertising. Findings Results show that most of these young media consumers could not spot native advertising and have difficulties in recognizing political native advertising. The findings also point out a more profound decline in advertiser credibility among groups exposed to political native advertising compared to nonpolitical native advertising. Research limitations/implications Results show that most of these young media consumers could not spot native advertising and have difficulties in recognizing political native advertising. The findings also point out a more profound decline in advertiser credibility among groups exposed to political native advertising compared to non-political native advertising. Originality/value This research shows that the theme of the native advertising has a significant influence on the ability of media consumers to recognize native advertising. The results indicate that non-commercial native advertising is highly deceptive. This finding is valuable for the improvement of advertising regulation, especially on non-commercial native advertising.

A strategy is needed by an institution to achieve the expected goals. With strategy management, a decision making process is created that leads to the development of an effective strategy. Micro Wakaf Bank is a new Islamic microfinance institution established by the President through the Financial Services Authority (OJK) as a community empowerment program around Islamic Boarding School. The name of the Micro Waqf Bank is only a branding to attract the interest of the community. But in accordance with the law, Micro Waqf Bank is a service cooperative. To run its programs, the Micro Waqf Bank needs a strategy, especially in the management and distribution of funds. By using qualitative methods presented in descriptive analytic supported by taking data sources with documentation, observation and interviews. Data analysis uses Miles and Huberman data analysis and SWOT analysis. This study aims to determine the management strategy and distribution of funds in the Micro Bank Almuna Berkah Mandiri Yogyakarta in 2019. The results of this study indicate that the Micro Wakaf Bank manages funds by providing microfinance without collateral to the community through the Community Groups Around the Indonesian Islamic Boarding School (Kumpi) and the joint responsibility system as a pattern in financing and business assistance through the establishment of Weekly Halaqah (Halmi). In its distribution, Almuna Berkah Mandiri Micro Endowment Bank uses qardh and jualah contracts. Then the calculation results of the SWOT analysis showed IFAS score of strength 2.63 and weakness 0.79 while the EFAS score of chance 2.63 and threat 1.13. And the strategy adopted is the SO (Strength & Opportunity) strategy, which is a strategy that seeks to exploit opportunities with the strength of the Micro Waqf Bank.

Chronic hepatitis B is an infectious liver disease caused by hepatitis B virus that persist for more than 6 months. Fibrosis is a result of fibrogenesis which is the formation of connective tissue (scarring) caused by liver tissue damage. Liver damage will affect the production of thrombopoetin causing disturbances in the balance between destruction and production of platelet resulting in decreased platelet counts. This study was a retrospective cross-sectional study by taking the data from medical records of chronic hepatitis B patients who were tested for complete blood count and fibroScan at the Dr.Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar from January 2014 to July 2016. The result showed a total of 323 chronic B hepatitis patients, 99 with severe fibrosis, 84 with moderate fibrosis and 140 with mild fibrosis. The Spearman correlation test showed a significant correlation between the platelet count and the degree of fibrosis (p

Perdarahan saluran cerna merupakan keluhan pasien yang sering dijumpai dalam keseharian dan untuk penatalaksaannyadilakukan dengan menentukan lokasi perdarahan dan gejalanya. Berdasarkan lokasi perdarahan saluran cerna dibagi menjadi duayaitu perdarahan saluran cerna atas (SCBA) dan perdarahan saluran cerna bawah (SCBB), sedangkan gejala perdarahan dibagi menjadi3 yaitu hematemesis (muntah darah segar), melena (feses kehitaman) dan hematokezia (perdarahan lewat anus berwarna merah terang).Data penggunaan rasio BUN/kreatinin untuk menentukan lokasi perdarahan saluran cerna di Indonesia masih kurang sehingga penelititertarik untuk meneliti analisis rasio BUN/kreatinin untuk meramalkan lokasi perdarahan pada saluran cerna dengan tujuan untukdiagnosis dan penatalaksanaan yang lebih cepat. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk meramalkan letak perdarahan saluran cerna yaituSCBA atau SCBB pada pasien rawat inap di RSUP Wahidin Sudirohusodo masa waktu Januari-Desember 2014. Penelitian dilakukansecara potong silang dengan menggunakan uji t-tidak berpasangan untuk menentukan kenasaban rasio BUN/Kreatinin dengan lokasiperdarahan saluran cerna. Selama masa waktu Januari-Desember 2014 diperoleh data sebanyak 144 pasien perdarahan saluran cernadengan perdarahan SCBA sebanyak 64 pasien (44%), serta perdarahan SCBB 80 pasien (56%). Pada perdarahan SCBA, nilai rerataBUN 33,2 mg/dL, nilai rerata kreatinin 1,06 mg/dL, dan rerata rasio BUN/Kreatinin 32. Terdapat kenasaban yang bermakna antaralokasi perdarahan saluran cerna dan nilai rasio BUN/kreatinin (t=6,394; p=0,001). Pasien dengan perdarahan saluran cerna bagianatas memiliki rasio BUN/kreatinin lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pasien dengan perdarahan saluran cerna bagian bawah.

