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Inhalation of aerosols containing Legionella pneumophila, a water-borne bacteria commonly found in natural and manmade water systems, is the main causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease (LD). Approximately 10–15% of all reported cases of LD result in fatality, with susceptibility to the disease being higher in immunosuppressed patients, men over 45 years of age, alcoholics, smokers and individuals with underlying diseases. The World Health Organisation (WHO), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and The United Kingdom (UK) Health and Safety Executive (HSE) have implemented a strict code of practice and guidelines to minimise the risk of the public from contracting LD. This paper provides a critical review of these three published guidelines. Evidence suggests that the current detection methods for Legionella, by culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), show large disparities in the detection and quantification of bacteria in water samples, raising concerns a...

Introduction Scene setting How do we assess and manage the actual risks Real life examples Lessons learnt What can be done in future? Conclusions Subject Index

Water contamination emergencies , Water contamination emergencies , کتابخانه دیجیتالی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات درمانی شهید بهشتی

The detection of harmful chemicals and microbial pathogens in food and water destined for consumers is of paramount importance the world over and it is vital that new techniques and discoveries are widely disseminated. Bringing together international experts in the field, Rapid Detection Assays for Food and Water presents original, state-of-the-art research and a review of the established methods in this key subject area. Covering the four main areas of water microbiology, water chemistry, food microbiology and food chemistry, the book discusses highly sensitive chemical and biological detection systems. There are applications ranging from sample preparation methods to end detection. Subject areas include biosensors, the detection of pesticide residues, GM components, various chemicals and toxins as well as protozoan parasites and viral/bacterial pathogens in a wide range of materials. This book will be welcomed by researchers and professionals in industry, academia and government agencies.

A method for the determination of nitrate, utilising continuous-flow analysis with a dialysis membrane and ultraviolet detection, is described. The method has a linear calibration range of 0–30 µg ml–1 of nitrate (as N) and a criterion of detection of 0.091 µg ml–1 of N.The incorporation of a dialysis membrane minimised the effect of humic acid type substances that did not freely diffuse through the membrane, and also avoided the necessity to filter raw and waste water samples prior to measurement.

International audience; Accidental or intentional contaminations by microorganisms of drinking water distribution systems impair water services for the safe use of water. These events occur more or less frequently as a result of (i) negative pressures on the network and intrusion of undesirable bugs through leaks, (ii) natural disasters associated with urban flooding, (iii) default in treatment or distribution with a risk of epidemic situations, (iv) back‐contaminations of point‐of‐use systems which may become points of nosocomial contamination in specific environments like hospital emergency services (e.g., contamination by Pseudomonas or Escherichia coli), (v) unexpected bloom of microorganisms of sanitary interest (e.g., Legionella), or (vi) intentional contamination in the framework of terroristic activities.