Search

With the dawn of 5G network, a new set of requirements for site spectrum monitoring, cellular planning are emerging, all of which are relying on fine-grained signal map. Although with significant importance, the traditional signal map construction could be time-consuming and labor-intensive. The state-of-the arts usually employ crowdsourcing scheme and matrix completion algorithm to solve the dilemma. However, the crowdsourcing scheme usually suffers from uneven distributed and inadequate participants. To this end, in this paper, we study how to effectively reconstruct and update the signal map in the case of partially measured signal maps with smaller cost and propose a GAN-based active signal map reconstruction method (GSMAC). Our method is mainly innovative in two parts: GSMC, GAN-based signal map construction, and ACS, an active crowdsourcing scheme. Specifically, GSMC can effectively update the signal map with only a small number of observations while updating the signal map online. ACS consists of a reinforce learning-based active query mechanism which quantitatively evaluates the most valuable measurement site for reconstruction. The simulation results and real implemented data-driven experiments demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of our approach in both accuracy and cost.

Background: The optimal site for measuring computed tomography (CT)-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) to detect significant coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unknown. We investigated how diagnostic performance changes with FFRCT measurement site. Methods and Results: The diagnostic performance of FFRCT, measured 1–2 cm distal to the stenosis vs. a far-distal site, in detecting significant CAD with invasive fractional flow reserve ≤0.8 was evaluated in 254 diseased vessels from 146 patients with stable or suspected CAD diagnosed by coronary CT angiography. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a significantly larger area under the curve for FFRCT measured 1–2 cm distal to the stenosis than at a far-distal site (0.829 vs. 0.791, respectively; P=0.0305). The rate of reclassification of positive FFRCT was 19% for measurements made 1–2 cm distal to the stenosis, and diagnostic accuracy for FFRCT 0.71–0.80 improved from 36% to 58% (P=0.0052). Vessel-based diagnostic accuracy of FFRCT 1–2 cm distal to the stenosis and at a far-distal site was 75% and 65%, respectively (P

Negative cloud-to-ground brings down negative charge from cloud to ground. In this paper, observations of the characteristics of fast and slow electric field within reversal distance (less than 7-8 km from lightning sensor) are reported. A total of four negative cloud to ground lashes detected very close to our measurement site in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka on 12th November 2019 were selected for analysis. The captured waveforms are compared with the location data provided by Tenaga Nasional Berhad Research (TNBR) for validation purposes. It can be observed that electric field changes of stepped leader and return stroke are always positive whether beyond or within reversal distance. Meanwhile, for cloud activities, the electric field change is always negative within reversal distance.

In the recent years, the demand for weight reduction in modern vehicle construction has led to an increase in the application of hydroforming processes for production of automotive and aerospace lightweight components. The tube hydroforming measurement site (TH stand), designed and built at Warsaw University of Technology allows both die, and free tube hydroforming processes to be performed, thereby making it possible to obtain information about the material, as well as optimal process parameters [1][2]. The present freshly patented method for metal tube hydroforming is dedicated to short product series or even single products and prototypes [3]. The method is applicable to forming difficult-to-machine materials. The well-known techniques use dies made of plastic or wood, especially to form short product series. The use of moulding sand and properly prepared geometry of casting mould makes possible shaping materials at high temperatures, which could not be done in previous short series solutions, where a plastic or wooden die were used. [1] Sadlowska H., Jasinski C. Morawinski Ł., Strain measurements on the tube hydroforming testing machine, Archives of Metals and Metallurgy Vol. 65 , Issue 1, 2020, pp. 257-263 [2] Sadlowska H., Odksztalcanie sie rur podczas swobodnego rozpeczania hydromechanicznego na stanowisku TH, w: Prace Naukowe Politechniki Warszawskiej. Mechanika, Vol. 267, 2015, ss. 25-30 (in Polish) [3] Patent No. PL424401, Kochanski A., Sadlowska H., Bulletin of the Patent Office of Inventions and Utility Models vol. 17_2019, pp. 11

Transcutaneous bilirubinometer devices are widely applied to assess neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. However, the optimal skin site and timing of transcutaneous bilirubin (TCB) measurements for the strongest correlation with total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels after phototherapy are still unclear. We conducted a retrospective observational study evaluating the correlation of TCB and TSB levels in neonates postphototherapy. The TCB measurements on the forehead and mid-sternum at 0 and 30 min postphototherapy were assessed by using a JM-103 bilirubinometer. Paired TCB and TSB measurements were assessed by Pearson correlation and Bland–Altman plots. We analyzed 40 neonates with 96 TSB and 384 TCB measurements. The TSB level correlated moderately with the forehead TCB level at 30 min postphototherapy (r = 0.65) and less strongly with the midsternum TCB level at 0 min postphototherapy (r = 0.52). The forehead at 30 min after cessation of phototherapy was the best time point and location of TCB measurement for the assessment of neonatal jaundice status. The reliability of TCB measurements varied across skin sites and durations after phototherapy. The effectiveness of TCB measurement to assess neonatal hyperbilirubinemia is much better on covered skin areas (foreheads) 30 min postphototherapy. The appropriate application of transcutaneous bilirubinometers could aid in clinical practice and avoid unnecessary management.

Objective: Despite the fact that the ear is the site to monitor arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2) closest to carotid chemoreceptors, sleep studies almost invariably use finger probes. This study aimed to assess the timing and morphological differences between SpO2 signals at the ear and finger during Cheyne-Stokes respiration (CSR) in heart failure (HF) patients. Methods: We studied 21 HF patients with CSR during a 40-min in-laboratory resting recording. SpO2 was recorded by: (1) two identical bedside pulse-oximeters with an ear (SpO2_Ear) and a finger probe (SpO2_Finger), and (2) a standard polysomnograph with a finger probe (SpO2_PSG). We estimated the delays between signals and, for each signal, computed the mean and minimum SpO2, the magnitude of cyclic desaturations and the overall time spent with SpO2 Results: The SpO2_Finger signal was significantly delayed [bias: 12.7 s (95% limits of agreement: 2.2, 23.0 s)] and slightly but not significantly downward-shifted with respect to SpO2_Ear. SpO2_PSG was almost synchronous with SpO2_Finger; however, a further significant downward shift was observed relative to the latter. In particular, minimum SpO2_PSG was significantly lower [-2.1% (- 4.8, 0.6%)], and desaturations and T90% were significantly higher than SpO2_Finger [1.2% (-1.3, 3.7%), and 13.9% (-12.3, 40.0%), respectively]. Conclusion: During CSR in HF patients, the marked delay between SpO2_Ear and SpO2_Finger makes the interpretation of the timing relationship between peripheral chemoreceptor stimulation and ventilatory events rather difficult. The observed discrepancies between SpO2_PSG and SpO2_Finger, which may be due to differences in the processing of raw SpO2 signals, call for a standardization of processing algorithms.

