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This letter proposes the design of a parabola-shaped planar lossy magnetic (PLM) surface for improving the isolation characteristic of Global Positioning System (GPS) arrays. The proposed surface consists of multiple parabolic grooves that are filled with lossy magnetic material that allows the resulting surface to serve as an artificial magnetic conductor. A four-element GPS array with and without the proposed surface is fabricated and measured in a full-anechoic chamber to demonstrate the feasibility of the parabola-shaped PLM surface. The results confirm that the developed surface is suitable for improving the isolation characteristic for GPS arrays while minimizing array pattern gain reduction at increased steering angles.

This paper proposes a design of a small array antenna with an extended cavity structure for wireless power transmission. The proposed array element consists of a square radiating loop, which is designed to resonate at 5.8 GHz, and an extended cavity structure to reduce the mutual coupling between adjacent elements. We derive the optimal element number in a limited space by considering the input power for each element, fabrication cost, and aperture efficiency of the system. To verify the suitability of the proposed a small array with an extended cavity structure, a 2 × 2 downscaled array antenna is fabricated and measured in a full anechoic chamber. The results confirm that the proposed antenna element with an extended cavity structure is suitable for wireless power transmission systems; the proposed array has a transmission efficiency of about 1% at a distance of 2 m when the array is applied to both transmitting and receiving antennas.

This paper proposes a stepped-width spiral antenna for gain enhancement at a low operating frequency. The frequency-dependent characteristic of the stepped-width transmission line is applie...

Summary Background & aims Poor outcomes can result from inadequate energy intake. We aimed to investigate the reliability of resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) with REE calculated using predictive equations for nutritional support in patients with major burns. Methods REE was measured using IC and compared with predictive equations in 215 adult severe burns patients from Jan 2011 to Jun 2015. Agreement between IC and predictive equations was assessed using Bland–Altman methods. Results All predictive equations, including newly developed Hangang equation, were compared with REE measured using IC. The mean measured REE was 1712 kcal/d. Bland–Altman analysis showed that 1.2 times HBE, Thumb 25, and Ireton–Jones equations had higher accuracy and reliability. The concordance correlation coefficient was higher (0.49) in the Ireton–Jones equation, and root mean square error (RMSE) was lowest (471.5) in the Thumb 25 equation. The proportion of patients with predicted REE within ±10% of measured REE was highest with Thumb 25 (52.5%). In the validation set, the Hangang equation showed the highest Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (0.67) and the lowest RMSE (311.4). Other equations for burns patients had higher mean bias and overestimated REE when compared with IC results. Conclusions This study suggests that Thumb 25 can be used as an alternative method for estimating energy requirements of patients with major burns when IC is not available or applicable. However, for these patients with significant variation in metabolism over time, an alternative equation is the new Hangang equation.

Background The progression of biomarkers over time is considered an indicator of disease progression and helps in the early detection of disease, thereby reducing disease-related mortality. Their ability to predict outcomes has been evaluated using conventional cross-sectional methods. This study investigated the prognostic performance of biomarkers over time. Methods Patients aged > 18 years admitted to the burn intensive care unit within 24 h of a burn incident were enrolled. Information regarding longitudinal biomarkers, including white blood cells; platelet count; lactate, creatinine, and total bilirubin levels; and prothrombin time (PT), were retrieved from a clinical database. Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic curves using cumulative/dynamic and incident/dynamic (ID) approaches were used to evaluate prognostic performance. Results Overall, 2259 patients were included and divided into survival and non-survival groups. By determining the area under the curve using the ID approach, platelets showed the highest c-index [0.930 (0.919–0.941)] across all time points. Conversely, the c-index of PT and creatinine levels were 0.862 (0.843–0.881) and 0.828 (0.809–0.848), respectively. Conclusions Platelet count was the best prognostic marker, followed by PT. Total bilirubin and creatinine levels also showed good prognostic ability. Although lactate was a strong predictor, it showed relatively poor prognostic performance in burns patients.

Betafoam® is a new polyurethane foam dressing containing 3% povidone-iodine. This pilot study aimed to assess the performance of Betafoam® for the management of acute partial thickness burn wounds, by comparing its efficacy and safety with those of a silver foam dressing, Allevyn® Ag Gentle. This randomized, two-arm, pilot study was conducted between June 2016 and February 2017 at 2 sites in the Republic of Korea. A total of 32 patients (aged ≥19 years) with acute partial thickness burn wounds and burn total body surface area ≤15% were randomized to treatment with Betafoam® or Allevyn® Ag Gentle dressings for 28 days. Endpoints included target lesion re-epithelialization, infection, pain, and adverse events. Mean time to complete re-epithelialization was similar in the Betafoam® and Allevyn® Ag Gentle groups (12.53 ± 1.13 vs 9.88 ± 1.02 days, P = 0.1556). All patients had complete re-epithelialization by day 28, and none had a burn wound infection during the study period. Analgesic use and patient-reported pain scores during dressing changes were not significantly different between dressing groups. No adverse events were associated with application of the dressings. The results of this first-in-human study suggest that Betafoam® has comparable wound healing efficacy to Allevyn® Ag Gentle, with no notable safety concerns. Keywords: Wound healing, Partial thickness burns, Betafoam, Allevyn, Povidone-iodine, Burns, Pilot projects