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease, characterized by decreased of bone mass density. Its incidence is higher in older population.Serum osteocalcin level is related to the rate of bone turnover. To analyze serum osteocalcin level on osteopenic and osteoporosis subjects.We examined 61 subjects for detecting osteopenia and osteoporosis by Sahara densitometer and measuring serum osteocalcin level byElecsys N-MID Osteocalsin Assay test. Of 21 men and 40 women, prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were higher in women(57.5% and 32.5%) than men (42.9% and 23.8%). Most of osteoporosis subjects were in ≥ 60 years group and osteopenic subjects werein 50–59 years group (p

Chronic Hepatitis B involves liver parenchymal destruction leading to fibrosis. Decreased serum thrombopoietin associated with liver cell failure is thought as the leading cause of thrombocytopenia. Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and Platelet Distribution Width (PDW) describe platelet size and degree of variation in platelet size respectively. The researchers intended to investigate whether platelet count, MPV, and PDW were variables to determine the severity of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B patients. An observational study was carried out at the Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar from January 2015 until December 2016. A total of 100 chronic hepatitis B patients with negative HBeAg who underwent Fibroscan and complete blood count test were included in this study. A total of 100 chronic hepatitis B patients comprising, 11 with severe liver fibrosis, 16 with moderate liver fibrosis, 46 with mild liver fibrosis, and 27 with normal liver. There were significant differences in platelet count and MPV among liver fibrosis groups with p-value

Studi artikel ini menjelaskan tentang perilaku komunikasi anggotakeluarga setelah adanya kehadian gadget. Pada perkembangan teknologi saat ini,gadget menjadi alat yang tidak dipisahkan oleh manusia dalam kehidupan sehraihari. Begitu pula, dengan anggota keluarga tidak bisa terlepas dengan gagetuntuk mendukung aktifitas kesehariannya. Komunikasi merupakan kuncikeharmonisan keluarga, namun kehadiran gadget memberikan pengaruhterhadap perilaku komunikasi keluarga. Artikel ini menggunakan metodepenelitian kualitatif dengan pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara mendalam,dan data pendukung penelitian lainnya. hasil penellitian ini menemukan bahwaperilaku komunikasi anggota keluarga dalam menggunakan gadget terbagi duayaitu proaktif dalam komuniikasi, dan reaktif dalam komunikasi keluarga.Komunikasi keluarga dalam mempertahankan keharmonisan ditunjukkan denganberjalannya fungsi orang tua dalam mendidik dan selalu memberikan perhatianpada anaknya, baik dengan komunikasi langsung maupun melalui gadget.Sehingga, keluarga tetap harmonis karena komunikasi keluarga tetap berjalanwalaupun adanya kehadiran gadget.

This study aims to examine the attitude of the government to maintain its position in the broadcast media system. Using the case study method, the author examined series of regulation of broadcasting , minutes of meeting, and media reporting on two broadcasting bill -- the Broadcasting Act of 1997, the Broadcasting Act of 2002 —and the revision of the Broadcasting Act on two parliament periods (2009 - 2014 and 2014 - 2019). The results of this study indicate the government is trying to maintain its position as the main regulator of broadcasting. Even though the Broadcasting Act of 2002 stipulates the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) as the main regulator, the government still strives to be a broadcast regulator by giving birth to regulations that restore its position as the main regulator. This can be seen from the different standpoints in the two parliament periods in the revision of the Broadcasting Law: The 2009-2014 parliament strengthened the authority of the KPI, while the 2014-2019 parliament downgraded the KPI's authority and made the government the main regulator. The broadcast industry from the start wanted the government as the main regulator, while civil society rejected the government as the main regulator of broadcasting. Keywords : Government, Indonesian Broadcasting Commission, main broadcasting regulator, Broadcasting Law, Revision of Broadcasting Law

Childbirth is a natural process, but sometimes labor can also cause birth canaltrauma, especially in the aluminum region, this trauma can be injuries to the periniumarea, the cause can be intentional biases such as episiotomy or unintentional actions such as spontaneous tears in the process of removing the baby. Injury to the perineum if not treated properly can cause postpartum infection because the wound area will be a medium for developing germs. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the use of breast milk in the treatment of periniem wounds with the duration of perinium wound healing at the Ramlah Parjib Clinic in Samarinda. The method used in this study was Posttest Only Control Group Desigen research subjects were postpartum motherswith a sample of 60 respondents taken by random sampling and grouped based on treatment using ASI. Data analysis using ANOVA test. The results showed that the use of ASI had a significant effect on the treatment of periniem wounds with a healing time seen from the P value of 0,000. Conclusion: Periniuem wound care techniques are factors that influence the duration of perinieum wound healing