Background Regular assessment of bone mineral density (BMD) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is essential for detecting glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in juvenile-onset autoimmune diseases. Z-score is used in children for standardization of osteoporosis assessment. Z-score in children can be evaluated with only one of the three models in Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate how many domestic medical facilities for pediatric rheumatic diseases could not evaluate osteoporosis using Z-score exist. Methods Electronic questionnaires were distributed between 2017 and 2019 to hospitals belonging to the Pediatric Rheumatology Association of Japan and to university hospitals and public children' s hospitals that provide medical care for pediatric rheumatic diseases. The questionnaire included the location of DXA measurement, manufacturer (Hologic, GE healthcare, Hitachi), and measurement site, and the answers were collected using Google Forms. Statcel 4 was used for analysis. Results Overall,120 facilities responded to the survey, of which 117 had DXA. In the remaining three facilities, DXA was not installed in two and was out of order in one. Bone loss in childhood was evaluated using a Z-score calculated from age-based reference values. It was revealed that 30% of hospitals without HOLOGIC DXA could not evaluate osteoporosis by Z-score in Japanese childhood. The characteristics of the hospitals enrolled in this study did not bias the selection of Hologic DXA. Conclusions Neighboring institutions should consider sharing access to Hologic DXA equipment to ensure the use of uniform reference values. GE BMD reference values for Japanese children should be established.

Background Recently, attempts have been made to use the pulse rate variability (PRV) as a surrogate for heart rate variability (HRV). PRV, however, may be caused by the fluctuations of left ventricular pre-ejection period and pulse transit time besides HRV. We examined whether PRV differs not only from HRV but also depending on the measurement site. Results In five healthy subjects, pulse waves were measured simultaneously on both wrists and both forearms together with single-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) in the supine and sitting positions. Although average pulse interval showed no significant difference from average R-R interval in either positions, PRV showed greater power for the low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) components and lower LF/HF than HRV. The deviations of PRV from HRV in the supine and sitting positions were 13.2% and 7.9% for LF power, 24.5% and 18.3% for HF power, and − 15.0% and − 30.2% for LF/HF, respectively. While the average pulse interval showed 0.8% and 0.5% inter-site variations among the four sites in the supine and sitting positions, respectively, the inter-site variations in PRV were 4.0% and 3.6% for LF power, 3.8% and 4.7% for HF power, and 18.0% and 17.5% for LF/HF, respectively. Conclusions These suggest that PRV shows not only systemic differences from HRV but also considerable inter-site variations.

Liver elastography offers the possibility of a quick, noninvasive, and painless evaluation of the liver with immediate results at bedside. Liver stiffness measurements (LSM) using transient elastography (TE) appear very easy to perform, however, several conditions must be respected to ensure an optimal evaluation. Thus, patient, operator, and examination characteristics have all been shown to influence the result of LSM. Food intake increases liver stiffness (LS), whereas recent withdrawal in alcoholics is associated with a decrease of LS. Around one hundred exams seem to be required before considering an operator as sufficiently trained for using e.g. a FibroScan device. The measurement site and the FibroScan probe must be correctly chosen to ensure the best quality of LSM. Finally, the intrinsic characteristics of the measurement, especially the IQR/M ratio, must be carefully checked to avoid overestimation of LS. Most of the results come from studies which have evaluated TE, with less data available for the other technologies such as 2D- and point shear wave elastography which require dedicated ultrasound knowledge. For TE, all operators should know and apply the quality criteria for LSM to ensure the reliability of the results and therefore the best management of patients in clinical practice.

Emission measurements were collected from heavy-duty (HDVs) and medium-duty vehicles (MDVs) at the Peralta weigh station long-term measurement site near Anaheim, CA, in 2017. Two Fuel Efficiency Automobile Test units sampled elevated and ground-level exhaust vehicles totaling 2 315 measurements. HDVs (1844 measurements) exhibited historical reductions in fuel specific oxides of nitrogen (NOx) from the 2008 measurements (55%) with increased use of exhaust gas recirculation and selective catalytic reduction systems. However, as these technologies have aged, the in-use benefits have declined. Infrared % opacity measurements of tailpipe soot decreased 14% since 2012 with increased diesel particulate filter (DPF) use, DPF longevity, and fleet turnover. Sixty-three percent of the HDV fleet in 2017 was chassis model year 2011+ compared to only 12% in 2012. The observed MDV fleet (471 measurements) was 1.4 years older than the HDV fleet with average NOx 14% higher. A significant reduction in MDV NOx occurred ∼2 m...

The data presented here was produced as part of an evaluation of the performance of the CoaguChek XS point-of-care coagulation analyzer, which is discussed in the research article “POCT PT INR – Is it adequate for Patient Care? A Comparison of the Roche Coaguchek XS vs. Stago Star vs. Siemens BCS in Patients Routinely Seen in an Anticoagulation Clinic” (Baker et al., in press) [1] . An effort to reconcile discrepancies in the patient INR result distributions from different central lab instruments (Stago Star and Siemens BCS) with the PT/INR line method is described (Poller et al., 2010, 2011; Ibrahim et al., 2011) [2] , [3] , [4] . While regression analysis of the ECAA Poller calibrant data provided a linear PT/INR line for all methods, Pearson's chi-squared and one-way repeated measures ANOVA analyses showed that central lab INR measurements continued to exhibit measurement site dependence after the PT/INR line correction was applied. According to paired t-test analysis, only the human thromboplastin dependent methods (CoaguChek XS and Siemens BCS both before and after PT/INR line correction) showed statistically significant agreement (p-value >0.05).

DXA plays a critical role in assessing skeletal health and disease, as well as, fat and muscle status in children and adolescents. Quality DXA requires training, expertise and attention to details, as in adults, but there are key differences in performing and interpretations in children. These include choice of measurement site, skills required, reference data and software, and considerations for indications and underlying disorders to facilitate correct interpretation. The International Society for Clinical Densitometry (ISCD) has been pivotal in establishing official positions and training for people who are interested in performing or interpreting such examinations, and guiding clinicians who may request such studies. However training in the performance and interpretation of scans of individuals with more complex needs falls outside the scope of this review, and consideration should be given to refer such examinations to a specialist pediatric DXA unit. Others may be scanned and reported by those with expertise in densitometry, as long as due diligence is paid to standard quality procedures, as well as knowledge of the special circumstances and training required for this field. In this invited review we outline some of these considerations, highlight key messages, and provide some appropriate references to help guide clinicians, technologists and scientists involved or interested in DXA use in children and adolescents.

