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Introduction A pericardial effusion (PE) has a variable etiology and the primary role is diagnosis of metastatic malignancy. We analyzed the PE cytology in a large cohort in accordance with the international system for reporting serous fluid cytopathology (ISRSFC) and evaluated the long‐term patient outcomes. Methods PE specimens from 2010 to 2014 with an available clinical history, cytologic data, and pericardial biopsy results were collected. Results A total of 574 PE specimens were obtained from 486 patients, representing 1.5% (574/38,589) of all body fluid specimens. Three hundred and eighty‐two (66.6%) cases were “negative,” 54 (9.4%) cases were “atypia of undetermined significance,” 10 (1.7%) cases were “suspicious for malignancy,” and 128 (22.3%) cases were “malignancy”. The most common origin for malignant PE was the lung (82.1%), in both men (70.5%) and women (50.6%). Breast cancer (20%) in women and gastric cancer (4.9%) in men were the second most common malignant PE, respectively. The mean interval from the occurrence of malignant PE to death was 10.06 months (range; 0–116.03 months, median 3.5 months), and the 1‐year survival rate was 16.7%. In addition, the 1‐year survival rates after malignant PE onset were 0% for gastric cancer, 13.9% for lung cancer, 19.8% for breast cancer, and 21.1% for the other cancers (p = 0.011). Conclusion Our present study is the first to our knowledge to classify the pericardial fluid from 574 cases in accordance with the recently published ISRSFC, and to present the long‐term outcomes of patients with malignant PE at the same time. Moreover, we report for the first time that it is gastric and not lung cancer patients that have the poorest prognosis after the occurrence of malignant PE., Our study report the long‐term outcomes of patients with malignant pericardial effusion. In addition, most common malignant pericardial effusion was lung cancer and gastric cancer showed the poorest survival prognosis after the occurrence of malignant pericardial effusion.

Since 2000, craft practitioners have increasingly adopted digital fabrication technologies. Simultaneously, the public’s engagement in making through various means has escalated, disrupting the makers’ ecosystem. This study explores craft practitioners’ motivation to acquire new digital skills in the context of informal learning and professional development in Hong Kong and how they perceive potential changes in the maker culture and creative industries. This study’s methods consisted of two rounds of semi-structured interviews with 18 craft practitioners as well as participant observations during a short-term workshop in which they learned the basics of digital fabrication technologies. The findings revealed that external variables, such as social influence and facilitating conditions, are as important as personal motivations for craftspeople’s acceptance of technology. Additionally, the study found that technology has not advanced sufficiently to meet craftspeople’s expectations, and understanding of traditional craft skills is essential to take advantage of these technologies. The participants envisioned that technologies would enhance productivity and creativity in their practice and that their digital craftspeople identity would thrive due to the rise of the maker culture. For more effective incorporation of technologies into craft practices, it is suggested that a new curriculum design customized for various types of craft makers be constructed and implemented.

Hepatoid thymic carcinoma is an extremely rare subtype of primary thymus tumor resembling “pure” hepatoid adenocarcinomas with hepatocyte paraffin 1 (Hep-Par-1) expression. A 53-year-old man presented with voice change and a neck mass. Multiple masses involving the thyroid, cervical and mediastinal lymph nodes, and lung were detected on computed tomography. Papillary thyroid carcinoma was confirmed by biopsy, and the patient underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy. However, the anterior mediastinal mass was enlarged after the treatment whereas the multiple masses in the thyroid and neck decreased in size. Microscopically, polygonal tumor cells formed solid sheets or trabeculae resembling hepatocytes and infiltrated remnant thymus. The tumor cells showed immunopositivity for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 19, and Hep-Par-1 and negativity for α-fetoprotein. Possibilities of germ cell tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, and metastasis of thyroid papillary carcinoma were excluded by immunohistochemistry. This report on the new subtype of thymic carcinoma is the third in English literature thus far.

Many pheochromocytoma and extra-adrenal paraganglioma are benign, but some are malignant. Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal gland Scaled Score analyzed the histological characteristics of the tumor. Tumors with a Pheochromocytoma of the Adrenal gland Scaled Score of 4 or higher have a higher risk of recurrence. This pattern is thought to be applicable to paraganglioma as well, and to future patient follow-up efforts. We report a recurrent and metastatic paraganglioma of the urinary bladder.

