Search

This article describes an investigation for composing a representation of significant past events that are retained in memory by an observed human actor. These memories influence that actor's performance of a task or making a decision. More specifically, we seek to infer which aspects of the environment and which events have significant effect on an observed actor's future decisions. We introduce a new memory modeling algorithm, memory composition learning, which processes traces of an observed actor's performance, and from these, composes a set of memory features that describe important events in his/her memory that affected these actions. These memory features are subsequently used to produce memory-enhanced traces that can be used by machine learning algorithms to learn memory-influenced behaviors. We implemented a prototype of our approach and evaluated it in two simulated domains, one with synthetic memory-influenced vacuum cleaner agents and one involving human subjects controlling a lawn mower that required memory-influenced behaviors. Results show that our approach is able to discover intuitive representations of tactical memory from observed behavior in both domains, and that these memory representations contributed to improved machine learning of human behavior.

Machine quality, mowing efficiency and work reliability of lawn mowers are main issues concerned in hilly and mountainous regions. Taking a rotary lawn mower of single-disc type as research object, structure and parameter design of the mower was defined according to empirical formula, performance of grass cutting and modal analysis of the cutting blades were conducted by means of EDEM and Creo, and field test was conducted to verify the overall performance of the machine. Results showed that symmetrically installed 2 cutting blades with revolution speed 3500 r/min and forward speed 1.4 m/s showed good performance of grass cutting and stability. The velocity of grass particles of cut grass was mostly in the range of 1.1-1.5 m/s, and the velocity of broken grass was stable, which proved good harvest and gathering of grass. The height of remained stubbles was about 50 mm, and the length of cut grass was distributed in the range of 30-60 mm, which met requirements of forage production.

Introduction Thermal injury due to contact with engine exhaust systems represents a distinct subgroup of acute contact burns. Temperatures generated by motor vehicle, radiator, and lawn mower engines can exceed 250℃, at which point relatively deep tissue loss occurs with less than 0.06 seconds of cutaneous exposure. While prior studies have helped elucidate the demographic characteristics of exhaust pipe contact burns, our analysis was aimed at both demographics and burn severity, as indicated by rate of full-thickness injury and requirement for tangential excision and skin grafting. Methods Data were obtained from a retrospective review of admissions at a regional burn center between 1 July 2012 and 30 August 2016. Patients of all ages with muffler, exhaust, motorcycle, lawn mower, and radiator burn injuries were included. Extensive demographic information, percent total body surface area burned (TBSA), burn etiology and location, third-degree and fourth-degree burn percentage, and subsequent operative information were analyzed for patients who sustained exhaust pipe contact burns. These data were then compared with all contact burn injuries from the same time period, matched for %TBSA range, using Fisher exact and unpaired t-tests. Results A total of 110 patients suffered exhaust pipe contact burns during the study period; 65 (59%) were males, and mean age was 30. Nearly two thirds of the muffler burns were sustained from motorcycles with TBSA ranging from 0.05% to 3.14%; at least 61% had some third-degree burn. The average number of operating room visits per patient was 0.54, though this varied significantly, with 38 patients (35%) requiring 59 total surgeries (range 1–6). Muffler burn patients were older than the matched control group. The most common location of burn injury was the lower leg with no difference between adults and children. Pediatric patients understandably had smaller burn surface area but similar TBSA compared to adults. The majority of injuries occurred in May, June, and July. Conclusions Exhaust pipe contact burns comprise a specific subset of low %TBSA contact burns with relatively high morbidity, evidenced by a significantly higher proportion of full-thickness tissue loss and eventual need for skin grafting when compared with nonexhaust burn controls. Awareness of the increased severity of exhaust pipe contact burns may lead to more expedient surgical intervention as well as further education regarding preventative measures.

Our lawn mower is a self grass cutting vehicle running on solar energy which avoiding obstacles, increases the capability of complete mechanized grass cutting devoid of any necessity of any human intervention. Our structure requires a couple of 12V batteries to influence up the motors of the blades and for the movement. Lawn mowing is regarded as one of the most boring or tiring everyday jobs. It is also very reliable private robotic applications. The principle of this paper is to study and re-define the art in robotic lawn mowers to highlight the needs and capabilities of today's devices. A brief survey of available products, some patents and typical test bed prototypes are also provided. Some enabling techniques that make the vehicles more efficient are also suggested. We have utilized a solar board i.e. solar panel to charge the batteries the lawn mower and robot motors are interfaced to an Arduino Uno which governs the implementation of each motor. It is additionally used to interface an ultrasonic sensor for obstacle recognition and IR sensors for stopping the vehicle. The importance of this research lies in the presentation of an overview of a potential big market for personal vehicles.