This study aimed to investigate the differences in the trajectory of blood biomarkers routinely assessed through forward- and backward-looking approaches among burn patients. This cohort study included patients above 18 years of age from February 2007 to December 2018. All the biomarkers were estimated from admission to discharge from the intensive care unit. Significant differences were observed in the platelet count at 40 days, prothrombin time (PT) at 32 days, white blood cell count at 26 days, creatinine levels at 22 days, and lactate and total bilirubin levels at 19 days before death. In reverse order, significant differences were observed in the fitted model in platelet count at 44 days and in the platelet count and PT at 33 days. We obtained more valuable information from the longitudinal biomarker trajectory using the backward-looking method than using the forward-looking method. The platelet count served as the earliest predictor of mortality among burn patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of fibrin sealant as a topical hemostatic agent and for graft fixation during skin grafting of hand burns. METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled 40 patients with hand burns from January 2013 to December 2016. They were all treated with excision and split-thickness skin graft and divided into the fibrin sealant with tourniquet group (20 patients) and epinephrine tumescence group (20 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Demographic and clinical data such as age, sex, burn characteristics, operation time, estimated blood loss, and take rate were collected from each patient. MAIN RESULTS: The demographic and burn characteristics were not statistically different between the two groups. Estimated blood loss per cm2 (0.30 vs 1.00; P < .001) was significantly lower and the graft take rate (99.2% vs 98.2%; P = .032) was significantly higher in the fibrin sealant with tourniquet group. CONCLUSIONS: The use of fibrin sealants accompanied by tourniquets for hand burns exhibited superior results in terms of decreasing blood loss and had a better graft take rate compared with treatment with epinephrine tumescence.

This paper proposes a design of small controlled reception pattern antenna (CRPA) arrays using circular microstrip loops with frequencyinsensitive characteristics. The proposed array consists of seven identical upper and lower circular loops that are electromagnetically coupled, which results in a frequency-insensitive behavior. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed feeding mechanism, the proposed array is fabricated, and its antenna characteristics are measured in a full-anechoic chamber. The operating principle of the proposed feeding mechanism is then interpreted using an equivalent circuit model, and the effectiveness of the circular loop shape is demonstrated by calculating near electromagnetic fields in proximity to the radiator. The results confirm that the proposed feeding mechanism is suitable to have frequency-insensitive behavior and induces strong electric and magnetic field strengths for higher radiation gain in extremely small antenna arrays.

OBJECTIVE To retest the safety and effectiveness of a thermosensitive hydrogel-type cultured epithelial allograft (KeraHeal-Allo; MCTT, Seoul, South Korea) and identify the subjective experience of patients and doctors with this product. DESIGN AND SETTING Prospective interventional phase 3 study in 3 burn centers near Seoul, South Korea. PATIENTS Thirty-three patients with deep second-degree burns larger than 200 cm (for intervention and control sites of 100 cm each) were enrolled. INTERVENTION A cultured epithelial allograft containing 2 × 10/1.5 mL keratinocytes was applied to each patient's intervention site. Three principal investigators (1 in each institution) evaluated the effectiveness of the allograft at their institution and the others'. Researchers administered a subjective satisfaction survey during each patient's last visit. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The primary end point of the study was the re-epithelialization period. MAIN RESULTS The re-epithelialization period for the intervention was 2.8 ± 2.2 days faster than that of control sites at other institutions (P < .001) and 2.5 ± 3.4 days faster than that of control sites in the same institution (P < .001). There were no reported adverse events. Satisfaction scores provided by patients and doctors showed significantly high scores on all items. CONCLUSUIONS This type of cultured epithelial allograft is safe and well received by patients and providers and promotes re-epithelialization.

s Background Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical complications in severely burned patients associated with high morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of severity of AKI at the time of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) start on patient outcome and to identify the prognostic factors in severely burned patients with CRRT application. Methods From January 2007 to June 2010, 84 burn patients with more than 40% of total body surface area (TBSA) burned who treated with continuous renal replacement therapy for acute kidney injury were analyzed retrospectively. Results There was no significant difference of mortality by the severity of AKI at the time of CRRT start. However, the mean TBSA burned, abbreviated burn severity index, arterial pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine (Cr) ratio had a statistical significance to predict mortality in receiver operation characteristic curve. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, only sepsis had an independent association with mortality. Conclusions The severity of the AKI at the time of CRRT start did not have significant relationship with patient outcome. CRRT can be applied to minimize the complication of AKI including electrolyte imbalance and volume overload. Because only the presence of sepsis was independently associated with mortality, treatment for sepsis should be focused to improve the survival of the severely burned patients with CRRT.

This article proposes the design of a controlled reception pattern antenna (CRPA) array with a single-layer coupled feed structure to improve the radiation gain and a matching bandwidth. Each array element consists of a feeding patch and an outer radiating loop printed on a thick ceramic substrate with a high dielectric constant. The loop is capacitively coupled to the patch and the coupling strength is adjusted by varying the gap distance. Antenna characteristics are measured in a full anechoic chamber, and an equivalent circuit is built to verify the operating principle. The results demonstrate that the proposed structure is more suitable to enhance the gain and bandwidth compared to a conventional patch antenna in small CRPA arrays.

