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Ovarian cancer has a high recurrence rate after platinum‐based chemotherapy. To improve the treatment of ovarian cancer and identify ovarian cancer‐specific antibodies, we immunized mice with the human ovarian carcinoma cell line, SKOV‐3, and generated hybridoma clones. Several rounds of screening yielded 30 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with no cross‐reactivity to normal cells. Among these mAbs, OV‐Ab 30‐7 was found to target integrin α3 and upregulate p53 and p21, while stimulating the apoptosis of cancer cells. We further found that binding of integrin α3 by OV‐Ab 30‐7 impaired laminin‐induced focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. The mAb alone or in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel inhibited tumor progression and prolonged survival of tumor‐bearing mice. Moreover, immunohistochemical staining of ovarian patient specimens revealed higher levels of integrin α3 in cancer cells compared with normal cells. By querying online clinical databases, we found that elevated ITGA3 expression in ovarian cancer is associated with poor prognosis. Taken together, our data suggest that the novel mAb, OV‐Ab 30‐7, may be considered as a potential therapeutic for ovarian cancer., The novel mAb, OV‐Ab 30‐7, can induce ovarian cancer cell apoptosis, and blockage integrin‐laminin signaling, and may be considered as a potential therapeutic for ovarian cancer.

Nail gun injuries usually occur at the extremities due to working accidents. Intracranial or intrathoracic injuries are relatively rare, and cases combined with both injuries are even rarer. Such situations pose challenges for surgeons due to their uniqueness during operation. Radiologic imaging findings in our case were significant in indicating surgical findings. Herein, we report a patient who shot himself using a nail gun, damaging his brain and heart. Keywords: Nail gun injury, Computed tomography, Trauma

Solid thin films developed by a microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) system have excellent electrical properties, good substrate adhesion, and excellent step coverage. Due to these advantages, MPECVD films have been widely used in very large-scale integrated circuit technology, optoelectronic devices, MEMS, and other fields. The MPECVD method is one of the promising candidates for synthetic CNTs due to low temperature and large area growth. Recently, this technique has gained popularity in graphene and diamond film fabrication. This paper discusses the design of an MPECVD chamber operated at 2.45 GHz of frequency using a finite element method simulation. The design consists of a coaxial waveguide and a cylindrical chamber at the center connected using 4 identical slots in each direction. For the magnetic coupling, slots placed at the bottom of the central cavity. TM 011 mode in the inner chamber is employed to generate the plasma at 2.45GHz. In addition, we consider the effects of input power and gas pressure on plasma density.

The ferrite waveguide circulator available on the market nowadays has a rigid housing made up of metal and connected with several mechanical joints. The parts are assembled by molding, brazing, metallization, silver, or conventional soldering. These traditional techniques usually increase the production cost of one unit. The testing of these devices and the corresponding fine-tuning for the desired frequency and bandwidth lead to further increase of the cost and time. Hence, we propose to use the 3D printing technology to prototype the ferrite waveguide circulator. The metal circulators commonly used in industries are generally more expensive. Therefore, the experimental prototype of a WR340 ferrite waveguide circulator can be built using a cost-effective 3D printing technology for validating the design and comparing with the simulation results. The said circulator has a simple structure; hence by using the Lego method, the unit can be quickly produced and assembled. This paper presents how to 3D print a circulator housing, which is then metal coated. the ferrite discs are then fixed at the chamfer center enclosed by the magnets on both sides to complete the magnetic circuit. The circulator developed by this additive manufacturing is expected to have a bandwidth of 150 MHZ or higher with a transmission of 93% operated at 2.45GHz frequency.

A Marx generator generates a high-voltage pulse by charging lots of capacitors in parallel, then suddenly connecting them in series. In principles, a comparatively lower voltage DC power supply can be used for the charging to achieve the desired high voltage. However, a moderate DC high-voltage power supply is still quite expensive and bulky but not in full-time charging. In this work, a mini-Marx generator powered by a Cockcroft-Walton (CW) voltage multiplier has been proposed to form a more efficient but affordable choice of pulsed high-voltage power sources. For generating a high voltage in a range of 70-100 kV, the mini-Marx generator consists of 8 stages. Therefore, a CW multiplier operating up to 10-15 kV is required. For demonstration, a 22-stage CW multiplier with an AC supply voltage of 220V at 60 Hz is chosen so that it can be driven by household electricity to generate a DC voltage of over 13 kV to charge the mini-Marx generator. Numerical simulations using PSpice have been performed for validating the concept. A prototype is developed. After setting a suitable time-controlled switch for releasing CW multiplier and a trigger for the spark gaps of the mini-Marx generator, the preliminary simulation results predicting a pulsed open-circuit voltage up to 85 kV from the mini-Marx generator can be achieved while being charged by the CW generator operating at 11 kV. Detailed simulation and experimental results will be presented.

Beam Optics Analyzer (BOA) is a finite element, particle-in-cell, charged particle code. We will present its recent advances including methodologies and numerical results to simulate a gridded magnetron, study surface coating by investigating backscattered electron penetration depth, and use permanent magnets to focus doubly converged electron beams.

Objective To report a case and review published cases of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the endometrium. Case report A 51-year-old female presented with postmenopausal bleeding and a palpable pelvic mass. An endometrial biopsy showed a malignant mixed Mullerian tumor (MMMT). Suboptimal debulking surgery was performed. The final pathology revealed stage IVB endometrial LCNEC. Post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide was administered. Two months after discontinuing adjuvant chemotherapy, salvage chemotherapy with cisplatin and ifosfamide was administered due to tumor progression; however, obstructive ileus was noted 2 months later. A segmental small bowel resection and palliative colostomy were performed. She died secondary to a post-operative infection 8 days after the operation. Conclusion Endometrial LCNEC is a rare but aggressive disease. If diagnosed, combined therapies, including staging surgery, following by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy, should be performed.