A 77-year-old man with history of ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) presented with abdominal pain after a lawn mower accident. Examination and imaging revealed a displaced LVAD driveline and a pericardial hematoma secondary to traumatic coronary artery injury. The patient was treated with coronary artery coil embolization. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.), Graphical abstract, A 77-year-old man with history of ischemic cardiomyopathy and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) presented with abdominal pain after a lawn mower…

Nowadays lawn mowers are widely used for trimming the grasses in the fields which acts like an interior decorator in companies, colleges, etc. Based on the function remote-operated lawnmower, grass cutting equipment which is having the range is restricted as the signal strength is very low and also it is quite expensive. The vital purpose to consider of the proposed work is to make the lawnmower eco-friendly, cost-effective. To overcome the above limitations, a lawnmower is remotely controlled using a device such as mobile phone can acts as a connection between the user and operation of the grass cutter. In this research work, among the two different uses of mobile phone through which one sends the video of the current pathway and the other as a receiver. The NodeMCU ESP8266 is pre-programmed to take control of any given input and output. The motor driver drives the DC motor for movement. The mobile phone is placed above the lawnmower which transmits the current pathway and performs the grass cutting operation.

Current conventional lawn mowers have the following drawbacks; high initial costs, increasing engine noise levels, high operating costs due to high fuel consumption rates, the need to implement perimeter wires across the desired lawn mowing field, and high exhaustion of the operator in the long operating time. Hence, the need for a system that can achieve the same cutting effect of the existing lawn mowers with little or no operator’s fatigue, minimized noise pollution and running cost has risen. In present work, design of an autonomous solar lawn mower, a robotic vehicle that cut grass automatically with little human intervention, is discussed. The robotic vehicle is powered by Lithium-Ion batteries and depend on solar power delivered from a solar base station for charging the batteries. The mechanical design of the vehicle is flexible with the ability to control the height of the vehicle during grass mowing. Differential steering, with the implementation of multiple sensors is presented for obstacle avoidance. Also, a Raspberry Pi microcontroller for the image processing application through a camera is used for path planning. Furthermore, a solar based station structure is designed for charging the robotic vehicle batteries with minimized running cost, utilization of renewable energy source, no health hazards, not having any effect on the environment, and human’s effort and time are saved.

Due to the continuous increase in fuel costs and the influence of the gas emitted from the burned fuel into the atmosphere, it is necessary to use a large amount of solar energy from the sun as a power source to drive the lawnmower. The lawnmower provides perfect operation and low noise and will be controlled by the Raspberry Pi controller for better performance and human-computer interaction. The main advantage of our project is to reduce the space, cost and manpower required. Due to its safety level and low noise level, lawnmowers can be used in various places, including hospitals.

We present the case of a 72-year-old man with hemoptysis after a thoracic projectile injury, which occurred while mowing the lawn. Chest radiograph followed by a computed tomography angiogram revealed a metallic foreign body in the right middle lobe of the lung. The patient underwent a right anterolateral thoracotomy where the object was successfully retrieved. The patient had an uneventful postoperative recovery.

Fatalities caused by animal attacks are rare, but have the potential to mimic homicide. We present a case in which a moose attacked and killed a woman who was walking her dog in a forest. Autopsy showed widespread blunt trauma with a large laceration on one leg in which blades of grass were embedded. Flail chest was the cause of death. The case was initially conceived as homicide by means of a riding lawn mower. A review of the case by moose experts and analyses of biological trace material that proved to originate from moose, established the true source of injury. The dog probably provoked a moose, which, in response, stomped and gored the victim to death. The injuries resembled those previously reported from attacks by cattle and water buffalo. Fatal moose attacks constitute an extremely rare threat in boreal areas, but can be considered in traumatic deaths of unknown cause.