Introduction Poor outcomes can result from inadequate energy intake. We aimed to investigate the reliability of resting energy expenditure (REE) measured by indirect calorimetry (IC) with REE calculated using predictive equations for nutritional support in patients with major burns. Methods REE was measured using IC and compared with predictive equations in 215 adult severe burns patients from Jan 2011 to Jun 2015. Agreement between IC and predictive equations was assessed using Bland-Altman methods. Results All predictive equations were compared with REE measured using IC. The mean measured REE was 1712 kcal/d. Bland-Altman analysis showed that 1.2 times HBE, Thumb 25, and Ireton-Jones equations had higher accuracy and reliability. The concordance correlation coefficient was higher (0.49) in the Ireton-Jones equation, and root mean square error (RMSE) was lowest (471.5) in the Thumb 25 equation. The proportion of patients with predicted REE within ±10% of measured REE was highest with Thumb 25 (52.5%). Other equations for burns patients had higher mean bias and overestimated REE when compared with IC results. Conclusions This study suggests that Thumb 25 can be used as an alternative method for estimating energy requirements of patients with major burns when IC is not available or applicable. Applicability of Research to Practice Harrison-Benedict known as standard equation failed to show superiority to others in burns. Burn-specific equations are tend to overestimate ebergy requirements.

Multiple Rocket Launchers (MRL) have been used for an army weapon system over the past several decades. In this study, we have predicted effectiveness for MRL with a certain unguided rocket. ARTQUIK model has been used to calculate requirements of rocket with Target Location Error (TLE), lethality of warhead and target size. Needs for rocket sharply increased by about 170% with TLE. Enhancement of lethality helped to reduce amount of rocket. Especially, it rose by five times with TLE in the tiny target size of below 50m. However, a number of rocket increased by three times with TLE in the large target size of above 150m.

We propose a novel array antenna with high aperture efficiency by employing an array element operating in a high-order mode to improve the transmission efficiency of wireless power transmission applications. The proposed array element, operating at a frequency of 5.8 GHz, consists of a square patch with four metallic shorting pins, an extended cavity, and a high dielectric superstrate. The four metallic shorting pins derive the high-order operation, which can enhance the bore-sight gain, resulting in the high aperture efficiency of the array. The extended cavity structure can help further improvement the aperture efficiency and minimize the mutual coupling strength between adjacent elements. The proposed antenna element is extended to 2 × 2 and 4 × 4 arrays, resulting in aperture efficiencies of 74.2% and 80.5%, respectively. For the 2 × 2 array, maximum measured gains of 19.9 dBi in the zx-plane and 18.8 dBi in the zy-plane are observed. For the 4 × 4 array, the maximum measured gains of 24.3 dBi in the zx-plane and 24.5 dBi in the zy-plane are obtained in a full-anechoic chamber. Finally, the transmission efficiency of 6% with a distance of 0.8 m between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx) is measured when setting up the wireless power transfer system, which consists of the Tx with the proposed 4 × 4 array and the Rx with a single element.

Objectives We evaluated the ability of new sepsis (S3) criteria (compared with previous definitions of sepsis [S1] and burn sepsis criteria) to accurately determine the mortality in severe burns patients with sepsis. Design This was retrospective cohort study. Setting The Burn ICU of Burn Center, Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University, Seoul, Korea. Patients A total of 1,185 adult patients (mean age, 49.1 yr) were admitted between January 2009 and December 2015. Interventions The 1,185 patients enrolled in the present study and were then re-evaluated based on S1, burn sepsis, and S3 criteria, following which 565 patients, 812 patients, and 809 patients were diagnosed with sepsis based on S1, burn sepsis, S3 criteria, respectively. Measurements and main results For diagnostic performance, sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and likelihood ratio were calculated. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve was calculated to determine the accuracy of mortality prediction. The optimal cutoff value of Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score was calculated by the decision tree method. Total body surface area burned was 33.4%. Patients were identified with sepsis using S1 (812), S3 (809), and burn sepsis (565) criteria. Overall mortality was 20.3%, highest (82.2%) and lowest (26.5%) occurred with new septic shock (SH3) and S3, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for burn sepsis (84.6% and 61.8%) and SH3 (63.1% and 96.5%) were reported. Area under the curve values for Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores were the highest in all sepsis categories. With Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score greater than or equal to 6 (with infection), the accuracy was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.82-0.89). Conclusions The S3 criteria failed to show superior prognostic accuracy for mortality in severely burned patients. Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score greater than or equal to 6 may be a better criterion for the diagnosis of sepsis in burns patients.

This prospective observational study was performed to analyze the clinical outcomes of patients with massive burns treated using cultured epithelial autografts (CEAs) and to determine the association of this treatment with survival outcomes. During 2006-2013, total 177 massive-burns subjects treated with (96 subjects) or without (81 subjects) CEAs. Data were analyzed using the independent t test or chi-square test. Multivariate logistic regression, Kaplan-Meier survival, and Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the factors that influenced mortality. Age, percentage of total body surface area burned, incidence of inhalation injury, allograft-application rate, Abbreviated Burn Severity Index score, length of hospital stay, and mortality significantly differed between the CEA and noncultured epithelial autograft groups. Mortality and other clinical parameters did not differ between the sheet-type and spray-type CEA groups. Allograft application (odds ratio, 4.44; p

