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Purpose Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) totalis is a devastating disease of the newborn intestine. A precise clinical definition of the extent of gastrointestinal involvement is lacking in the existing literature, and the clinical outcomes are typically viewed as grim. Methods Herein, we present a series of clinical case examples of patients with varying degrees of NEC totalis and other co-morbid conditions, with possible anticipated outcomes based on current data. Results We define the key ethical issues and provide a framework and discussion of the ethical issues involved in the care of patients with NEC totalis and recommendations of how to approach discussions with the family of these patients We discuss the ethical considerations for both the providers caring for these patients, and the patient's family members. Conclusion The management of patients with NEC totalis is complex and ethically challenging. Level of evidence V

The paper attempts to situate the work of Fyodor Dostoevsky in the tradition of Russian existentialism, and to indicate his influence on the subsequent development of existentialism in its ontological or ethical guise. In fact, Dostoevsky may be seen as the originator of a tradition which will later on influence and be taken up, via Nietzsche and Shestov, by the figures like Emanuel Levinas, Albert Camus or Maurice Blanchot, all explicitly concerned with existentialist questions of debt, guilt or suicide (Kirilov). Dostoevsky's writings are also interpreted in relation to Russian nationalism, and the sense of Russian Messianic election, which at the end of Crime and Punishment coalesce in another destination for Raskolnikov, launching him towards a Messianic future prior to the Abrahamic time and monotheistic sacrificiality. The end of Crime and Punishment imagines another existence for Raskolnikov, before the religious history, or the history tout court, has taken place or time. That time space is akin to something that Jacques Derrida formulated as an advent of an event to-come, a-venir. Dostoevsky is thus, in our interpretation, both a progenitor of the important strains of existentialism, but also a writer returning his hero's existence to an advent of a completely other, time before time, yet to come.

Introducción: el manejo médico en el final de la vida en pacientes con cáncer representa un reto clínico y un dilema ético y moral. No resulta fácil establecer las estrategias de acompañamiento para el paciente y su familia, ni establecer las estrategias nutricionales a seguir. El objetivo de esta revisión es analizar los aspectos teóricos establecidos en la literatura sobre la definición de final de la vida y las estrategias para el manejo nutricional en pacientes con cáncer desde la experiencia del Servicio de Cirugía Hepatobiliar y Pancreática del Hospital Méderi en Bogotá, Colombia. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura con los términos “nutrición”, “cuidado paliativo”, “nutrición en cáncer”, “final de la vida”. Se describen las diferentes estrategias de manejo nutricional para los pacientes con patología oncológica hepatobiliar y pancreática que se encuentran en la etapa de final de vida. Resultados: el deterioro clínico del paciente en esta etapa de vida es irreversible, y los aportes proteico-calóricos a través del suministro parenteral o enteral no cambian el pronóstico del paciente. El objetivo final de la terapia nutricional en el paciente en el final de vida es principalmente la calidad de vida. La apropiada comunicación con el paciente y la familia es fundamental para disminuir la ansiedad y facilitar la toma de decisiones. Conclusión: el manejo nutricional de los pacientes oncológicos al final de la vida es un enorme reto médico. La experiencia del servicio HPB aporta una perspectiva humana y paliativa, enfocada en el acompañamiento del paciente y su familia, recuperando el concepto fundamental de la relación médico-paciente.

During commercial flights, in-flight medical emergencies may lead the cabin crew to request assistance from qualified health care professionals among the passengers. Although a physician's function and role are well known and virtually universal globally, the role, education, and scope of practice of nurses and paramedics varies significantly. This article analyzes the possible dilemmas that medical professionals other than physicians who assist during in-flight medical emergencies may face and presents recommendations for aviation authorities. There is an identified need for universal cross-border regulations and an awareness of legal and ethical boundaries for medical responders other than physicians on board commercial international aircraft.

The onset of autonomous driving has provided fertile ground for discussions about ethics in recent years. These discussions are heavily documented in the scientific literature and have mainly revolved around extreme traffic situations depicted as moral dilemmas, i.e. situations in which the autonomous vehicle (AV) is required to make a difficult moral choice. Quite surprisingly, little is known about the ethical issues in focus by the AV industry. General claims have been made about the struggles of companies regarding the ethical issues of AVs but these lack proper substantiation. As private companies are highly influential on the development and acceptance of AV technologies, a meaningful debate about the ethics of AVs should take into account the ethical issues prioritised by industry. In order to assess the awareness and engagement of industry on the ethics of AVs, we inspected the narratives in the official business and technical reports of companies with an AV testing permit in California. The findings of our literature and industry review suggest that: (i) given the plethora of ethical issues addressed in the reports, autonomous driving companies seem to be aware of and engaged in the ethics of autonomous driving technology; (ii) scientific literature and industry reports prioritise safety and cybersecurity; (iii) scientific and industry communities agree that AVs will not eliminate the risk of accidents; (iv) scientific literature on AV technology ethics is dominated by discussions about the trolley problem; (v) moral dilemmas resembling trolley cases are not addressed in industry reports but there are nuanced allusions that unravel underlying concerns about these extreme traffic situations; (vi) autonomous driving companies have different approaches with respect to the authority of remote operators; and (vii) companies seem invested in a lowest liability risk design strategy relying on rules and regulations, expedite investigations, and crash/collision avoidance algorithms.