This work focuses on the development of a fully autonomous lawn mower that can be used by people with limited mobility. The lawn mower can be set to cover a predefined area autonomously or it can be controlled manually via a radio-control (RC) transmitter, which allows the user to remotely control the lawn mower in any direction, turn the mower motor at a desired speed, and adjust the grass cutting height. In autonomous mode, the user can also define the area to be mowed and program the grid pattern the lawn mower will follow. Once the prototype was completed, the lawn mower was field tested to verify the overall functionality and accuracy of the autonomous mission plan and to determine the overall runtime battery life. Results of the fully-functional prototype demonstrate a successful autonomous operation.

This study proposes a vision-based mowing boundary detection algorithm for an autonomous lawn mower. An autonomous lawn mower requires high moving accuracy for efficient mowing. This problem is solved by using a vision system to detect the boundary of two regions, i.e., before and after the lawn mowing process. The mowing boundary cannot be detected directly because it is ambiguous. Therefore, we utilize a texture classification method with a bank of filters for classifying the input image of the lawn field into two regions as mentioned above. The classification is performed by threshold processing based on a chi-squared statistic. Then, the boundary line is detected from the classified regions by using Random sample consensus (RANSAC). Finally, we apply the proposed method to 12 images of the lawn field and verified that the proposed method can detect a mowing boundary line with centimeter accuracy in a dense lawn field.

Accidents while using lawn mowers are often reported, but chest injuries are rare. We report a case of a penetrating pulmonary injury due to a rusty nail thrown by a lawn mower. A 63-year-old man injured his left precordium by a thrown object while using a lawn mower; he thereafter visited a nearby hospital. A computed tomography image showed a left-sided pneumothorax and a penetrating pulmonary injury of the left upper lobe due to a foreign body. Pneumothorax was treated with thoracic drainage and resolved. He was transferred to our hospital on the second day after the injury, and video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery was performed to remove the foreign body. Surgical findings showed a penetrating wound in the left upper lobe and leakage of pus from its margin. The foreign body was a rusty nail. The penetrating wound was treated by partial pulmonary resection to control the infection. Histopathological findings revealed the formation of a lung abscess. Penetrating pulmonary injuries do not require surgical treatment for most patients. However, residual foreign bodies can cause lung abscesses. The removal of foreign bodies depends on the type of injury as well as the type and location of the foreign body. Theoretically, the foreign body should be removed and the penetrating pulmonary injury should be treated, if possible, to control infection.

Objectives: Characterization of the epidemiology and cost of lawn-mower injuries is potentially useful to inform injury prevention and health policy efforts. We examined the incidence, distribution, types and severity, and emergency department (ED) and hospitalization charges of lawn-mower injuries among all age groups across the United States. Methods: This retrospective, cross-sectional study used nationally representative, population-based (all-payer) data from the US Nationwide Emergency Department Sample for lawn-mower–related ED visits and hospitalizations from January 1, 2006, through December 31, 2013. Lawn-mower injuries were identified by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code E920 (accidents caused by a powered lawn mower). We analyzed data on demographic characteristics, age, geographic distribution, type of injury, injury severity, and hospital charges. Results: We calculated a weighted estimate of 51 151 lawn-mower injuries during the 8-year study period. The most common types of injuries were lacerations (n = 23 907, 46.7%), fractures (n = 11 433, 22.4%), and amputations (n = 11 013, 21.5%). The most common injury locations were wrist or hand (n = 33 477, 65.4%) and foot or toe (n = 10 122, 19.8%). Mean ED charges were $2482 per patient, and mean inpatient charges were $36 987 per patient. The most common procedures performed were wound irrigation or debridement (n = 1436, 29.9%) and amputation (n = 1230, 25.6%). Conclusions: Lawn-mower injuries occurred at a constant rate during the study period. Changes to nationwide industry safety standards are needed to reduce the frequency and severity of these preventable injuries.

The vibrational behavior of vehicles is a crucial issue for the comfort, especially for the professional vehicles. This paper presents a simplified modelling approach for studying the vibrational behavior of a lawn tractor. The vibrational response of a real vehicle is analyzed by an extensive experimental modal analysis and Finite Element model (FE) simulating the modal behavior of the whole tractor. The FEM was then validated by the comparison with the experimental results and then used for identifying the components and connections effectively driving the modal response. Based on these results, a simplified Multi-Body (MB) model, able to reproduce the vibrational response of the studied lawn mower, was then setup, showing good correspondences with experimental results. General guidelines for defining effective vehicles Multi-Body modal models were also derived.