// Ruey-Jien Chen 1 , Chia-Tung Shun 2 , Men-Luh Yen 1 , Chia-Hung Chou 1 and Ming-Chieh Lin 2 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan 2 Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan Correspondence to: Ruey-Jien Chen, email: rjchen@ntuh.gov.tw Keywords: G9a, angiogenesis, cancer cell proliferation, xenograft, patient survival Received: April 09, 2016 Accepted: May 12, 2017 Published: July 07, 2017 ABSTRACT Research suggests that the epigenetic regulator G9a, a H3K9 histone methyltransferase, is involved in cancer invasion and metastasis. Here we show that G9a is linked to cancer angiogenesis and poor patient survival. Invasive cervical cancer has a higher G9a expression than cancer precursors or normal epithelium. Pharmacological inhibition and genetic silencing of G9a suppresses H3K9 methylation, cancer cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and cancer cell invasion/migration, but not apoptosis. Microarray and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses reveal that G9a induces a cohort of angiogenic factors that include angiogenin, interleukin-8, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16. Depressing G9a by either pharmacological inhibitor or gene knock down significantly reduces angiogenic factor expression. Moreover, promoting G9a gene expression augments transcription and angiogenic function. A luciferase reporter assay suggests that knockdown of G9a inhibits transcriptional activation of interleukin-8. G9a depletion suppresses xenograft tumor growth in mouse model, which is linked to a decrease in microvessel density and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression. Clinically, higher G9a expression correlates with poorer survival for cancer patients. For patients’ primary tumors a positive correlation between G9a expression and microvessel density also exists. In addition to increasing tumor cell proliferation, G9a promotes tumor angiogenesis and reduces the patient survival rate. G9a may possess great value for targeted therapies.

3-D time-domain modeling of beam wave interaction in a fusion gyrotron is very challenging due to the open-end features of cavity structure and higher-order mode excitation employed to achieve high efficiency. In a previous project, namely GyroPIC, funded by DOE, several required capabilities or algorithms had been developed in a 3-D particle-in-cell (PI C) simulation code in order to simulate the beam wave interaction in a high-order mode gyrotron. In past decades, it has been considered as an impossible mission to simulate a fusion gyrotron in 3-D using a PIC based method. The preliminary results showed that the 3-D electromagnetic (EM) PIC method could provide an alternative modeling tool for studying the gyrotron cavity interaction and mode competition for gaining more physics insight and further improving the efficiency. Upon finishing the code development, a research effort has been continued in recent years to study the beam wave interaction and mode competition using the well-developed 3-D EM PIC simulation.

The industrial L-band WR975 circulators operating at a frequency range from 900 to 930 MHz have been designed and simulated. Commercially, an L-band circulator at $\pmb{896\pm 10}$ MHz is available. However, for a wider bandwidth (~ 30 MHz) application, we would need two units operated in dual frequencies between 896 MHz and 915 MHz to cover the frequency range required. Through a Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation study, it was found that by reducing the height of the waveguide circulator in half a broader bandwidth can be obtained and this also leads to a reduction of overall fabrication cost. This paper discusses a detailed design and modeling of the L-broadband circulator operating at 915 MHz with a bandwidth of 43.5 MHz (892MZ to 935.5 MHz), an insertion loss of 0.25 dB for the entire bandwidth, and 0.22 dB at frequency of 915 MHz. For the entire bandwidth, the transmission efficiency is over 94.3% and it is more than 95% from 900 to 930 MHz of operating region which reduces power reflections for improving the performance and reliability of magnetrons. In addition, different ferrite materials are studied for optimizing this L-band waveguide circulator.

SummaryWe report a case of pseudolymphoma of the liver in a 49-year-old woman without an underlying disease except for liver hemangioma. A 20-mm nodule was incidentally found in segment 2 of the liver by abdominal ultrasonography during a regular follow-up of the hepatic hemangioma. After a series of radiological examinations, a left lateral sectionectomy was performed because malignant hepatic tumor could not be excluded. The patient was discharged uneventfully 7 days after the operation. The pathology examination revealed a pseudolymphoma. No recurrence of the tumor was found 5½ years after the operation. To the best of our knowledge, only 46 cases of pseudolymphoma of the liver have been reported to date. A review of the literature showed that pseudolymphomas occur predominantly in females (89.4%), usually occur as a single tumor (80.4%), are no more than 20 mm in size (90.6%), and are frequently associated with either autoimmune disease or chronic liver disease. Because an accurate diagnosis is difficult to establish, vigilant follow-up is indicated, and surgical intervention is the choice of treatment once the suspiciousness of malignancy has been raised.

A 16-year-old male was brought to our hospital presenting with acute onset of a painful protruding left neck mass within a day, associated with left upper-arm tenderness. Chest computed tomography revealed high attenuation masses at the left supraclavicular and mediastinal regions, suspected of being venous vascular tumors. Surgery was arranged and then ruptured venous tumor was noted, with pathology results determining a venous malformation.

Optical excitations of monolayer bismuthene present the rich and unique absorption spectra. The threshold frequency is not equal to an indirect energy gap, and it becomes zero under the critical electric field. The frequency, number, intensity and form of the absorption structures are dramatically changed by the external field. The prominent peaks and the observable shoulders, respectively, arise from the constant-energy loop and the band-edge states of parabolic dispersions. These directly reflect the unusual electronic properties, being very different from those in monolayer graphene., 15 pages, 4 figures, 34 conferences

Space-based solar power is the concept of collecting solar power in outer space and distributing it to Earth. Potential advantages of collecting solar energy in space include a higher collection rate and a longer collection period without a loss to a diffusing atmosphere, and the possibility of placing a solar collector in an orbiting location where light is available at all times. The cost of the wireless power transmission (WPT) is about 30% of the total cost of the space-based solar power system (SSPS). The main portion of the high cost is on the development and transportation due to the large number and mass of the magnetrons used in the WPT subsystem. In this work, we propose to design and develop a rising-sun magnetron capable of producing higher power at one or two orders of magnitude than those commercially available on the market today so that the development and installation (transportation) cost of an SSPS can be dramatically reduced. The design and development are performed using a conformal finite-difference time-domain particle-in-cell simulations as implemented in the VSim code. The first goal of this research is to design and develop magnetrons operating at a frequency of 2.45 GHz and at a power level of> 100 kW for wireless power transmission. A preliminary design after the optimization could achieve the required power at a high efficiency of > 80%. Additional advantage is the fabrication and assembly can be much simplified compared with those of a conventional strapped magnetron.

A Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) is a chemical process often used in semiconductor industry to produce high quality, high performance, solid material and thin films. In order to produce desired deposit using CVD, a wafer or a substrate is exposed to one or more violated precursors which react and/or decompose on the substrate surface and this also produces some volatile by-products which are then removed by gas flow through the reaction chamber. If the chemical reaction in CVD is initiated by microwave plasma then it is called Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPECVD). A crucial issue for a roll-to-roll thin film cell production system is the deposition rate of the microcrystalline layer and this can be tackled using MPECVD. This technique has gained popularity in diamond and graphene fabrication. This paper discusses about the designing of an MPECVD chamber operated at 2.45 GHz of frequency using Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation. The design consists of a coaxial waveguide and a cylindrical chamber at the center connected using 4 slots in each direction. The placement of slot affects the resonant mode in the chamber. Hence the slot placements in the middle and the bottom positions of the plasma chamber produce the TE 111 and TM 011 mode inside the plasma chamber at 2.45 GHz, respectively. Detailed analysis will be presented using FEM simulations.

Magnetron is a high-power vacuum tube that generates microwaves based on the interaction of a stream of moving electrons under a cross electric and magnetic fields with a series of open coupled metal cavity resonators. The magnetron is widely used in radars and also well-known as a low-cost microwave source for microwave ovens. Traditionally, a thermionic cathode is used as the electron source and a heater is needed to increase the temperature of the cathode up to about 1,000 K. In this work, a field emission based magnetron is investigated for industrial applications as an easier configuration and longer lifetime can be expected. The design and development are performed using a conformal finite-difference time-domain (CFDTD) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations as implemented in the VSim code. The goal of this research is to design and develop magnetrons operating at frequencies 2.48 GHz and 2.43 GHz and at a working power of > 3 kW for industrial applications.

Theoretical and computational research to accurately and efficiently determine higher order mode properties of an axially symmetrical open cavity has been pursued. Open cavities have been widely employed in gyrotrons for the generation of high-power millimeter, submillimeter, and THz waves. A standing wave forms in the main body of the cavity, and the open end allows the extraction of power generated by the electron beam wave interaction. On the other hand, microresonators, such as microspheres that have small effective volume of their whispering gallery modes (WGMs), high quality factors, and quasi insensitivity to conducting material boundaries can also be considered as open cavities since the WGMs are natural electromagnetic eigenmodes that are activated by external coherent signals. For these cavities, axial symmetry is usually retained. The CAVITY program developed by Professor K. R. Chu using Fortran allows the users to accurately and efficiently determine the resonant frequency, the quality factor, and the field profile for the TE modes of an open cavity. In this work, an extension of the CAVITY program using Mathematica, CAVITY-M, to perform time-domain analysis of higher order modes in open cavities retaining axial symmetry for wider applications such as those mentioned above has been carried out. The new CAVITY-M program developed using Mathematica is able to effectively analyze the higher order mode characteristics of a general open cavity with an axial symmetry, in addition to the traditional modes in a gyrotron cavity.

A computational study on before cavity interaction (BCI) in a 28 GHz second harmonic (SH) gryotron for industrial applications has been performed using a 3-D conformal finite-difference time-domain (CFDTD) particle-in-cell (PIC) method. On the contrary to the after cavity interaction (ACI), i.e., beam wave interaction in the non-linear uptaper after the cavity, which has been widely investigated, the BCI, i.e., beam wave interaction in the non-linear downtaper before the cavity connected to the beam tunnel with an entrance, is less noticed and discussed. Usually the BCI might be considered easy to be eliminated. However, this is not always the case. As the SH gyrotron had been designed for SH TE 12 mode operation, the first harmonic (FH) plays the main competition. Some special designs had been employed to suppress the FH so that the gyrotron could operate efficiently at the SH and therefore, the magnet requirement was largely alleviated. Since occasionally an unstable operation could be observed, a 3-D simulation study can help understand the instabilities. In the 3-D CFDTD PIC simulations, a port boundary has been employed for the gyro-beam entrance of the gyrotron cavity instead of a metallic short one which is not reflecting a realistic situation as an FH backward wave oscillation (BWO) is competing with the desired SH generation. A numerical instability has been found and identified as a failure of the entrance port boundary caused by an evanescent wave or mode conversion. This indicates the entrance and downtaper are not fully cut-off for some oscillations. A further study shows that the undesired oscillation is the FH TE 11 BWO mode concentrated around the beam tunnel entrance and downtaper. A mitigation strategy has been found to suppress this undesired BCI which could penetrate into the gun region and destroy the cathode.

This paper evaluates the performance and reliability of a commercially available 3-D conformal finite-difference time-domain particle-in-cell (PIC) code, VSim, for cold test simulations of a gyrotron cavity. An interaction cavity for a 95-GHz gyrotron is simulated and optimized using the VSim PIC code to achieve TE6,2 mode excitation. The optimized cavity design is also studied and compared using the commercially available numerical code, CASCADE, and PIC code, MAGIC. A rigorous analysis of the simulation results obtained through VSim and MAGIC is performed using the CASCADE results as a reference. The performance of VSim is also compared with MAGIC based on its accuracy for calculating the resonant frequency and quality factor. Finally, the optimized cavity is fabricated and experimentally tested to measure the resonant frequency and the quality factor. The experimental results confirm the reliability and accuracy of the VSim cold cavity results.

Objective To report a case of isolated omental peritoneal carcinoma without peritoneal carcinomatosis. Case report A 60-year-old female with abdominal distention was found to have a pelvic mass. Under the impression of ovarian cancer, laparotomy was performed only to show one isolated mass over omentum. Serial examination and pathology study including immunochemical staining indicated primary peritoneal serous carcinoma. Conclusion Isolated omental peritoneal carcinoma without peritoneal carcinomatosis and ascites is rare, and whether this represented a unique entity with different chemotherapy response and treatment outcome from the disseminated form of primary peritoneal carcinoma needs to be reviewed in the future.