The paper is focused on ethical issues of making decisions about cryopreserved embryos in the context of relationship break-up in the framework of the embryo’s legal status and the church’s stand on the matter. All these issues can be viewed as part of a broader problem of intuitive and rational foundations for decision-making when facing difficult situations in life. On the one hand, the stressful context of the situation implies intuitive-driven decision-making; on the other hand, assisted reproductive technologies are largely counter-intuitive. We describe the peculiarities of family psychotherapy with mixed-agenda couples going through a divorce who have joint cryopreserved embryos but disagree on what to do with them. We introduce a protocol for psychotherapeutic work in the situation when one partner wishes to continue with the fertility treatment and have a child while the other partner is determined to utilize joint embryos as unwanted biological material. In addition, we discuss emotional and social complications that may arise (guilt, unfaithfulness of one of the partners, other losses, and grieving).

Moral dilemmas are central in the literary genre of protest against the effects of industry, particularly in Romantic literature and “Condition of England” novels. Writers from the time of the Industrial Revolution to the present – William Blake, Elizabeth Gaskell, Charles Dickens, Emile Zola, Henrik Ibsen, Anton Chekhov, T.S. Eliot and John Steinbeck – follow the Bible in presenting environmental pollution and calamity in moral terms, and as a consequence of human agency. Dire implications for the environment are equally evident in literature of national rivalry and the misanthropic tradition.

O universo dardenneano é constituído por personagens que enfrentam dilemas morais, em um cenário marcado pela desumanização das pessoas no mundo atual. Este artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre ética e encenação no cinema de Jean-Pierre e Luc Dardenne, investigando como os filmes reverberam a postura ética dos cineastas em questão. Através de uma análise de fragmentos dos filmes realizados pela dupla desde A promessa (1996) até O jovem Ahmed (2019), buscamos examinar as obras a partir de sua dimensão estética para, em seguida, abordarmos as premissas éticas colocadas pelos cineastas. O objetivo é demonstrar de que forma a encenação é pautada pela visão de mundo dos irmãos Dardenne.

Objective Autonomous cars (ACs) controlled by artificial intelligence are expected to play a significant role in transportation in the near future. This study investigated determinants of trust in ACs. Background Trust in ACs influences different variables, including the intention to adopt AC technology. Several studies on risk perception have verified that shared value determines trust in risk managers. Previous research has confirmed the effect of value similarity on trust in artificial intelligence. We focused on moral beliefs, specifically utilitarianism (belief in promoting a greater good) and deontology (belief in condemning deliberate harm), and tested the effects of shared moral beliefs on trust in ACs. Method We conducted three experiments ( N = 128, 71, and 196, for each), adopting a thought experiment similar to the well-known trolley problem. We manipulated shared moral beliefs (shared vs. unshared) and driver (AC vs. human), providing participants with different moral dilemma scenarios. Trust in ACs was measured through a questionnaire. Results The results of Experiment 1 showed that shared utilitarian belief strongly influenced trust in ACs. In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3, however, we did not find statistical evidence that shared deontological belief had an effect on trust in ACs. Conclusion The results of the three experiments suggest that the effect of shared moral beliefs on trust varies depending on the values that ACs share with humans. Application To promote AC implementation, policymakers and developers need to understand which values are shared between ACs and humans to enhance trust in ACs.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has been an unprecedented challenge to healthcare systems and clinicians around the globe. As the virus has spread, critical questions arose about how to best deliver health care in emergency situations where material and personnel resources become scarce. Clinicians who excel at caring for the individual patient at the bedside are now being reoriented into a system where they are being asked to see the collective public as their responsibility. As such, the clinical ethics that clinicians are accustomed to practicing are being modified by a framework of public health ethics defined by the presence of a global pandemic. There are many unknowns about Coronavirus disease 2019, which makes it difficult to provide consistent recommendations and guidelines that uniformly apply to all situations. This lack of consensus leads to the clinicians' confusion and distress. Real-life dilemmas about how to allocate resources and provide care in hotspot cities make explicit the need for careful ethical analysis, but the need runs far deeper than that; even when not trading some lives against others, the responsibilities of both individual clinicians and the broader healthcare system are changing in the face of this crisis.