Objective The objective of this study was to describe recent trends in the epidemiology of lawn mower injuries presenting to the Emergency Department in the United States using nationally representative data for all ages. Methods Data for this retrospective analysis were obtained from the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission's National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), for the years 2005–2015. We queried the system using all product codes under “lawn mowers” in the NEISS Coding Manual. We examined body part injured, types of injuries, gender and age distribution, and disposition. Results There were an estimated 934,394 lawn mower injuries treated in U.S. ED's from 2005 to 2015, with an average of 84,944 injuries annually. The most commonly injured body parts were the hand/finger (22.3%), followed by the lower extremity (16.2%). The most common type of injury was laceration (23.1%), followed by sprain/strain (18.8%). The mean age of individuals injured was 46.5 years, and men were more than three times as likely to be injured as women. Patients presenting to the ED were far more likely to be discharged home after treatment (90.5%) than to be admitted (8.5%). Conclusion Lawn mowers continue to account for a large number of injuries every year in the United States. The incidence of lawn mower injuries showed no decrease during the period of 2005–2015. Preventative measures should take into account the epidemiology of these injuries.

The automation of lawn mower can eliminate a lot of boring manual work. With the application of the intelligent technology, especially the automatic detection of grass boundary, the lawn mower can maintain the lawn regularly. However, typical boundary detection technology requires the user to set up a border wire around the lawn that defines the area to be mowed, which is a time-consuming and boring operation. Through a broad analysis of the characteristics of grass and non-grass terrain, in this paper, a novel device is designed to automatically detect the grass boundary. Without any prior manual work, lawn mower with our detection device can adapt to all kinds of grass environment. Our device requires only a line infrared light source and a camera with bandpass infrared filter. Light source, camera and grass make up a triangulation. With a simple but effective approach, grass boundary is detected robustly in the continuous frames. The practical experimental results on a variety of non-grass terrains and grasses demonstrate the effectiveness and the robustness of our method.

Investigate the epidemiology of lawn mower-related injuries to children in the US.A retrospective analysis was conducted of children younger than 18years of age treated in US emergency departments for a lawn mower-related injury from 1990 through 2014 using data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System.An estimated 212,258 children18years of age received emergency treatment for lawn mower-related injuries from 1990 through 2014, equaling an average annual rate of 11.9 injuries per 100,000 US children. The annual injury rate decreased by 59.9% during the 25-year study period. The leading diagnosis was a laceration (38.5%) and the most common body region injured was the hand/finger (30.7%). Struck by (21.2%), cut by (19.9%), and contact with a hot surface (14.1%) were the leading mechanisms of injury. Patients5years old were more likely (RR 7.01; 95% CI: 5.69-8.64) to be injured from contact with a hot surface than older patients. A projectile was associated with 49.8% of all injuries among patients injured as bystanders. Patients injured as passengers or bystanders were more likely (RR 3.77; 95% CI: 2.74-5.19) to be admitted to the hospital than lawnmower operators.Lawn mower-related injuries continue to be a cause of serious morbidity among children. Although the annual injury rate decreased significantly over the study period, the number of injuries is still substantial, indicating the need for additional prevention efforts. In addition to educational approaches, opportunities exist for improvements in mower design and lawn mower safety standards.

The University of Michigan Supermileage (UMSM) team is an engineering design team with the goal of building a vehicle that achieves 3,300 mi/gal using a gas-powered lawn mower engine.

As people's living conditions have become increasingly demanding, increasing domestic urban green area of lawn machinery has entered a rapid development period. Through research and analysis of the existing lawn mower, the existing problems, combined with innovative ways of thinking based on a systematic theory of constraints on mower innovative designs were proposed to trim shrubs and grass and trim the corners mechanical integration , innovative design out of a small area of green space suit, while low noise and environmentally friendly multifunctional mower. And using computer software to carry out important parts of the mower mechanical analysis.

