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Thymoquinone (TQ) is one of the leading phytochemicals, which is abundantly found in Nigella sativa L. seeds. TQ exhibited various biological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anti-tumoral in several pre-clinical studies. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-term neurodegenerative disease with movement difficulties, and the common feature of neurodegeneration in PD patients is caused by dopaminergic neural damage in the substantia nigra pars compacta. The neuroprotective activity of TQ has been studied in various neurological disorders. TQ-mediated neuroprotection against PD is yet to be reported in a single frame; therefore, this review is intended to narrate the potentiality of TQ in the therapy of PD. TQ has been shown to protect against neurotoxins via amelioration of neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, thereby protecting neurodegeneration in PD models. TQ could be an emerging therapeutic intervention in PD management, but mechanistic studies remain to be investigated to clarify its neuroprotective role.

Background: Acute Myocardial Infarction is usually a complication of an ongoing atherosclerotic pathophysiological process inside the distribution of the coronary arterial supply. For many years, acute myocardial infarction has been one of the leading causes of death worldwide. One of the major complications of acute myocardial infarction is the event of “cardiac arrest”. However, with an early approach to emergency medical services and early seeking of healthcare, the potential mortality chance can be reduced. Despite the significance of the situation and its vulnerability, delays in approaching emergency medical services exist due to variable influences. This study had investigated the reasons behind the delays and the awareness of the general public on acute myocardial infarction and its associated symptoms. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional type of research that was conducted in October 2021 through November 2021 period that invited 427 participants through social media platforms. Results: The online questionnaire was distributed and administered by 427 subjects. The mean age of the participants was (27.62 years, SD=11.692) with a minimum age of 18 years and a maximum age of 89 years. The majority of the study participants were females (n=237, 55.5%), of those who called during the daytime, 97.4% of them have mentioned that they would call the EMS directly but when investigated about the time to wait before calling EMS, 55.3% of the participants who chose to call during the daytime would call in less than an hour. Conclusion: For initiating public campaigns and providing the public with the consequences of an ignored myocardial infarction and the potential mortality that could be associated with delaying the emergency medicine services approach.

Meat is the most valuable livestock product since it is one of the main sources of protein for human consumption. Meat quality can be evaluated according to the following parameters: pH, amount of lactic acid, volatile fatty acids, bounded water, solubility of proteins, color, and tenderness. The meat composition and physical properties of muscles have been characterized for ensuring improved eating quality. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to review the major chemical compositional and physicochemical properties of meat and, at the same time, its quality attributes and factors that affect quality of meat. A number of structural features of meat as connective tissue, muscle fibers, and tendon that attaches the muscle to the bone are visible in joint meat examined through naked eyes. Water is quantitatively the most important component of meat comprising up to 75% of weight. Meat is also composed of amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and other important ingredients. Quality factors perceived by consumers are related to sensory attributes (e.g., color, tenderness, and flavor), nutritional properties (e.g., calories, vitamins’ content, and fatty acids’ profile), and appearance (e.g., exudation, marbling, and visible amount of fat). However, fresh meat quality can be defined instrumentally including composition, nutrients, color, water-holding capacity, tenderness, functionality, flavors, spoilage, and contamination. Visual inspection based on sensory quality attributes and different chemical methods are used to analyze meat quality. Other methods such as computer vision and imaging spectroscopy, gas chromatographic analysis, near-infrared technology, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and computerized tomography scanning are also used in the meat industry. So, the aim of the present review is to review quality characteristics of cattle meat and its composition constituents.

Introduction The purpose of this study was to compare clinically and radiographically the effects of potassium nitrate in polycarboxylate cement and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) as pulpotomy agents in vital immature mandibular first molars. Methods The trial design was a parallel randomized, 1:1 allocation ratio, with both the participants and the data assessor blinded. A total of 50 molars of 48 eligible children aged 6–9 years were studied. The children had mandibular immature first molars with extensive caries that revealed pulp exposure during caries excavation. Patients were randomly allocated equally into 2 groups in which potassium nitrate in polycarboxylate cement (the intervention group) and MTA (the control group) were used as pulpotomy biomaterials. The treated teeth were restored permanently. The primary outcome was clinical/radiographic assessment after 1 week, 6 months, and 12 months. The secondary outcomes were radiometric analysis at 6 and 12 months to determine dimensional changes during maturogenesis. The digital radiographs were imported to image processing software to perform radiometric measurements. Data were tabulated and statistically analyzed with significance set at P ≤ .05. Results Only a single tooth failed at the 6-month recall, and another one was lost during recall in each group. Thus, the overall success rate for cases/group who finally attended the 12-month follow-up time point was 92% (23/25) with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. At the 12-month recall, successful cases showed root development with an increase in root length and a decrease in apical foramen width. Complete apical closure was observed in 65.2% of the roots in the intervention group and 52.1% in the control group. Conclusions The clinical and radiographic success reported in the present study reveals that potassium nitrate in polycarboxylate cement could be used as a biological and economic alternative to MTA as a pulpotomy agent in vital immature mandibular first molars. Further follow-up for longer periods is recommended.

Breast cancer patients diagnosed with HR+/HER2– tumors face a persistent risk of distant recurrence long after completion of their treatment. Strategies to induce anti-tumor immune responses could complement standard-of-care therapies for these patients. The current study was performed to examine the feasibility, safety and immunogenicity of adding P10s-PADRE to standard-of-care chemotherapy in HR+/HER2− early-stage breast cancer patients. Twenty-five subjects were treated in a single-arm Phase Ib clinical trial. Five different immunization schedules were considered to evaluate the feasibility of eliciting an immune response. The primary immunogenicity endpoint was antibody titer. The expression of several activation markers on natural killer (NK) cells and serum concentrations of Th1/Th2 cytokines were also examined. The percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) was determined. Antibody response was superior in schedule C where 3 weekly immunizations preceded the first dose of chemotherapy. A significant change in CD16, NKp46 and CD94 expression levels on NK cells and a rise in serum content of IFN-γ was observed after treatment. Schedule C showed an increase in TILs in residual lesions. The combination therapy is safe and immunogenic with treatment schedule C being immunologically promising. Randomized trials focused on long-term survival outcomes are needed to evaluate clinical benefits.

Background: The inguinal hernia is a protrusion of abdominal contents into the inguinal canal through an abdominal wall defect, and the risk of inguinal hernia increases with age. Currently, inguinal hernia repair with a mesh is the mostly common method through surgical procedure. Objective: To compare the outcome of laparoscopic versus open repair for inguinal hernias. Patients and Methods: This prospective comparative study conducted at General Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University at the period between January 2021 till July 2021, between open technique (preperitoneal approach, conventional Lichtenstein repair) versus laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) and totally extraperitoneal (TEP) mesh repair of inguinal hernia. 24 patients were randomized into 2 groups by the closed envelop method, 12 patients underwent open repair operation and 12 patients underwent laparoscopic repair operation. The clinical diagnosis of inguinal hernia was based on symptoms and signs elicited during clinical assessment. Results: we found that mean duration of operation in laparoscopic group was longer than open group with significant difference, as regard length of hospital stay there was significant differences between two groups. Return to daily activity (Days) was early among laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair group with mean 1.67±0.49 and range from 1 to 2 days versus 4.58±1.5 with range from 3 to 7 days in open repair for inguinal hernia group, the difference was highly statistically significant. Conclusions: Laparoscopic surgical techniques for inguinal hernia repair (TAPP and TEP) can be carried out with a very low rate of predominantly harmless complications and with an acceptable duration of operation.

