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Aim: In spine surgery, it is common practice to thoroughly exhaust all conservative measures before surgery. With the increasing popularity of injection procedures, significant number may still require surgery post epidural steroid infiltration (ESI). We aim to study the incidence of such patients who eventually go in for surgery after a failed ESI. We also studied and compared the functional outcomes of transforaminal (TF) versus interlaminar (IL) procedures in intervertebral disc prolapse (IVDP) patients. Materials and Methods: 150 patients with lumbar disc prolapsed were subjected to epidural steroid infiltration after 6 weeks of failed conservative management, of which 101 underwent IL and 49 TF procedure according to surgeon's preference, and followed up for 6 weeks. Those with persisting (or worsening) Visual analogue scale (VAS), Modified Oswestry diability index (ODI) and with progressive neurological deficits, underwent lumbar discectomy and all were followed up for 6 months.Results: Out of 150 patients, 45 patients underwent discectomy (30 %) after total 6 months follow up, and out of the remaining 105 patients, 40 (81.6%) from TF group and 65 (64.4%) from IL group improved. In total, 62% of females went to surgery, Minimal disability in ODI score was seen in 77.8% in surgery group and 98.1% in epidural group at final follow up.Conclusion: Our study observed a much smaller crossover rate (30%) to surgery, and a significant difference in outcomes of the two injection methods and concludes that TF is a better procedure than IL.

Objectives: To assess the psychological impact of COVID-19 lockdown among healthy individuals in India Methods: A self-assessed cross-sectional web-based study was conducted between 3rd April and 4th May 2020 Centre for Epidemiological Study for Depression questionnaire was administered for assessing the depressive symptoms among general public during the COVID-19 lockdown Using the google forms the questionnaire was circulated among the public through social media Descriptive analysis was performed to represent the study characteristics, Chi-square test for assessing the associations of depressive symptoms among the study variables, and the logistic regression analysis for identifying the factors influencing the depressive symptoms Results: A total of 588 participants with a mean (SD) age of 27 59 (8 72) years were responded to the questionnaire The prevalence depressive symptoms were higher among males (54%) compared to females (36%) It was identified that the participants with educational background of pre-university education/diploma (58 22%) and middle school (71 42%), and occupation as semiskilled (60%) and unskilled workers (70%), social history of consumption alcohol (56 52%) and smoking (75%), and belong to joint family (53 10%) were the predictors for depressive symptoms Subgroup analysis identified that these factors influence depressive symptoms especially among male population Conclusions: It is an alarming situation that the depressive symptoms found in approximately 45% of healthy individuals during the COVID-19 lockdown Educational interventions by the government and non-government organizations are very much required to combat the progression of depressive symptoms into disorder

The mass media is largely regarded as an integral cogwheel in health service delivery, with a decisive influence on public attitudes. Numerous studies identify connections between media use and neg...

There is a crucial need for awaring people regarding blood donation all over the world. According to Census 2011 Rajnandgaon city, Chhattisgarh has 1,63114 population and only around 1000 Voluntary Blood Donation done per year3 . This depicts the lack of knowledge and social awareness regarding the blood donation among the population of Rajnandgaon (C.G). Material and Method: The present study is a cross sectional study and conducted among the students of the various graduate and post graduate colleges of Rajnandgaon, to assess their knowledge and attitudinal variables towards voluntary, non-remunerated blood donation. Sample Size: It is calculated by using Kish and Lisle formula for cross-sectional studies8 . Four hundred students were selected to participate in this study Result: After analyzing the data, we observe that the overall knowledge regarding blood donation in study population was found to be 46.11%. Most amazing thing is that 370 student out of 400 never did blood donation (92.5%). Overall 30.60% of students have negative attitude towards blood donation which includes generalized tiredness after blood donation (10.12%), hypovolemic anemia(15.12%) and decrease in Immunity is (5.36%). Around 69.40% of students have positive attitude and are willing to donate blood if they are demanded for blood donation (39.40%), 3% of non-donors not know much importance of blood donation and 27% don’t know the procedure and place where to do blood donation. Conclusion: Through this study we suggest that appropriate motivational campaign should be launched immediately among this young section of the population to convert this favourable “attitude” towards blood donation into a regular “practice” in order to increase the voluntary blood donation in Rajnandgaon.