In 1830 Patent no. 6081 described "a new combination and application of machinery for the purpose of cropping and shearing the vegetable surface of lawns". Remarkably, until that point there had been no commercially available mechanical device for trimming 'greenswards' (lawns) to an even height. Historically, until the Romans popularised the scythe in the 5th century BC, the only option for keeping your turf neat and tidy was livestock grazing.

In this work, we have tested a new approach for evolving modular programs: Kaizen Programming (KP) with e-Linear Genetic Programming (e-LGP) and a heuristic search procedure to solve the well-known Lawn Mower problem. KP is a novel hybrid approach that tries to efficiently combine partial solutions to generate a high-quality complete solution. Being a hybrid, KP may use different types of methods to generate partial solutions, assess their importance to the complete solution, and solve the complete problem. Experiments on the Lawn Mower problem show that the proposed method is effective in finding the expected solution. It is a new alternative for evolving modular programs, but further investigations are necessary to improve its performance.

A sulky is a single-wheeled platform attachment on which the operator of a commercial walk-behind lawn mower rides while standing. The effects of sulky vibration on operator comfort and health have not been investigated. In this study, tri-axial accelerometers measured sulky vibration during mower use by two commercial mowers on varied terrain and 12 volunteer mowers over a controlled course. The accelerometer data were processed according to methods established in ISO 2631. Results indicate the mean frequency-weighted root mean square (RMS) acceleration sums fall into the 'very uncomfortable' range for vibration of standing persons (1.9 ± 0.48 m s⁻²). Additionally, vibration dose values indicated that the mean vibration dosages exceeded the daily exposure limit values established in Directive 2002 /44/EC (z-axis A(8) value of 1.30 ± 34 m s⁻²; VDV(exp) value of 28.1 ± 6.25 m s⁻¹·⁷⁵). This information suggests that modifications including vibration damping should be added to the sulky to reduce rider discomfort and health risks.This study investigated the effects of vibration during use of a commercial lawn mowing sulky. Findings from accelerometer data suggest that the vibration experienced by sulky operators is significant enough to cause discomfort and health risks which may lead to personnel turnover or long-term effects for the operator.

In order to study the wear between machine wheel and soil-environment resources during alfalfa mowing, the gray iron and loess were chosen as sample materials to research the abrasive wear behavior at different speed and load condition by abrasive wear testing machine. The scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the wear surface morphology. The results showed that, peripheral speed and load had significant effects on wear resistance of materials. When the peripheral speed in 1m/s~2.5m/s and the load in constant, wear quantity decreased gradually with the peripheral speed increased. When the load in 40N~110N and peripheral speed in constant, the wear mass loss increased as the load increased. After that, the wear volume dropped gradually as the load increased. The main wear form is peeled off and micro cutting. The research results would provide references for improving the wear resistance of the wheel

Many jobs and tasks involve hand control requiring large forces, awkward positions and/or high repetition rates which may lead to upper limb injury or illness. The operation of commercial lawn mowing machines involves a combination of these factors for actuation of hand controls and therefore may pose a safety concern for the operators. A nontraditional control system currently implemented on a commercially-available lawn mower may reduce some of the precursors for upper limb illness or injury due to hand and body positioning. This preliminary study compared maximum grip strength in nine different orientations (combinations of 3 different grip spans and 3 different positions). The results showed that there was a difference between the three different grip spans (p < 0.0001) and a difference between positions (p < 0.0001). The position of the nontraditional control system and the smallest grip span (6.3cm) facilitated the highest grip forces. Further investigation is required to better understand the impact on users of repetitive actuation in these orientations specifically while mowing.

First, the clothing and shoes from 29 participants who had recently filled their vehicles with petrol were analysed for any traces of petrol. No traces of petrol were found on any of these items. Secondly, the clothing and shoes from 17 participants who had recently used a petrol-powered lawn mower were also analysed for petrol. Petrol was detected on two pairs of shoes from different participants. Components of petrol were detected on a set of clothing from a third participant, however, there were insufficient components present in this sample to confirm the presence of petrol. No traces of petrol were found on the items from the remaining 14 participants. Thirdly, the clothing from a forecourt attendant, a mechanic and a professional lawn mower were analysed at the end of a number of shifts. Petrol was detected on the upper and lower clothing from the forecourt attendant at the end of one shift. No petrol residues were found on the forecourt attendant after a second shift, or on the mechanic's clothing after two separate shifts or on the professional lawn mower's clothing after three separate shifts. These results can be used to assist the forensic analyst in assessing the chance of finding traces of petrol on clothing and shoes after the wearer has performed common activities that involve petrol.