The study aimed to identify the extent of the role of social media sites in health awareness of the emerging corona virus (COVID-19), as the researcher used the descriptive analytical method, and designed a content analysis form as a tool to collect data, and a purposive sample of (121) publications was selected to raise awareness of the emerging corona virus (COVID- 19), on the page of the Sudanese Federal Ministry of Health on Facebook, and the study showed many results, the most important of which are: The Sudanese Federal Ministry of Health page publications lack interest in the diversity of multimedia and its balanced use, as it relied heavily on the text attached to the illustrations specifically (logos) The hashtag in displaying the page’s posts for health awareness of the emerging corona virus (COVID-19) ranked first with a percentage of (61.16%), and the results showed the Sudanese Federal Ministry of Health page’s lack of focus in its publications on the topics, health advice and preventive measures, as it came at a rate of (9.09%), while it came The percentage of user interaction with the page's posts that exceeded 951 or more was in favor of the number of likes, which came at (71.07%), while the most important recommendations of the study were: Paying attention to issues related to health guidelines and preventive measures in most of the study page's publications, taking advantage of the possibilities and characteristics of multimedia and employing them in balanced and attractive images, especially visual, audio and static, animated and interactive graphics, which contributes to the diversity of methods of displaying the study page publications to raise awareness of the emerging Coronavirus (COVID-19 The page of the Sudanese Federal Ministry of Health should also pay attention to the diversity of its media sources in all posts.

Vitamin D deficiency is one of the most increasingly diagnosed comorbidities in patients with type II diabetes mellitus (TIIDM), suggesting that it may play a role in TIIDM. The present study aims to determine and evaluate Libyan adults' vitamin D (Vit D) status with and without TIIDM. 100 Libyan adults with TIIDM from the Diabetic Clinics and 100 healthy without TIIDM were included in the study. The mean age for the TIIDM subjects was 25.8 ± 15.4 years versus 35.9 ± 4.2 years for the healthy controls. Serum 25 hydroxy cholceferiol (vitamin D), calcium, cholesterol, blood glucose, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides were measured and the outcomes were compared between the TIIDM and control groups. Both the TIIDM and healthy agencies had diet Vit D deficiency. The suggested ranges of Vit D had been appreciably decreased in the TIIDM adults compared to the controls (29.1±1.6 nmol/L versus 36.4±1.9 nmol/L). In the TIIDM adults, 66.7% had mild, 30.7% moderate, and 3.3% severe Vit D deficiency, in contrast with 43.7% (mild), 33.5% (moderate), and 6% (severe) in the control group. Overall, 100% of the TIIDM adults and 75% of the healthy adults were Vit D deficient. In this study, compared to the healthy groups with TIIDM, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among TIIDM adults used to be quite high. Therefore, screening for vitamin D deficiency and supplementation for this population is warranted.

Purpose: Identify the relationships among participants’ lifestyle and their perceptions toward physiological health status. Methods: This is a cross-sectional research study. A convenience sampling was used to recruit 480 adult clients from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Results: The majority of the participants (48.8%) rated their physiological health status as sub-optimal health. Significant positive associations were found between participants’ perceptions about physiological health status as ‘healthy’ and their positive lifestyle and low-risk behaviors for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Specifically, the associations were between not being smoker (χ2 = 4.17, p = 0.04), practicing physical activity (χ2 = 60.9, p < 0.001), eating ≥ 5 cups of fruits and vegetables daily (χ2 = 8.33, p = 0.004), and being normal/under-weight (χ2 = 65.5, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Perception about poor/sub-optimal physical health status is associated with many CVD risk factors. Using a brief screening tool to assess physical health status is recommended at each clinic visit. In addition, periodic physical assessment, full check-up, and follow-up with healthcare providers are highly suggested for those who perceived their physical health status as “poor” to prevent further CVD. Health education is pressingly recommended to improve the awareness of these Arab communities toward the prevention of CVD risk factors and enhancement of positive lifestyle behaviors.

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) includes an unusual group of acute, chronic, and subacute developed diseases of skeletal muscle characterized by moderate to severe muscle weakness and inflammation.Polymyositis is generally considered to be a prototypic T cell-mediated autoimmune myopathy, while DM was traditionally associated with a humoral-driven microangiopathy, though the putative autoantibodies and their targets have yet to be identified, and there is increasing evidence implicating the type I interferon pathway in the pathogenesis of the disease. Women between the ages of 50 and 70 are the most typically affected. Proximal muscular weakness is the most common clinical symptom. Inflammatory arthritis, Raynaud's phenomenon, myocarditis, and interstitial lung disease are all examples of extramuscular involvement. In this review, we overview updates in diagnosis and managements of polymyositis.

Family medicine and family physicians have exerted significant efforts in reducing the impact of the deteriorated socioeconomic factors in some communities. They attempt to enhance the quality of care for individuals. Continued research and dedicated levels in this field can also be associated with clear and innovative approaches to enhance the management of certain diseases and to improve the quality of care to reduce patients’ negligence related to potential management plans. it has been reported that family physicians have major roles in elevating the quality of care, achieving better disease management, and enhancing the quality of care for the corresponding patients because they have direct involvement with the individuals’ community and patients, In this literature review, the aim to discuss the impact of socioeconomic status on healthcare and the role that family medicine plays to enhance the quality of care for corresponding individuals’ community. The continued care of family physicians towards the health care of patients can significantly enhance the quality of life and have related health outcomes. Setting priorities and prescribing suitable treatment regimens are two important factors that might solve the problem of negligence to treatment regimens in low socioeconomic communities. Local authorities should also provide suitable environments for patients to enhance the nationwide outcomes and to reduce the burdens over the healthcare facilities by calling for integrated social, providing medical efforts, and enhancing the quality of care for patients.