The environment is a set of parts with all the substance, effort, nature and inhabitants of the world, including human beings and their behavior that controls the life and peace of humans and other living things. The current natural problems are very alarming, lack of awareness, knowledge, understanding and ignorance so that they do not do, do not do, pretend not to know, do not like to read, even the other most dangerous cause is a greedy temperament that wants to find its own benefits. All of these cause environmental damage. With the existence of the adiwiyata program, the school population is obliged to preserve and preserve environmental knowledge through the principle of running an efficient school to uphold sustainable development. This study aims to determine the relationship of the adiwiyata program to environmental character education. The questions to be answered through this research are: 1. The adiwiyata program at MAN 1 Jombang. 2. Character education care for the environment at MAN 1 Jombang. 3. How is the relationship between the adiwiyata program and environmental education character education. This study uses a type of field correlation research. The approach used in this research is a quantitative approach. The design of this study was expost facto. Researchers took a sample of 60 respondents from 6 classes each class taken 10 people randomly. Hypothesis testing in this study uses the Spearman correlation. Thus, the researcher tried to explain the relationship between the adiwiyata program and environmental care character education at MAN 1 Jombang. From the analysis it was found that known sig of 0,000 (sig

Wildlife trade has become one of the main causes of species loss and extinction. Increasing anthropogenic pressure posits crucial challenges to wildlife, and several species are threatened or at the edge of extinction. In this study, we aimed to examine the current wildlife trade in Makassar City of South Sulawesi, especially focusing on traded species, their area of origin, price, conservation status and traders’ distribution across the city. We conducted a market survey and direct observations of animals and wildlife traders in several locations, using a questionnaire targeting both wildlife/pet sellers and buyers. We also interviewed government bodies related with wildlife trade. Our results showed that there were 13 distribution spots of wildlife trading in the city of Makassar, and 27 different wildlife suppliers. During the seven months of observation (March-September 2018), the trade involved 62 species of birds, mammals and reptiles. More than 50% of these species had Indonesian origins, and 18% were endemic species of Sulawesi Island. The highest number of animals traded in the market were birds. Out of the 2,642 individuals being traded, 32 were considered as protected species under the IUCN regulation, 24 were species whose trade is regulated by CITES, and 10 were nationally protected according to the Indonesian Government’s Laws. The traded animals were obtained from different sources, including direct hunters, middlemen, opportunists, and breeders, mostly from Sulawesi (44.19%) and western parts of Indonesia (37.21%).

Breast cancer is one of the malignancies with unknown exact aetiology. The management of breast cancer can be done by severalways including it's related chemotherapy. This therapy leads to cancer cells damage as well as healthy liver cells. Aspartate transaminase(AST) and Alanine transaminase (ALT) are the sensitive parameters to evaluate hepatocellular damage, the levels will raise rapidly inliver cells injury. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chemotherapy in the activity of liver transaminase enzymes ofbreast cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted by taking data from Medical Records of breast cancer patients who receivedchemotherapy at the Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital Makassar during the period of May 2008–May 2009. The data were analyzedstatistically by t-Test using SPSS software for Windows version 11.5. From 71 evaluated samples, the level of the liver transaminaseenzymes in all grades of cancer did not show a significant change (p>0.05). Chemotherapy of breast cancer patients does not increasethe activity of transaminase enzymes. In this study, the level of AST and ALT in chemotherapy patients can not predict the liver functiondisorder.

The role of electrolytes in the human body is very important. Almost all metabolic processes are affected by electrolytes. The accuracyof examination results depend on the management in pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical processes. The management ofspecimen is one of the essential factors in pre-analytical process that may influence the accuracy of laboratory results. This study haspurposed to observe the influence of time-interval variation at the examination of Na, K, and Cl serum concentration. A cross-sectionalstudy was conducted on 30 outpatient's serum samples who visited the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodohospital in Makassar during July to August 2007. The Na, K, and Cl serum samples were examined immediately, 1 hour-delayed, and2 hours-delayed. Data were analyzed using paired T test in SPSS version 11.5. In this study we found that there was no significantdifference for Na and Cl between immediate and delayed samples, similarly showed for K between immediate and 1 hour-delayed (p >0.05). A significant different for K between immediate and 2 hours delayed, and between the first hour and the second hour delayedsamples (p < 0.05). From this study we could conclude that delayed samples more than 2 hours had no influence for Na and Clexamination result. Delayed samples more than 2 hours for K had influence for the examination result.

The emergence of Big Data allows extremely large data sets to be captured and analysed computationally. The existent of e-filling system in Malaysia contribute to a large taxpayers’ information that could be analysed easily by tax authorities. Therefore, taxpayers may have trust issues that will lead to their tax compliance levels. This study aims to examine the impact of trust issues and ease of use of the e-filing system on tax compliance in the era of Big Data Analaytics. Data is collected using online questionnaires. 70 respondents have been analyzed. The results show that taxpayers have significant positive trust of the e-filing and positive perception towards the ease of use of the system. Big Data also have an impact to the tax compliance among taxpayers. These findings are expected to give insight to tax authorities in planning their activities to increase taxpayers’ compliance in the era of big data analytics.