Background Autophagy, which is stimulated by cellular or environmental stresses, is involved in several distinct biological processes, and the regulation mechanism is complex. Autophagy has been reported to modulate immune system components. In the present study, the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3, an autophagy-related proteins, and its relationship with FOXP3 expression were investigated in gastric adenocarcinoma cells and FOXP3+T cells (regulatory T cells). Methods Tissue samples were acquired from 182 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma that were surgically resected at Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong from 2006 to 2012. Immunohistochemical staining for Beclin-1, LC3, FOXP3, and CD8 was performed. Results Consequently, positive Beclin-1 expression was significantly associated with a smaller tumor size, mixed histologic type, better histologic grade, lower T category, lower N category, lower recurrence rate, less lymphatic invasion, less vascular invasion, and less neural invasion. Positive tumoral FOXP3 expression was significantly associated with a lower T category, lower N category, lower recurrence rate, and less lymphatic invasion. The cases of more infiltrated Tregs (≥ 25/high power field, HPF) significantly correlated with a lower N category, lower recurrence rate, less lymphatic invasion, more infiltrated CD8+T cells, and a higher number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Beclin-1 and LC3 expression were positively correlated with tumoral FOXP3 overexpression. In addition, Beclin-1 expression was significantly associated with a greater number of infiltrated Tregs in gastric adenocarcinoma. Both the positive Beclin-1 expression and positive tumoral FOXP3 expression cases showed significantly better disease-free and overall survival. In addition, the patients with an increased number of infiltrated Tregs (≥ 25/HPF) showed better disease-free and overall survival rates. Conclusion In conclusion, the autophagic function of Beclin-1 in gastric adenocarcinoma cells was associated with an increased number of infiltrated Tregs and tumoral FOXP3 containing tumor suppressor function. Therefore, the favorable effects of Beclin-1 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with the regulation of Tregs and tumoral FOXP3 expression.

3D printing implementation in educational contexts has gained considerable attention in recent years. However, research shows that both in-service and pre-service teachers lack digital literacy and...

This article describes how the implementation of 3D printing in classrooms has brought many opportunities to educators as it provides affordability and accessibility in creating and customizing teaching aids. The study reports on the process of fabricating teaching aids for architecture education using 3D printing technologies. The practice-based research intended to illustrate the making process from initial planning, 3D modeling to 3D printing with practical examples, and addresses the potential induced by the technologies. Based on the investigation into the current state of 3D printing technologies in education, limitations were identified before the making process. The researchers created 3D models in both digital and tangible forms and the process was documented in textual and pictorial formats. It is expected that the research findings will serve as a guideline for other educators to create 3D printed teaching aids, particularly architectural forms.

Background/aim Colon cancer is prone to distant metastases to other sites and the risk of recurrence is relatively high. Therefore, the identification of liver metastasis-related factors is important for the diagnosis or treatment of colon cancer. The aim of this study was to identify the metastasis-related factors that are differentially expressed in synchronous solitary liver metastasis compared to primary colon cancer. Materials and methods Tissues of primary colon cancer and associated with liver metastases of five patients were used for mass spectrometry. Identified proteins were validated by western blotting. The in silico analysis was performed using the STRING database and GeneMANIA. Results We identified 58 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 51 under-expressed and 7 over-expressed proteins among a total of 164 identified proteins. Major hubs of protein-protein networks were ACTC1, PRDX6, TPI1, and ALDH1A1. DEPs were located in the extracellular region and cytoplasm and were involved in the regulation of enzymatic activity. The metabolic process was significantly enriched in biological processes and an involvement in the KEGG pathway. Conclusion These DEPs can potentially be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of liver metastasis and they may provide a new strategy for developing anti-metastatic liver drugs in colon cancer patients.

Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is defined as an intestinal lymphoma of intraepithelial T lymphocytes. EATL is further classified into two distinct types: type I (classical) EATL, which comprises 80%–90% of all cases; and type II EATL, a monomorphic variant of the disease. Type I EATL occurs at a higher frequency in northern Europe, where celiac disease is more common, and is characterized by the presence of large tumor cells with a CD3+CD4–CD8–CD56– immunophonotype [1]. Conversely, type II EATL, originally described as CD56+ intestinal lymphoma, consists of monomorphic small- to medium-sized tumor cells, typically with a CD3+CD4–CD8+CD56+ immunophenotype, with weak or no association with celiac disease [1,2]. Recently, a number of reports have defined type II EATL as a distinct T-cell neoplasm predominant in patients of Asian ethnicity with no history of enteropathy or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) association. In addition, type II EATL is characterized by frequent expression of gamma-delta T-cell receptors (γδ TCR). EBV-positive cases were suggested to represent extranodal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma rather than type II EATL. Whether EBV-positive cases with similar morphology and phenotype should be included in the definition of EATL and whether a proportion of these cases are γδ T-cell lymphomas remain debatable. Herein, we report a case of T-cell lymphoma of the jejunum with a CD3+CD4–CD8+CD56–betaF1+ phenotype, rearranged γ TCR genes, and diffuse EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) positivity.

Development of sarcomas after therapeutic radiotherapy is a rare, but well known complication. The pathogenesis of radiation-induced sarcomas (RISs) has not been elucidated, especially in cases without germline RB1 mutation. Gonin-Laurent et al.[1,2] discovered inactivation of the TP53 gene in 58% of 36 human RISs with or without Rb1 mutation and proposed that TP53 inactivation is an early event caused by irradiation, and not by the MDM2/MDMX pathway. In contrast, Roch-Lefevre et al.[3] identified recurrent gains/amplifications at many chromosomal regions including the loci of MDM2 in a series of 16 rat osteosarcomas induced by plutonium-238. In another experiment, moderate to marked Mdm2 immunoreactivity was observed in methylcholanthrene-induced mouse rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs), and the authors suggested that Mdm2 expression is an important pathogenetic event in this sarcomagenesis[4]. The poor prognosis and therapeutic difficulties of RISs have been described by many researchers[5-9]. Recently, Mdm2 inhibitors have emerged as novel therapeutic agents for some sarcomas[10,11]. Immunohistochemical examinations of Mdm2 expression in RIS have not been published to date. We compared immunohistochemical expression of Mdm2 and p53 in 8 radiation-induced and 8 de novo sarcomas of the head and neck.

Epithelioid hemangioma (EH) is an uncommon benign vascular tumor, of controversial etiology that usually presents as a slowly growing nodule on the face or digit of a middle-aged woman. 1 Most lesions have a nonspecific nodular appearance with frequent secondary changes such as excoriation and bleeding. Multiplicity is also a common finding. Histopathologically, EH is characterized by a mixture of vascular proliferation and marked mixed inflammatory cell infiltration, and was first de scribed by Wells and Whimster 2 as angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia. The proliferation of vascular structures lined with prominent endothelial cells is a distinguishing feature of EH. The epithelioid endothelial cells that protrude into the vascular lumen create a characteristic “cobble-stone” or “tombstone” appearance. A chronic inflammatory cell infiltration in cluding lymphoplasma cells and eosinophils is a consistent find ing. EH has a diverse range of microscopic features, depending on the composition and distribution of the vascular and inflam matory cellular components. EH has been described in the literature as an inflammatory angiomatous nodule or, an atypical or pseudopyogenic granuloma, 3,4 when infiltration of various inflammatory cells is predominant, and a histiocytoid hemangi oma 5 when cobble stone-like endothelial cells are conspicuous. Some cases of EH consist entirely of solid sheets of epithelioid to spindled cells without fully canalized vascular structures. The solid form of EH can be difficult to diagnose and is occa sionally misdiagnosed as a malignant vascular tumor. EH is a benign neoplasm and surgical excision is sufficient for its treat ment. Recently, we experienced a solid form of EH with no inflammatory component, which showed a dramatic change into the typical morphology on the consecutive biopsy. This is the first reported Korean case of a solid form of EH, which patholo gists should include in the differential diagnosis of epithelioid vascular lesions to avoid overdiagnosis of epithelioid vascular malignancies.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the airtightness performance of New Han-ok and to supply fundamental data for standards establishment. Air leakage testings were accomplished by means of blower door test in 26 bedrooms of 16 Han-oks located in Jeonnam happy villages. Followings are results. 1) Air change per hour at 50 Pa(ACH50) is located on 8.42~78.38. 2) No correlation between ACH50 and volumes, floor area, above grade surface area. 3) The more wood structural elements are exposed, attached spaces, wooden sliding and casement windows, the less airtightness performance. 4) An Airtightness with ACH50/20(NL, Normalized leakage) is located on 0.42~3.92 and building leakage class following F(4%), G(11%, sufficiently leaky, No need mechanical ventilation), H(4%, Need of cost-effective tightening), I(31%), J(50%) by a single-story house the normalized leakage of ASHRAE.