We describe 2 patients injured in the maxillofacial region while using a power lawn mower (lawn mower). One patient was a 82-year-old man who accidentally fell while using a lawn mower and collided with the edge of a lawn mower operated by a fellow worker. The upper lip, cheek, neck, and shoulder were severely cut, and the mandible was fractured. The other patient was a 56-year-old woman in whom a fragment of the broken edge of a lawn mower operated by herself stuck the upper lip. The fragment was not noticed, and a tumor developed 2 months later. The tumor containing the fragment was excised.

PurposeIn spite of having a number of general‐purpose algorithms for solving plant layout problems, facility planners may still face a challenging task to adjust these algorithms to handle special, but not uncommon, layout problems. The purpose of this study is to propose a new method for addressing the impact of overhead space utilization on a plant layout solution.Design/methodology/approachA new method for adjusting material flow under a mixed floor and overhead material handling condition is incorporated in an existing plant layout procedure. A case study involving the layout improvement in a lawn mower engine assembly facility is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.FindingsThe analysis of solutions for the case study shows that the layout generated by the proposed modified material flow approach is a more economical solution. The case also shows, when it is important to optimize the use of space, the overhead space should be considered as part of any methodology for designing a good layout.Research limitations/implicationsThe proposed modified material flow approach can be applied to any facility where the use of overhead space for material handling is justifiable by limited floor space and/or by high cost of land. The proposed method can be applied to small to medium size problems with minimal computational effort. However, as the size of facility grows, the manual calculation becomes more time consuming and potentially erratic.Originality/valueThis paper should be useful to both researchers and practitioners who deal with overhead space utilization in designing facility layouts.

When the airflow patterns inside a lawn mower deck are understood, the deck can be redesigned to be efficient and have an increased cutting ability. To learn more, a combination of computational and experimental studies was performed to investigate the effects of blade and housing designs on a flow pattern inside a1.1mwide corotating double-spindle lawn mower deck with side discharge. For the experimental portion of the study, air velocities inside the deck were measured using a laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) system. A high-speed video camera was used to observe the flow pattern. Furthermore, noise levels were measured using a sound level meter. For the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) work, several arbitrary radial sections of a two-dimensional blade were selected to study flow computations. A three-dimensional, full deck model was also developed for realistic flow analysis. The computational results were then compared with the experimental results.

Electromagnetic interference with implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) can cause inappropriate shock delivery or temporary inhibition of ICD functions. We present a case of electromagnetic interference between a lawn mower and an ICD resulting in an inappropriate discharge of the device due to erroneous detection of ventricular fibrillation.

The most miraculous thing at the 1960 Miracle Garden Exhibition in Paris had to be the H.C. Webb & Co. radio-controlled electric lawn mower. The machine, which ran off an electric motor powered by two 12-volt car batteries, was by all accounts quite successful. Somehow, though, it failed to inspire a new era of sedentary lawn care, much to the disappointment of suburban teenagers everywhere.

The Internet of Things (IoT) holds the promise of improved programmatic user control over domestic appliances. The developed world dominates the design of programming environments, assuming letteracy and computer literacy on the part of the programmer. In developing areas, this assumption raises the bar for novice programmers and especially pre-school children from differing socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds. In general, our research aims at developing a programming environment that does not require either computer literacy or letteracy from the programmer, thereby affording the novice user the opportunity to control appliances connected to the IoT. A tangible environment can potentially remove both of these obstacles. Also of special interest to our research is giving the programmer the opportunity to craft her own tangible objects, giving the objects personalised properties. To this end we report on how well pre-school children from differing socio-economic and ethnic backgrounds were able to use a tangible programming environment consisting of direction indicator arrows, crafted from soft stone. In addition we provide examples of further objects that could be used as programming objects. Finally, we show the steps involved in constructing a tangible program with which the user can hypothetically instruct a lawn mower though the IoT.