Background Diagnosing acute kidney injury quickly is imperative since it is known as an independent risk factor for mortality in burn patients. We evaluated the diagnostic power of creatinine, cystatin, serum and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin at different time periods and observed the changes from baseline for each biomarker. Methods This was a prospective observation study from January 2015 to February 2016. A total of 84 patients were enrolled consecutively. Serum creatinine, serum cystatin C, and serum and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin were measured at admission, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 28th days after admission. All samples were collected until acute kidney injury developed. Results Acute kidney injury developed in 35 patients. The mean age was 49.6 years with a male predominance. The median urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was the lowest (11.6 ng/dL) at admission, and the highest at 85.5 ng/dL on day 7. Mean creatinine level was the highest (0.88 mg/dL) at admission and the median creatinine level was the lowest (0.56 mg/dL) on the 14th day. The area under the curve of creatinine levels was the highest with 0.857 during the 1st week. The area under the curve of urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin was the highest with 0.803 during the 5th week. Conclusions Within 1 week of acute kidney injury, creatinine level was the optimal biomarker for diagnosis while urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin showed better diagnostic performance following the 4- week period.

PURPOSE: To determine epidemiological trends among burns patients admitted to our burns center during 2003-2012, and the usefulness of the Abbreviated Burns Severity Index (ABSI) for predicting burns-related mortality. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the data of 4481 burns patients. We analyzed the epidemiological trends and ABSI scores using Student t-test and one-way analysis of variance (continuous variables), chi-square test (categorical variables) and stepwise logistic-regression analysis (predictors of mortality). RESULTS: The mean age and male-to-female ratio were 39.9±19.7 years and 2.88, respectively. ABSI scores decreased from 7.7±3.0 in 2003 to 6.9±3.0 in 2012. Mortality rate improved from 24.5% in 2003 to 15.8% in 2012. Burns were caused by flames (67.3%), scalding (22.0%) and electrical (7.5%), chemical (1.6%) and contact (1.5%) injuries. Scalding and flames were the most common causes in patients aged ≤20 years and ≥21 years, respectively. Female sex, inhalation injury, full-thickness burns, large total body surface area (TBSA) burned and old age predicted mortality. ABSI scores 14 were associated with 0.7% and >90% mortality, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The mortality of major burns has decreased but remains high. ABSI scores predict burns-related mortality. Language: en

Background: Major burn injuries induce inflammatory responses and changes in the levels of various cytokines. This study was conducted to assess early changes in the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines after burn injury, identify cytokines associated with mortality, and characterize correlations among cytokines. Methods: Blood samples of 67 burn patients were collected on days 1 and 3 after burn injury, and the concentrations of 27 cytokines were measured using the Bio-Plex Suspension Array System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA). Blood samples of 25 healthy subjects were used as controls. We analyzed statistical differences in the concentrations of each cytokine between the control and patient groups, between day 1 and day 3, and between survival and nonsurvival groups. Correlations among 27 cytokines were analyzed. Results: Median concentrations of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RA), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 10 (IL-10), interleukin 15 (IL-15), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), macrophage inflammatory protein 1β (MIP-1β), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly higher in burn patients than in controls. IL-1RA, IL-6, and MCP-1 levels were significantly higher in the nonsurvival group than in the survival group on day 1 after burn injury. Correlation analysis of 27 cytokines showed different relationships with one another. Stronger correlations among interferon γ (IFN-γ), IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-12p70, and IL-17 were found. Conclusions: IL-1RA, IL-6, and MCP-1 may be used as prognostic indicators of mortality in burn patients and the increase in cytokine concentrations is induced by interactions within a complex network of cytokine-related pathways.

This paper proposes a small CRPA array with frequency-insensitive properties. The array consists of seven elements, and each element is composed of upper and lower circular loops that are designed to resonate at 1.575 GHz and 1.227 GHz, respectively. The lower loop is fed by the hybrid chip coupler, and the upper loop is electromagnetically coupled for a frequency-insensitive feeding mechanism. Due to the frequency-insensitive behavior, the bore-sight gain of each array element is maintained to be greater than −5 dBic from 1.21 GHz to 1.74 GHz, and this bandwidth can be further extended by adjusting the width of the upper circular loop, which varies the ratio of electric and magnetic coupling strengths in the proposed feeding mechanism.

Inhalation injury is known to be an important factor in predicting mortality in burns patients. However, the diagnosis is complicated by the heterogeneous presentation and inability to determine the severity of inhalation injury. The purpose of this study was to identify clinical features of inhalation injury that affect mortality and the values that could predict the outcome more precisely in burns patients with inhalation injury. This retrospective observational study included 676 burns patients who were over 18 years of age and hospitalized in the Burns Intensive Care Unit between January 2012 and December 2015. We analyzed variables that are already known to be prognostic factors (age, percentage of total body surface area (%TBSA) burned, and inhalation injury) and factors associated with inhalation injury (carboxyhemoglobin and PaO2/FiO2 [PF] ratio) by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. Age group (odds ratio [OR] 1.069, p

The distribution of the roots in point and discretized continuous spectra is investigated as functions of terahertz frequencies in a metal-insulator-metal waveguide. The shape of the roots distribution affects the various electromagnetic wave transmission through the metal slit. The lossy transmittances in metals are found compared to no loss with a perfect conductor.