Light propagation in one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) enclosed in a rectangular waveguide is investigated in order to achieve a complete photonic band gap (PBG) while avoiding the difficulty in fabricating 3D PCs. This work complements our two previous articles (Phys. Rev. E) that quantitatively analyzed omnidirectional light propagation in 1D and 2D PCs, respectively, both showing that a complete PBG cannot exist if an evanescent wave propagation is involved. Here, we present a quantitative analysis of the transmission functions, the band structures, and the photon density of states (PDOS) for both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) polarization modes of the periodic multilayer heterostructure confined in a rectangular waveguide. The PDOS of the quasi-1D photonic crystal for both the TE and TM modes are obtained, respectively. It is demonstrated that a &ldquo, complete PBG&rdquo, can be obtained for some frequency ranges and categorized into three types: (1) below the cutoff frequency of the fundamental TE mode, (2) within the PBG of the fundamental TE mode but below the cutoff frequency of the next higher order mode, and (3) within an overlap of the PBGs of either TE modes, TM modes, or both. These results are of general importance and relevance to the dipole radiation or spontaneous emission by an atom in quasi-1D periodic structures and may have applications in future photonic quantum technologies.

Objective: To investigate the changes of incidence and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer in thirty years in Taiwan. Methods: The databases of women with epithelial ovarian cancer during the period from 1979 to 2008 were retrieved from the National Cancer Registration System of Taiwan. The incidence and prognosis of these patients were analyzed. Results: Totally 9,491 patients were included in the study. The age-adjusted incidences of epithelial ovarian cancer were 1.01, 1.37, 2.37, 3.24, 4.18, and 6.33 per 100,000 person-years, respectively, in every 5-year period from 1979 to 2008. The age-specific incidence rates increased especially in serous, endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma, and the age of diagnosis decreased from sixty to fifty years old in the three decades. Patients with mucinous, endometrioid, or clear cell carcinoma had better long-term survival than patients with serous carcinoma (log rank test, p

A new class of compact and lightweight S-band 1 kW traveling-wave tube (TWT) is being developed for a microwave power module (MPM) that will be used for phased antenna array radar applications. The proposed S-band MPM provides a tenfold peak power increase compared to state-of-the-art S-band MPMs. In this paper, the design of the vacuum power booster TWT part of the MPM is presented. The compact and lightweight S-band TWT is driven by a 6 kV, 0.9 A electron beam. The amplifier is predicted by large-signal simulations to generate over 1 kW at S-band with 25 dB saturated gain and over 40% efficiency. The stability from unwanted oscillations has been investigated. To suppress the oscillations, the helix circuit has been coated with carbon composite material. The coaxial input and output antennas have been fabricated. For efficiency enhancement, a multi-stage depressed collector (MDC) has been designed using a 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulator, VORPAL. The collector design makes use of a current loop based on a feedback mechanism for effective design process. The integrated designs of a helix circuit, an electron gun, a periodic permanent magnet (PPM), antennas, and a collector are presented.

For higher order mode excitation in a system with a cylindrical symmetry such as a cylindrical waveguide, a higher order Bessel function is required and numerically an expansion of this function in terms of a series is mostly used. However, the accuracy of mode pattern excited is getting worse when one pushes it to higher and higher order mode with a limited number of expansion series. This inaccuracy usually introduces unwanted or unphysical spurious modes and causes numerical errors in the simulation results. In order to excite a clean higher order mode, we have developed a delicate wave launcher using an improved form of Bessel functions. Since the excitation is located either in the ends (ports) or a cross section somewhere along the waveguide, for a TE or TM mode, the longitudinal magnetic or electric field component respectively is used only for the wave launching source according to the waveguide theory, i.e., all six components of electric and magnetic fields are not independent and all the transverse components can be expressed in terms of the two longitudinal components. This technique has been demonstrated successfully in our finite difference time domain simulations. An introduction of this approach and detailed results will be presented.

The designs of a 220 GHz folded waveguide traveling wave tube (FWTWT) have been reviewed and studied systematically via 3-D electromagnetic particle-in-cell (EM PIC) simulations. 3-D Cold test simulations using both the CFDTD and FEM methods have been carried out and compared with each other as basis for the hot test simulations. The hot test simulation results show that the gain-bandwidth features at 220 GHz are achievable while carefully avoiding beam interceptions. It is found that that the interaction characteristics are very sensitive to the operating beam parameters. The confinement of the electron beam with a beam filling factor of 50%, 60%, and 70% has been studied and the required focusing magnetic field is found to be 1.2, 1.4, and 1.8 times of the Brillouin field, respectively, to ensure no interception with the walls during operation. A variety of operating voltages have been simulated to optimize the operation of the FWTWT. The best case reaches 25 dB and centers at 220 GHz, supporting the required bandwidth from 210 GHz to 230 GHz for an input power of 100 mW. An optimized operating configuration was determined using 3-D EM PIC simulations.

We have found an improved form of a Bessel function for accurate and efficient numerical computation. This approximation is good for used in studying a higher order mode in a cylindrical system such as an overmoded waveguide or a fusion gyrotron cavity. The approximated solution is a fine tuned combination of a series expansion and an asymptotic form.