Nowadays, the trader is forced to navigate a plethora of information about the products it has to offer. For the customer, some characteristics of a product are more important than others. The salesperson must consider this information. Therefore, sales-people often use computers in order to serve customers quickly. Conventional programming languages are based on Boolean logic. They are well suited to develop systems whose behaviour can be well represented by mathematical models. However, in terms of developing systems that mimic human-like decision-making, mathematical models fall short. Human judgment and evaluation neither follows Boolean logic, nor any other conventional mathematical discipline. This paper seeks to show the benefits of using fuzzy logic in trading. It shows a simple and very fast system that demonstrates how to select a suitable lawn mower, according to customer requirements and preferences. The proposed system can then be used on any offered range. The benefits of such a system are then confronted with the opinions of sales-people themselves. (C) 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

This study deals with the heat treatment on the edge of a die using YAG laser on-the-machine tool. First, the temperatures based on a theoretical model during laser irradiation were investigated in order to prevent the melting phenomena of the workpiece surface. Second, heat treatment experiments on the edge of a workpiece were carried out using this system. Quenched part was observed by an optical microscope. As a result, it was confirmed that the calculated results were in good agreement with the experimental ones. Finally, the edge of a lawn mower blade was treated by the selected condition from above results.

Lawn mowers constitute a significant injury threat to children in the United States. Routine surveillance of injuries associated with riding mowers is needed in an effort to aid in the evaluation of the effectiveness of prevention efforts, such as changes in machine design. Because 25% of the injuries resulted in amputations and over half resulted in hospitalization, the potential severity of these injuries warrants further prevention efforts. Prevention efforts that group lawn mowers into a single category may not be highly productive as injuries associated with riding lawn movers vary widely in their cause, age groups affected and severity. These include assurances that children are not present in a yard when riding lawn mower is in use, never allowing children to ride as a passenger on a riding lawn mower, and increased awareness among riding lawn mower operators that children may be present. While passive protection in the form of better design of machines is a mainstay of prevention, continued education of operators, bystanders and child care providers is still needed.

Catalytic conversion is an important tool in environmental-remediation strategies and source removal of pollutants. Because a catalyst is regenerated, the chemistry can be extremely effective for conversion of undesirable pollutant species to less harmful products in situations where the pollutants have accumulated or are being continuously produced. An important and well-known application is the catalytic converter in the exhaust system of an automobile. We have developed a laboratory experience that qualitatively demonstrates the use of a catalytic converter to decrease emissions from the exhaust of a small internal-combustion engine taken from a lawn mower. The experiment involves a flow-reactor system with an integrated mass spectrometer to monitor the flow-stream composition in real time. In addition to the techniques employed, the laboratory serves to highlight aspects of surface science and heterogeneous catalysis and also illustrates a significant problem associated with catalytic converters.

Eight children are injured by riding lawn mowers every day. The child, usually a bystander or passenger on the mower, can sustain life-threatening and limb-threatening injuries. Multidisciplinary care must be available to manage the numerous issues presented by the unique circumstance of a child with a severe injury in the acute and chronic settings. Whether the limb is salvaged or amputated, the ultimate goal is optimal functional outcome for the patient. We have developed a team approach to address these injuries from their onset until patient maturity, maximizing our ability to achieve this goal. Language: en

Lawn mower injuries are a potentially devastating, yet preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the pediatric population. The sequelae to these injuries can become even worse if the initial presentation goes unsuspected by medical staff, leading to a delay in treatment. The authors report the case of a lawn mower-related penetrating missile injury, where the extent of injury was not appreciated by the patient until signs and symptoms of a soft-tissue infection developed, prompting the patient to seek medical attention the next day.

Penetrating injury to the vena cava is a potentially life threatening condition that necessitates prompt recognition and immediate treatment. Herein we describe a unique lawn mower-related injury in a 4-year-old boy, resulting in the impalement of the inferior vena cava by a foreign body projectile. Relevant concepts in the management of children with lawn mower injuries are discussed, with emphasis on penetrating injury to the inferior vena cava.

We report about a 2-year-old boy who had a lawn mower injury to the left foot, resulting in a partial amputation and severe soft-tissue defect. To salvage the length of the foot, an emergency free-tissue transfer was performed. Indication, advantages, and outcome of the procedure are discussed.