The biomechanical implications of diastasis recti abdominis (DRA) are unknown.To (1) investigate the impact of DRA, measurement site, and task on inter-rectus distance (IRD), linea alba (LA) stiffness, and LA distortion measured at rest and during head-lift and semi-curl-up tasks; and (2) describe the relationships among IRD, LA stiffness, and LA distortion.In this cross-sectional, observational cohort study, brightness-mode ultrasound imaging and shearwave elastography were used on a sample of 20 women. Inter-rectus distance, LA stiffness, and LA distortion were measured at 3 locations, while at rest and during head-lift and semi-curl-up maneuvers. All outcomes were compared between groups (DRA versus no DRA), sites, and tasks. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the relationships among IRD, mean and peak LA stiffness, and LA distortion.Eleven women with and 9 without DRA participated. Women with DRA demonstrated lower peak and mean LA stiffness and higher LA distortion compared to women without DRA. In women with DRA, IRD and LA distortion were not influenced by measurement site; IRD decreased, LA distortion increased, and LA stiffness did not change during the head lift and semi-curl-up compared to rest. In women without DRA, the LA was least stiff closest to the umbilicus; it increased in stiffness during the head lift and semi-curl-up and did not distort or change compared to rest.Diastasis recti abdominis was associated with low LA stiffness and with LA distortion during a semi-curl-up task; the amount of distortion was a function of IRD and LA stiffness.

Introduction: Photoplethysmography (PPG) has been widely used to assess cardiovascular function. However, few studies have comprehensively investigated the effect of measurement site on PPG waveform characteristics. This study aimed to provide a quantitative comparison on this.Methods: Thirty six healthy subjects participated in this study. For each subject, PPG signals were sequentially recorded for 1 min from six different body sites (finger, wrist under (anatomically volar), wrist upper (dorsal), arm, earlobe, and forehead) under both normal and deep breathing patterns. For each body site under a certain breathing pattern, the mean amplitude was firstly derived from recorded PPG waveform which was then normalized to derive several waveform characteristics including the pulse peak time (Tp), dicrotic notch time (Tn), and the reflection index (RI). The effects of breathing pattern and measurement site on the waveform characteristics were finally investigated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc multiple comparisons.Results: Under both breathing patterns, the PPG measurements from the finger achieved the highest percentage of analyzable waveforms for extracting waveform characteristics. There were significant effects of breathing pattern on Tn and RI (larger Tn and smaller RI with deep breathing on average, both p < 0.03). The effects of measurement site on mean amplitude, Tp, Tn, and RI were significant (all p < 0.001). The key results were that, under both breathing patterns, the mean amplitude from finger PPG was significantly larger and its Tp and RI were significantly smaller than those from the other five sites (all p < 0.001, except p = 0.04 for the Tp of “wrist under”), and Tn was only significantly larger than that from the earlobe (both p < 0.05).Conclusion: This study has quantitatively confirmed the effect of PPG measurement site on PPG waveform characteristics (including mean amplitude, Tp, Tn, and RI), providing scientific evidence for a better understanding of the PPG waveform variations between different body sites.

The aim of this study was to make direct measurements of the possible radiation-induced EPR signals in the teeth of volunteers who were residents in Fukushima within 80 km distance from the Fukushima Nuclear Power plant at the time of the disaster, and continued to live there for at least 3 month after the disaster. Thirty four volunteers were enrolled in this study. These measurements were made using a portable L-band EPR spectrometer, which was originally developed in the EPR Center at Dartmouth. All measurements were performed using surface loop resonators that have been specifically designed for the upper incisor teeth. Potentially these signals include not only radiation-induced signals induced by the incident but also background signals including those from prior radiation exposure from the environment and medical exposure. We demonstrated that it is feasible to transport the dosimeter to the measurement site and make valid measurements. The intensity of the signals that were obtained was not significantly above those seen in volunteers who had not had potential radiation exposures at Fukushima.

The aim of this study was to test the effects of aerobic cycling training on O2 dynamics in several leg muscles in early post-myocardial infarction (post-MI). Fifteen post-MI patients were divided into a 12-week training group (TR, n = 9) or a control/non-training group (CON, n = 6). All participants performed ramp bicycle exercise until exhaustion at two times: within 12–35 days of their MI and then again 12 weeks later. Muscle O2 saturation (SmO2) and total hemoglobin concentration (∆total-Hb) were monitored continuously at thigh and lower leg muscles by near infrared spectroscopy. In CON, there were no significant alterations in muscle O2 dynamics between before and after 12 weeks at any measurement sites. In TR, after 12 weeks, lower SmO2 was observed at all measurement sites. In total-Hb, no significant changes were found after training at any measurement sites in TR. Moreover, the muscle deoxygenation after 12 weeks was related to an improvement of peak O2 uptake in all muscles. Our findings suggest that aerobic cycling training may be useful for early post-MI patients to improve peak aerobic capacity via enhancement of muscle deoxygenation and O2 extraction at several leg muscles.

Dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is used to diagnose osteoporosis. On the other hand, quantitative ultrasound (QUS) is widely used to assess bone density as part of medical screening as it is relatively inexpensive and easy to perform. Current QUS devices do not share precise ultrasound-related parameters, such as frequency, waveform, beam pattern, transient response, definition of propagation time, definition of degree of attenuation, and precise measurement site, resulting in different measurements across models. The Japan Osteoporosis Society established a QUS Standardization Committee in 2007 to investigate standardization of speed of sound (SOS) and broadband ultrasonic attenuation (BUA) measurements to resolve this issue. The committee came up with a formula to convert SOS and BUA values yielded by each model available in Japan. This has made it possible to convert QUS measurements from different models into standardized values, greatly improving the effectiveness of QUS measurements.

Core body temperature (CBT) is an important and commonly used indicator of human health and endurance performance. A rise in baseline CBT can be attributed to an onset of flu, infection or even thermoregulatory failure when it becomes excessive. Sites which have been used for measurement of CBT include the pulmonary artery, the esophagus, the rectum and the tympanic membrane. Among them, the tympanic membrane is an attractive measurement site for CBT due to its unobtrusive nature and ease of measurement facilitated, especially when continuous CBT measurements are needed for monitoring such as during military, occupational and sporting settings. However, to-date, there are still polarizing views on the suitability of tympanic membrane as a CBT site. This paper will revisit a number of key unresolved issues in the literature and also presents, for the first time, a benchmark of the middle ear temperature against temperature measurements from other sites. Results from experiments carried out on human and primate subjects will be presented to draw a fresh set of insights against the backdrop of hypotheses and controversies.