Background: Left untreated, scaphoid nonunion can progress to carpal collapse and a predictable pattern of radiocarpal arthrosis. The goals of surgery for scaphoid nonunion include uniting the fracture and restoring carpal alignment. Objective: To assess the effect of pronator quadratus vascularized muscle bone pedicle graft in scaphoid nonunion with fixation. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted on 20 patients with a history of scaphoid fracture since three months ago and no clinical or radiological signs of healing at Al-Azhar University Hospitals from January 2018 till February 2019. The patients underwent pronator quadratus vascularized muscle bone pedicle graft in scaphoid nonunion with fixation. Results: The mean age of the studied cases was 34.27 ± 11.74 years and male predominance with all of the studied patients noted no complications wither early or late and returned to their previous level of activity. All the cases achieved bony union (100%) in a mean of 12.5 weeks. There was improvement in mean radiolunate and scapholunate angles. Average range of motion and modified Mayo score. There were no early complications of surgical site infection or sensory disturbances in the area of the radial nerve. There were also none late septic complications. No radiographic progression of arthritis was noted in any patient within the available follow-up time. All patients returned to their previous level of activity and satisfied with the late clinical and functional results. Conclusion: Volar vascularized bone grafts is an easy method and provides excellent results while needing no special equipment. Bone grafting is the mainstay treatment for non-union scaphoid. Vascularized bone grafts using pronator quadratus osteomuscular flaps have proved to be more biological and more successful treatment option.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major threat to patient safety. Methicillin and inducible clindamycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus are important multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs). Timely reporting of MDROs is necessary for rational antibiotic prescription and in combating AMR. We present the prevalence and distribution of Methicillin and inducible clindamycin resistant (iCR) isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from Gombe Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study included 260 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical specimens in Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG). Isolates identification was done using conventional biochemical methods. Methicillin resistance was detected by cefoxitin disc diffusion method while iCR isolates by erythromycin and clindamycin disc approximation test (D-test). Data analysis was done using SPSS version 23.0. Results: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was detected in 178 (68.5%) isolates while 214 (82.3%) were iCR (D-test positive). Among the MRSA, 87.1% were also iCR while 72.4% of the iCR isolates were MRSA. There was significant association between MRSA and iCR (p = 0.03), MRSA and clindamycin resistance (p = 0.05) and MRSA and erythromycin resistance (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Prevalence of MDR Staphylococcus aureus is high in Gombe Nigeria. Antimicrobial stewardship programme (ASP) and good Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) are necessary in combating AMR and improving patient safety.

Vitiligo is an acquired skin disorder that is characterized by a gradual loss of skin pigmentation when melanocytes, the skin's pigment-producing cellsis lost. Pathogenicmechanisms are not well understood. Genetic, abnormal biochemical pathways, autoimmune, melanocyte adhesion deficits and nervous system imbalances are among the pathogenic triggers. Vitiligo lesions have also been shown to have macrophage infiltration.Macrophagemigration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a lymphokine that concentrates macrophages at inflammatory sites and is involved in cell-mediated immunity.MIF enhances chemotaxis and macrophage infiltration and upregulates inflammatory responses by inducing the expression of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF-α, nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2.Therapyfor vitiligo includes corticosteroids, immunomodulatory agents, vitamin D nalogues, antioxidants, phototherapy, laser and surgical therapy.However, no single treatment for vitiligo produces consistently good results and treatment response is variable. Narrow-band ultraviolet (NB-UVB, 311–313nm) phototherapy is viewed as backbone of treatment. Systemic therapies such as systemic corticosteroids and methotrexate were previously used to treat vitiligo which was assumed to be auto-immune nature.Pathogenic mechanisms, role of MIF and various treatment guidelines are discussed in this review

Purpose This study aims to assess the relationship between sleep habits and obesity in children. Design/methodology/approach This is an observational cross-sectional case–control study conducted on 100 children aged 6–12 years, selected randomly from the OPC of the Pediatric Hospital, Ain-Shams University. The subjects were subdivided into two groups: the control group of 50 and the target group of children who are classed overweight or obese. Subjects were excluded where the obesity could be explained owing to an endocrinal and/or any identified disease, those who have a medical or psychiatric illness, and those whose parents refused to give consent. All patients had a full history taken, and each child’s parent fulfilled one questionnaire on sleep behaviors. Findings This study found that 72% with bedtime resistance compared to only 14% among the control subjects, 68% of children experienced a delay with sleep onset compared to 14% among controls, 68% experienced sleep duration abnormalities compared to 12% in the control group, 60% of children stated they needed their parents while going to sleep, compared to 12% among controls, 64% of cases suffered from walking during the night compared to 12% among controls, 64% of cases had a Parasomnia compared to 12% among controls, 66% of cases snoring loudly compared to 12% among controls, and 66% suffering from Apnea, compared to 6% in the control group, and 50% of cases had daytime sleepiness compared to 14% among controls. Research limitations/implications It is hoped that this research will be remedied through the adoption of a child-centered approach inspired by the rights to health and play, and the general principles of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Practical implications The results showed a strong association between excessive weight and increased risk of sleep problems, which were broadly diffused in the population childhood. Originality/value This current study has given us a base for the overwhelming fact that these children are directly affected by obesity. A chronic medical condition has enormous implications on health and can lead to many associated disease processes.

Background:Cirrhosis of the liver is the end stage of chronic liver disease. Nurses role very important to patient with liver cirrhosis. Aim:Assess nurses, knowledge and practice regarding nursing care of patients with liver cirrhosis. Subjects and Method:A descriptive research design was used. Setting: The study was conducted medical unit at Ismailia university hospital, Ismailia general hospital and Port-Said general hospitals (Port-Said, Port-Fouad and AL-Zehor central). Subjects: A 150 convenient nurses participated in the study Tools: Data were collected using two tools, Nurses' Knowledge questionnaire and Observational Check list for practice. Result: The result of study indicated that 78.65% and 63.09% of studied nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge and practice Conclusion: Most of the studied nurses had unsatisfactory knowledge and practice regarding care of patients with liver cirrhosis. Recommendations: There are obvious needs for conducted an educational and training programs to improve nurse's knowledge and practice regarding nursing care of patients liver cirrhosis.

Abdilahi Ibrahim Muse,1 Mohamed Omar Osman,2 Ahmed Mohammed Ibrahim,2 Girma Tadesse Wedajo,2 Fuad Ismail Daud,1 Kalkidan Hassen Abate3 1Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 2Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia; 3Department of Population and Family Health, Jimma University, Jimma, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Mohamed Omar OsmanDepartment of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, P.O. Box: 1020, Jigjiga, EthiopiaTel +251921424748Fax +251 25 775 5976Email Wehliye@jju.edu.etBackground: Tuberculosis and undernutrition are the public health concerns of people living in middle and low-income countries. When patient develops TB, undernutrition is not only a risk factor for progression of latent TB infection to active disease, but also intensifies the risk of drug toxicity, relapse and death. Nutritional supplementation in patients with TB is associated with faster sputum conversion, higher cure and treatment completion rates, and body-weight gain.Objective: To find out the magnitude of undernutrition and associated factors among adult tuberculosis patients in jigjiga public health facilities.Methods and Materials: A facility-based cross-sectional study design was applied. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire while anthropometric measurements were collected in their scale measurements. The data were entered into an Epi-data version 3.1, then were exported and analyzed using SPSS v20. Bivariate logistic regression was done to assess the association between the outcome variable and the independent variables, value < 0.25 was considered as a candidate for multivariate logistic regression at 95% CI. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, the level of statistical significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05.Results: The magnitude of undernutrition was 44.3% [95% CI (38.2, 49.7)]. Sex (female) [AOR=1.769, CI=1.035, 3.024], educational status [AOR=3.939, CI=2.285, 6.792] and being Bedridden [AOR=3.718, CI=1.115, 12.394) were predictors of Undernutrition among adult tuberculosis patients.Conclusion: The magnitude of undernutrition among adult patients with TB was high in the area. Overall routine appropriate nutrition assessment and support should be given to undernourished patients with TB. The level of education about nutrition should be improved by counseling on a balanced diet to all patients with TB and particularly for female patients. Appropriate nutrition support should be provided to undernourished TB patients, and more focused on those who are bedridden.Keywords: under-nutrition, TB, adult, public health facilities, Jigjiga town, Ethiopia