We are living in a digital era, a time of Alexa and AlphaGo, of Facebook and Fitbit, of Twitter and TikTok. Remarkable opportunities lie ahead: smart technologies in the home, the convenience of deliveries by drone, the pleasure of riding to work in an autonomous vehicle. There are, of course, ethical implications to these advances. There are security implications associated with bringing smart technology into one's home. There are physical dangers inherent in having drones traversing our airspace and innumerable worries about what autonomous vehicles will do when confronted with moral dilemmas. To be sure, these are all important issues, and new technologies often pose challenges that require appropriate regulations to stave off expected issues. Yet the specific responses occasioned by these technological developments are essentially ethical engineering -noticing a problem and then developing a fix.

Napoleon prided himself on being a modernizer, bringing a new sophistication to the lands he conquered by building on the reforms of the French Revolution and introducing French standards of governance, justice and education. But in one sphere, that of colonial policy, that image is tainted. In 1794 France had been the first country in the world to abolish not only the Atlantic slave trade but the institution of slavery itself, proclaiming that the rights of man applied to African slaves as it did to the rest of humanity. It did so in response to war and slave insurrections in France’s Caribbean possessions, which led in turn to the loss of the world’s richest sugar island, Saint-Domingue; and Napoleon was faced with huge military, economic and moral dilemmas. From his very ambivalent response one must conclude that for him colonies were simply a source of profit, and that the issue of slavery and abolition did not deeply concern him. He listened to the colonial lobby and tried to enforce mercantilist solutions; he sent an army to the Caribbean to try — unsuccessfully — to quell the rebellion; and he showed little interest in condemning the slave trade after it was abolished in Britain and the United States. Only in 1815, following his return from Elba, did he sign a decree unambiguously embracing abolition, but by then he was burnishing his liberal credentials in an attempt to woo public opinion. It was a matter of politics, not of belief or morality.

An ethics of animal production “systems” consists of a Moral Operating System. A Moral Operating System consists of an “internal” professional “care” ethics, an “external animal” ethics, and an “emergent” ethics in life sciences enabling change by responsible innovation. It is important to broaden the existing ethical frameworks on agriculture to new scientific methods and technologies. A Moral Operating System will help scientists, stakeholders, and policymakers to understand, evaluate, and monitor the integration of ethical aspects of agricultural systems.

This is a Commentary on the manuscript titled “Ethical Dilemmas in the Management of Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis Totalis” by Pennington E, Javid P, Mueller C, et al.

This is a commentary on the manuscript titled “Ethical Dilemmas in the Management of Infants with Necrotizing Enterocolitis Totalis”.

A clinical decision report using: Yao JS, Paguio JA, Dee EC, Tan HC, Moulick A, Milazzo C, Jurado J, Della Penna N, Celi LA. The minimal effect of zinc on the survival of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: an observational study. Chest. 2021 Jan;159(1):108-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.082 for a patient hospitalized with COVID pneumonia requiring high flow oxygen.

Trust in leaders is central to citizen compliance with public policies. One potential determinant of trust is how leaders resolve conflicts between utilitarian and non-utilitarian ethical principles in moral dilemmas. Past research suggests that utilitarian responses to dilemmas can both erode and enhance trust in leaders: sacrificing some people to save many others (‘instrumental harm’) reduces trust, while maximizing the welfare of everyone equally (‘impartial beneficence’) may increase trust. In a multi-site experiment spanning 22 countries on six continents, participants (N = 23,929) completed self-report (N = 17,591) and behavioural (N = 12,638) measures of trust in leaders who endorsed utilitarian or non-utilitarian principles in dilemmas concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Across both the self-report and behavioural measures, endorsement of instrumental harm decreased trust, while endorsement of impartial beneficence increased trust. These results show how support for different ethical principles can impact trust in leaders, and inform effective public communication during times of global crisis. Protocol Registration Statement: The Stage 1 protocol for this Registered Report was accepted in principle on 13 November 2020. The protocol, as accepted by the journal, can be found at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.13247315.v1.

Oral phosphodiesterase5 inhibitors (PDE5i; e.g., Viagra®) have become the first line of treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. Relying on interviews with 38 physicians, this study explored moral dilemmas associated with the prescription of PDE5i. Moral dilemmas at the micro level concerned the interest of the patients in receiving medical treatment, even when this was counter-indicated. At the meso level, physicians expressed their concerns about the impact of PDE5i on their patients’ partners. At the macro level, physicians discussed the substantial contribution of the pharmaceutical industry to the education of patients and physicians about pharmacological treatments for sexual problems. Physicians had no moral concerns about industry involvement, and they reported only the benefits associated with it. The study raises moral issues associated with the treatment of ED. As such, it enhances the importance of facilitating a biopsychosocial approach to treat sexual dysfunctions.