This study was to re-evaluate inhalation injury as a prognostic factor in burn patients and to determine the factors that should be considered when refining the definition of inhalation injury. A total of 192 burn patients (152 men, 40 women; mean age, 46.1±13.8 years) who were suspected to have an inhalation injury and underwent bronchoscopy between January 2010 and June 2012 were included in this prospective observational study. All patients underwent bronchoscopy within 24h of sustaining the burn. The bronchoscopic findings were classified as normal, mild, moderate, and severe. Mechanical ventilation was administered, when required. Age, percentage of TBSA burned, ABSI score, requirement of mechanical ventilation and PF ratio, but not inhalation injury, COHb level, and bronchoscopic grades, significantly differed between the survivors and non-survivors (p

Aim To assess the relationship between chest computed tomography (CT) findings of patients with toxocariasis and levels of serological markers. Materials and methods A total of 38 cases of patients diagnosed with toxocariasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), CT, and serological markers were retrospectively reviewed. The presence of nodule with or without ground-glass opacity (GGO) halo, consolidation, focal GGO, pleural effusion, and lymphadenopathy at chest CT were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with the Fisher's exact test. Results The most common chest CT findings were nodule ( n = 12, 31.6%) and focal GGO ( n = 12, 31.6%). In patients with normal eosinophil levels, focal GGO ( n = 9, 37.5%) was the most common finding. In contrast, nodule with a GGO halo ( n = 7, 50%) was the most common finding in the eosinophilia group. Nodule with a GGO halo was more common in the eosinophilia group, with a statistically significant difference ( p = 0.017). Nodule was more common in the eosinophilia group, and focal GGO was more common in the normal eosinophil group. Conclusion The most common chest CT findings in toxocariasis were nodule with or without GGO halo, and focal GGO. In the eosinophilia group, nodule with a GGO halo was significantly more frequent. Other CT findings did not show a statistically significant relationship with serological markers.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the clinical significance of serum transthyretin (TTR) in massively burned patients in nutrition support and clinical severity.A retrospective study was performed with 204 patients admitted to Hangang Sacred Heart Hospital's Burn Center September 2010-September 2012 with burn wounds20% of total body surface area (TBSA) burned. Serum TTR, C-reactive protein (CRP), lactic acid, and an NST index (calculated by dividing real caloric intake by estimated caloric need for 7 days) were analyzed on a weekly basis for 5 weeks after admission.When we classified patients with severity according to mortality, percentage of TBSA burned, serum lactic acid, and CRP, mean serum TTR level was significantly higher in the less severe patient group than in the severe patient group in each week for every severity index. And the serum TTR level did not show significant differences by NST index in both the severe patient group and the less severe patient group. In a multivariate logistic regression, percentage TBSA burned, TTR, and lactic acid had an independent association with mortality.Serum TTR did not show a significant difference by nutrition support in massively burned patients with20% of TBSA burned. But serum TTR was significantly different by the severity of the patient and independently associated with mortality. Hence, serum TTR level can be 1 of the useful biomarkers for comprehending the severity of the illness in massively burned patients.

The purpose of this study was to assess the plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) for early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI) and prediction of mortality in severely burned patients. From January 2014 to September 2015, 76 consecutive patients with more than 20% of TBSA burned were enrolled. Blood samples for plasma NGAL were collected at 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after admission and analyzed with injury severity, clinical outcome, and AKI development. Plasma NGAL was significantly affected by the TBSA burned, AKI, and mortality, and it was significantly increased after operation and septic shock. Plasma NGAL was significantly increased within 7 days before AKI development in total patients (P < .001) and septic shock patients (P < .001) but not significantly increased in patients without septic shock (P = .167). Though, in a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for predicting AKI, continuous renal replacement therapy application, and mortality, plasma NGAL was statistically significant; plasma NGAL was not independently associated with mortality in a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Plasma NGAL should be interpreted carefully in the major burn patients because it can reflect both inflammatory condition and AKI.

The pharmacokinetic (PK) property of fluconazole might be significantly altered in major burn patients by medical interventions and physiologic changes. In this study, our aims were to investigate fluconazole PK in burn patients using a population approach and to recommend the optimal fluconazole regimen based upon the predicted therapeutic outcome. At steady state, blood samples for PK analysis were obtained from 60 burn patients receiving between 100 and ∼400 mg fluconazole daily. A mixed-effect modeling was performed and the therapeutic outcome of antifungal therapy was predicted for 10,000 virtual patients using NONMEM (version 7.2). MIC values were sampled from the MIC distribution at the study site. An area under the free drug concentration-time curve (fAUC)/MIC measurement of >25 h was used as the criterion for therapeutic success. When the same dose was given, the plasma concentration of fluconazole was predicted to be lower in burn patients compared to the nonburn population because of the large PK parameter (clearance, volume of distribution) estimates and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). This tendency was particularly predominant when the patients were within 30 postburn days. Based upon our findings, 400 mg/day fluconazole is recommended to obtain therapeutic successes in major burn patients.

A compact size dual band WIFI antenna using a metal rim surrounding camera module in the smartphone is proposed. The proposed antenna is designed as a multi-branch shaped planar inverted F antenna (PIFA) with a single feed and a single shoring pin. The great advantage of the proposed antenna is merit of space using existing components as a WIFI antenna. The proposed antenna corresponds to the application of IEEE802.11a/b/g/n/ac. The metal rim is composed of two parts. One is surrounding camera and the other is surrounding flash led. The first squared metal rim surrounding camera is for IEEE802.11b/g/n of which center frequency is 2.45 GHz. The second metal rim surrounding flash LED is for IEEE802.11a/ac/n of which center frequency is 5.5 GHz. A half lengths of circumference of each squared metal rim are 0.25 λ at 2.45 GHz and 5.5 GHz, respectively. Detailed design considerations of the proposed antenna are described and both experimental and simulation results are also presented and discussed.