The transmembrane protein, c-Met, is thought to be overexpressed and activated in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study explored its potential as a diagnostic tissue biomarker for CRC in a large human CRC tissue collection obtained from a randomized clinical trial. Tissue microarrays of matched normal colorectal epithelium and primary cancer were prepared from specimens obtained from 280 patients recruited to the MRC CLASICC trial (ISRCTN 74883561) and interrogated using immunohistochemistry for c-Met expression. The distribution and intensity of immunopositivity was graded using a validated, semi-quantifiable score, and differences in median scores analysed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to measure the diagnostic accuracy of c-Met as a biomarker in CRC. Epithelial cell membrane expression of c-Met differed significantly between CRC and normal colorectal tissue: median 12.00 (Interquartile range (IQR) 6-15) versus median 6.00 (IQR 2.70-12.00) respectively (P =

Background Refractive error is an important preventable cause of visual impairment and blindness worldwide. In adult life, reduced vision can potentially affect the academic performance, choice of occupation and socio-economic status. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of refractive errors and related visual impairment among undergraduate male students in Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was employed in the current work. After obtaining an informed consent; each eligible student was asked to fill a self-constructed survey and have screened in the college premises for visual acuity and refractive error. Candidates detected with defective vision have been referred for further examination at well-equipped ophthalmology clinic in the University Hospital. Results A total of 420 undergraduate students, with age ranged from 18 to 30 years, have participated in the current study. About 25.0% of the participants have used spectacles at the time of examination. Positive family history of spectacles use was found in 71.4%. Our study showed that visual acuity in the better eye was low in 34.76% of the participants. Seventy-eight students (18.6%) of the total participants reported defective vision and have fulfilled refractometric examination. Of the examined students 83.3% were found to have refractive errors. Astigmatism, 52.6%, was the most frequently encountered refractive error among the participants; followed by myopia, 26.9%; and hypermetropia 2.6%. Conclusion The current study confirms that refractive error is an important preventable cause of visual impairment. Significant portion of the examined participants were found to have refractive errors recommending further work to improve visual status in undergraduate students.

Ovarian vein thrombosis (OVT) is a rare condition occurring in 1/600 to 1/2000 pregnancies mainly in the postpartum setting[1,2]. However,it is a potentially life-threatening condition andcan occur in other circumstances, such as inflammatory diseases of the pelvis, gynecological tumors, after pelvic surgery, during sepsis, hypercoagulable state, or even sometimes without an underlying cause [2]. It is usually manifested by nonspecific abdominal pain, with or without fever, and must be recognized because of its potentially serious complications (pulmonary embolism) [2,5]. Currently, the diagnosis is done earlier thanks to imaging techniques making the prognosis better[3,4].

Background: Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is one of the most common human cancers. It is the fourth most common cause of death from cancer. Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in men and the second in women worldwide. Objective: To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of KAI-1/CD82 in different stages of colorectal carcinoma and to evaluate the biological behavior of tumor and target therapy. Patients and Methods: Thirty formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of colorectal carcinoma (obtained from archive of Al-Azhar University Hospital Labs and some private labs). Clinicopathological and histological features were taken from files and confirmed by H&E examination. Immunohistochemical study was done by using CD82/ (KAI-1) marker. Results: CD82 showed an insignificant relation with age, sex, site of tumor and degree of differentiation. A significant inverse relationship was detected between CD82 expression in tumor cells and tumor stage according to modified Duke's staging. Insignificant relation between age, sex, site and grade. Conclusion: The decreased membranous and/or cytoplasmic expression of CD82 might be used as a prognostic marker to monitor patient with colorectal cancer.

Background: Varicocele is abnormal dilatation and tortuosity of the testicular vein within the spermatic cord. Laparoscopic varicocelectomy is a minimally invasive procedure that can easily be performed by simple instruments. Not only can the bilateral varicocele be easily dealt with through the same ports, but other procedures, such as hernia repair, can also be simultaneously performed. It is the best approach when recurrent disease and obesity are problems. Objective: To assess and compare between the open and laparoscopic varicocelectomy approaches in treatment of varicocele as regards postoperative results, complications and efficacy of the technique. Patients and methods: This prospective study was done on 30 patients with primary varicocele at Aswan University Hospital. They were classified into two equal groups. Group-A underwent open subinguinal varicocele repair. Group-B underwent laparoscopic varicocelectomy using the intraperitoneal approach. Results: There were no significant differences between both groups as regard age and laterality. Postoperative pain was reported in 100% of patients in both groups. The open subinguinal procedure and laparoscopic varicocelectomy showed significant difference as regarding postoperative complications in favor of laparoscopic procedure, while both procedure showed no significant difference regarding improvement of semen parameters. Conclusion: Laparoscopic varicocelectomy is better than open technique as regard operation time, postoperative complications (Wound erythema, wound infection, epididymitis, and recurrence) and postoperative hospital stay while other studies revealed that the microsurgical technique is the best of all.

Summary: The proposal of the Code of Ethics on practicing the profession of social work in Egypt has many advantages and did not cost the state anything, but it only needs legislation to take its validity and legal legitimacy, since state institutions and the private sector do not absorb the numbers that graduate each academic year from social Work colleges and institutes in Egypt, The proposal is not an invention or a catalogue, but a successful model in the countries that apply it, and the added value of the project is: eliminating the unemployment of social workers, investing the capacities of social workers in confronting and solving social problems, spreading social work in the geographical scope of Egyptian society, achieving social investment, and after interviewing a sample of community members in different geographical and cultural locations. In addition to studying and analyzing the content of the group of laws, regulations and decisions organized by the Union of Social Professions in Egypt, studying the international ethical document of social workers in 1976, studying the Ethical Charter of Social Workers (NASW) 1979,studying the draft code of ethics of the profession of Palestinian social workers and psychologists, and studying the ethical charter To practice social professions in the Kingdom of Bahrain 2009,andstudy the moral charter in Kuwait 2013, and in light of that the current project was developed, and the benefits of the project and the social benefit of it: eliminating unemployment, helping young graduates in social stability, facing many social problems, correcting social, achieving community awareness, confronting negative and extremist ideas, promoting the Egyptian family, helping the family court, Help juvenile court, ease the burden on state institutions, develop human resources, achieve proper social construction Achieving the goals of the social Work profession. Keywords: Social investment, social clinic.