The paper describes the cooperative board game entitled THREE. The game is inspired by the Three Laws of Robotics. We show how this game may be used as an environment for exploring the ethical problems arising from human-robot interaction. We present the idea behind the game, discuss its cooperativeness and analyze the dilemmas encountered by players during the gameplay. We also present and discuss the results of the game evaluation.

This qualitative exploratory study applied moral development theory to examine how 35 public relations professionals perceived their on-the-job moral development. Findings suggest that public relations professionals gain moral growth via dialogue and experience-based encounters involving moral values and moral intuition over the span of their careers. Results confirm previous theoretical research regarding moral development of public relations professionals situating practitioners as moral thinkers who apply personal and societal moral values to industry contexts.

Homoparentality remains a controversial topic in many countries, often showing a divide between policy and public opinion. Non-heterosexual families face a lack of recognition and have unequal access to resources. Moreover, most research focuses on lesbian women and families. Gay men and gay fathers remain on the margins of scholarship on homoparentality. Yet it is their parental desires and reproductive strategies that offer an opportunity to (re)examine and reframe the concept of becoming or ‘creating’ a family. This chapter analyses the attitudes and preferences of Czech gay men towards (gay) fatherhood, family and parenthood. It evolves around themes of parental desires of the participating gay men; their internalized moral dilemmas connected to gay fatherhood; their reproductive strategies; and gender stereotypes about family/parenting these men hold.

The paper addresses the complex implications of using AI when applied to the automotive industry (transferring responsibility for decisions from humans to machines). The study aims to understand behavioral intentions to use autonomous vehicles (AVs) by exploring how ethical issues influence customers’ decisions. Based on an online survey and in-depth interviews with KOLs, the study sheds light on the factors that influence customer acceptance of AI in personal transportation and shows that individuals mainly focus on the concerns of AI and fail to perceive its potential benefits. The study contributes to the emerging debate on AI and marketing with reference to ethical issues and offers new insights into Italian consumers’ awareness and usage intention for both policy makers and AV producers.

Sustainable Finance (SF) has been identified as one of the biggest trends in the financial industry in the past years. By channeling capital into sustainable investments, it is hoped that finance can accelerate the transition towards a greener and more sustainable future. However, given that the discussion about SF lacks consistency and a common understanding of SF, the role of financial journalists in reporting about this trend and in enacting their role as watchdogs becomes of paramount interest. To do so, 33 semi-structured interviews with journalists who have covered SF in six countries (AT, BE, CH, DE, NL, UK) were conducted to find out about journalistic role perceptions and daily journalistic practices (such as sources, style of writing and role of the audience). Findings show that journalists mainly enact the role of a chronicler, informant and educator when writing about SF, but fail to fulfil an active watchdog role. Furthermore, the coverage of SF is predominately event-driven, directed at a financial elite, and has become highly professionalized at financial news outlets. Given the urgency of the climate crisis, journalists reported that they found themselves in a moral dilemma between enacting their professional role as a journalist on the one hand and providing a platform for unsubstantiated claims about SF (greenwashing) made by the industry, on the other hand.

The aim of this study was to describe the experiences of Swedish school nurses when they offered the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination to girls aged 10–12 years. Four focus groups with a total of 17 school nurses were conducted and analyzed using inductive content analysis. The results showed that the school nurses were balancing between keeping a neutral role and the need to increase the uptake of the HPV vaccination. They described the consent forms and information that they gave the girls and their parents to help them make an informed decision about the vaccination. There were also ethical and moral dilemmas that arose with regard to the HPV vaccinations. Our findings demonstrate the need to provide school nurses with clear guidelines and support, so they can play an active role in interacting with the girls and their parents when they offer the HPV vaccination.