Kao Y-C, Lin M-C, Lin W-C, Jeng Y-M & Mao T-L (2012) Histopathology 61, 760–768 Utility of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β as a diagnostic marker in ovarian carcinomas with clear cells Aims: Overexpression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1β (HNF-1β) has been found in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) but not in other types of ovarian carcinoma. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the overexpression of HNF-1β is specific for OCCC, and does not occur in ovarian carcinoma with clear cell change. Methods and results: Immunohistochemistry was performed on 178 ovarian carcinomas with clear cells (80 OCCCs, 60 high-grade serous, 25 endometrioid, and 13 mixed endometrioid and clear cell), 22 ovarian high-grade serous carcinomas without clear cells, 41 renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and 20 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) with clear cytoplasm. Results were evaluated using an H-score (percentage × intensity). Most OCCCs were diffusely and strongly positive (mean H-score 15.1). High-grade serous carcinoma and endometrioid carcinoma with clear cells were usually negative or focally and weakly positive (mean H-scores 1.5 and 1.7, respectively). High-grade serous carcinoma without clear cells had a mean H-score of 0.77. The mean H-scores of the endometrioid and clear cell components in mixed endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma were 6.2 and 15.7, respectively. HNF-1β was expressed in 95.1% of RCCs and in 30% of HCCs. Conclusions: The diagnosis of ovarian carcinomas with clear cells can be made with greater accuracy by using the intensity and extent of immunoreactivity for HNF-1β.

► Malignant struma ovarii can result in cerebral ischemic stroke and Trousseau's syndrome. ► The combination of anti-neoplastic and anti-coagulant therapy should be undertaken to treat and correct the malignancy-associated coagulopathy.

In the crystal bulk of group IV covalent semiconductors such as germanium (Ge), simple analytic models for the valence band structure can provide fast, accurate computations of hole mobility for moderate energy ranges up to a few eV. On the surfaces of these materials, such as on Ge-vacuum or Ge–GeO2 interfaces, the transport rates differ significantly from the bulk. This can be problematic for both point contact and segmented Ge gamma ray detectors, that require accurate carrier drift rates for computing signal basis sets, which themselves are necessary for the precise determination of gamma-ray induced compton scattering events. While several techniques exist for computing surface hole mobilities, more often than not, these methods are complex to implement, require significant computational resources, and lack the simplicity of bulk models for interpreting results. This paper presents a new technique for computing Ge surface hole mobility that can give a first estimate for the surface transport rates after tuning a physically based computational parameter. This model is used in conjunction with particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations for modeling hole-dynamics inside a Ge p-type point contact detector. The results of our calculations agree with experimental data gathered from Ge p-type point contact detectors at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Bronchogenic cysts are congenital malformations of the embryonic tracheobronchial tree and are the most common cause of mediastinal cysts, encountered mainly in pediatric patients and young adults. Conservative treatment has been proposed for asymptomatic patients. However, malignant transformation occurs occasionally and the clinicopathological features of secondary malignancy are not well characterized. In this report, we present a carcinoid tumor found in the thymic bronchogenic cyst of a 41-year-old female complaining of mild chest pain. The thymic tissue also shows follicular lymphoid hyperplasia. Atypical imaging features were found in her chest computed tomography. Additional 22 cases of bronchogenic cysts with malignant transformation were also reviewed from the literature. The clinicopathological data were summarized. The tumorigenesis of these tumors is unclear, but bronchogenic cysts of the lung may undergo malignant changes at a younger patient age and more frequently than mediastinal ones. Carcinoid tumors were also seemingly overrepresented in mediastinal cases. Some atypical imaging features may serve as clues for early detection and guide clinical management.

The design and the analysis of a ladder slow-wave structure (SWS) operating at 50 GHz is presented. A 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) modeling of a ladder SWS is presented for the first time. Compared with a conventional helix circuit, the ladder SWS provides wide bandwidth, high interaction impedance, and ease of manufacturing at millimeter wavelengths. A small-signal code based on Pierce's theory was developed to determine the dimensions and the small-signal characteristics of the device. Cold- and hot-test simulations were performed using High Frequency Structure Simulator and VORPAL codes. VORPAL, a 3-D PIC simulator that makes use of the conformal finite-difference time-domain method, predicts a small-signal gain of 15 dB and an instantaneous bandwidth of 6% for a 68-period ladder SWS that is driven by a 22-kV and 196-mA electron beam. Dispersion characteristics, large-signal characteristics, and nonlinear-beam dynamics are investigated.

Background This report analyzed a research project supported nationwide expert consultation of anatomic pathology in Taiwan. Methods The data were collected from the requisitions and consultation reports of 2,686 cases in this project from 2003 to 2006. The number of cases, tissue origin, additional special stains, turnaround time (TAT), concordance, discordance, referring pathologists, and consultants were analyzed. Results Skin, hematopoietic system, and bone and soft tissue were the most common (48.3%) specimens sent for consultation. The tentative diagnosis and consultation diagnosis were discordant in 1,074 (64.3%) cases. Major discrepancy was seen in 205 (12.3%) cases, of which 66.8% were changed from malignant to benign, 21.0% were changed from benign to malignant, whereas 12.2% were changed from one category of malignancy to another. Additional special stains were performed on 38.7% of cases and hematology specimen was the most frequent. The mean TAT was 3.4 days. Pathologists working in institutes having fewer pathologists sent more cases for consultation. The opinion of the estimated annual consultation rate from the pathologists in Taiwan was 0.7%. Conclusions This program was beneficial simply by helping the referring pathologists in the workup and diagnosis. This result made the entire program a reasonable quality improvement program. J. Surg. Oncol. 2010; 101:430–435. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Ovarian cancer with bone metastasis is relatively rare(about 1.2%) [1], compared with direct extension,transperitoneal seeding and lymphatic spread. Bonemetastasis of ovarian cancer is mostly found duringrecurrence, and is very rare at the initial diagnosis withonly a few cases reported [2]. We report a case withthe initial diagnosis of advanced ovarian cancer withthoracispinal metastasis, and discuss the differentialdiagnosis and clinical course.A 48-year-old women gravida 2, para 1, had sufferedfrom mid-back pain for 4 months. She had iron-deficiency anemia because of menorrhagia. She visiteda gynecologic clinic for regular Papanicolaou tests andpelvic examinations annually. The only abnormal findingwas adenomyosis using ultrasound in October 2005.She did not have changes in appetite, decreased bodyweight or bowel movement changes. However, her backpain had been present since October 2005. She visited aneurologic clinic in our hospital in February 2006, andan osteolytic lesion in the pedicle of T7 was noticed onan X-ray film of the spine. High signals in the pediclesof T7 and L3 and soft tissue around T7 on magneticresonance imaging were found (Figure 1). Her CA 125level was 102.22U/mL and CA 199 was 98.3U/mL.She underwent T2–T8 laminectomy and excision of atumor in February 2006. Pathologic findings revealedmetastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma with glan-dular differentiation. Postoperative follow-up revealednormal findings on chest X-ray, panendoscopy andcolonofiberscopy, and a large left ovarian multicystictumor measuring approximately 15×10cm adheredto her uterus and adenomyosis of the uterus on thecomputed tomography scan (Figure 2).In March 2006, she underwent exploratory laparo-tomy, and a left ovarian cystic tumor measuring approx-imately 14 ×11×8cm, which adhered to her uterus,bowel, retroperitoneum and left fallopian tube, andsome ascites, were found intraoperatively. The frozenpathology during the operation revealed ovarian malig-nancy. Abdominal total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, bilateral pelvic lymph node dissectionand infracolic omentectomy were performed. There wasno residual tumor in the abdominal and pelvic cavityafter surgery. Grossly, the left ovary showed a hugeunilocular cystic tumor, which measured 6.5×5.0×2.0cm after cystic content evacuation, with a polypoidsolid nodule protruding from the cystic wall into thecystic cavity. The final microscopic finding showed: (1)left ovarian adenosarcoma with predominant rhab-domyosarcomatous differentiation over the solid part,and grade I endometrioid adenocarcinoma with squa-mous differentiation over the cystic part with deep,irregular invasion over the gland (Figure 3); (2) multiplelymph node metastasis; and (3) carcinoma