Background Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is believed that hemostatic imbalance secondary to release of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and subsequent hyperfibrinolysis plays a major role in PPH pathogenesis. Antifibrinolytic drugs such as tranexamic acid (TXA) are widely used in hemorrhagic conditions associated with hyperfibrinolysis. TXA reduced maternal death due to PPH and its use as a part of PPH treatment is recommended, and in recent years, a number of trials have investigated the efficacy of prophylactic use of TXA in reducing the incidence and the severity of PPH. The study is aiming to assess the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing blood loss throughout and after the lower segment cesarean section and reducing the risk of postpartum hemorrhage. Results The amount of blood loss was significantly lower in the study group than the control group (416.12±89.95 and 688.68±134.77 respectively). Also the 24-h postoperative hemoglobin was significantly higher in the study group (11.66±0.79 mg/dl) compared to the control group (10.53±1.07mg/dl), and the 24-h postoperative hematocrit value was significantly higher in the study group (34.99±2.40) compared to control (31.62±3.22). Conclusion Prophylactic administration of tranexamic acid reduces intraoperative and postoperative bleeding in cesarean section and the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage.

By successfully infecting certain numbers of nodes in an Internet of Things (IoT) platform, botmaster often relies on specific bots (infected nodes) to scan and gather information about the target nodes for onward propagation of the attack. Therefore, the bot’s processing capability to scan and executes the botmaster’s instructions relied on its memory capability. Hence, the bot’s memory efficiency determines the selection or the abandonment of the bot by the botmaster during the propagation of the attack. To defend against IoT botnets attack, there is need to accurately analyze the dynamic characteristics of the botnet propagation in a network. Although conventional IoT botnet propagation models considered certain characteristics of IoT wireless sensor networks (IoT-WSN) in analyzing the propagation time and the size of the botnet infection, the models do not consider the impact of memory-efficient bots on the size of the botnet infection. As such they are not applicable to defend the network against them. To complement this gap, this study proposed an IoT- Susceptible-Infectious-Abandon (IoT-SIA) model to analyze the impact of the memory-efficient bots on the size of the botnet infection. Consequently, based on the numerical simulation results, the memory-efficient bots have shown a direct impact on the size of the botnet infection and the propagation time of the attack.

Background Brachial plexus block has substituted general anesthesia in the majority of patients planned for upper limb surgeries as it avoids the undesired effects of the medications used in general anesthesia as well as the stress response associated with airway manipulation. Opioid agonist–antagonists such as nalbuphine are used as adjuvant to improve the anesthetic properties of bupivacaine. Verapamil has an additive effect in brachial plexus blockade in the form of decreasing the consumption of analgesics in the postoperative period with reducing onset time and extending the duration of motor and sensory blockade. The aim of this study is to investigate the adjuvant effect of verapamil versus nalbuphine to 0.5% bupivacaine in brachial plexus block as regards onset, duration of sensory and motor blockade and postoperative analgesic augmentation. The study is randomized, prospective, double-blinded, comparative study where 90 patients subjected to arm, forearm and hand surgeries were randomized into three groups, group A received 30 ml of plain bupivacaine 0.5% plus 2 ml of normal saline, group B received 30 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% plus 2 ml verapamil equivalent to 5 mg, group C received 30 ml of bupivacaine 0.5% plus 10 mg of nalbuphine diluted in 2 ml of normal saline. Results Results of this study showed that group C and group B sensory block time onset was 7.25 ± 1.5 vs. 10.92 ± 3.84 min, P < 0.001 and was shorter than that in group A (13.2 ± 2.66 min). In addition, the motor block onset was (11.10 ± 1.24 vs. 13.50 ± 3.77 min, P < 0.001) shorter than group A (17.16 ± 1.30 min). In group C and group B, sensory block duration was 396 ± 32.17 vs. 355.83 ± 18.48 min, P < 0.001, respectively and was longer than that in group A (321.13 ± 25.08 min). Also, there was prolonged motor block duration in group C and group B recording (338.92 ± 25.2 vs. 302.93 ± 15.24 min, P < 0.001) and was longer than that in group A (280.70 ± 32.35 min). Time of demand of rescue analgesia dose was significantly long in group C and group B (449.53 ± 52.45 vs. 418.13 ± 41.12 min, P < 0.001) and was longer than group A (361.31 ± 21.42 min). Both verapamil and nalbuphine have additive effect to bupivacaine improving the all anesthetic parameters of the block. Conclusion Both drugs produce favorable enhancement of time onset and effective prolongation of duration of sensory and motor blockade and extend the period of postoperative analgesia with superiority to nalbuphine over verapamil.

The purpose of this study is to critically analyse previous studies on management processes as antecedents of organizational performance. The study summarizes the level of understanding as regards the topic presently because of the importance of the information to the performance of organizations. The author searched Emerald, ScienceDirect.com, EBSCO and Google Scholar using a series of combinations of the following keywords: organizational management, performance management, high-performance organizations, management processes, management tools, influences of management processes, strategic management, marketing management, services marketing mix, , business organization and performance. This literature review has shown that performance is critical for the survival of the organization. It has also revealed that strategic management processes, marketing management processes and services marketing are key to organizational performance.

In several regions of the world, the remoteness of potential bird hotspots and lack of trained observers have often prevented countries from effectively designing proper monitoring schemes at a national scale. For many countries, it is not known whether certain bird strongholds have been missed that should be included for more complete censuses. Such gaps at national scales, sometimes large, may be detrimental for global monitoring schemes. To address this, we used the irregular participation of Sudan to the International Waterbird Census (IWC) as a case study. We designed and tested a method based on remote‐sensing data of the country’s lowlands to detect open water bodies in order to develop predictive models of the potential distribution of waterbird abundance and diversity. To identify open water bodies and their flooding duration, we used a Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) derived from Landsat 8 data. Field ornithological surveys were then used as ground‐truth data to estimate the method’s accuracy. The statistical results (overall accuracy = 0.972; Kappa index = 0.93) confirmed its effectiveness. Remotely sensed water bodies and additional environmental covariates were then used to build simple habitat models of the distribution of waterbird abundance and diversity based on IWC field survey data. Of the 3119 remotely sensed clusters of open water bodies, three were predicted to host more than 10 000 waterbirds, 89 more than 1000 waterbirds and five more than 30 waterbird species. Located mainly in the southern agricultural floodplains along the main rivers, these predicted waterbird strongholds are therefore recommended for inclusion in the next IWC survey in Sudan. Our findings indicate that using remote sensing to identify open water bodies combined with simple statistical modelling is likely to be a cost‐effective solution to improve IWC sampling and to enhance both waterbird and wetland monitoring in vast under‐surveyed regions.