It has been proposed that urgent decision making in extreme circumstances may be based on two systems of information processing: affective and rational (Cosentino, Azzollini, Depaula, & Castillo, 2017). Given that the model of urgent decisions has been recently developed, the aim of this study was to determine its characteristics and relationships with relevant variables: (a) the tendency to inhibit dominant but incorrect responses and to promote a reflective process that leads to the correct responses and (b) the resolution and difficulty of high-conflict personal moral dilemmas. We used an intentional sample of 416 university students from a military academy. The results showed that urgent decision making in extreme circumstances is related to general preferences for intuition or deliberation, cognitive reflection, and reaction to high-conflict personal moral dilemmas. Notably, urgent decision making based on rationality was positively associated with cognitive reflection and a utilitarian way of solving high-conflict personal moral dilemmas. Also, both rational and affective/emotional urgent decision-making types were found to be associated with the perceived difficulty in solving the dilemmas. The model of urgent judgments in extreme circumstances can be useful because it contributes to describing the optimal cognitive and decisional profile for the selection of human resources in activities that involve facing contexts of high uncertainty where fast decision making is required, such as tasks performed by professional rescue or combat personnel. Resumo: Foi proposto que a tomada de decisões urgentes em circunstâncias extremas pode ser baseada em dois tipos de processamento de informações: afetivo e racional. Como o modelo de decisões urgentes é recente, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar suas características e relações com variáveis relevantes. Utilizamos uma amostra intencional de 416 estudantes universitários de uma academia militar. Os resultados mostraram que a tomada de decisões urgentes em circunstâncias extremas está relacionada a preferências gerais por intuição ou deliberação, reflexão cognitiva e reação a dilemas morais pessoal altamente conflituosos. Notavelmente, a tomada de decisão urgente baseada na racionalidade foi positivamente associada à reflexão cognitiva e a uma forma utilitária de resolver dilemas morais pessoais de alto conflito. Além disso, tanto a tomada de decisões urgentes, tanto racionais como afetivas/emocionais, foram associadas à percepção da dificuldade em resolver dilemas morais pessoais de alto-conflito. O modelo de juízos urgentes em circunstâncias extremas pode ser útil porque contribui para descrever o perfil cognitivo e decisório óptimo para a seleção de recursos humanos em atividades que envolvem enfrentar contextos de alta incerteza onde a tomada de decisões rápidas é necessária, tais como tarefas realizadas por profissionais de resgate ou pessoal de combate. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

International audience; A platform for creating a crowdsourced picture of human opinions on how machines should handle moral dilemmas.

Perhaps more than any other healthcare workers, intensive care unit (ICU) personnel are prone to job burnout. Over time, the long hours, life or death situations, and moral dilemmas inherent in ICU care can overtax practitioners, leading to physical and emotional symptoms and often to serious personal problems.

An introduction to pesticides in agriculture with emphasis on weed science, herbicides, and their dominance of developed country agriculture and much of the world. It ends with the paradox of pesticide use in agriculture a problem that illustrates the complexity of agriculture’s moral dilemmas.

Increasingly complex working environments of school principals inevitably led them to face moral dilemmas in daily life. The aim of this research is to reveal which kinds of moral dilemmas principals fall into mostly, how principals follow the road to making decisions in the moral dilemmas, and if the nature of management affects the decision-making process of their moral dilemmas or not. For data collection process snowball sampling was used. Semi-structured interviews and vignettes which were designed by researchers were used for data collection. According to results, principals in Turkey have experienced moral dilemmas based on self-interests instead of ethic of critique which is experienced by Canadian principals. Moreover, taking into consideration the decision-making process, although principals in Canada follow the same procedure as the Turkish principals, they have two extra steps: “considering the students’ benefit” and “considering teachers’ and parents’ needs.” Lastly, it is seen that the Turkish and Canadian principals’ natures which affect the moral dilemma decision-making process are totally different. The possible reasons for these differences and suggestions were discussed within this context.

Objectives The aim was to recognise the professional core values in the moral dilemmas of pharmacists in community pharmacy and to customise the descriptions of these values for community pharmacy practice. Methods The narratives of 128 moral dilemmas, collected from Dutch PharmD students and early career pharmacists who experienced these dilemmas in practice, were qualitatively analysed. An expert panel deductively coded relevant portions of these narratives with the core values as formulated by the Royal Dutch Pharmacists Association. Other values that emerged were inductively coded and if possible used to further customise the respective core values. Key findings The expert panel identified all four professional core values, that is, commitment to the patient’s well-being (117, 91.4%), reliable and caring (116, 90.6%), pharmaceutical expertise (72, 56.2%) and responsibility to society (30, 23.4%) in the 128 moral dilemma narratives. Thirteen other values that emerged in the analysis could all be used for the customisation of the professional core values in descriptions that better reflect community pharmacy practice. Conclusions Professional core values were identified in moral dilemma narratives of pharmacists in community pharmacy and customised for their practice. These customised core values can enable pharmacists to better recognise moral dilemmas in practice. This can add to the advancement of the profession as a pharmaceutical care practice.