The experiment on thermal characteristics of on-dol systems were carried out to apply to New Han-ok`s heating system. Change of surface temperature varied with heating times, distribution of surface temperature, radiation property were surveid on four on-dol system in laboratory conditions. Followings are results. 1) "Hwang-to unit" was most favorable condition of the distribution of floor surface temperature. And the results from reaching time to thermal comfort temperature of on-dol system showed that "Hwang-to unit" was the most favorable to continuance of floor temperature. 2) There were a little difference in surface floor radiations of for three wet on dol-systems. 3) It was suggested that "Hwang-to unit" is the most appropriate to floor heating system of new han-ok considering eco-friendship and continuance of floor temperature in intermittent heating condition.

Efficacy of targeted agents, such as everolimus and sunitinib, has been demonstrated in prospective trials on patients with gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs). Considering the heterogeneous clinicopathological characteristics of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), evaluation of treatment outcomes in a real-world setting is necessary. Clinical records of 44 patients with GEP-NET who were treated with everolimus or sunitinib between March 2007 and October 2014 were retrospectively reviewed. Considering the distinct characteristics of pancreatic NETs (pNETs) and non-pancreatic gastrointestinal NETs (GI-NETs), efficacy analysis was performed separately. Pancreas was the most common primary site (n = 28, 64%), followed by rectum (n = 10, 23%) and stomach (n = 3, 7%). Sunitinib and everolimus were administered in 27 (61%) and 17 (39%) patients, respectively. In patients with pNET, median progression-free survival (PFS) with everolimus and sunitinib was 16.6 months (95% CI 8.0–25.1) and 8.0 months (95% CI 0.0–17.4), respectively (p = 0.51). Among non-pancreatic GI-NET patients, median PFS with everolimus and sunitinib was 14.7 months (95% CI 2.4–27.0) and 1.7 months (95% CI 0.5–3.0), respectively (p = 0.001). Compared to patients treated with everolimus, tumor grade 3 (30 vs. 0%) and history of prior cytotoxic chemotherapy (70 vs. 50%) were more common in patients treated with sunitinib. Both everolimus and sunitinib were effective in GEP-NET patients. Outcomes of everolimus therapy in GEP-NETs were consistent with those reported elsewhere. Poor efficacy of sunitinib in non-pancreatic GI-NETs may be attributable to the baseline characteristics associated with poor clinical outcomes.

This study was focused on the influence of soundscape provided to the interior landscape on the improvement of occupants` sound environment. When soundscape was provided to occupants together with the interior landscape rather than simply providing interior landscape, the occupants` satisfaction seemed to be improved. The most preferred sound source among the three sound sources was considered as the sound of the grasshopper. When both of the interior landscape and the landscape substances was provided, the adjectives with the average difference of more than 1 are "Vicissitudinous", "Elegant" and "Cheerful". When the interior landscape and the sound source were provided, such adjectives as "Vicissitudinous", "Complex" and "Cheerful" are extracted. When all the variables were provided, such adjectives as "Vicissitudinous", "Abundant" and "Cheerful" seem to show the difference of more than 1. Regarding "Vicissitudinous", it was possible to know that the average difference of more than 1.5 was the biggest. Regarding the relative values of the wave and the wave for each part, it seemed that the highest wave was generated on the left parietal lobe of P3, while the lowest wave was generated on the left and right frontal lobes of Fp1 and Fp2. According to this study, it was shown that the soundscape and the interior landscape seemed to influence the improvement of the occupants` sound environment.