Recently mobile phone camera become generally spread, it is required to develop high resolution, multi-functional camera module for obtaining high image quality. To satisfy this demand, number of pixels has been increased and pixel size decreased in small mobile phone cameras. As a result, image quality is seriously dropped by blur phenomena. Especially when hand tremble is occurred, image quality is dropped by camera shake. Therefore, to obtain high quality image, it is necessary to compensate user`s hand tremble. In this paper, we propose voice coil actuator for compensating hand tremble, which can apply optical image stabilization (OIS) system. Sensitivity analysis and size optimization are performed to obtain high driving force. Finally, it is confirmed that the optimized electromagnetic circuit can be applied in OIS system.

We address the clinical application of the suspension type cultured epithelial autografts (CEAs), Keraheal™ (MCTT, Seoul, Korea), along with the effects, application method, merits and demerits thereof. From February 2007 to June 2010, 29 burn patients with extensive burns, participated in the suspension type of CEA clinical test. A widely meshed autograft (1:4-6 ratio) was applied to the wound bed and the suspension type CEA was sprayed with a Tissomat cell sprayer, followed by a Tissucol spray, a fibrin sealant. The patients' (men/women=26/3) median (interquartile ranges) age was 42 (30-49) years old, the burned TBSA was 55 (44-60) %, and the full thickness burn area was 40 (30-46.5) %. The area of Keraheal™ applied was 800 (400-1200) cm(2). The take rate was 96 (90.5-99) % and 100 (98.5-100) % at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment with Keraheal™, respectively. The Vancouver burn scar scale was 5 (4-6.5), 4 (3-6), and 3 (2-4) at 8, 12 and 24 weeks after the Keraheal™ application. Widely meshed autograft must be applied in massive burns but it's take rate is greatly reduced. The CEAs enhance the take rate of a wide meshed autograft in massive burns and allow for grafting wide meshed autograft together with acellular dermal matrix in some cases.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a new prediction model to reflect the risk of mortality and severity of disease and to evaluate the ability of the developed model to predict mortality among adult burn patients. Methods This study included 2009 patients aged more than 18 years who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) within 24 hours after a burn. We divided the patients into two groups; those admitted from January 2007 to December 2013 were included in the derivation group and those admitted from January 2014 to September 2017 were included in the validation group. Shrinkage methods with 10-folds cross-validation were performed to identify variables and limit overfitting of the model. The discrimination was analyzed using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve. The Brier score, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and net reclassification improvement (NRI) were also calculated. The calibration was analyzed using the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (HL test). The clinical usefulness was evaluated using a decision-curve analysis. Results The Hangang model showed good calibration with the HL test (χ2 = 8.785, p = 0.361); the highest AUC and the lowest Brier score were 0.943 and 0.068, respectively. The NRI and IDI were 0.124 (p-value = 0.003) and 0.079 (p-value

In efforts to prevent and reduce joint contracture and scar formation after burn, we used the acellular human dermis (AlloDerm) as a dermal replacement in the acute stage. A total of 64 patients received AlloDerm graft selectively on joint areas during the study period from March, 2005 to July, 2007. From January to March, 2008, a total of 31 patients returned to our burn center to examine the functional results by measuring range of motion of joints. Additionally, the quality of grafted skin condition criteria of skin elasticity, scar thickness, trans-epidermal water loss, melanin and erythema level was measured in a total of 11 patients among them. By analyzing the limitation level of 55 joints excluding hand areas, we found that 24 joints (43.6%) showed no limitations, 12 joints (21.8%) showed limitations below 10%, 16 joints (29.1%) showed limitations between 10 and 19% and 3 joints (5.5%) showed limitations over 20%. The scar thickness of non-AlloDerm applied areas was 2.5+/-0.9 mm and AlloDerm applied areas was 1.8+/-0.7 mm (p = 0.396). Trans-epidermal water loss for non-AlloDerm applied areas was 20.9+/-7.7 g/h/m(2) and AlloDerm applied areas was 10.8+/-3.4 g/h/m(2) (p