Hereditary breast ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease linked to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in 90 percent of affected families. Female mutation carriers are highly susceptible to aggressive, often disseminated, usually fatal pelvic-abdominal carcinomatosis. This cancer risk can be markedly reduced by surgical removal of the internal gynecologic organs before the end of the fourth decade of life and by using estrogen–progestin formulations marketed for many years as combined oral contraceptives (COCs). Both risk-reducing methods are associated with unfavorable effects. Relying on the principle of double effect, this essay argues for the ethical justification of prophylactic surgery and the use of COC to reduce the risk of gynecologic cancer in HBOC syndrome mutation carriers. Summary: Hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease linked to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in most affected families. Female mutation carriers are highly susceptible to aggressive, often disseminated, usually fatal pelvic-abdominal carcinomatosis. This cancer risk can be markedly reduced by surgical removal of the internal gynecologic organs before the end of the fourth decade of life and by using estrogen-progestin formulations marketed for many years as combined oral contraceptives. Both risk-reducing methods are associated with unfavorable effects. Relying on the principle of double effect, this essay argues for the ethical justification for those unfavorable effects.

Psychological journeys surface as geographical explorations in Edgar Allan Poe`s The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838) and C. S. Lewis`s The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1952). Hitherto, the racial topography across the Atlantic in the two books has not received full attention. Instead, critics have focused on apocalyptic complexities because of ambiguous references to subliminal encounters with redemptive values at the ends of the two stories. Those conclusions culminate in a form of regressive returning to the comfort zone of whiteness. Nonetheless, underneath their voyage narratives, Poe and Lewis center upon the struggles of the human psyche due to racial anxieties. They further illustrate the main characters` agitation aroused by the terror of darkness. This article uncovers the two authors` transatlantic perceptions and the popular culture perceptions of the British and northern American imperial territories. These perceptions parallel the moral dilemmas between liberating other races and suppressing the insurgent Other. Thus, the article examines Lewis`s and Poe`s growing awareness of threatened nationhood in the mixtures of Romanticism and racial tensions, mixtures that preface the anti-colonial outbreaks of violence in both 19th and 20th centuries.

Resuscitation decisions for infants born at the edges of viability are complicated moral dilemmas, and the process of making these decisions is emotionally exhausting and morally distressful for families and physicians alike. An ethical approach to making these decisions requires input from physicians and parents; individuals tasked with facilitating such decisions must possess the communication and counseling skills needed to assist families with these painful and life-altering decisions. It is incumbent on all of us to continue our investigation into how we can better assist families in this process while providing care that is in their best interest.

Behavioral big data (BBD) refers to very large and rich multidimensional data sets on human and social behaviors, actions, and interactions, which have become available to companies, governments, and researchers. A growing number of researchers in social science and management fields acquire and analyze BBD for the purpose of extracting knowledge and scientific discoveries. However, the relationships between the researcher, data, subjects, and research questions differ in the BBD context compared to traditional behavioral data. Behavioral researchers using BBD face not only methodological and technical challenges but also ethical and moral dilemmas. In this article, we discuss several dilemmas, challenges, and trade-offs related to acquiring and analyzing BBD for causal behavioral research.

This article investigates the embodied experiences of “exceptionality” of casino resort employees in Singapore. Working in Singapore’s newly-opened mega-casino resorts, migrant and local employees claim a sense of agency over their own professionalism, mobilities, and moralities. Actively equipping themselves with expertise, knowledge, experiences, and certain moral attitudes, casino employees practice a particular kind of “self-fashioning” suited for the global labor market. The “self-fashioning” is oriented towards becoming “exceptional,” in the sense that casino employees are encouraged to be highly skilled, well connected, globally mobile, and keenly self-disciplined. However, the more casino employees are conditioned by codes of “exceptionality,” the more vulnerable they are when faced with career insecurities, future uncertainties, and moral dilemmas. This article argues that the self-fashioning of casino employees can be both empowering and suppressing. While waged employees are eager to participat...

Ethical issues in the field of pediatric neurosurgery, including prenatal diagnosis, palliative care for children with an intractable serious disease, and medical neglect, are discussed. An important role of medicine is to offer every possible treatment to a patient. However, it also is the responsibility of medicine to be conscious of its limitations, and to help parents love and respect a child who suffers from an incurable disease. When dealing with cases of medical neglect and palliative care for an incurable disease, it is critical to diagnose the child’s condition accurately and evaluate the outcome. However, to treat or not to treat also depends on the medical resources and social-economic status of the community, the parents’ religion and philosophy, the policies of the institutions involved, and the limits of medical science. Moral dilemmas will continue to be addressed as medical progress yields treatments for untreatable diseases in the future.

This paper aims to investigate the moral dilemmas that arise in two contemporary issues, those of Cloning and Genetic Engineering. Firstly, we examine some purely technical aspects of these two issues. Secondly, we attempt an analysis of the moral and social dimensions of Cloning and Genetic Engineering. We argue that total rejection of Cloning and Genetic Engineering is neither sound nor documented, and we conclude that there are significant benefits from these two technologies. Additionally, we propose a set of actions that will help modern societies to cope effectively with these challenges.