Daycare centers provide care for children, often infants, toddlers and some school age children. These centers provide opportunities for playing, eating and napping. As such, cleaning, disinfecting areas and indoor environment management is necessary to keep clean and safe for children; this is often required through regulations. Children breathe more air per pound of body weight than adults. Children are more vulnerable to environmental health risks than adults. Children are still developing, which means indoor pollutants exposure can affect them even more. Korea Indoor Air Quality Control in Public Use Facilities, Etc. Act says shall manage the facilities by satisfying the standards for maintenance of safe indoor air quality. However, Some daycare center are excluded from this act because their floor area is under by regulation, Maintenance and management of indoor air quality is very inadequate. So, the purpose of this study is to evaluate method of to improve and to apply control and management indoor air quality in uncontrolled daycare center. It selected 28 sites as uncontrolled daycare center and measured indoor air quality. The items of measurement as follow: carbon dioxide (), particle matter (), total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), formaldehyde (HCHO), total bacteria colony (TBC). Measurement site in day care center is classroom and living room where the children spent in activity and measurement time is in class. After appling technology, Two month later, it measured same mensuration. To determine which factors influence improvement indoor air quality, it analysed the measurement data by comparing before.

Recent studies of lesion-specific ischemia suggest that measuring fractional flow reserve by coronary computed tomography angiography (FFRCT) from the distal vessel is less accurate then measuring FFRCT distal-to-the-lesion. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how the site of measurement of

The objective of this study was to design a system in order to analyze gold and other heavy elements in internal organs using in vivo x-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. Monte Carlo N Particle code MCNP was used to simulate phantoms and sources. A source of 99m Tc was simulated in kidney to excite the gold x-rays. Changes in K XRF response due to variations in tissue thickness overlying the kidney at the measurement site were investigated. Different simulations having tissue thicknesses of 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 mm were performed. K α1 and K α2 for all depths were measured. The linearity of the XRF system was also studied by increasing the gold concentration in the kidney phantom from 0 to 500 µg g −1 kidney tissue. The results show that gold concentration between 3 and 10 µg g −1 kidney tissue can be detected for distance between the skin and the kidney surface of 20–60 mm. The study also made a comparison between the skin doses for the source outside and inside the phantom.

Accurate measurement of power losses in high-efficiency devices is difficult. Measurement standards for industrial converters and complete electric drives, including both motors and converters, will come into effect soon, and measurement methods for these devices should be included. In the calorimetric method, the power losses are measured directly. However, the calorimeters presented previously are mainly tailored systems, and therefore, they typically have very complicated constructions. Hence, their applicability to the evaluation of general electric drives is limited. A functional calorimetric measurement concept is suggested in this study for power losses up to 2 kW. Such a power loss can be applied with present-day power electronic converters up to 110 kW. The construction of the concept is simple and lightweight. It does not require a complex structure or a large area in the measurement site. The concept is scalable and duplicable for different sizes. Different devices with different cablings can be measured without any problems. The combined standard heat loss measurement uncertainty for the calorimeter is ±0.4%.

In order to evaluate the efficacy of scalp cooling for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA), it is essential to precisely quantify the amount of hair mass that is present. We wanted to determine if the hair mass index (HMI), obtained by cross-section trichometry (CST), was a suitable parameter for hair mass measurement, and whether or not marking the measurement site on the scalp was necessary.Ten patients receiving chemotherapy were sequentially measured using CST during their treatment. At the same time, they were asked to report severity of hair loss via three subjective parameters: World Health Organization (WHO) grade, visual analog scale (VAS) score, and patients' need to wear wig or head cover. To investigate the need of marking of the measurement area, differences in HMI between a random 2 × 2-cm site (HMI-C) and four surrounding areas (HMI-S4) on the scalp of eight volunteers and eight chemotherapy patients were calculated and compared.Using CTS, hair loss due to CIA was quite measurable and ranged from 13 to 82 %. Reported VAS scores and WHO grades showed an increase in patients in time; 50 % of patients reported the need to wear a wig or head cover. The difference between HMI-S4 and the HMI-C values in all subjects of the marking group was homogeneously distributed between -11 and +10 and was not statistically different between the volunteer and the patient groups (p = 0.465).CST for HMI measurement is a useful mechanical modality for assessing hair loss in CIA patients. It is quantitatively more precise than existing non-mechanical measuring methods. It is recommended when detection of minor changes in hair quantity is required. Marking a fixed sampling area to ensure return to the exact same site is only required when a minor change in pre- and posttreatment HMI values is anticipated and the mid-line locating device is not/cannot be used.

This randomized study aimed to evaluate the correlation between bone mineral densities (BMD) measured at different sites and the frequency of vertebral fractures in a group of Serbian postmenopausal women.BMD was measured in 130 naïve postmenopausal women by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) at the ultra-distal part of the forearms, at the hip and at the lumbar spine. At each of the measurement sites, the patients were categorized as osteoporotic, or osteopenic, or in the reference range. Vertebral fractures were examined using thoracic and lumbar spine radiography.A T-score at different skeletal sites showed discordance in the site-specific region. Vertebral fractures were found in 58.82% of patients with hip osteopenia, in 45% with forearm osteopenia and in 54.54% with lumbar spine osteoporosis.The study confirmed that the reduction of BMD depends on age and choice of measurement site. The best correlation was obtained in the women with osteopenia at all measurement sites. The discovery of vertebral fractures by lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiography improves prompt treatment. Reference values of BMD do not exclude vertebral fractures. Of vertebral fractures, 72.5% were asymptomatic and thus spine radiographies are obligatory. Currently discussed is the position of DXA for measuring BMD as a method of detection for patients at risk of fracture.

This paper represents the characteristics of RMS delay spread according to distance between a transmitter and receiver with measurement results about 28 and 38 GHz at urban low-rise environments, line-of-sight(LOS) conditions. The measurement site, urban low-rise is defined at ITU-R Rec. P.1411-8. When we measured the delay spread, we used a wideband channel sounder and omnidirectional antenna for receiver and directional antenna for transmitter.