BACKGROUND: Inactivation of the PTEN suppressor gene has been shown to occur in the majority of endometrial cancer cases. Somatic PTEN inactivation by deletion and/or mutation, the first detectible change of endometrial carcinogenesis, has been reported to occur at a high frequency in the endometrium of normal premenopausal women, although few of these cases progress to cancer. It was hypothesized that the 50% to 60% reduced cancer risk attributed to oral contraceptives (OCPs) and intrauterine devices (IUDs) occurred in part through their activity as negative selection factors for these subclinical mutated glands. METHODS: A total of 71 women with a history of OCP use and 80 with a history of IUD use were age matched with 191 and 119 controls, respectively. Endometrial biopsy specimens were immunostained for PTEN, and each was scored for the presence or absence of PTEN-null glands (latent precancer). RESULTS: The frequency of latent precancers was found to be significantly reduced in OCP‒exposed (13%; odds ratio [OR], 0.19 [P < .001]) and IUD‒exposed (18%; OR, 0.42 [P = .015]) women compared with respective matched controls (43% and 34%). The presence or absence of endometritis did not appear to be significantly correlated with PTEN status within the IUD-exposed group (P = .24). CONCLUSIONS: Normal-appearing PTEN mutated endometrial glands, which are highly prevalent in the normal population, may be targets of endometrial cancer risk‒modulating exposures. Some exposures reported to diminish the incidence of endometrial cancer in epidemiologic outcome studies, including OCP and IUD use, are associated with a proportionate decline in the frequency of latent precancers. Involution of pre-existing endometrial latent precancers, as evaluated by PTEN analysis, may provide an accessible surrogate marker for long-term endometrial cancer risk. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.

Omnidirectional light propagation in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) is investigated. An e-cient approach to identifying a complete photonic band gap (PBG) in 2D PCs has been developed. The in-plane band structure of 2D photonic crystals is calculated by an adaptive flnite element method. With adopting the suitable boundary conditions, the eigenvalues can be easily and rapidly calculated no matter how complex the geometric structures are. By symmetry, the omnidirectional photon density of states (PDOS) can be calculated based on the in-plane dispersion relation within the irreducible Brillouin zone. The PDOS corresponding to both the radiation and evanescent waves can be obtained accurately and e-ciently. We demonstrate that the \complete band gaps" showed by some previous work due to considering only the radiation modes will be closed by including the contributions of the evanescent modes. These results are of general importance and relevant to the spontaneous emission by an atom, or to dipole radiation in two-dimensional periodic structures.

A multilayer waveguide window is demonstrated to exhibit wide bandwidth and high transmission for applications in high-frequency microwave tubes. A transfer matrix approach is employed to discretize the dielectric function profile of the multilayer heterostructure in a rectangular waveguide. The closed form has been obtained and the corresponding reflection and transmission characteristics have been carried out. The analytical calculation is also compared with the result of numerical simulation via the finite-element code HFSS. The exact calculation agrees with the numerical simulation very well. By comparison, the approach not only enhances the accuracy and efficiency, but also gives a good criterion for the design. The results show that the bandwidth for a transmission of 99%, i.e., S11 below –20 dB, can be optimized to be about 8.75 GHz at a central frequency of 35 GHz or about 25%. A wide-bandwidth waveguide window can be easily designed for Ka-band and W-band tubes, and even for higher frequency ones.

In-plane light propagation in two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals (PCs) has been investigated by using the finite element method (FEM) in frequency domain. Conventionally, the band structures of 2D PCs were calculated by either the plane-wave expansion method (PWEM) or the finite difference time domain method. Here, we solve the eigenvalue equations for the band structures of the 2D PCs using the adaptive FEM in real space. We have carefully examined the convergence of this approach for the desired accuracy and efficiency. The calculated results show some discrepancies when compared to the results calculated by the PWEM. This may be due to the accuracy of the PWEM limited by the discontinuous nature of the dielectric functions. After acquiring the whole information of the dispersion relations within the irreducible Brillouin zone of the 2D PCs, the in-plane photon density of states for both the transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes can be calculated, accurately. For the case, the width of the complete band gap predicted by the FEM is much smaller, only about 65 % of that calculated by the PWEM. Therefore, the discrepancy in the prediction of complete band gaps between these two methods can be quite large, although the difference in band structure calculations is only a few percent. These results are relevant to the spontaneous emission by an atom, or to dipole radiation in two-dimensional periodic structures.