Background: Early childhood caries (ECC) is one of the most common caries in children. One reason is the bacterium Streptococcus mutans. Choosing the right diet can suppress the growth of Streptococcus mutans. Chitosan is a natural biopolymer from white shrimp waste as an antibacterial and can be combined with food or drinks including chewable lozenges. Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of chewable lozenges from white shrimp waste (Litopenaeus vannamei) in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans bacteria in ECC cases. Research Methods: This type of research uses field and laboratory experimental research designs with pretest-posttest control group design. A sample of 30 children consisted of 3 groups, namely 10 children chewing xylitol candy, 10 children chewing chewable lozenges chitosan 2.5%, and 10 children chewing chewable lozenges chitosan 5%. Then, bacterial samples isolated from caries teeth before and after chewing chewable lozenges. Then, counted the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies using the colony counter method with the CFU unit. Data processing and analysis using SPSS version 25.0 for windows. Results: The paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies before and after chewable lozenges chitosan 2.5%. The average difference between groups before and after treatment of chewable lozenges was -17.9 CFU with a standard deviation of 20.306. The paired t-test results showed a significant decrease in the number of Streptococcus mutans colonies before and after chewable lozenges chitosan 5%. The average difference between groups before and after treatment of chewable lozenges was -15.4 CFU with a standard deviation of 9.24. Data test results obtained p = 0.021 (p

Introduction: Nutritional problems that may arise due to the low quality of food consumed is called stunting on children. Stunting describes the inadequacy of body heigh according to its age due to malnutrition or chronic malnutrition. Stunting is often not known in the society where the treatment of such issue is very general thus considered as normal. Stunting also affects oral health of children. Objective: To review the relationship of dental and oral condition with the incidence of stunting on children. Methods: Scientific evidence and clinical cases are drawn from the literature to support this review and gather scientific information about the relationship of teeth to the incidence of stunting in children. Results: There are several relationships of dental or oral conditions in children with the incidence of stunting experienced. Some of them are related to the incidence of dental caries in children, delayed eruption of permanent teeth, and have an influence on the flow rate of saliva in children. Conclusion: The incidence of stunting in children is a condition that describes the lack of nutritional status that has a chronic nature during the growth and development of children since the beginning of life. Scientific studies from several literatures prove that there are some relationships between the incidence of stunting in children with the state of oral health of children.

Introduction: The jaw joint or the Temporo Mandibular Joint (TMJ) is the most complex joint, this joint opens and closes like a hinge and shifts forward, back and from side to side. The jaw joint has a very important role in the function of mastication, swallowing and speech. During the chewing process, this joint supports a large amount of pressure from the jaw joint muscles. One way to detect temporomandibular muscle abnormalities is to determine the strength of contractions in the muscles involved when performing masticatory functions. Objective: The aim of this study is to develop an innovative android-based portable tool for early detection of Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in Masseter and Temporalis muscles based on Android as an early detection with a short time analysis thereby reducing the severity of the child's jaw joint disorders. Methods: In mastication muscle, thirty 7.2 ± 1.3 years old pediatric patients were 30 people, assessed using a dentosmart EMG detection device and the results compared muscle strength in pediatric patients with class I malocclusions with mesioocclusion and distoocclusion malocclusions. Results: In the application, the diagnosis will be displayed in 2 conditions, namely "Normal" or "Temporomandibular disorders". For class I malocclusion is a normal condition, but for class II (mesioocclusion) and III (distoocclusion) malocclusion is a condition called abnormal "Temporomandibular disorders". Conclusion: Early detection of jaw joint muscle disorders based on an android smartphone. Jaw joint disorders are identified based on electrical activity in the masseter and temporalis muscles and process the data obtained as a result of a temporary diagnosis to see the strength of normal or abnormal muscle contractions. How to Cite this Article Pubmed Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany. Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart). SRP. 2020; 11(6): 129-135. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 Web Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany. Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart). http://www.sysrevpharm.org/?mno=112619 [Access: March 30, 2021]. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 AMA (American Medical Association) Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany. Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart). SRP. 2020; 11(6): 129-135. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 Vancouver/ICMJE Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany. Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart). SRP. (2020), [cited March 30, 2021]; 11(6): 129-135. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 Harvard Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany (2020) Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart). SRP, 11 (6), 129-135. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 Turabian Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany. 2020. Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart). Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (6), 129-135. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 Chicago Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany. "Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart)." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11 (2020), 129-135. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 MLA (The Modern Language Association) Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany. "Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart)." Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy 11.6 (2020), 129-135. Print. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21 APA (American Psychological Association) Style Harun Achmad, Intan Sari Areni, Indrabayu, Nurul Mutmainnah, Nur Hildah Inayah, Muhammad Hidayat, Yunita Feby Ramadhany (2020) Detection of Temporomandibular Muscle Disorders in Children. Development of Android-Based Electromyography Tools (EMG Dentosmart). Systematic Reviews in Pharmacy, 11 (6), 129-135. doi:10.31838/srp.2020.6.21