Sling snoreplasty could be a new effective palatal snoring procedure with minimal side effects. It could be combined with other snoring and sleep apnea operations.To introduce sling snoreplasty with a permanent thread.The procedure is performed under local anesthesia and in the sitting position. The instrument requirements include a nylon no. 4 suture, two needle-holders (or one needle-holder and a straight kelly), and a tongue depressor. Sling snoreplasty with a permanent thread is a retention suture technique applied to three portions of redundant soft palate in a triangular, tetragonal or pentagonal shape.Sling snoreplasty could be called a three-dimensional retention suture technique to shorten, conglomerate, and tense the soft palate. It also elevates the soft palate forward and upward, and widens the oral cavity and nasopharyngeal space. The suture not only provides a sling effect in the soft palate but also incorporates into the soft palate musculature, imparting rigidity to the airway like tongue suspension suture. Patients have only a little pain and normal diet on the day after surgery. There are minimal postoperative complications.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is administered to critically ill patients with renal injuries as renal replacement or renal support. We aimed to identify predictors of mortality among burn patients receiving CRRT, and to investigate clinical differences according to acute kidney injury (AKI) status. This retrospective observational study evaluated 216 Korean burn patients who received CRRT at a burn intensive care unit. Patients were categorized by AKI status. Data were collected regarding arterial pH, laboratory results, ratio of arterial oxygen partial pressure to fractional inspired oxygen (PF ratio), and urine production. Among surviving patients, CRRT duration and the sequential organ failure assessment score were 6.5 days and 4.7 in the non-AKI group and 23.4 days and 7.4 in the AKI group, respectively (p = 0.003 and p = 0.008). On logistic regression analyses, mortality was significantly associated with a pH of 5.0 mEg/L (p = 0.045), creatinine levels of >2.0 mg/dL (p = 0.011), lactate levels of >2 mmol/L (p2 mmol/L, and a platelet count of 2 mg/dL. In the non-AKI group, poor outcomes were associated with lactate levels of >1.5 mmol/L, a PF ratio of 1.2 mg/dL. Duration of the CRRT application and the requirement for either renal replacement or renal support at the initiation of CRRT application are important considerations depending on its application.

Background This study was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of serum cystatin C and microalbuminuria as diagnostic markers for acute kidney injury (AKI) in major burn patients. Materials and methods Major burn adult patients admitted to the burn intensive care unit within 24 h from the onset of injury were enrolled. Serum cystatin C and microalbuminuria (albumin–creatinine ratio, ACR) were obtained at postburn days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. The patients were divided into two groups of the AKI group and the nonacute kidney injury group. Results A total of 97 patients were enrolled in this study. Acute kidney injury was diagnosed in 40 patients (41·2%) at postburn day 17·3 ± 7·9. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve for serum cystatin C was 0·808 (95% CI, 0·711–0·905, P

This study is a phase 1 and 2 clinical trial for investigating the safety profile, effective treatment dose and effectiveness of the newly developed thermosensitive hydrogel-type cultured epidermal allograft. For phase 1, the keratinocytes were divided into 3 groups as follows, with 5 patients in each group: (1) low-dose group (6.7×10(6)/1.5mL), (2) medium-dose group (2×10(7)/1.5mL), and (3) high-dose group (6.0×10(7)/1.5mL). The second phase of the trial proceeded with 10 cases after choosing the most effective dose based on the analysis of the first phase. When comparing re-epithelialization time, medium- and high-dose group showed significantly shorter re-epithelialization time than low-dose group (p=0.003 and p=0.002). A total of 15 cases, 5 cases selected from phase 1 and 10 cases test in phase 2 with the medium dose, were compared with the re-epithelialization period. The re-epithelialization period was 9.6±4.0 days in the test site and 12.4±4.8 days in the control site. In the test site, re-epithelialization was 2.8±1.8 days faster than in the control site (p

a b s t r a c t Objective: To evaluate the effect of burn rehabilitation massage therapy on hypertrophic scar after burn. Method: One hundred and forty-six burn patients with hypertrophic scar(s) were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. All patients received standard rehabilitation therapy for hypertrophic scars and 76 patients (massage group) additionally received burn scar rehabilitation massage therapy. Both before and after the treatment, we determined the scores of visual analog scale (VAS) and itching scale and assessed the scar characteristics of thickness, melanin, erythema, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), sebum, and elasticity by using ultrasonography, Mexameter 1 , Tewameter 1 , Sebumeter 1 , and Cutometer 1 , respectively. Results: The scores of both VAS and itching scale decreased significantly in both groups, indicating a significant intragroup difference. With regard to the scar characteristics, the massage group showed a significant decrease after treatment in scar thickness, melanin, erythema, TEWL and a significant intergroup difference. In terms of scar elasticity, a significant intergroup difference was noted in immediate distension and gross skin elasticity, while the massage group significant improvement in skin distensibility, immediate distension, immediate retraction, and delayed distension. Conclusion: Our results suggest that burn rehabilitation massage therapy is effective in improving pain, pruritus, and scar characteristics in hypertrophic scars after burn.

BACKGROUND Hypophosphatemia is relatively common phenomenon in patients with massive burn injury. Therefore, we check serum phosphate level routinely and try to supply phosphate in a timely manner. The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of the serum phosphate level of early postburn period and the impact of hypophosphatemia on the prognosis of patients. METHODS A total of 227 patients with burn injury were reviewed retrospectively. We performed analysis of serum phosphate level within 20 days from burn injury. RESULTS Patients' mean (SD) age was 47.0 (14.1) years, and mean (SD) percentage of total body surface area burned were 47.7 (21.9). Severe hypophosphatemia (phosphate < 1.0 mg/dL) was observed in 35 patients (15.8%), and moderate hypophosphatemia (1.0 ≤ phosphate < 2.0 mg/dL) was found in 115 patients (50.6%). Therefore, overall incidence of hypophosphatemia was 66.4%. There was no significant difference in serum phosphate level with survival, total body surface area burned, and mechanical ventilation. Age (odds ratio [OR], 3.180; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.025-9.871; p = 0.045), total body surface area burned (OR, 20.934; 95% CI, 6.845-64.024; p = 0.000), and mechanical ventilation (OR, 5.581; 95% CI, 2.380-13.085; p = 0.002) were independently associated with mortality. However, serum phosphate level (OR, 0.828; 95% CI, 0.275-2.495; p = 0.737) does not have a statistical significance. CONCLUSION Although multiple studies have evaluated the efficacy and safety of phosphate repletion regimens, the effect on mortality and morbidity is not well reported. However, our results show that patients with massive burn injury have high incidence of hypophosphatemia, and hypophosphatemia can result in many complications. Therefore, routine check and supply of phosphate can be suggested in patients with massive burn injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, level II.