Aim The energy loss coefficient (ELCo) has been suggested as a more accurate indicator of aortic stenosis (AS) severity as compared to transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) aortic valve area (AVA). There are little data regarding the optimal location for aortic area (Aa) measurement needed for ELCo calculation and the agreement of ELCo with direct anatomical AVA measurement. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal site of Aa measurement for calculation of the ELCo, using cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) AVA planimetry as the reference standard. Methods We analyzed 69 patients with AS who underwent both CCTA and TTE. ELCo and CCTA planimetry AVA were compared using multiple sites for CCTA Aa measurement (sinus, sinotubular junction, or ascending aorta). Results CCTA AVA was 0.96±0.46 cm2. ELCo was 0.95±0.43 cm2 using sinotubular junction Aa, 0.92±0.41 cm2 using sinus Aa, and 0.91±0.4 cm2 using the ascending aorta (P=.84, P=.13, and P=.08 compared to CCTA AVA). There was good agreement between CCTA AVA and ELCo using all Aa locations (0.89–0.90). On subgroup analysis of 16 patients most likely to be affected by pressure recovery (aortic diameter

Bland-Altman plots and Pearson correlations. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 98.8–99.7, 29.8–46.9 and 86.6–88.9%, respectively. Total sleep time and sleep efficiency were higher when assessed from the waist compared to the wrist measurement site (73.8 min, P < 0.001; 12.6%, P < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, the waist-worn and wrist-worn Actigraph monitors cannot be used interchangeably for the measurement of sleep indicators in children using the present algorithms. However, the waist-worn Actigraph monitor can provide a proxy measure of total sleep time for ranking purposes in epidemiologic studies.

The association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) with cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been clearly demonstrated. Although typical VAT area at 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae (L4-L5) is used to approximate VAT volume, growing evidence has suggested that this measurement site may not be ideal. However, these findings for Asian people remain unclear. Thus, we searched for the better VAT measurement sites associated with CVD risk factors in obese, Japanese men. Eighty-two obese men were included in a cross-sectional study. Among these participants, 37 men completed the 12-week intervention (90 min and 3 d/week) were used for addressing longitudinal association between the VAT measurement sites and CVD risk factors. Consecutive MRI images (from 3 cm below L4-L5 to 20 cm above L4-L5) were used to explore the relationship between each VAT area and CVD risk factors (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin and blood pressure). The images located only 5-9 cm above L4-L5 had significant correlations with HDL cholesterol and triglycerides, but L4-L5 site did not in the cross-sectional analysis. In response to exercise, the image located 5 cm above L4-L5 showed the highest correlations with changes in total cholesterol (r = 0.46) and glucose (r = 0.36). Also, the image located 6 cm above L4-L5 showed highest correlations with changes in triglycerides (r = 0.37) and insulin (r = 0.37). Thus, the range of VAT images located 5-6 cm above L4-L5 may be optimal for identifying CVD risk factors compared to a typical site of L4-L5.

Aim The purpose of this systematic review was to determine the extent to which the research literature indicates body temperature norms in the geriatric population. Objectives The specific questions addressed were to examine normal body temperature values in persons 60 years of age and older; determine differences in temperature values depending on non-invasive measurement site and measurement device used; and, examine the degree and extent of temperature variability according to time of day and time of year. Background The traditional 'normal' temperature of 98.6 degrees F/37 degrees C may in fact be lower in older people due to the ageing process. Age-associated changes in vasomotor sweating function, skeletal muscle response, temperature perception and physical behaviours may influence the ability to maintain optimum temperature. Design A systematic literature review. Methods A search of multiple databases yielded 22 papers which met inclusion criteria. Studies were included which focused on temperature measurement, sampled persons 60 years of age and older, collected data from non-invasive temperature measurement sites and which used a prospective study design. Studies were independently appraised using a structured appraisal format. Results Temperature normal values by site were rectal 98.8 degrees F/37.1 degrees C, ear-based 98.3 degrees F/36.8 degrees C, urine 97.6 degrees F/36.5 degrees C, oral 97.4 degrees F/36.3 degrees C and axillary 97.1 degrees F/36.2 degrees C. Temperature exhibited a 0.7 degrees F/0.4 degrees C diurnal and 0.2 degrees F/0.1 degrees C circannual variation. Conclusions Synthesis of data indicated that normal body temperature values in older people by sites were rectal 0.7 degrees F/0.4 degrees C, ear-based 0.3 degrees F/0.2 degrees C, oral 1.2 degrees F/0.7 degrees C, axillary 0.6 degrees F/0.3 degrees C lower than adults' acceptable value from those traditionally found in nursing textbooks. Relevance to clinical practice Given the fact that normal body temperature values were consistently lower than values reported in the literature, clinicians may need to re-evaluate the point at which interventions for abnormal temperatures are initiated.

Noninvasive, transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) measurement is an attractive option for neonates, but opinions about its usefulness vary among studies. We collected paired measurements of TcB and serum bilirubin (SB) in 343 term neonates using the BiliCheck meter (SpectRx, Norcross, GA) and 3 different SB methods. Correlations between SB and TcB were similar for all laboratory methods and TcB measurement sites. However, TcB bias varied depending on the comparison SB method and TcB measurement site. TcB bias also varied with race when measurements were done on the forehead but not when they were done on the sternum. Several factors must be considered before implementing TcB measurement: (1) Each laboratory instrument has its own unique relationship to TcB. (2) The chosen measurement site affects the relationship. (3) Race can affect TcB bias when the measurement is taken on the forehead. Properly used, TcB measurement, especially when taken from the sternum, can be a useful screening method for neonatal jaundice.

The present study was designed to examine the simultaneous responses in digital circulation at both palmar and dorsal skin induced by acute exposure to short-term vibration while grasping a vibratory handle, and also to evaluate the importance of measurement site for such responses.Finger blood flow (FBF) and finger skin temperature (FST) were measured from the palmar (index finger) and dorsal (middle finger) regions of the right hand in eight male subjects, at rest for 5 min and while gripping the handle for 15 min. At the end of fifth minute during grasping of the handle, subject's hand was exposed for 5 min to four different exposure conditions (vibration at three frequencies of 31.5, 125 and 250 Hz with a frequency weighted rms acceleration of 5.5 m/s(2), and no vibration).During vibration exposure relative to the corresponding control conditions, the %change (calculated from before exposure mean value in gripping condition) in dorsal FBF increased substantially (P0.01-0.001), and the %change for decreased palmar FST augmented significantly (P0.05-0.01) in all frequencies. After vibration exposure, blood flow and skin temperature also remained significantly higher in dorsal finger (P0.05-0.005), and significantly lower in palmar finger (P0.005-0.001) at different frequencies comparing to the control values. Also, only vibration exposure caused significantly different %changes in digital circulation between palmar and dorsal fingers (P0.001).These data suggest that vibration can affect the digital circulation in both palmar and dorsal skin but differently. Therefore, while comparing the data of digital circulatory responses induced by acute exposure to hand-transmitted vibration recorded at palmar and dorsal sides of the hand, cautions are required when interpreting the results.