Background: Cosmetic defects after the major orofacial disease corrections may have an effect on the overall well-being of the patient. Head-and-neck cosmetic surgeries after a major episode of oral cancer impact the functional ability of the individual in several ways. In general, two types of flap are used in reconstructive surgery: microvascular free flaps and regional pedicle flaps. In socioeconomically poor countries like India, bilobed pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap has been seen as a mainstay in facial reconstructive surgeries. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 100 individuals with oral neoplasm who underwent resective surgery had a soft-tissue defect. All the complications that arose after reconstructive surgery were noted. Simple proportions were recorded. Results: Majority of the individuals had the buccal mucosa as the common site of oral neoplasm, and the tumor nodes and metastases staging was I + II. One individual sustained total flap necrosis. Wound infection and dehiscence were the most common complications. Conclusions: PMMC is best proven for flap reconstruction in oral neoplasm cases. It is established to be effective with good acceptability and very few complications. Due to these reasons, in spite of the known advances in facial reconstructive surgeries, this technique is widely followed in developing countries.

Introduction: This is a report of immediate endoscopic balloon dilatation for incomplete pyloromyotomy in idiopathic hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Case Report: A two-months old boy presented with 6 weeks of projectile vomiting, failure to thrive and severe physiologic disturbance. Following investigation and resuscitation, he underwent laparoscopic pyloromyotomy. Recovery was delayed due to ongoing projectile vomiting. Contrast studies showed persisting proximal pyloric obstruction. On the third post-operative day, endoscopic balloon dilatation of the residual proximal pyloric stenosis was successful, with immediate tolerance of feeds. Discussion: We describe the presenting features of his case, the technical details of our management and a review of the relevant literature.

Background: Premenstrual syndrome is one of the most common problems in adolescent femaleat reproductive age. The prevalence of PMS is about 80% of adolescent female. Aim of the study:the aim of the present study was to assess effect of life style modification on management ofpremenstrual syndrome among nursing student. Design: Quasi experimental study design. Setting:the study was conducted at faculty of nursing at Benha University. Sampling: purposive samplewas selected. The sample consist of 300 adolescent female used to fulfill the aim of the study.Tools: 1-structured interviewing questionnaire schedule 2- Premenstrual syndrome scaleassessment 3-Life style assessment tool. Results: it was illustrated that there was a highlystatistical significant difference between total effect of nutritional life style on premenstrualsyndrome symptoms among studied students at pre and post intervention (p < 0.001). The results ofthe study revealed that There was a highly statistical significant difference between total effect ofrest and sleep on premenstrual syndrome symptoms among studied students at pre and postintervention (p < 0.001). It was illustrated that there was a highly statistical significant differencebetween total effect of daily activities on premenstrual syndrome symptoms among studiedstudents at pre and post intervention (p < 0.001), Conclusion: PMS was significantly associatedwith increase of body mass index, sedentary life style, exposure to passive smoking, positivefamily history of premenstrual syndrome symptoms, excessive coffee drinking, and frequentconsumption of fast food. Recommendation: interventional program has an effective role inreducing premenstrual syndrome symptoms

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the usage and social media habits of orthodontic patients. Materials and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was employed to carry out this study. The questionnaire that was used contained the following sections: Demographic data, questions relating to social media behaviors and sociodemographic characteristics, and questions relating to orthodontists' utilization of social media. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were examined. The final Arabic version was adopted and the Google Drive template was used. The link was sent to the orthodontic patients via different social media platforms and applications. Results: A total of 139 orthodontic patients agreed to take part in this study, of which 78 were females and 61 were males. The most popular applications for obtaining orthodontic-related information were Snapchat (28.7%) followed by Instagram (23.7%), and WhatsApp (22.3%). Approximately 58.9% of the patients reported that social media has no direct impact on their decision-making involving orthodontic treatment. Treatment modalities were found to be the most searched topic by the orthodontic patients (44.6%) followed by treatment costs (30.2%). Conclusion: Our study revealed that women not only use social media to check their treatment progress more than men, they are also more curious to compare their progress with other people than their male counterparts. In addition, the findings showed that social media has a greater impact on female patients when it comes to making a decision about orthodontic treatment. Treatment modalities and treatment costs are the topics most searched for by orthodontic patients.

Background: Thyroid nodules are abnormal growths of thyroid tissue which commonly arise within an otherwise normal thyroid gland. They may be hyperplasia or a thyroid neoplasm, but only a small percentage of the latter are thyroid cancers. Objectives: To improve the management of the patients and to reduce cost-effectiveness by decreasing number of unnecessary fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). Patients and Methods: This study was conducted on 50 patients known or clinically suspected to have solitary thyroid nodule or multiple nodules, referred to Radiodiagnosis Department, Ain Shams University Hospitals. The cases included 33 females and 17 males (age between 41-50 years). Results: All the nodules with TIRADS 1 were benign. In TIRADS 2 there were 10 benign and 1 malignant nodules. In TIRADS 3 there were 4 benign and 1 malignant nodules. In TIRADS 4 there were 2 benign nodules and 4 benign nodules while in TIRADS 5 there were 2 benign and 4 malignant nodules. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups with benign and malignant nodules regarding the texture of the nodules. Solid texture was higher in the malignant nodules and spongiform texture was common in the benign nodules while the cystic and mixed texture were comparable between the two groups. Conclusion: The major ultrasound features seen associated with malignancy were microcalcifications, taller than wider shape of the nodule, hypoechoic and marked hypoechoic echopattern of the nodule, irregular borders and presence of suspicious cervical lymph nodes.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global health challenge, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Programs that appropriate antibiotic use such as antimicrobial stewardship, is a global health strategy adopted by the World Health Organization to contain threats posed by AMR. Unfortunately, many LMICs are at best left behind in the process of developing antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP). We highlighted the roles of the clinical microbiology laboratory in antimicrobial stewardship and challenges associated with the program in LMICs. We further suggested ways forward in the adoption and implementation of existing programs in resource-limited settings. There is generally nonexistent or at best, fewer ASP in the LMICs. More efforts need to be channeled toward fighting the AMR scourge, primarily by adopting ASP while utilizing the little resources available.

sBasidiobolomycosis is a fungal infection caused by Basidiobolus ranarum which affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue and rarely the gastrointestinal tract. We report seven cases of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis with interesting clinical, radiological, and histological presentations. To our knowledge, this is the first case series of abdominal basidiobolomycosis to be reported from Sudan.