We observed that serum transthyretin (TTR) levels consistently remain low when patients' general conditions are poor, despite adequate nutritional support. We conducted this study to analyze the changes of serum TTR over time from injury in massively-burned patients and verify the validity of prediction by clinical outcomes, which are assessed via serum TTR in the early postburn period.From January 2005 to December 2010, the samples of serum TTR from 471 burn patients (mean % total body surface area [TBSA] burned, 51% ± 20%) were analyzed with time frames from injury retrospectively.Serum TTR significantly decreased during the period from day 5 to day 10 postinjury in both the survival group (n = 290, mean %TBSA burned, 42.9% ± 14.2%) and nonsurvival group (n = 181, mean %TBSA burned, 64.6% ± 20.8%). However, after this period, the serum TTR constantly increased in the survival group but remained low in nonsurvivors. At all time, the levels of serum TTR obtained from survivors were significantly higher than those of nonsurvivors. The serum TTR had weak correlation with the extent of the burn injury (r = -0.234). Survival rates of the patients increased significantly by the increase of the serum TTR of early postburn period. In multivariable model, age (odds ratio [OR], 1.054; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.043-1.066; p = 0.000), TBSA burned (OR, 1.058; 95% CI, 1.051-1.066; p = 0.000), sex (OR, 0.720; 95% CI, 0.547-0.947; p = 0.019), and serum TTR during early postburn period (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.873-0.972; p = 0.003) were independently associated with mortality.The serum TTR of early postburn period can be used as a prognostic markers, and low serum TTR can be used as a signal for screening out the patients at risk who need careful assessment and monitoring at an early stage.

Objective To understand the injury pattern of contact burns from therapeutic physical modalities. Method A retrospective study was done in 864 patients with contact burns who discharged from our hospital from January 2005 to December 2008. The following parameters were compared between patients with contact burns from therapeutic modalities and from other causes: general characteristics, burn extent, cause of burn injury, place of occurrence, burn injury site, treatment methods, prevalence of underlying disease, and length of hospital stay were compared between patients with contact burns. Results Of the 864 subjects, 94 patients were injured from therapeutic modalities. A hot pack (n=51) was the most common type of therapeutic modality causing contact burn followed by moxibustion (n=21), electric heating pad (n=16), and radiant heat (n=4). The lower leg (n=31) was the most common injury site followed by the foot & ankle (n=24), buttock & coccyx (n=9), knee (n=8), trunk (n=8), back (n=6), shoulder (n=4), and arm (n=4). Diabetes mellitus was associated with contact burns from therapeutic modalities; the odds ratio was 3.99. Injuries took place most commonly at home (n=56), followed by the hospital (n=33), and in other places (n=5). Conclusion A hot pack was the most common cause of contact burns from therapeutic modalities, and the lower leg was the most common injury site. Injuries took place most commonly at home. The patients with contact burns from therapeutic modalities showed high correlation to presence of diabetes mellitus. These results would be helpful for the prevention of contact burns due to therapeutic modalities.

OBJECTIVES: To develop a population pharmacokinetic model of meropenem in burn patients and to explore the appropriateness of current dosage regimens. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-nine patients with burns ranging from 3% to 97% of total body surface area treated with meropenem were analysed. The population pharmacokinetic parameters of meropenem in 59 burn patients were estimated, and concentrations were simulated by using a mixed effect method (NONMEM, ver. 6.2). RESULTS: The final model was a two-compartment model with first-order elimination where creatinine clearance (CL(CR)) and oedema contributed. The mean population pharmacokinetic parameters were clearance (L/h) =4.45 +10.5 × CL(CR) (mL/min)/138, V1 (central volume) =17.0+11.1 × presence of oedema (0 or 1) L, V2 (peripheral volume) =10.1 L and Q (intercompartmental clearance) =5.25 L/h with interindividual variability (CV%) of 31.5%, 44.4%, 67.2% and 0% (not estimated), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The population clearance and volume of distribution in our burn patients were significantly greater than those reported in non-burn patients. The simulation of 1000 virtual patients' plasma meropenem concentration treated with 1000 mg (30 min infusion) every 8 h based upon the model predicted the probability of achieving the time above MIC >40% of the dosing interval as 58.9% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from three university hospitals in Korea.

In this paper, 2-axis voice coil actuator of optical image stabilization which is a technique to compensate a trembling of camera caused by a vibration of user's hand is suggested. The actuator is designed for mobile phone camera. Considering total size and application of auto focusing module, the concept of the moving auto-focusing module is selected for optical image stabilization. The handshake of mobile phone is measured to define the specification of the actuator. Two kinds of 2-axis mechanisms made of two prismatic joints are designed and united the electromagnetic part which is already designed. Finally, two types are fabricated and verified experimentally.