This study aims to describe the struggles experienced by the two main characters in the novel in getting their freedom and also to elaborate the important of freedom for the main characters as human rights. The research method used was a qualitative descriptive method with the sociology of literature approach. The primary data were collected from descriptions and utterances of the main characters and narrators in the novel. The supporting data were obtained from the library, internet, journals, and articles. The results of this research indicate that there is struggle of the main characters in obtaining their freedom as a human in this novel. Huckleberry Finn as the main character fought for his freedom from a drunk and abusive father, while Jim, as the second main character fought for his freedom from slavery. The two figures then met and made an adventure together to get their own freedom.

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Indonesia is higher than other countries, even among Asian countries. Exercise during pregnancy is the one of method to prepare delivery process and further is to prevent maternal death. The objective of this research is to analyze relationship between knowledge and Gymnastics Yoga In Pregnancy, also relationship between Gymnastics Yoga In Pregnancy and delivery process. This was a cross sectional research. Moreover, the population involve in this research were all primi para (mother that having first pregnancy) that recorded at Air Putih Public Health Service Centre in Samarinda. The samples were taken by simple random sampling method. Furthermore, the relationship among variables was analyzed using chi square and fisher exact test. The result shows that there was no relationship between knowledge and Gymnastics Yoga In Pregnancy (p = 0.060), but there was a relationship between Gymnastics Yoga In Pregnancy and delivery process (p = 0.000). According to result of the research, it’s suggested that health promotion by doing Gymnastics Yoga In Pregnancy should be developed because it can prepare physically and psychologically of delivery process and reduce the risk of maternal death.

Chronically Kidney Disease (CKD) is still a health problem with a high incidence, complex aetiology, and often without complaintsor clinical symptoms except in the terminal stadium. To know the distribution of CKD according to age, sex group, aetiology, determiningstage of CKD based on creatinine clearance value, a retrospective study was conducted on 88 patients of CKD at Wahidin SudirohusodoPublic Hospital of Makassar from January to December 2004. The diagnosis of CKD was based on serum ureum value (ModifiedBarthelot), serum creatinine value (Jaffe) and creatinine clearance value (Cockroft Gault). Chronically Kidney Disease was found morefrequent in men 59.09% (52 of 88). The peak age prevalence was between 50 to less than < 60 years 29.55%. The eldest patient was 83years while the youngest was 16 years. The most fragment aetiology of CKD was hypertension 18.18% (16 of 88). Based on creatinineclearance values the medium group, severe group, and renal failure group were the age group respectively 3.41%, 19.32% and 77.27%.The prevalence of CKD is found more frequent in 50 less than 60 years of age. Hypertension seems to be the more predominant aetiology,and staging based on creatinine clearance value showed that most patients were in the renal failure group.

Learning conducted by teachers and lecturers will not take place without online management in the current pandemic covid-19. Therefore, the technical guidance organized by LPPM University of Muhammadiyah Enrekang aims to provide teachers and lecturers with understanding and skills on how to manage learning online or online. This stage of research includes analyzing the need for an online learning management platform, conducting technical guidance, and conducting evaluations. After the technical guidance activity, the participants liked the material and speakers in the technical guidance which indicated that the participants understood the material presented by the resource persons. Based on the evaluation results it was found that the implementation of this activity was successful with a high level of attendance of the participants, a level of likeness that was evenly distributed in all material presented by the resource persons, and a very high level of satisfaction with the guidance committee services.

Background Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the most common infectious disease in the world and the leading cause of hearing loss in children in developing countries. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is often found in children with CSOM. Objective This study was conducted to determine the association between IDA and the incidence of CSOM in children. Method This research is a case-control study using consecutive sampling. Participants were divided into case group which are children diagnosed with CSOM (n = 42) and control group which are children with normal ear (n = 42). All participants were examined for serum iron (FE), hemoglobin (Hb), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin levels. The analysis used in this study includes the chi-square test or fisher extract test and independence t-test or Man Whitney test with p, Highlights • Iron deficiency anemia is a risk factor for CSOM in Children. • Children with iron deficiency anemia have a 3-fold risk of experiencing CSOM. • Supplement iron needs to be given as a preventative for CSOM in children.