A research gap exists with regard to the analysis of school children and adolescents’ awareness on environmental issues. Current investigation analyzes data of 240 children and adolescents, aged between 8 and 14 years, within different school contexts in the mid-southern region of Brazil, on their knowledge level and moral judgment on solid wastes, river water and tree life. Whereas the exploratory research with different groups of different ages verifies the manner behavior emerges and changes, the transversal design gives an evolution aspect of data through the examination of a great number of agents. Results showed that children and adolescents have similar knowledge on the environment within different school contexts, except differences at environmental knowledge level. The latter revealed a mild broadening trend in proportion to the 8 - 14 years age bracket. Environmental moral judgment varied a lot, regardless of the agents’ age, and failed to be related to the knowledge that children and adolescents had on the environmental themes. Schools featuring well-defined pedagogical proposals were positively salient among the others. Environmental knowledge and moral judgment on environmental issues are not determining but implied chiefly as from the age of eleven, since both are the result of the agents’ social interactivity within the environment and basically require affectivity and cooperation.

This chapter reviews four main themes that are relevant to an ethical approach to criminal investigation. First, it examines the importance of ethics to investigative practice and argues that law, statements of rights and rules of procedure are not sufficient in themselves to ensure good professional conduct. Secondly, it analyses the moral dilemmas that face investigators, including those which derive from conflicting loyalties and competing value systems. Thirdly, it examines the corrosive effect of corrupt investigations on society, on the legitimacy and effectiveness of investigating organizations and on individual investigators.

This study explored the relationships among students' online argumentation processes, information searching behaviors and achievements. An experiment was conducted on one junior high school in southern Taiwan, including 106 students who were asked to solve moral dilemma issues in an online argumentation environment. The environment, iArgue, can record the students' discussion and information searching processes. The online records were transformed into twelve indicators and utilized to analyze the students' online argumentation behaviors. The results show that the students with higher scores for Backings tended to have significantly lower values for conducting online argumentation activities with their peers, such as posting ideas and receiving feedback from groupmates.

Background Pioneered in 1936 by Portuguese neurologist and politician Egas Moniz, lobotomy was a definitive lesional surgery on the brain, which consisted of splitting the white fibers in the frontal lobes. Sixteen years later, the first antipsychotic medication appeared at Sainte-Anne Mental Hospital in Paris, drastically reducing the number of surgical lobotomies in France and worldwide. Lobotomy has been one of the most criticized medical procedures in history, with thousands of patients lobotomized around the world and causing serious consequences to their personalities and intellectual function. Methods In the 1940s, the French language was widely used as an alternative language in medical studies, the reason we decided to focus a francophone review on this subject. We conducted the first francophone review of the reported data for the period from 1935 to 1985. Moreover, for a clearer understanding of the background of the time, we also studied the social historical environment. Results A total of 1340 cases of lobotomized patients were identified through a review of 29 studies. The indications had varied and were not limited to mental illness. Lobotomy was also performed in some rare cases on patients with peptic ulcers or ulcerative colitis to stop gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The lobotomy techniques were numerous, varying from classic lobotomy to the transorbital injection of radioactive iridium 194. Conclusion We have discussed the psychiatric, societal, and media contexts that led to the emergence of lobotomy. Our aim was to highlight this period in the history of medicine and place the medical practice into perspective.

Polish society is strongly influenced by the Catholic Church and Poland has one of the most restrictive abortion laws in Europe. We attempted to gather information by questionnaire from women considering termination of pregnancy (TOP). Women were asked about their perceptions of the attending medical staff and whether they felt they had been fully informed of their rights, as well as about conduct of the procedure itself in light of physicians' use of the 'conscience clause'.Between June 2014 and May 2016 all women deemed eligible for TOP for medical reasons were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire (n = 240). A total of 150 questionnaires (62.5%) were returned and analysed.Most respondents (95%) lived in a town or city, and a significant number (40%) lived outside the area where the study centre was located. The main reason for such a large group of out-of-region respondents (53%) was the lack of centres offering TOP in the area where the women lived. Only one attending obstetrician did not support a decision to abort the pregnancy. Although 65% of treating physicians supported the woman's decision, only 8% were willing to perform the procedure themselves.Most regional centres offer no access to TOP, despite the legal right of women to abort their pregnancy in the event of a severe fetal defect. Some physicians refuse to perform abortions, citing conscientious objection. Double standards among treating physicians have been detected, as many support the decision of their patient but refuse to perform the procedure themselves.