With near exhaustion of shallow deposits, mining operations are planned to reach greater depths. Coal mining particularly in SCCL has to face numerous challenges for extraction from lower horizons associated with difficult geo-mining and environmental conditions. Suitable mining technology with heavy mechanisation is being introduced to meet the production requirements safely and economically. Mining at greater depth needs strategic planning and execution to overcome the operational problems and issues related to mine environment. AdriyalaLongwall Project in SCCL is planned to operate with high capacity Longwall unit at depth range of 300-720m. To maintain comfort work place environment in workings of the mine, it is proposed to establish suitable ventilation system along with air cooling arrangements. This paper gives insight of the details of the project and ventilation system executed to meet the requirements and the proposed air cooling arrangements at the mine.

Solution processed zinc tin oxide (ZTO) thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated by varying the Zn/Sn composition. The addition of Sn to the zinc oxide (ZnO) films resulted in improved electrical characteristics, with devices of Zn0.7Sn0.3O composition showing the highest mobility of 7.7 cm(2)/(V s). An improvement in subthreshold swings was also observed, indicative of a reduction of the interfacial trap densities. Mobility studies at low temperature have been carried out, which indicated that the activation energy was reduced with Sn incorporation. Kelvin probe force microscopy was performed on the films to evaluate work function and correlated to the metal-semiconductor barrier indicating Zn0.7Sn0.3O films had the smallest barrier for charge injection. Organic-inorganic hybrid complementary inverters with a maximum gain of 10 were fabricated by integrating ZTO TFTs with poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) transistors.

In any open cast mine, the management of stripped spoil during mining is crucial to the mine’s successful operation. The improper management of the overburden (OB) dump can result in stability issues which may affect safety and production of the mine. Various literatures have reported the failure of open pit dumps and the consequences in loss of life, production and impact on neighbouring amenities. Recently, the failure of an out-of-pit OB dump at an Indian Colliery was reported. The failed OB dump displaced spoil approximately 70 m from the original location of the dump toe and impacted on neighbouring amenities. This paper back analyse material properties and investigates the probable mechanism of this OB failure. Well established tools including limiting equilibrium and continuum numerical methods have been used to understand and identify the failure kinematics of this dump. It has been found that the residual friction angle of the material comprising the dump structural unit dominates stability. Mobilisation of residual strength can occur by operational induced strains and/or the presence of water. The shear strength of the foundation was fully mobilised and provided a slip surface for the overlying dump material. The resultant failure is manifest as a bilinear wedge movement of two ridged blocks defined by linear rupture planes.

Background and aims : The biceps brachii is a large fusiform muscle in the flexor compartment of the arm. In terms of the number and morphology of its head, the biceps brachii muscle is one of the most variable muscles in human body. The present study explores the importance of such variations. Materials and methods: The upper limbs of embalmed human cadavers (fixed in 10 % formaldehyde solution) were included in present study. Total 36 (72 upper limbs) cadavers were studied by dissection. Results: Among the 72 superior extremities studied, six (8.33%) arms were found to have a three- headed biceps brachii muscles. The variation was present in the left arm of four males and one female. The variation was present in the right arm of one male. Conclusion : Presence of third head of biceps brachii muscle might increase its kinematics. Supernumerary heads of biceps brachii muscle may become significant in pre-operative procedure and during surgery of upper limb.

Bilayer organic field effect transistor (OFET) structures consisting of an optically active electron donor (D) and an electrically active electron acceptor (A) system offer a quantitative device tool for characterizing photoinduced charge transport processes. Here, we report an investigation of the photoinduced response of a bilayer OFET fabricated from a naphthalene-bis(dicarboximide)-based polymer (N2200) as the n-channel A transport layer and a p-channel regioregular poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) top D layer. This FET exhibits characteristic steady-state spectral response as well as transient profiles as a function of the gate voltage (Vg), yielding valuable information on bulk and interfacial charge transport properties. Thus, the derived N2200 electron mobility is shown to be in good agreement with bulk measurements (significantly greater than that of PCBM), and the N2200/P3HT interface is shown to be a highly efficient structure for charge transfer and free carrier generation.