An increasing number of chief executives (CEs) understand the importance of design and show strong interest in design management. What specific traits or behavior factors are common to the CE who values design management? How do these core factors interact with one another to produce successful designs and design management? To answer these questions, researchers reviewed company literature and public press materials in order to identify the influential factors that would most help a CE toward successful designs and design management. The review found four: design awareness, good sense of design, support for design, and involvement in design. Next, a survey was carried out targeted at leading corporations based in Korea and overseas. (The survey was aimed at the senior designers of the companies, rather than the chief executives themselves, in the interests of objectivity as well as knowledge of the subject.) The research examined the extent of the chief executives’ design awareness and its influence on design and the correlation among the four factors mentioned above, as well as correlations between those factors and their effects on design tasks and output. Further, the research demonstrates that the inter-relationships among the influential factors themselves may have either a positive or a negative effect on corporate design management.

Several studies on audio-visual interactions have shown that the visual stimulus can influence loudness of traffic noise. And it was shown that the auditory stimulus such as music in the street can reduce the road traffic noise perception. On the base of these results, a series of experimental studies were carried out and reviewed the psychological effect of visual and auditory stimuli on the perception of road traffic noise.The first experiment was designed to assess the visual effect of twelve roadsides with different landscapes on the road traffic noise perception. As a result, approx. 3 to 5 dB(A) of psychological reduction was seen in places where natural landscape was preferred, compared to the others, although the noise levels were similar. The second experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of visual screening from adjacent roads on road traffic noise perception by means of ME method in a laboratory. As the result, the effect of psychological reduction was observed at 65 dB(A) or lower. Especially, the barrier which screening optically from adjacent roads led to 5 to 10% of loudness reduction effect, compared to non-screening cases.Finally, the third experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of visual and auditory stimuli with ME method and 7-point SD rating scale in a laboratory. And it was found that up to 10% of loudness reduction and about 2 dB(A) of noise perceptional reduction were seen at 65 dB(A) or lower.

P.A.(public address) system is considered as an useful active soundscape appliance which can gives a place identity and vitality by introducing conventional musics, environmental musics, bird singing sounds etc. In this study, the main aim is to know the optimistic distance from the speaker and sound pressure level range of introducing sound. So, the sound pressure level of P.A. system due to distances were measured and subjects` responses with level variations were checked. The main results are as follows. Level range from 64 dB to 71 dB is comfortable for subjects. And the optimal level of introducing sound is related with sound source characteristics. The results of this study could be used for street furniture location design and P.A. system output level.

This study aims to know the effect of road traffic noise perception when the visual and aural information is added in a laboratory experiment. ME (magnitude estimation) and SD (semantic differential method) evaluation on the effect of visual and aural effect were carried out by 43 university students. As the result, up to 10 % of psychological reduction effect was shown under the 65 dB(A). As the noise level, it was analyzed that the vision affected about 7 dB(A) and sound affected 5 dB(A). However, if these two are given simultaneously, mainly sound affects to reduce the annoyance of noise and the vision next. Compared with the urban central circumstances, this effect (2 dB(A) under 65 dB(A) noise) was shown smaller than field test.

Background/Aims Pregnancy-associated gastric cancer is a rare condition. This case-control study was performed to identify the clinicopathological features and prognostic factors of pregnancy-associated gastric cancer. Methods All consecutive patients who presented to our tertiary referral hospital with pregnancy-associated gastric cancer from 1991 to 2012 were identified. Two age-, sex-, and stage-matched controls for each case were also identified from the records. Clinicopathological, gynecological, and oncological outcomes were recorded. Immunohistochemical staining was performed for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor, and E-cadherin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was performed for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. Results The median overall survival rates of the pregnancy-associated gastric cancer and control groups were 7.0 months and 15.0 months, respectively (p=0.189). Poor prognostic factors included advanced stage and tumor location in the corpus or the entire stomach but not pregnancy status or loss of E-cadherin. Pregnancy-associated gastric cancer was associated with a longer time from diagnosis to treatment (21 days vs 7 days, p=0.021). The two groups did not differ in the expression of the receptors or E-cadherin. Conclusions The dismal prognosis of pregnancy-associated gastric cancer may related to the tumor stage and location rather than to pregnancy itself.