Calabazas Creek Research Inc. (CCR) has examined the feasibility of a grid to control the magnitude and phase of magnetrons. A 650 MHz 100 kW CW magnetron was the focus of the study. Simulations were performed using VSIM, a Particle-in-Cell (PIC) code from Tech-X [1], and the trajectory code Beam Optics Analyzer (BOA) from CCR [2]. VSIM gave moderate resolution simulations of the self-consistent interaction of the electrons with the RF fields. BOA was used to examine grid interception and heating. With VSIM, stable operation was achieved over a range of power of almost an octave through variation of the grid voltage. However, even after a thorough examination of parameter space, phase locking was not observed. BOA was used in its quasi-electrostatic PIC mode, along with its adaptive meshing, to determine grid loading. In this mode, the RF electric field was imported from VSIM. As expected, heating of the grid was a serious issue. A shadow grid was used to limit heating from electrons coming directly off the cathode. But, even with this geometry, heating from recirculating electrons limited the duty cycle to about 1%. Details of the simulations will be presented.

Background/aim: It is generally assumed that similar pathways are involved in human papillomavirus (HPV) induced pathogenesis of cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and cancers and a subset of conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN)—that the malignancies or pre-cancerous lesions arise through HPV oncoproteins E6 and E7, which disrupt the pathways of p53 and the product of the retinoblastoma (Rb) gene and, in turn, increase the protein product of gene p16 INK4 through the mechanism of positive feedback. Several cell cycle molecules are detected to test this hypothesis. Methods: Nine cases of CIN and eight non-CIN cases were analysed for the expression of Ki-67, pRb, p53, and p16 INK4 via immunohistochemistry. Nine cases of cervical high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), and 10 cases of cervical low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) were included for stain control of p16 INK4a , and comparison of p16 INK4a expression to CIN cases. A nested polymerase chain reaction and a genechip HPV typing were used to detect HPV infection and types in the CIN and non-CIN samples Results: HPV positivity was demonstrated in all of the CIN lesions but in none of the non-CIN lesions. The Ki-67 proliferative index (Ki-67 PI) was statistically higher in the CIN group than the non-CIN group; however, there were no differences of expression of pRb and p53 between the two groups and no expression of p16 INK4 in all cases. All nine cases of HSIL, and seven out of 10 cases of LSIL used for stain control were immunoreactive for p16 INK4a . There were statistically significant differences in overexpression of p16 INK4a between the CINs and SILs Conclusions: The Ki-67 proliferative index may be a sensitive marker for CIN lesions and these results, with significant differences in overexpression of p16 INK4a between CINs and SILs, may provide new evidence that HPV related mucosal dysplasia in different anatomical locations may lead to dissimilar molecular pathways.

Summary Objective Placenta accreta can be managed with preservation of the uterus, especially when further fertility is intended. We report a case of placenta accreta diagnosed intraoperatively and treated conservatively that was followed by an ectopic pregnancy. Case Report A 32-year-old woman was found to have placenta accreta during cesarean section. Some pieces of the placenta were left in situ after bleeding was controlled. The patient was followed up using levels of !-human chorionic gonadotropin. Hysteroscopy revealed fibrotic and scar tissue at the site of retained placenta 1 year later. The patient did not conceive until 2 years later, but it was an ectopic pregnancy. Conclusion There are few reports of successful pregnancy following conservative treatment for placenta accreta. Conservative treatment may increase the risk of secondary infertility, recurrent placenta accreta, and probably ectopic pregnancy.

An analytical approach is presented to achieve the fast design of high-power waveguide windows. The analytical calculation is compared with the result of numerical simulation via the finite-element code high frequency structure simulator and the experiments of W-band waveguide windows performed at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), Stanford University, Stanford, CA. The closed form has been carried out to enhance the accuracy and efficiency, and the exact calculation agrees with the experimental results and the numerical simulation very well.

Simulation of a 2-D model of a ten cavity rising sun magnetron was developed using the 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) code VORPAL 5.21. The cathode structure is comprised of field emitters, designed with facet plates with slits to protect the emitters2. A cylindrical and faceted (five and ten sided) cathode was modeled to study the variation of results due to the cathode shape. Discrete current sources were modeled to come from each facet of the five and ten sided cathode to study its effect on the magnetron operation. Each plate on the five sided cathode structure contains 5 emitters that can be addressed spatially and modulated temporally. Similarly the ten sided cathode contains 3 emitters per facet. The simulations were run with the discrete current sources and then compared with the reference continuous current source model. The discrete current sources allow control in space and time of the current injection. Each ON emitter represents the location of the electron spoke. By using this technique, the startup of oscillations and its location can be controlled. Simulations demonstrating this concept are presented in this work. This technique was implemented in both the five sided and ten sided cathode structure. Startup times from each model were obtained from the simulation. The ten sided, modulated cathode resulted in the fastest start up at 35 ns. After analyzing each model, it was found that there is an instability in the five sided cathode oscillations. This instability results in a current “spike” to the anode and a subsequent collapse of the spokes. An analysis of the total current injected was completed to address this problem. This was observed in both the continuous and the modulated current source models. The problem was minimized by implementing the ten sided cathode geometry. These results and comparisons will be presented in this work. Finally, by using the modulation technique, a phase shift of 180° was simulated by changing the timing of the modulated current injection. This work and additional observations will be also presented.

A 2-D model of a ten cavity rising sun magnetron was developed using the 3-D particle-in-cell (PIC) code VORPAL 5.21. A 10-sided cathode structure was modeled to represent gated field emitters on the facet plates2. Each plate contains 3 emitters that can be addressed spatially and modulated temporally. The simulations were initially run to compare a cylindrical, 5-sided, and 10-sided cathode with continuous current emission (DC). Then the simulations were run with the modulated electron sources. For the rising sun magnetron, the π-mode is the primary mode, so the 10 cavity device has 5 spokes in π-mode. Therefore, a single spoke rotates past 2 cathode facet plates (6 total emitters) every RF period. This magnetron oscillates at 957 MHz. Hence, 1 out of 6 emitters per 2 adjacent facets was turned on at a frequency of 957 MHz with a 1/6 duty cycle. Therefore, 5 emitters are on at one time for the entire magnetron; each ON emitter represents the location of the electron spoke. This approach then controls the startup of oscillation and location of the spokes (phase). Simulations demonstrate this effect. A decreased start-up time is observed, falling from 100 ns for the continuous current source cases to 35 ns using modulation. The spokes are always located at the same locations in simulation time for different simulations runs while without source modulation control, the spoke locations vary randomly. Finally, during a simulation run, the spoke locations were shifted by 180° by changing the timing of the modulated current injection to generate the electron spokes 180° out of phase. This demonstration of phase control as well as other observations from the simulations will be presented.