Background: As many as 20% of maternal deaths are caused by premature rupture of membranes (PROM). The high rate of PROM is believed to affect newborn asphyxia. In addition, the high rate of cesarean section is one of the reasons or most frequent indications of PROM. Therefore, researchers were interested in knowing how the relationship between PROM and delivery method and newborn asphyxia was.Methods: This study was an analytical study conducted with a cross-sectional approach by taking secondary data from patients through medical records of pregnant women who experienced PROM in January 2020 to July 2021.Results: This study found that the incidence of PROM was more dominant in multiparous women 55.4%, in term pregnancy 79.2%, duration of PROM ≥12 hours 55.4%, have normal leukocyte levels 76.2%, the incidence of asphyxia (mild asphyxia) 90.1% and the rate of cesarean section as much as 24%. The bivariate analysis found a significant relationship between the length of PROM and the method of delivery (p value 0.049) and the duration of PROM with newborn asphyxia (p value 0.040) and there was no significant relationship between maternal leukocyte count and newborn asphyxia (p value 0.444).Conclusions: The longer the duration of PROM with delivery, the greater the chance of infection for the mother and fetus. The length or duration of PROM will have an impact on the method of delivery and increase the likelihood of asphyxia in newborns.

This study aims to determine the perceptions of employees of the BNI Syariah BankBranch of Kendari regarding the concept of al-Ibrah, as well as to investigate theexistence of Al-Ibrah it has been implemented or not. Sharia Commercial Banks in Indonesia are growing promising in the future. Thirteen Sharia Commercial Banks have been recorded. But there is one action that is not yet familiar to do, which is doing Al-Ibrah or bleaching of receivables. BNI Syariah Branch employees still have a cross opinion about this concept. This action is actually legally guaranteed through the DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 47 / DSN-MUI / II /2005 concerning Settlement of Murabahah Receivables for Customers Who Are Not Able to Pay. Kendari Branch BNI Syariah as part of the Sharia Commercial Bank is not in a position to reject the existence of Al-Ibrah, but to avoid it from the outset the principle of caution has been applied in offering financing products through Musyarakah, Mudharabah, Murabahah, Istishna, or borrowing through Qardh

Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) tends to increasing worldwide. The main cause of death in type 2 DM is coronaryheart disease (CHD) and its mortality rate can increase 2 to 4 times compared to non-diabetics. One of the risk factors in CHD isdyslipidemia. To know the lipid profile based on age and gender and to assess the relation of total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and TG levelto age. Descriptive retrospective study in patients with type 2 DM who are 45 years old and over. From 100 Type 2 DM patients, in theDepartment of Internal Medicine, Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar, period of June to December 2005, the largest age groupwith dyslipidemia was > 59 years old, with increase LDL level, 32.73% in males and 46.67% in females. There was a significant relationbetween the in crease of TG (p = 0.03) and the decrease of HDL (p = 0.02) with age. Dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients at age group> 59 years old was shown by an increase in LDL level. The increase of TG and decrease of HDL level were significant in all age groups.Restriction of this study was not to check the antilipidemic medicine used. Early dyslipidemia of Type 2 DM should be known by lipidfraction determination and further dyslipidemia study should be conducted to predict the risk of CHD.

Humans are one of the important factors in the assessment of accidents, particularly marine accidents. Hence, studies are conducted to assess the contribution of human factors in accidents. There are two generations of Human Reliability Assessment (HRA) that have been developed. Those methodologies are classified by the differences of viewpoints of problem-solving, as the first generation and second generation. The accident analysis can be determined using three techniques of analysis; sequential techniques, epidemiological techniques and systemic techniques, where the marine accidents are included in the epidemiological technique. This study compares the Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART) methodology and the 4M Overturned Pyramid (MOP) model, which are applied to assess marine accidents. Furthermore, the MOP model can effectively describe the relationships of other factors which affect the accidents; whereas, the HEART methodology is only focused on human factors.

The objective of this study is to identify various characteristics of accidents in Japan’s five major ports and to correlate the design and construction factors of these ports with accidents to better predict the occurrence of accidents based on port design and construction. The five major ports in Japan include the ports of Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kobe, and Osaka as determined by their foreign container volumes. Data from the Japan-Marine Accident Risk and Safety Information System (J-MARISIS) is analyzed using the 4M Overturned Pyramid (MOP) model. The MOP model is a 3-dimensional model appearing as a three-sided inverted pyramid, consisting of 4 corners that represent the 4M factors (man, machine, media, and management) with the man factor always located at the bottom. The data analysis revealed that each port has its highest causative factor, but the highest causative factor for accidents in Japan’s five big ports is the man factor, followed by the management factor, media factor, and machine factor, in that order. The highest causative factor is also affected by the man-machine relationship. A correlation between port design or construction and marine accidents is not identified using the current MOP Model method, although design is accounted for in the machine factor.

These planning and designing are aimed to design Medical Mall in Makassar with healthy building approach, although in macro such as deciding the location and footprint, and also in micro such as deciding the form and its appearance, program, measuring rooms and relating each rooms, structure, material, until its equipments. The method which is used is Descriptive, the data comes from secondary data, those are literature study through books, short papers, references, standard, internet and others written sources that is related with planning and designing Medical mall in Makassar with healthy building approach. The results of these designing are creating a place in servicing health and others facilities supporting medical health in a integrated building, that is based comfortable and save environment fulfill requirements of physiological, psychological and free from spreading diseases.