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the intra- and interdevice reproducibility of the DIAGNOdent 2095 (DD2095) and the new DIAGNOdent Pen (DDPen) on non-cavitated occlusal caries sites. Altogether, 241 sites on 90 molars were inspected twice with both devices and by four examiners. The intra/interdevice reproducibilities were assessed by means of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) as well as by the range of the 95% limits of agreement of Bland & Altman. Additionally, a linear mixed-effects model was fitted with fixed effects for the visual scores and the devices used and random effects for occlusal sites and examiners within each measurement site. In result, the following values were determined for the intradevice reproducibility: DD2095: ICC 0.89, range 42.3; and DDPen: ICC 0.88, range 49.3. The interdevice reproducibility was found to be in the same order of magnitude (ICC 0.82, range 53.7). The comparison between both devices indicated significantly lower mean values for the DDPen. The estimates of the linear model show that there is a high variation between the sites that cannot be explained by the fixed effects. In conclusion, both devices showed an imperfect reproducibility, which indicate the usage as adjunct tool only in clinical practice.

From the comparison of the data available in the field literature, it follows that the range of oscillometric ratios is quite extensive, with an interval of 20% for systolic and around 30% for diastolic blood pressure. For example Geddes [8] states that these may range from 0.45 to 0.57 for systolic and from 0.75 to 0.86 for diastolic. Current commercial devices were not designed to perform the task of calculating these oscillometric ratios, and they utilize average values set for all measurements regardless of the physiological characteristics of the individual user and the yielding of the cuff used. While, as noted, oscillometric ratios are unique to each user as they contain much individual and operational information, such as cuff pulsatility, physiology of the measurement site, environmental conditions and the clinician's ability in performing the measurement. Hence, the need to revise current standards by making more restrictive rules is clear. In the author's opinion, this innovative solution has the special features providing greater accuracy in the measurement of systolic and diastolic pressures, and simulations and preliminary clinical trials have confirmed this. The work is devoted to both the presentation of the pressure Holter prototype and to the communication of results obtained during the characterization of the methodology and the algorithms used. Validation involved 33 subjects (22 men and 11 women) aged between 23 and 82 years, with arm circumferences from 21 to 41 cm, with systolic blood pressure (PSYS) in the 94 ÷ 204 mmHg range and diastolic (PDIA) 49÷106 mmHg. The results largely satisfy the requirements of the Protocol AAMI SP-10.

There have been a growing number of reports suggesting that ear temperature measurement is unreliable and by implication so is the device. Examination of the measurement site, the tympanic membrane (eardrum) and the walls of the external auditory meatus (ear canal) reveals that at least some of the unreliability might derive from poor aiming of the infrared thermometer: the ear canal walls have a lower temperature than the eardrum. Additionally, anatomical properties of the ear canal may increase the difficulty of aiming the thermometer at the eardrum. Furthermore, the rich vascularization, innervation and variations in skin properties (thickness, oil secretion and hair) along the length of the ear canal affect the black body-like nature of the structure. It is concluded that such factors are more likely underlying reasons for the difficulties in reliably reproducing temperatures from this site. We conclude that concerns should extend beyond the reliability of the device and there should be greater study of the measurement site. The argument extends to all sites chosen for clinical assessment of the patient, as previous studies of the alternative temperature measurement sites are also unfortunately few and tend to be lacking in scientific rigour.

Measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is used to diagnose osteoporosis, assess the risk of fracture, and monitor changes in BMD over time. Because biological changes in BMD are usually small in proportion to the error inherent in the test itself, interpretation of serial BMD tests depends on knowledge of the smallest change in BMD that is beyond the range of error. This value, called the least significant change (LSC), varies according to the instrument used, the patient population being tested, the measurement site, the skill of the technologist at positioning the patient and analyzing the test, and the confidence interval used in the calculation. The precision and LSC values provided by the manufacturer cannot be applied to clinical bone densitometry centers because of the differences in the patients being tested and the technologist performing the test. Because harmful errors in clinical management may occur from incorrectly interpreting serial BMD tests, it is recommended that every DXA technologist conduct a precision assessment and calculate the LSC for each measurement site and DXA instrument used. Precision assessment provides direct benefit to patients by allowing clinicians to make clinical decisions based on genuine change or stability of BMD. The patient-care benefits of precision assessment outweigh the risk of exposure to trivial doses of ionizing radiation.

We evaluated the influence of measurement site on the ranking (low to high) of abdominal subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) adipose tissue. We also determined the influence of measurement site on the prediction of abdominal SAT and VAT mass. The subjects included 100 men with computed tomography (CT) measurements at L4–L5 and L3–L4 levels and 100 men with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements at L4–L5 and 5 cm above L4–L5 (L4–L5 +5 cm). Corresponding mass values were determined by using multiple-image protocols. For SAT, 90 and 92 of the 100 subjects for CT and MRI, respectively, had a difference in rank position at the two levels. The change in rank position exceeded the error or measurement for ∼75% of the subjects for both methods. For VAT, 91 and 95 of the 100 subjects for CT and MRI, respectively, had a difference in rank position at the two levels. The change in rank position exceeded the error of measurement for 36% of the subjects for CT and for 8% of the subjects for MRI. For both imaging modalities, the variance explained in SAT and VAT mass (kg) was comparable for L4–L5, L4–L5 +5 cm, and L3–L4 levels. In conclusion, the ranking of subjects for abdominal SAT and VAT quantity is influenced by measurement location. However, the ability to predict SAT and VAT mass by using single images obtained at the L4–L5, L4–L5 +5 cm, or L3–L4 levels is comparable.

The purpose of this study was to establish the reproducibility of a series of anthropometric measures performed twice during one week during a three year period in boys and girls. The subjects of this investigation were 39 children (21 boys and 18 girls), 9-10 year of age at the beginning of the study. Children were measured three times with one year interval. Children were classified by Tanner stage 1-2 during the first measurements, stage 1-3 during the second measurements and stage 1-4 during the third measurements. Body height and weight were measured and BMI calculated. All anthropometric parameters were measured according to the protocol recommended by the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (Norton & Olds 1996). Nine skinfolds, 13 girths, eight lengths and eight breadths/lengths were measured. The reproducibility of body height (r = 0.995-0.999), body weight (r = 0.990-0.999) and BMI (r = 0.969-0.999) was very high in boys and girls. The intraclass correlations (ICC), technical errors (TE) and coefficients of variation (CV) were quite different depending on the measurement site of the skinfold thickness. It was surprising that the ICCs were highest and TEs and CVs were lowest during the second year of the measurement. The computed ICC was high, and TE and CV values were quite similar and relatively low in girth, length and breadth/length measurements. It was concluded that the reproducibility of girths, lengths and breadths/lengths in children is very high and the reproducibility of skinfolds is high. Specifically, the reproducibility is very high immediately before puberty in boys and girls.