We present recent developments in the VSim software for modeling vacuum electronics and semiconductor devices on large scale parallel and GPU computing platforms. Recent emphasis has been on capabilities needed for modeling high power gyrotron devices, where high mode numbers and closely spaced competing modes require much greater geometrical and physical fidelity than for other vacuum electronics devices. Also of concern in modeling such devices is the simulation tuning techniques needed to operate very close to mode cutoff, when discrete representation dispersion is not perfect, and issues relating to the boundary condition treatment for the geometry radiation, to prevent backward flowing power that disrupts the mode growth behavior. We have also worked to improve the physical algorithms and fidelity of lossy materials in the MIG gun and taper regions. We also discuss the practical application of external circuit models to the MIG gun region, and improvements to the software to allow for more general circuit models in both electromagnetic and electrostatic simulations. We show how the external circuit may be of importance in the simulation of a MIG gun's low frequency oscillations. Here the use of GPU computing provides speed-up, which we are then able to translate to extended physical simulation time, greatly aiding in the study of such long time scales. We discuss integration of thermal modeling with electromagnetic modeling, including new time and space resolved particle heating sources, using our TruCouple technology, which simultaneously models the disparate electromagnetic and thermal time scales in the same simulation. Finally, we demonstrate use of the VSim software to model semiconductor physics, with simple examples of MESFET's and other traditional structures. Work partially supported by DOE Phase II SBIR grant DE-SC0004436.

Modeling a gyrotron cavity interaction in 3D and time-domain is very challenging due to the open-end features of cavity structure and higher-order mode excitation employed to achieve high efficiency. In this work, a 3D conformal finite-difference time-domain (CFDTD) particle-in-cell (PIC) method has been developed to perform a hot test of gyrotron cavity interaction. With a tailored gyrobeam emission, not only forward wave but also backward wave interactions have been observed in an MIT gyrotron cavity, consistent with a recent experiment at MIT. Our preliminary results show that the 3D CFDTD PIC method could provide an alternative modeling tool for studying the gyrotron cavity interaction for further improving efficiency and studying mode competition.

Modeling a gyrotron cavity in 3D and time-domain is very challenging due to the open-end features of cavity structure and higher-order mode excitation employed to achieve high efficiency. In this work, a 3D conformal finite-difference time-domain (CFDTD) method has been developed to perform a cold test of a gyrotron cavity. Arbitrarily high order modes can be launched in a gyrotron cavity in time domain to determine the open cavity resonant characteristics. Our preliminary results show that the 3D CFDTD method could provide an alternative modeling tool for designing and validating a gyrotron cavity configuration for further hot tests.

Summary form only given. In general, the operating characteristics of RF vacuum electronic or plasma devices are affected by the power supply, e.g., a pushing effect on the oscillating frequency of a magnetron by a supplied anode current. The external impedance connected to the system under study should be included in the electromagnetic (EM) particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations especially when the system is in a transient state or characterized with a dynamic impedance. In this work, an algorithm for coupling external circuit elements to EM PIC simulations is developed. The circuit equation including an external voltage V s or current source I s , resistance R, inductance L, capacitance C, and the dynamic load (I–V) is solved simultaneously with the EM PIC updaters through an instant measured voltage V across the system to obtain the supplied current I for feeding into the system. This external circuit model is under testing and will be implemented in a 3D conformal finite-difference time-domain PIC code, VORPAL.

We apply an external circuit model to our simulations of (MIG) Magnetron Injection Guns to improve fidelity and encompass additional physics relating to the voltage and current delivery systems which, to date, have not been included in out models. These studies are primarily intended to look at (LFO) Low Frequency Oscillations, and so inclusion of the external circuit can represent external geometry with relevant time-scale or resonance behaviors, both for turn-on transient and CW behaviors. We combine these new effects with previous analysis which has looked at particle reflections at the maxB point, thermal emission properties, and also with secondary emission physics.

Objective Gastric type of adenocarcinoma (GAC) is a newly reported, morphologically distinct, mucinous subtype of cervical adenocarcinoma and is distinguished by aggressiveness and fatal outcomes. The association between human papillomavirus (HPV) and cervical carcinoma is well known; however, GAC is almost always HPV negative. Materials and methods We report an unusual case of cervical GAC in a 41-year-old woman with a metastatic ovarian mass. The histological morphology of both tumors consisted of irregular glands lined by mucous cells with mild to moderate nuclear atypia and containing abundant cytoplasmic mucin. Results Immunohistochemical studies of the tumor cells revealed positive reactivity for CK7 and carcinoembryonic antigen but negative reactivity for p16 and HPV DNA usually expressed in cervical adenocarcinoma. Further staining for mucin with monoclonal antibody HIK1083 showed positive reactivity in both cervical and ovarian tumors. A gastric type of cervical carcinoma is considered. The patient is free of detectable disease at a 12-month follow-up. Conclusions P16 staining and HPV DNA test result are usually positive in usual mucinous type of cervical adenocarcinoma, but they are negative in GAC. HIK1083 is becoming more commonly used for the diagnosis of GAC. Differentiation of GAC from usual mucinous type of cervical adenocarcinoma is important because GAC was related to a significant risk of recurrence and decreased 5-year disease-specific survival. We suggest applying HIK1083 in the diagnosis of cervical adenocarcinoma, especially in a small biopsy specimen.