People who avoid eating animals tend to share their homes with animal companions, and moral dilemma may arise when they are faced with feeding animal products to their omnivorous dogs and carnivorous cats. One option to alleviate this conflict is to feed pets a diet devoid of animal ingredients-a 'plant-based' or 'vegan' diet. The number of pet owners who avoid animal products, either in their own or in their pets' diet, is not currently known. The objective of this study was to estimate the number of meat-avoiding pet owners, identify concerns regarding conventional animal- and plant-based pet food, and estimate the number of pets fed a plant-based diet. A questionnaire was disseminated online to English-speaking pet owners (n = 3,673) to collect data regarding pet owner demographics, diet, pet type, pet diet, and concerns regarding pet foods. Results found that pet owners were more likely to be vegetarian (6.2%; 229/3,673) or vegan (5.8%; 212/3,673) than previously reported for members of the general population. With the exception of one dog owned by a vegetarian, vegans were the only pet owners who fed plant-based diets to their pets (1.6%; 59/3,673). Of the pet owners who did not currently feed plant-based diets but expressed interest in doing so, a large proportion (45%; 269/599) desired more information demonstrating the nutritional adequacy of plant-based diets. Amongst all pet owners, the concern most commonly reported regarding meat-based pet foods was for the welfare of farm animals (39%; 1,275/3,231). The most common concern regarding strictly plant-based pet foods was regarding the nutritional completeness of the diet (74%; 2,439/3,318). Amongst vegans, factors which predicted the feeding of plant-based diets to their pets were concern regarding the cost of plant-based diets, a lack of concern regarding plant-based diets being unnatural, and reporting no concern at all regarding plant-based diets for pets. Given these findings, further research is warranted to investigate plant-based nutrition for domestic dogs and cats.

Przedmiotem opracowania jest zbadanie doktrynalnych spoiw infrastruktury etycznej, które winny służyć zapewnieniu właściwej postawy moralnej profesjonalistom narażonym na pokusę przeprowadzenia transakcji spekulacyjnych. W szczególny sposób problem ten dotyczy osób zatrudnionych w sektorze usług finansowych na stanowisku maklera papierów wartościowych i doradcy inwestycyjnego. Obszar badawczy został celowo ograniczony do tendencji formalizacyjnych etyki oraz roli procesów kodyfikacyjnych w jej kształtowaniu. Przede wszystkim po to, by wykazać redundantny wpływ unormowań etycznych na wybrane elementy rozwoju moralnego człowieka. Nadto niniejsza praca kładzie akcent na pełniejsze, niż to było dotychczas, wyjaśnienie regularnie występujących niedociągnięć argumentacyjnych narosłych wokół instytucjonalizacji etyki zawodowej z uwypukleniem tych racji, które dezawuują jej znaczenie przy rozstrzyganiu dylematów moralnych. Naszkicowana problematyka została przedstawiona na podstawie aktualnego dorobku doktryny, włączając się w ten sposób w wartki nurt jej rozważań.

Science and its predecessor, alchemy, have been topics of fiction in the West for over five centuries but until late last century novelists, with few exceptions, condemned science and scientists on social and moral grounds. However, since the 1990s, science has acquired a more benign and humane image, associated with combatting deadly viruses, saving endangered species and communicating the urgency of dealing with climate change. Novelists, too, are increasingly intent on authenticity in presenting scientific research and the motives and moral dilemmas of scientists. Such science novels risk being overloaded with scientific facts and explanations, so the craft of the writer involves integrating the necessary scientific information without damaging the artistic integrity of the work. This paper explores, through interviews with authors and in-depth reading of texts, how the following writers accommodated the science component within the life-world of their narrative and took steps to avoid an ‘information dump’: Rebecca Goldstein (The Mind-Body Problem and Properties of Light), William Boyd (Brazzaville Beach), Simon Mawer (Mendel’s Dwarf), Susan Gaines (Carbon Dreams), Clare Dudman (Wegener’s Jigsaw), Richard Powers (The Echo Maker), Barbara Kingsolver (Flight Behavior), and Pippa Goldschmidt (The Falling Sky).

This essay argues that Browning’s ‘most metaphysical and boldest’ poem after Sordello, Fifine at the Fair, is also a poem in which Percy Shelley’s influence can be detected. I have argued elsewhere for the influence of Shelley on Browning in Sordello and Browning returned to address issues that Shelley raised in ‘The Triumph of Life’ in Fifine. Although it is often thought that Browning moved away from Shelley after discovering the Harriet letters, I argue that he worked out his attitude towards Shelley in Fifine through the concepts of ‘falsehood’ and ‘truth’. As for his engagement with Romanticism, Browning criticizes the condescending attitude that the speaker–narrator takes in ‘The Triumph’ towards the people to embrace humanity in its flawed state. He also engages with the moral dilemma that was central to ‘The Triumph’ by working out the protagonist’s relationship with two female figures – Elvire and Fifine. As a result, the essay concludes that Fifine can be seen as a direct response to Shelley’s ‘...