Objectives: First, to measure the speeds of vehicles with and without children on the footpath, and second to compare these with drivers' estimates of how fast they would go in these conditions. Design: The speeds of vehicles in three conditions: control (no children present), children playing with a ball on the footpath, and children waiting to cross the road, were measured using speed tubes during two 55 minute sessions. Drivers' estimates of their speeds were measured with a questionnaire. Setting: Speeds were measured on a main road in Auckland, New Zealand. The questionnaire was conducted at another time with drivers stopping for petrol approximately 500 metres from the measurement site. Subjects: A total of 1446 speed measurements were taken and 93 drivers‘ questionnaire responses were analysed. Results: The mean free speed of vehicles in the control condition was 55.60 kph, with drivers‘ estimates being 56.37 kph. When children were playing with a ball the measured speed was 54.29 kph and the estimated speed 39.27 kph. When children were waiting to cross the measured speed was 52.78 kph, estimated speed 34.02 kph. Analyses indicated that there were significant differences between measured and estimated speeds. Conclusions: New Zealand drivers make inadequate speed adjustments in the presence of children, despite probably believing they do so. Establishing specific rules about appropriate speeds around children and highlighting to drivers the discrepancy between their attitudes and behaviour are two intervention strategies suggested.

Controversy exists regarding which sites to measure, and the appropriate reference database to use, for densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in men. While hip and spine bone mineral density (BMD) measurement is routine, spinal osteoarthritis often elevates measured BMD in older men. Additionally, the use of male reference data is standard practice; however, recent reports suggest that a female database may be more appropriate. This study evaluated the effect of sites measured, and normative database utilized, on the densitometric diagnosis of osteoporosis in men. Spine, femur, and ultradistal radial BMD T-scores were determined in 595 male veterans using the GE Lunar male normative database. Subsequently, World Health Organization diagnostic criteria were applied, identifying 282 men with osteoporosis (T-score ≤ –2.5). The combination of femoral (lowest of neck or total) with the ultradistal radius site was more sensitive ( p p

PPG signal which reflects the changes of blood volume in the microvascular bed plays an important role in the cardiovascular disease diagnosis. It possesses high value to acquire the PPG signal accurately. Because the available measurement site of transmission mode PPG sensor is very limited, this paper presents a reflective PPG signal sensor which consists of a photodiode and four light sources surrounding the photodiode. The Monte Carlo simulation was performed to decide the distance between the light source and photodiode. To test the efficacy of the developed sensor, PPG signals were captured from five different measurement sites. The experiment results reveal that the proposed PPG signal sensor could acquire high quality PPG signals.

In this study we present a multi-step constant pressure pulse measurement system based on the technology and operating principles of electronic sphygmomanometer. We approach pulse diagnosis in a way that's comparable to pulse diagnosis practiced by traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) physicians, in particular where the administration of superficial, middle, and deep pressure were applied during pulsation measurement. We capture radial artery pulse signals as quantitative vascular pressure fluctuations (in mmHg) all the while pressure cuff step-up pressure over the measurement site, from 30mmHg to 180mmHg, using a 10mmHg step, and 10 seconds hold of constant pressure between the steps to capture pulse signals for respective pressures. We intend this work to lend TCM physicians a quantitative and visual supplement during a pulse diagnosis, and to enrich cardiovascular and clinical analysis applications from pulsation measurement.

Over the past decade, bone density scanning has come to be seen as an essential part of the evaluation of patients at risk of osteoporosis. Although dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the technique most associated with the recent growth in bone densitometry, several innovative devices for performing measurements at sites in the peripheral skeleton are also available. This article examines the question of whether there is any one method or measurement site that performs better than all the others at identifying patients at risk of fracture. Given that it is essential to make greater use of the small, low-cost peripheral devices if the many millions of women most at risk are to be identified and treated, what approaches to the interpretation of bone density scans can be adopted to ensure the greatest degree of consistency among different methods? Finally, does it matter if the imperfect correlation among different types of measurement results in different patients being selected for treatment on the basis of different techniques?

This communication describes the initial stage of a research project concerning the monitoring of SpO2 in infants prone to periods of spontaneous oxygen desaturation whilst freely moving around their home environment. The primary aim was to determine an appropriate probe type and site together with an assessment of the suitability of two commercially available oximeter units.The study comprised 19 comparative tests, totalling 162 hours of recordings at resolution one sample every four seconds. Comparisons are drawn between probes, probe sites and pulse oximeters. MAIN OUTCOMES/RESULTS: The bias and precision is presented with respect to the probe and measurement site. Also, correlation between the trial and reference recordings is considered.It is concluded that ambulatory recording of SpO2 in infants utilizing equipment suitable for home monitoring can produce diagnostic data equivalent to that of the Ohmeda 3700 biox, but that an indication of movement artefact may be required for confirmation of accuracy. It became apparent that 'wrap around' probes, used on the index finger or big toe are the most suitable.

BACKGROUND—To be certain that the joint space width is abnormal in the case of hip joint pain when compared with the contralateral hip requires knowledge of physiological dissymmetry. AIM OF THE STUDY—To assess interindividual variability and dissymmetry in pelvic radiological joint space width. METHODS—Pelvic radiographs of subjects without hip joint disease. Measurement with a 0.1 mm graduated magnifying glass and 0.5 mm graduated flat ruler at the hip superointermediate site (vertical going through the femoral head centre). After randomisation of the side to measure, analysis of nine groups of 19 plain films by one investigator blind for the result of the contralateral side. RESULTS—The difference between the left and right hip was plotted against the corresponding mean for all 171 normal subjects This shows the frequency and the limits of the asymmetry at each measurement site. The asymmetry is independent of interindividual variability of the joint space width and greater than the measurement error in most subjects. CONCLUSION—This study confirms the interindividual variability of hip joint space width, shows the frequency of hip joint space asymmetry and defines its limit. Keywords: hip joint; joint space width; measurement

Although several methods have been used clinically to evaluate the severity of aortic regurgitation, there is no purely quantitative approach for aortic regurgitant volume (ARV) measurements. Magnetic resonance phase velocity mapping can be used to quantify the ARV, with a single imaging slice in the ascending aorta, from through-slice velocity measurements. To investigate the accuracy of this technique, in vitro experiments were performed with a compliant model of the ascending aorta. Our goals were to study the effects of slice location on the reliability of the ARV measurements and to determine the location that provides the most accurate results. It was found that when the slice was placed between the aortic valve and the coronary ostia, the measurements were most accurate. Beyond the coronary ostia, aortic compliance and coronary flow negatively affected the accuracy of the measurements, introducing significant errors. This study shows that slice location is important in quantifying the ARV accurately. The higher accuracy achieved with the slice placed between the aortic valve and the coronary ostia suggests that this slice location should be considered and thoroughly examined as the preferred measurement site clinically.