The interaction between people and sound and the way how people consciously perceive their environment are central approach to soundscape research. In this respect, this paper aims to clarify the relationship between water-sound level and recognition region in urban area. As a passive soundscape facility, fountain is a useful way to give place such as public square, park identity and vitality. In this study, to know the optimistic distance and sound level range from fountain, sound levels due to distance were measured and subject responses were checked by questionnaire. As a result, levels from 63 dB to 67 dB were recommended by subjects and moving forward to fountain less satisfactory than backward. Moving forward 5 m and backward 5 m(total range 10 m): there was a difference in satisfaction ratio by 2,5 out of 10. The results of this study could be used for street furniture location design and P.A. system output level.

The assessment of an urban site depends on the way whether it responds to multiple needs such as functionality, aesthetic and complex comfort of acoustic, thermal, lighting and air quality etc. This study aims to investigate the assessment of various urban soundscapes in the sense of acoustic amenity by the questionnaires. As a result, acoustic amenity assessment was influenced by the non-acoustic factors such as environment assessment of visual, thermal, air quality etc. In the sense of sound quality, urban environmental sound was interpreted as 3 factors of strength, evolution of time, spacial localization. So these factors would be considered in the new assessment method for acoustic amenity. And it was shown that the subjects tend to perceive the noise level less than according to the urban landscapes under the similar noise exposure level.

The indoor noise limit for road traffic noises is needed to secure comfortable acoustical quality in apartment houses. To achieve this goal, psycho-acoustic experiments were carried out with road traffic noise sources modulated by the transmission loss characteristics of the external windows. Finally, a correlation analysis between noise rating index and subjective responses, and an analysis of satisfactory percentage of the dose-response curves varied with respondents was conducted. As a result of this study, followings are suggested. (1) On correlation between dose level and psycho-acoustical response, the initial level of negative feeling is located on dB(A), (2) On the degree of satisfaction to road traffic noise. near point being same dissatisfaction degree is to be assumed dB(A) of indoor noise level presented into three vocabulary. It is suggested to be reasonable level of 40 dB(A) on the indoor noise limits for intruding road traffic noise. and it is appropriate to be the 5 dB level difference between grades. The results of this study may be used to evaluate the acoustic threshold level for road traffic noise or as a basis for specifying the desired acoustic environment of dwellings.

It is very difficult to reduce ambient noise level in the downtown. The best method is to improve the sound amenity of the districts, considering concept of soundscape. This study aims to survey the effect of introducing sound and masking to reduce the background noise level. We carried out the evaluating test for 18 introducing sounds varied S/N ratio(-5, 0, +5) in the city riverside. In these test, subjects evaluated the sound environment with five bipolar adjective scales. It was evaluated that introducing sounds improved the sound environment, and that S/N +5 dB was very appropriate to mask the background noise. But the hearing level was suggested to be S/N 0 dB or less.

Rating scales for environmental noise are varied in their calculation procedure. Among them WECPNL (weighted equivalent continuous perceived noise level) is the rating scale for aircraft noise currently being used in domestic and applied only for aircraft noise. However calculated from is used as a rating scale for not only aircraft noise but also environmental noise. Besides, it is easy to calculate and internationally preferred. It is, therefore, not adequate for the evaluation of residents` exposure. Moreover it is very difficult to measure the aircraft noise by WECPNL due to the complicated calculating procedures if automatic measuring system is not used. Accordingly. this study aims to propose alternative evaluation procedure for the aircraft noise. To achieve this purpose, the data measured by automatic measuring system were gathered and calculated with three evaluation procedures : WECPNL and , and the results calculated from different methods were compared and analyzed.