Autodeks as 2D and 3D software degsigners, for the construction industry, manufacturing, entertainment and education have formed the ATC (Autorizhed Training Centre) or training centers in each coutry. In Indonesia, the training center only be found in Java and Surabaya, but in the city of Makassar is not availablerepersentative. Makassar as the growing cities in Indonesia ideal be supported by ATC facility what a strategic, so that consumers in the city Makassar easier to obtain trsining and certification information. The designof commercial buildings such as ATC is necessary in large quantities, besides that, a great level of energy consumption for the building turned out to have devastating effect on the environment, therefore the design is focused on generating building Autodeks training center in Makassar are energy efficient.

Sudiang sports center is one of the architectural masterpiece that is purposedly built to be used optimal by the local society, but thee reality is far from what is expected. Next problem is many street vendors who sell around the gymnasium building and road shoulders so that the building is supposed to be a place to exercise converted into a sale and purchase. The author tries ries to analyze and provide solutions through revitalization plan as a sports center attaractions based community efforts to address the problem. Through this research will be know apperenciation of the local society on the plan and will be know the factors cousing problem arise, trough a questionnaire which contains several points and sub questions that are considerd related to the issue above the level of public enthusiasm and response plan as well as an opportunity to serve as a tourist destination. Then the data will be processed by presented using MS Excel based as the highest answer and lowets voting, the reslts of research state that the dominant factor that couses people rarel visit was the lack of free time due to the business of the work and the generally public to respond and respond positively on a revitalization plan. Therefor the relevant stakeholders such as the such as the society is expented to be more enthusiastic about building of Sudiang sports center as better an for the manager of the building with geverment in order to improve the quality of service and wise in making decisions in terms of regulating street vendors.

Two year after the daya Wholesale Market habitation coustructed as from of reponse to market conditions traditionally imaged as a seedy place, dirty, muddy, poorly maintained, and has a very low accupancy level of cuality does not cause society to attract shopping in Daya WholesaleMarket. The this problem, we try to conduct research related to the tendency of the factors that keep people shopping at traditional market, trough this research, authours will try to offer the design criteria based on market data obtained from the results of research thourgh independent and dependent variables on the dependent variables is costumer satisfaction (society) Daya wholesale Market concept disegn that less thant the maximum, causing the need for the rehabilitation market. As result, after two years rehabilitation Daya wholesale Market is not run optimally during the rehabilitation process. So that, Daya Wholesale Market is not preffered by many visitoris, both costumers and producers.

Plants play important roles for the existence of all beings in the world. High diversity of plant’s species make a manual observation of plants classifying becomes very difficult. Fractal dimension is widely known feature descriptor for shape or texture. It is utilized to determine the complexity of an object in a form of fractional dimension. On the other hand, lacunarity is a feature descriptor that able to determine the heterogeneity of a texture image. Lacunarity was not really exploited in many fields. Moreover, there are no significant research on fractal dimension and lacunarity combination in the study of automatic plant’s leaf classification. In this paper, we focused on combination of fractal dimension and lacunarity features extraction to yield better classification result. A box counting method is implemented to get the fractal dimension feature of leaf boundary and vein. Meanwhile, a gliding box algorithm is implemented to get the lacunarity feature of leaf texture. Using 626 leaves from flavia, experiment was conducted by analyzing the performance of both feature vectors, while considering the optimal box size r. Using support vector machine classifier, result shows that combined features able to reach 93.92 % of classification accuracy.

The Practicum assessment conducted conventionally is gradually replaced with an Android-based system. It aims to support the government program of Making Indonesia 4.0. In this research, the electronics practicum assessment is designed using the App Inventor application. The attendance assessment and initial assignment are designed to obtain an objective grade. Attendance assessment is conducted by making a standard assessment form, determining points obtained by looking at the time of arrival. Assessing the initial task was done by making ten multiple-choice questions for each experiment. The initial assignment assessment form was created in Microsoft Excel to make it easier to import, export data to .csv (comma separated values) to enter the database system. The results obtained from 6 types of initial assignment assessment experiments conducted using the application. There were 5 trials that were successfully run, and there was still one error trial.