The standard charge weight scaling laws consider the distance and the maximum charge per delay interval as the only technological factors influencing the peak particle velocity (PPV). Practical experience, however, indicates that drilling- and blasting technology significantly contribute to the PPV. For that reason an attempt is made to improve the prognosis by including a well-known empirical evaluation procedure generally used for the quantification of the specific blasting effect. A correlation between these parameters was derived on the basis of numerous large hole blastings carried out under normal working conditions. Then the vibration immission of the blasts was statistically evaluated under consideration of the measurement site and the comparability of the conditions. The result of this analysis allows the following three fundamental conclusions: 1. Vibrations can significantly be reduced by improving the ignition frequency, and by optimising the delay interval and the ignition in the bor...

Accurate measurement of body temperature is an important indicator of the status of critically ill patients and is therefore essential. While axillary temperature is not considered accurate, it is still the conventional method of measurement in Asian intensive care units. There is uncertainty about the accuracy of thermometers for the critically ill. We compared the accuracy and precision of bladder, axillary and tympanic temperature measurements in critically ill patients. A total of 73 critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a teaching hospital were prospectively enrolled. Every four hours, we measured body temperature at three sites (bladder, axillary and tympanic). If the patient had received an indwelling pulmonary artery catheter, blood temperature was also recorded and this was compared with bladder, axillary and tympanic temperature readings. For all patients, axillary and tympanic temperature readings were compared with bladder temperature readings. Accuracy and precision were analysed using Bland-Altman analysis. When blood temperature data was available, the mean difference between blood and bladder temperature readings was small (0.02±0.21°C). Compared with bladder temperature, mean difference for axillary temperature was -0.33±0.55°C and for tympanic temperature it was -0.51±1.02°C. For critically ill patients, recorded axillary temperature was closer to bladder temperature than tympanic temperature.

Variability in peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) measurement sites and outcome variables limit direct comparisons of results between studies. Furthermore, it is unclear what estimates of bone strength are most indicative of changes due to aging, disease, or interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine age and sex differences in estimates of tibia strength. An additional purpose of this study was to determine which tibia site or sites are most sensitive for detecting age and sex differences in tibia strength. Self-identifying Caucasian men (n=55) and women (n=59) aged 20-59yr had their tibias measured with pQCT from 5% to 85% of limb length in 10% increments distal to proximal. Bone strength index, strength strain index (SSI), moments of inertia (Ip, Imax, and Imin), and strength-to-mass ratios (polar moment of inertia to total bone mineral content [BMC] ratio [Ip:Tot.BMC] and strength strain index to total BMC ratio [SSI:Tot.BMC]) were quantified. There were significant (p0.01) site effects for all strength variables and strength-to-mass ratios. Site×sex interaction effects were significant (p0.05) for all strength variables. Men had greater (p0.01) values than women for all strength variables. Sex differences in Ip, Imax, Ip:Tot.BMC, SSI, and SSI:Tot.BMC ratios were the smallest at the 15% site and peaked at various sites, depending on variable. Site×age interactions existed for Imax, Ip:Tot.BMC, and SSI:Tot.BMC. There were significant age effects, Imax, Ip:Tot.BMC, and SSI:Tot.BMC, as values were the lowest in the 20-29 age group. Age and sex differences varied by measurement site and variable, and larger sex differences existed for moments of inertia than SSI. Strength-to-mass ratios may reflect efficiency of the whole bone architecture.

Transcutaneous measurement of carbon dioxide is routinely done at the earlobe site. In patients receiving non invasive ventilation or in the intensive care setting with necklines, an alternate measurement site would be useful. We started to use the infraclavicular site for transcutaneous measurements of carbon dioxide using a new digital sensor.Comparison of transcutaneous carbon dioxide with arterial carbon dioxide at the infraclavicular site.We retrospectively compared transcutaneous carbon dioxide at the infraclavicular site with arterial carbon dioxide in 50 samples. The Sentec Digital Monitoring System (Sentec AG, Therwil, Switzerland) was used. The V-Sign digital sensor was placed on the infraclavicular site at the medial two third and one third point from the sternoclavicular joint and acromioclavicular joint.When comparing P(c)CO(2) with P(a)CO(2) values, the Bland-Altman analysis revealed a bias of 0.02 kPa (95% CI: [- 0.1; 0.14]) with a precision of 0.42 kPa. Linear regression analysis describes the relationship between the two methods. The slope of the linear model was 0.85 ± 0.04 and the intercept was 0.77 ± 0.21 (RSE = 0.37, R(2) = 0.91).The measurement of transcutaneous carbon dioxide at the infraclavicular site is feasible with a digital sensor and has a good correlation with the carbon dioxide values obtained from the arterial blood gas. The findings of the current study form the basis for further clinical studies for its regular application in clinical use.

Background Although the measurement site at L4–L5 for visceral adipose tissue (VAT) has been commonly accepted, some researchers suggest that additional upper sites (i.e., L1–L2 and L2–L3) are useful for estimating VAT volume. Therefore, determining the optimum measurement site remains challenging and has become important in determining VAT volume. We investigated the influence of a single-slice measurement site on the prediction of VAT volume and changes in VAT volume in obese Japanese men. Methods Twenty-four men, aged 30–65 years with a mean BMI of 30 kg/m2, were included in a 12-week weight loss program. We obtained continuous T1-weighted abdominal magnetic resonance images from T9 to S1 with a 1.5-T system to measure the VAT area. These VAT areas were then summed to determine VAT volume before and after the program. Results Single-slice images at 3–11 cm above L4–L5 had significant and high correlations with VAT volume at baseline (r = 0.94–0.97). The single-slice image with the highest correlation coefficient with respect to VAT volume was located at 5 cm above L4–L5 (r = 0.97). The highest correlation coefficient between the individual changes in VAT area and changes in VAT volume was located at 6 cm above L4–L5 (r = 0.90). Conclusions Individual measurement sites have different abilities to estimate VAT volume and changes in VAT volume in obese Japanese men. Best zone located at 5–6 cm above L4–L5 may be a better predictor of VAT volume than the L4–L5 image in terms of both baseline and changes with weight loss.