Background: Hip fracture is considered a major health problem worldwide. The current study aimed to investigate hip fracture characteristics among older people in Iraq and factors involving postoperative mortality.Method: A single cohort study was carried out in Sulaimani and Shar Teaching hospitals in Sulaimani from the 1st of July 2018 to 30th of June 2019. Hip fracture was diagnosed by a specialist physician using an X-Ray. The data was collected by the researcher through direct interviews and filling a prepared uniform questionnaire. The data analyzed by SPSS and p-value

Background: It is possible to achieve caudal analgesia by administering a little amount of local anesthetic into the caudal canal. There have been good analgesic effects reported for Dexamethasone with Magnesium Sulfate. Objective: The aim of the work was to evaluate and compare between dexamethasone and magnesium sulphate regarding duration and first time of rescue analgesic requirement intraoperative and to measure intraoperative hemodynamic changes (MAP, HR, SPO2) sedation and the amount of sedative and analgesic required. Patients and Methods: Pediatric patients aged 2 to 6 years of both genders were included in this Randomized double blind clinical study. They were all scheduled for Lower Abdominal Surgeries. Before surgery, a computer-generated randomization table randomly assigned patients into two dexamethasone (D) and magnesium (M) groups, each were 20. Caudal block was administered to patients in Group D using dexamethasone 0.1mg/kg in conjunction with bupivacaine 0.25% at 2mg/kg. Group M: patients received a 0.25 percent bupivacaine/magnesium sulphate caudal block of 5mg kg. The patients were submitted to clinical evaluation, laboratory investigations and monitoring pre and intraoperative hemodynamic changes. Results: Regarding demographic data, there was no significant difference between both groups (P > 0.05). Regarding HR distribution at different times pre and intraoperatively, there was no significant difference between both groups (p value >0.05). Regarding mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) at different times pre and intraoperatively, there was no significant difference between both groups (p value >0.05). Regarding the arterial oxygen saturation at different times, there was no statistical significant difference between both groups (p value >0.05). Conclusion: The analgesic profile of bupivacaine-induced caudal blocking children undergoing lower abdominal surgery was improved with magnesium (5 mg/kg) and Dexamethasone (0.1mg/kg).

Background: One of common causes of abdominal pain that needs an urgent medical intervention is Acute Appendicitis (AA), Perforated appendicitis that result of hyperbilirubinemia, and relation with age. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study that will be performed in King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital, Taif city in Saudi Arabia on the period from January 2018 to January 2020. Sample size of 197 is determined by World Health Organization (WHO) sample size calculator. Oral consent is taken from those patients. We include patients based on their age and gender. That is, we include ages from 10 years old to 60 years old. We also select both genders, male and female. Those patients may be presented with typical or atypical features of appendicitis. Result: Out of 197 participants 49.7% (n=98) were male and 50.3% (n=99) were female. 21.8% (n=43) aged less than 20 years, 54.3% (n=107) aged from 20 to 40 years and 23.9% (n=47) aged more than 40 years. About 31% (n=61) had perforated appendix. a significant relationship between perforated appendix and age was found (p-value= 0.012), in addition to bilirubin level (p-value= 0.001) respectively. Conclusion: Our local community. The majority of perforated appendix cases we found to be association with increase hyperbilirubinemia

Background: High risk pregnancy can introduce additional psychological stress on the pregnant women. Also, poor coping skills during pregnancy are associated with negative outcomes. The effects of perceived social support and uncertainty on the psychological well-being of high risk pregnant women can be mediated by their prenatal coping patterns. Aim: This study aimed to assess the mediating effects of prenatal coping patterns of the perceived social support, and uncertainty on the psychological well-being of high-risk pregnant women. Design: A cross sectional, correlational study design was utilized on 162 high-risk pregnant women according to certain inclusion criteria and who were attending outpatient clinic in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Ain Shams University Hospitals. Tools of data collection: The data was collected using an interview questionnaire that included five sections as the following: 1) patient's demographic characteristics and obstetric history 2) The Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale; 3) The Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Social Support Survey; 4) The Prenatal Coping Inventory; 5) and The Psychological General Well-Being Index. Results: data and path analysis revealed that, planning/preparation for motherhood negatively mediated the effect of uncertainty on psychological wellbeing of high-risk pregnant women; planning/preparation for motherhood mediated the effect of perceived social support on psychological wellbeing of them; and perceived social support had direct effect on psychological wellbeing of the studied subject. Regarding the psychological well-being, perceived social support, uncertainty, and prenatal coping pattern of the studied high-risk pregnant women, less than half of them had moderate psychological distress, less than two third of them had high perceived social support, more than two third of them reported low level of uncertainty, the majority of them reported less use of avoidance, less than two third of them reported less use of spiritual coping, whereas more than three quarters of them reported frequent use of planning/preparation for motherhood. Conclusion: The study concluded that prenatal coping patterns (problem focused coping) mediated the effects of uncertainty and perceived social support on the psychological well-being of the studied high-risk pregnant women. Recommendation: Incorporating psychosocial assessment in routine prenatal screening for women experiencing medically complex pregnancies with continuous and routine screening for depression and anxiety

Despite the availability of prevention guidelines and recommendations on infection management, several dental practices lack the basic awareness of requirements for infection control. This study aimed to assess the amount of awareness, perception, and perspective relating to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and infection control among clinical dental technicians. The study population consisted of clinical dental technicians who worked in private clinics, hospitals, and health centers in Albayda, Libya. A questionnaire was sent to a sample of clinical dental technicians in August 2020. The questionnaire comprised of a series of questions about clinical dental technicians including the following: their demographic characteristics, their awareness of the incubation period, the symptoms of the disease, mode of transmission of COVID-19, and infection management measures for preventing COVID-19, and their perspective toward treating patients with COVID-19. This study enclosed a total of 35 clinical dental technicians aged 22–50 years (mean = 29.5 years, SD = 9.8 years). A total of 10 (28.5%) clinical dental technicians had completed a residency program in dentistry, 15 (42.8%) had received training in infection control in dentistry, and 10 (28.5%) had attended training or lectures regarding COVID-19. A total of 5 (14.2%) clinical dental technicians reported that the period of time is 1–14 days. The bulk of clinical dental technicians were aware of COVID-19 symptoms and ways patients are at risk of getting COVID-19, were able to correctly report best-known modes of transmission, and were aware of measures for preventing COVID-19 transmission in dental clinics. A total of 30 (85.7%) believed that it was necessary to wear masks when within the waiting room and to wash hands before going in the dental chair in order to decrease disease transmission. Clinical denturists were aware of COVID-19 symptoms, modes of transmission, and infection controls and measures in dental clinics. However, clinical dental technicians had restricted comprehension of the additional precautional measures that protect the dental staff and other patients from COVID-19.