Although aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect) in cancers had been accepted as a significant characteristic of cancer, changes in metabolic state in each stage of tumorigenesis remain to be explored. In this preliminary study, we analyzed the changes of several blood chemistry parameters intending to describe the general metabolic state of the early and advanced stages of tumorigenesis in rat mammary tumor models. The mammary tumor was induced in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats by subcutaneous injection of 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA). The rats were palpated on the breast every week after DMBA induction to detect tumor development. Blood chemistry examinations including blood glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, urea, and creatinine, were performed at 8-weeks and 12-weeks after DMBA induction. Rats were fasted 12-14 hours before retro-orbital blood collection. The spectrophotometer measured all the parameters. The palpable mammary tumor was firstly detected at 7-weeks on 1 of 4 DMBA induced rats. At three weeks later all rats had palpable tumors that also confirmed by ultrasound imaging. The blood chemistry measurements revealed that DMBA-induced rats had a significantly higher level of triglyceride (p=0.001) and creatinine (p=0.018); and glucose (p=0.007) at 8-weeks and 10-weeks after DMBA induction compared to the non-induced rats, respectively while not in the other parameters. The stages of tumor development may have a different profile of blood chemistry parameters. Further research should be performed to elucidate whether the profile could describe the metabolic reprogramming during tumorigenesis.

Many studies have shown that some of cancer animal models have been established to study various aspects of cancer biology, including breast cancer. Substantial evidence has shown that administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) in animal models can mimic human breast cancer in many ways. This preliminary research aimed to develop rat breast cancer models that will be used for a further study on phytotherapy as the alternative medicine for breast cancer. Four young Sprague Dawley female rats, aged 60 days, received a single subcutaneous injection of 25 mg DMBA mixed with 0.5 mL sunflower oil and 0.5 mL sodium chloride 0.9%. Control group received 0.5 ml of sunflower oil and 0.5 ml of saline only. Tumor detection by palpation and rats’ body weight measurement were performed every week after DMBA induction. At 10-weeks after DMBA induction, the tumor development was examined by ultrasound imaging. No significant differences were observed in the body weight between DMBA-induced rats and non-induced rats during 8-weeks after induction. Starting from week ninth, the body weight of the DMBA group significantly decreased (p=0.02) compared to the counterpart. A solid mass on the breast area was firstly detected at week seventh in one rat. Three weeks later the solid masses were detected in all DMBA-induced rats that proved by the ultrasound images showing hypoechoic lesions with irregular margin and calcification indicating malignancies. DMBA induced malignant lesions in female rats that demonstrated by ultrasound imaging.

Background: Medical error has been defined as an unintended act or one that does not achieve its intended health outcome. Medical error causes not only monetary loss, but also lost of patient’s trust in the healthcare system, low patient satisfaction, and degraded morale among healthcare professionals, who often feel helpless to change the situation. Patient harm from medical error can occur at the individual or system level. Medical error may arise due to poor doctor-nurse professional relationship and poor health care team communication. This study aimed to assess the doctor-nurse professional relationship and health care team communication in the hospital setting. Subjects and Method: This was a cross sectional study conducted at 8 teaching hospitals under-cooperation with Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, including Bantul Hospital, PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital, Yogyakarta City Hospital, Magelang Hospital, Purworejo Regional Hospital, Salatiga Regional Hospital, Temanggung Regional General Hospital, and Wonosobo Regional Hospital. A sample of 61 medical co-assistants was selected for this study. The study theme was doctor-nurse professional relationship and health care team communication. The data were collected by questionnaire, in-depth interview, and direct observation. Results: Doctor-nurse professional relationship, communication, and collaboration, in the medical decision process, discussion for the medical decision process, and dissemination of medical information to patients, were still weak. There were 2 hospitals with the lowest rating points of doctor-nurse relationship and medical team communication, namely Purworejo District Hospital and Yogyakarta City Hospital among the six other hospitals. Conclusion: Doctor-nurse professional relationship and the quality of communication between doctors and other health professionals is still poor. Keywords: doctor-nurse professional relationship, health care team communication, hospital

Acute appendicitis is one of the acute abdominal conditions encountered in almost all hospitals in Indonesia. Acute inflammation of the appendix requiring immediate surgery to prevent complications, so it should takes several particular checking's to support the diagnosis quickly. These are leukocytes count, especially neutrophils and lymphocytes as the sensitive marker of the inflammatory process which belong to the simple laboratory examination and can be used as a diagnostic marker of acute appendicitis as well. The inflammatory immune response can be described of the percentage of neutrophils to the lymphocytes ratio in the circulation. A retrospective study was performed on patients whom suspected for acute appendicitis those undergoing appendectomy from January 2010−May 2011. The data were grouped according to post appendectomy diagnosis and the ratio of neutrophils/lymphocytes (NLR) compared with other parameter. The NLR in each group was compaed by one way ANOVA analyzing. A total of 59 patients were identified: 19 catarrhally, 19 phlegmonous, 10 gangrenous and 11 with perforation. Compared with other markers, NLR is much better in predicting acute appendicitis. NLR increased in all groups (mean>7), specifically on the perforated appendicitis that is greatly increased (mean=12.273). But this was not significantly different NLR from the group (p=0.098). Based on this study it can be concluded, that NLR is the better marker for diagnosis rather than leukocyte and USG. But unfortunately, it can not be used to differentiate the grading in acute appendicitis.