Objective To identify superior cervical sympathetic ganglion (SCSG) and describe their characteristic MR appearance using 3T-MRI. Materials and methods In this prospective study, we recruited 53 consecutive patients without history of head and neck irradiation. Using anatomic location based on literature review, both sides of the neck were evaluated to identify SCSGs in consensus. SCSGs were divided into definite (medial to internal carotid artery [ICA] and lateral to longus capitis muscle [LCM]) and probable SCSGs based on relative location to ICA and LCM. Two readers evaluated signal characteristics including intraganglionic hypointensity of all SCSGs and relative location of probable SCSGs. Interrater and intrarater agreements were quantified using unweighted kappa. Results Ninety-one neck sites in 53 patients were evaluated after exclusion of 15 neck sites with pathology. Definite SCSGs were identified at 66 (73%) sites, and probable SCSGs were found in 25 (27%). Probable SCSGs were located anterior to LCM in 16 (18%), lateral to ICA in 6 (7%), and posterior to ICA in 3 (3%). Intraganglionic hypointensity was identified in 82 (90%) on contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1-weighted images. There was no statistical difference in the relative location between definite and probable SCSGs of the right and left sides with intragnalionic hypointensity on difference pulse sequences. Interrater and intrarater agreements on the location and intraganglionic hypointensity were excellent (κ-value, 0.749-1.000). Conclusion 3T-MRI identified definite SCSGs at 73% of neck sites and varied location of the remaining SCSGs. Intraganglionic hypointensity was a characteristic feature of SCSGs.

The concordance between physical appearance and personality to build appropriate images of the robot becomes a critical issue, however, there are few studies concerning integrated approaches toward this interrelationship. This research aims to identify such interrelationship based on the Korean traditional Sasang typology theory which classifies people into four distinctive types in relation to personalities, appearances, and susceptibilities in certain diseases. Through an intensive web-survey, a comprehensive robot identity map w as created. From the correlation analysis, strong correlations between robot physique characteristics and perceived Sasang personality images were found. Interestingly, robot Sasang types and theoretical Sasang types show ed a strong relationship and follow the general tendency of the theory. From the map, several design implications were generated and discussed. It is hoped that these findings can help not only industrial designers to find a design clue at the beginning stage of design process, but also multi-disciplinary experts and professionals to share consensus images of robot during the development process.

Vascular tumors in the breast are rare, and most can be classified as being either angiosarcomas or hemangiomas. Hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors that are usually identified incidentally, upon histopathological examination of lumpectomy specimens (1-3). To date, many cases of hemangiomas in the breast have been reported (2, 4), and most of these case reports have focused on mammographic and ultrasonographic findings. However, there are several reports regarding magnetic resonance imaging (1, 4-6). Here, we present the case of a 47-year-old female, who had an incidentally-detected complex hemangioma of the breast, with mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Despite the strong possibility that the endothelial cells (ECs) of tumors and normal tissues may differ in various aspects, most previous studies on ECs have used normal cells. Here, we purified ECs from tumorous and normal human breast tissues, and studied the effect of radiation on angiogenesis and the relevant molecular mechanisms in these cells. We found that in normal tissue-derived endothelial cells (NECs), 4 Gy irradiation increased tube formation, MMP-2 expression and ERK pathway activation. In cancer-derived endothelial cells (CECs), however, 4 Gy irradiation significantly reduced tube formation, increased the production of angiostatin and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and up-regulated AKT and JNK pathway activation. Knockdown experiments showed that siMMP-2 efficiently inhibited tube formation by irradiated NECs, while siPlasminogen effectively attenuated the irradiation-induced suppression of tube formation and the up-regulation of angiostatin in CECs. Moreover, siIL-6 clearly inhibited the irradiation-induced generation of angiostatin in CECs. Inhibition of ERK with a pharmacological inhibitor or siRNAs markedly suppressed irradiation-induced tube formation and MMP-2 up-regulation in NECs, while the inhibition of either AKT or JNK with pharmacological inhibitor or siRNA treatment of CECs clearly attenuated the irradiation-induced inhibition of tube formation and the up-regulation of angiostatin and IL-6. These observations collectively demonstrate that there are distinct differences in the radiation responses of NECs and CECs, and might provide important clues for improving the efficacy of radiation therapy. Citation Format: Eun-Taex Oh, Moon-Taek Park, Min-Jeong Song, Hyemi Lee, Heon Joo Park. Radiation-induced angiogenic signaling pathway in endothelial cells isolated from normal and cancer tissue of human breast. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3905. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3905