Background Globally, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus co-morbidity is higher than tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus comorbidity. Considering this, the World Health Organization and the International Union against tuberculosis and lung disease recommend bi-directional screening of the two diseases. However, in Ethiopia, bi-directional screening has not been started yet. Objective The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis comorbidity and its predictors among adult tuberculosis patients in Bale Zone Health Institutions, Southeastern Ethiopia. Materials and Methods Institutional-based cross-sectional study carried out using interviewer administered questionnaire, registration review, anthropometric and blood glucose level measurement from March, 30, 2019 to April, 30, 2019. Three hundred twenty-one tuberculosis patients were selected from tuberculosis registration log book using lottery methods. The collected data were checked for completeness, coded and entered in to EpiData3.0.2 and exported to SPSS version 20. Independent variables that had p value less 0.25 were used as candidates for multiple logistic regressions to control confounders. Variables that had significant association were identified by calculating odds ratio, with 95% confidence interval, and p value less than 0.05 used to declare statistical significance. Results Diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis comorbidity among adult tuberculosis patients was 5.1% (95% CI: 2.7%, 7.5%). Age with ≥50 years (AOR=3.98, 95% CI: 1.13, 14.36), having extra pulmonary tuberculosis (AOR=3.31, 95% CI: 1.16, 9.44) and being females (AOR=3.8, 95% CI: 1.17, 12.33) were significantly associated with the comorbidity of the two diseases. Conclusion and Recommendation The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis comorbidity was high. Female tuberculosis patients, tuberculosis patients with age ≥50 years and those having extra pulmonary tuberculosis patients should be screened for diabetes mellitus.

Background: Simple bone cysts are benign lesions with fluid content, commonly occur in the proximal femur and humerus and rarely occur in the calcaneus. Calcaneal bone cysts are usually asymptomatic, diagnosed incidentally on radiographs and rarely susceptible to pathological fractures, but it may present with heel pain. The site of the cysts is usually the neutral triangle of the calcaneus. Plain radiograph, CT, MRI and histopathology examinations are the diagnostic tools for simple bone cyst (SBC) in calcaneus. Objective: To evaluate the results of using autogenous bone graft in surgical treatment of simple bone cysts in calcaneus. Patients and Method: A prospective study held between February 2019 and February 2020, where 12 patients included with simple bone cyst in the calcaneus managed by curettage and autogenous bone graft were admitted to Orthopedic Department at Zagazig University Hospitals and followed up for 6 to 12 months. Results: Age of the patients ranged from 5 to 30 years with mean age of 15.8 years. 8 [66.7%] patients were male and 4 [33.3%] patients were female. All of the patients had heel pain and two of them [16.7%] had pathological fractures. 10 patients [83.3%] had complete healing of the cyst while 2 patients [16.7%] of them healed with defect and all of the studied cases [100%] had complete clinical resolution. The observed complications during the follow-up period were superficial infection on one [8.3%] patient and delayed wound healing on another [8.3%] patient. Conclusion: Curettage and autogenous bone graft is an effective successful method for treating SBC in the calcaneus.

The regulation of broadcast religious programming is a critical challenge the National Broadcasting Commission (NBC) is facing in Nigeria. In Maiduguri, the capital of the north-eastern Nigerian state of Borno where religion forms a core part of the people’s culture, a great deal of Borno Radio Television (BRTV) and Nigerian Television Authority Maiduguri’s (NTA Maiduguri) airtime is allocated to Islamic preaching during the Muslim’s annual Ramadan fasting. However, there is a dearth of research on whether the airtime those broadcast stations allocate to Islamic programming complies with the NBC code on religious programming. This research gap formed the main research question of this study which was conducted during the second quarter of 2019. Primary data were collected using key informant interviews with five personnel from the two broadcast stations and the Maiduguri office of NBC, while secondary data were obtained through the review of official documents. Key findings showed that the airtime allocatedto religious programmes exceeded the 10% NBC limit, BRTV allocated more airtime to religious programmes than NTA Maiduguri and Islamic programmes were allocated more airtime than programmes of other religions. Recommendations on how to improve compliance to NBC’s regulations were offered at the end.Peraturan program siaran keagamaan merupakan tantangan bagi NationalBroadcasting Commission (NBC)/Komisi Penyiaran Nasional di Nigeria. Maiduguri, ibukota Negara bagian Borno, Nigeria Timur Laut di mana agama merupakan bagian inti dari budaya masyarakat, banyak Radio Televisi Borno (BRTV) dan Otoritas Televisi Nigeria Maiduguri (NTA Maiduguri) mengalokasikan jam tayang untuk khotbah Islam selama Ramadhan. Namun, ada kelangkaan penelitian tentang apakah jam tayang yang disiarkan oleh stasiun-stasiun siaran itu untuk program Islami. Kesenjangan penelitian ini membentuk pertanyaan penelitian utama yang dilakukan selama kuartal kedua 2019. Data penelitian ini dikumpulkan menggunakan wawancara informan kunci dengan lima personel dari keduanya stasiun siaran dan kantor Maiduguri NBC, sementara data sekunder diperoleh melalui telaah dokumen resmi. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa “airtime” (jam tayang) dialokasikan untuk program keagamaan yang melebihi batas 10% NBC, BRTV mengalokasikan lebih banyak “airtime” ke program keagamaan dari NTA Maiduguri dan program Islam dialokasikan lebih banyak “airtime” daripada program agama lain. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah perlunya kepatuhan terhadap peraturan NBC.

Prostate cancer is prevalent among men aged over 65 and has been reported as the fourth most common cause of mortality of males all over the world. In addition to age, family history, and race, there are some lifestyle features such as diet, obesity, alcohol, and smoking are believed to play a role in its development. The present study was carried out in order to examine the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of castration-resistant prostate cancer patients identify predictive factors for development of resistance to hormonal therapy. The present retrospective cohort study was carried out on 150 patients who were diagnosed with prostate cancer at Hiwa Cancer hospital in Sulaimania, Iraqi Kurdistan over the period of 2009-2014. Required data were collected using face-to-face or phone interviews using a questionnaire and the patients’ hospital records. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, independent samples t-test, Mann Whitney test, and Pearson’s Chi-square test through SPSS 20.0.

Background: Acute abdomen means, the patient complains of acute abdominal symptoms that suggest a disease, which definitely or possibly threatens life and may or may not demand immediate operative interference. The diagnosis and management of acute abdomen forms a large part of routine duties of a general surgeon throughout his career. Aim& Objectives: To study the proportion of occurrence of various causes of, clinical features and success in the treatment non traumatic acute abdomen in Ayan institute of Medical Sciences Hyderabad with respect to age, sex. Methods: The study was conducted in Ayan institute of Medical Sciences from January 2019 to December 2019. 60 cases have been studied. Those acute cases, who underwent surgery have been only included in this study because of a correct diagnosis could be established. Results: Acute abdomen was more common in 2nd, 3rd, and 4th decade of life and in males. Acute appendicitis forms the commonest cause of acute abdomen. Hollow viscus perforation being the 2nd and intestinal obstruction forms the 3rd commonest cause of acute abdomen. Conclusion: In our study acute abdomen was found more commonly 2nd to 4th decade of life with male: female: 69:31. Most common presenting symptom was pain abdomen. The commonest cause being acute appendicitis. Commonest position of appendix was retrocaecal and pathological type was non-perforated inflamed appendix, for which emergency appendectomy was done and mortality was nil. Hollow viscus perforation 2nd commonest and intestinal obstruction was 3rd commonest cause of acute abdomen.