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The immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D have been extensively studied in the context of autoimmunity. Multiple studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in autoimmune diseases. Recently, a possible protective role of vitamin D in autoimmunity has been described; however, this function remains controversial. Few studies have investigated the role of vitamin D in patients with Sjögren syndrome (SS). In this review, we compiled the main features of SS pathogenesis, the vitamin D immunomodulatory effects and the possible interaction between both. Data suggests that vitamin D may play a role in the SS pathogenesis. In addition, vitamin D low levels have been found in SS patients, which are associated with extra-glandular manifestations, such as lymphoma or neuropathy, suggesting a possible benefit effect of vitamin D in SS.

Background: Patients with acute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (ACLE) usually have systemic manifestations and there is a strong association between ACLE and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) involvement. However, there is scarce information on the differences in the systemic manifestations when compared with subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) and chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE). Objective: To analyse and compare the prevalence and characteristics of the main clinical and immunological manifestations of patients with ACLE, who were initially attending a Department of Dermatology, with respect to those with SCLE and CCLE. Methods: A total of 38 patients with ACLE were studied. The clinical and serological characteristics of all the patients were collected in a chart review. These patients were compared to 112 patients with SCLE and 158 with CCLE that were previously reported. Results: Patients with ACLE had a higher prevalence of mucous membrane ulcers (p=0.012), livedo reticularis (p=0.036), vasculitis (p=0.030), nephropathy (p=0.025) and serositis (p=0.036) compared with patients with SCLE. Patients with ACLE also had a higher frequency of livedo reticularis (P=0.001), mucous membrane ulcers (P