This paper presents preliminary results of an independent study to assess the performance of a static code analysis (SCA) tool's ability to detect and identify weaknesses and vulnerabilities in source code. The goal of the study is to model the behavior of static code analysis tools, and predict what SCA tool, or set of SCA tools, should be applied against a given source code to identify weaknesses and vulnerabilities.

Aspirin is the most commonly used antiplatelet drug for treatment of a serious vascular event, most notably myocardial infarction and stroke. Significant fraction of aspirin treated patients is resistant to the antiplatelet effects of the drugs. Previous studies have suggested that a genetic basis for aspirin resistance exists. Therefore the present study was taken up to investigate the role of C3435T polymorphism (rs 1045642) of multiple drug resistance-1 (MDR-1) gene with aspirin resistance in stroke patients. Five hundred and sixty ischemic stroke patients and 560 age and sex matched healthy controls were involved in the study. Baseline clinical data were collected and follow-up telephone interviews were conducted with patients at 3, 6 and 12 months post event to determine stroke outcome. Blood samples were collected and genotypes determined. Significant difference was observed in the genotype distribution and allele frequency between patients and controls. The results were confirmed by a step wise multiple logistic regression analysis controlling all other confounding risk factors [adjusted Odds ratio=3.132 (95% CI; 2.043-4.800; p0.001)]. There was a significant difference in genotype distribution between drug responders and non-responders. The risk of aspirin resistance was significantly high in patients with TT genotype in comparison to those with CC genotype [(TT vs. CC, χ(2)=6.268; p=0.012, Odds ratio=1.85) (95% CI; 1.142-3.017) (adjusted Odds ratio=2.465; 95% CI; 1.895-4.625 and p0.001)]. As far as the stroke subtypes are concerned TT genotype associated significantly with aspirin resistance in intracranial large artery atherosclerosis. Our results indicate that the risk of aspirin resistance is more in patients with 3435TT genotype than in those with CC genotype. However, this is a preliminary study and a large study of replication is needed to confirm our results.

A design solution to implement an FDDI dual attachment station on a PC-AT interface card is provided. The implementation uses AMD's SUPERNET 2 chip-set for the MAC and PHY controllers and results in a low cost and low power interface card for end station applications.

The underlying rationale for the current approach to structural adjustment in India is explained in terms of a growth-oriented financial programming model. Control theory is then invoked to design a stabilization package to manage the pace at which the exchange rate and interest rate equilibrate with attempts to modify the impact of the liberalization process on foreign exchange reserves so that the possibility of stagflation is avoided.

A design solution to implement an FDDI dual attachment station on a PC-AT interface card is provided. The implementation uses AMD's SUPERNET 2TM chip-set for the MAC and PHY controllers and results in a low cost and low power interface card for end station applications.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The existence of donor-type polymer field effect transistors (FETs), which are FETs exhibiting p-type characteristics and acceptor-type molecular FETs with n-type characteristics, provide an interesting possibility of a combined active bilayer system, especially under photoexcitation. We present a device structure and methodology that is conducive to study donor-acceptor interfacial processes using a FET platform. The changes in FET characteristics initiated by the photogenerated carriers in the donor coated acceptor device are studied using steady state and pulsed photoexcitation.

Interfacial barriers at the metal-semiconductor junction manifest in the form of sizable contact resistance in polymer field effect transistors (PFETs). We study the barrier using optical excitation directed specifically beneath the electrodes in the top-contact PFETs without optically perturbing the channel. Differences in the transconductance responses with the light localized at the source and the drain electrode region provides a considerable insight into the injection barriers.

We observe significant changes in the response of single-wall-carbon-nanotube-based field-effect transistors upon photoexcitation in the presence of optically active conjugated polymer network. The primary features observed are in the form of an increase in the current in the depletion mode upon photoexcitation. Pulsed measurements indicate that the transistor enters the depleted state prior to the rise in current brought about by the transfer of the photogenerated carriers from the semiconducting polymer to the nanotube under depletion bias.